Book	Chapter	Verse	ID	SupportReference	OrigQuote	Occurrence	GLQuote	OccurrenceNote
PSA	front	intro	rx9u			0		# Introduction to Psalms\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Psalms\n\n1. Book One (Psalms 1-41)\n1. Book Two (Psalms 42-72)\n1. Book Three (Psalms 73-89)\n1. Book Four (Psalms 90-106)\n1. Book Five (Psalms 107-150)\n\n### What is the Book of Psalms?\n\nThe Book of Psalms is a collection of songs. People called psalmists wrote them for different reasons. In some psalms, the psalmists expressed their praise for God. In other psalms, they asked God for help and expressed confidence in his love and power. In others, they confessed their sins and begged for mercy. The Israelites wrote some psalms to ask Yahweh to defeat their enemies. Other psalms celebrated the event of a new king beginning his reign. Psalmists also wrote to praise the city of Jerusalem. They wrote some psalms to instruct people on how to be wise by honoring Yahweh and obeying his law. Also, pilgrims sang some of the psalms while traveling to Jerusalem to worship there. Some psalms became songs of praise in the temple worship of Yahweh.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nTranslators can use the traditional title of this book, “The Book of Psalms” or just “Psalms.” Another title of this book is “Songs of Praise.” Translators may express this meaning in their own languages, or they may choose to use or transliterate the name from another language version if it is well known. For example, the French title “Les Psaumes” might be understood by everyone in a project language, if French is the language of wider communication in the region. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])\n\n### When was the Book of Psalms written?\n\nThe Psalms were written over a long period of time. Moses probably wrote the earliest psalm around 1400 B.C. David and Asaph wrote their psalms between 1020 and 975 B.C. The Korahites may have written their psalms before Jerusalem was destroyed and the Jews were exiled to Babylon in 587 B.C. Psalm 126 appears to come from the period after the exile, which ended in 538 B.C.\n\n### What are the Messianic psalms?\n\nSome psalms are called “Messianic psalms.” New Testament writers considered these psalms to prophesy about the Messiah, Jesus Christ. They cited Psalms 2, 8, 16, 22, 34, 40, 41, 45, 68, 69, 89, 102, 109, 110, and 118 at least one time each in the New Testament.\n\n### What are superscriptions in the Psalms?\n\nMany psalms give some information called superscriptions before the beginning of the psalm. Some of the expressions in the superscriptions are difficult to understand, so modern versions often have different interpretations of them.\n\nSeventy-three psalms are called “A psalm of David.” This may mean they were written by King David. Or, it could mean someone wrote them for David or in the style that David used when he composed poetry. The superscriptions of some psalms give the historical situations in which they were written.\n\nSome superscriptions give instructions about how they should be played and sung. They tell which instruments, singers, or melodies that should be used for that psalm. Fifty-five psalms are addressed “to the choirmaster” or “chief musician.” The psalmists seem to have meant them to be used in temple worship.\n\nTraditionally, English versions do not give verse numbers to the superscriptions. But many versions in other languages do. Whether or not translators give them verse numbers, they should consider the superscriptions in the Psalms as part of the divinely inspired biblical text.\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What are some important ways in which Yahweh is pictured in the Book of Psalms?\n\nThe psalmists often pictured Yahweh as:\n\n* a king who rules over the nation of Israel and over all the nations\n* a shepherd who leads the people of Israel and also the individual psalm writers\n* a “rock,” that is, a high rocky mountain on which people can be completely safe from their enemies\n* a strong warrior who always defeats his enemies.\n\n### What is the importance of honor and shame in the Book of Psalms?\n\nWhen people honor someone, they think well of him and may even admire him. On the other hand, if people shame someone, that person loses honor and is disgraced.\n\nPsalmists often expressed a great desire that Yahweh would be honored by the Israelites and also by the rest of the world.\n\nAlso, psalmists often expressed fear that they would be shamed by their enemies. When they felt this way, the psalmists wrote of their trust that Yahweh would not allow this to happen.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### Why do the ULT and UST display the Book of Psalms as poetry, but some modern versions do not?\n\nThe psalmists wrote the Psalms as Hebrew poetry. The ULT and UST set each line farther to the right on the page than regular text is placed to show that the writing is poetry rather than prose.\n\nThis style typically uses pairs of poetic lines that relate to each other in different ways. Usually, poetic lines are said to be “parallel” to each other. A line that is indented farther to the right is paired with the line above it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])\n\nTranslators will have to decide whether to present the Psalms as poetry or as prose in their own language. Translators will need to consider whether their language has poetic forms that are suitable for expressing the Psalms.\n\n### Why do some versions number the Psalms differently than others?\n\nFrom ancient times, people have numbered the Psalms in different ways. The Jews numbered the Psalms in Hebrew in one way. When they translated the Psalms into Greek, they numbered them in a different way. As a result, the Hebrew numbering and the Greek numbering of Psalms were both passed down through the centuries. They are both still in use today. Translators will probably want to number the Psalms in the same way that most versions in their own country do.\n\n### How should the translator view the terms Selah and Higgaion that occur in various psalms?\n\n“Selah” and “Higgaion” seem to be musical terms inserted as directions for singers and musicians. Scholars do not agree as to their meaning. For this reason, translators may decide to transliterate them or leave them out but not try to translate them.<br>
PSA	1	intro	fan4			0		# Psalm 01 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 1 is usually considered to be a “wisdom psalm,” which gives advice to those who hear it read or sung. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Blessed<br><br>A main theme in this psalm is what it means to be blessed. Here “blessed” refers to anyone who is well off because of a good relationship to God. The contrasting theme is that there are ungodly people, those who refuse to honor God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])<br><br>### People who opposed Yahweh<br><br>There are several words in this psalm for those who oppose God: “the wicked” (those who do evil), “sinners” (those who ignore God’s law), and “mockers” (those who mock God and the righteous people). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])
PSA	1	1	c8cc		אַ֥שְֽׁרֵי	1		The **man** described as happy is someone that others admire and desire to be like. **Happy** here can be a congratulatory term. Alternate translation: “Admirable” or “Praised”
PSA	1	1	n9y3	figs-infostructure	אַ֥שְֽׁרֵי־הָ⁠אִ֗ישׁ אֲשֶׁ֤ר ׀ לֹ֥א הָלַךְ֮ בַּ⁠עֲצַ֪ת רְשָׁ֫עִ֥ים וּ⁠בְ⁠דֶ֣רֶךְ חַ֭טָּאִים לֹ֥א עָמָ֑ד וּ⁠בְ⁠מוֹשַׁ֥ב לֵ֝צִ֗ים לֹ֣א יָשָֽׁב	1		In some languages it may be more natural to place the declaration of the state of the man at the end of the verse, after the description of the characteristics that he avoids. However, starting the psalm with the exclamation **Happy** was an intentional poetic decision by the author intended to set the mood of the psalm. Translators should consider how their language might start the pslam with the same sort of praising exclamation. Alternate translation: “The man who does not walk in the advice of the wicked ones, and stands not in the pathway with sinners, and sits not in the seat of mockers is happy.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
PSA	1	1	a5wm	figs-genericnoun	הָ⁠אִ֗ישׁ	1		The **man** here may refer first to the ideal Israelite king while also having a general meaning referring to a typical righteous person. If your readers would not understand **the man** in a general way you may choose a term that gives a broader interpretation. One possible way to do this may be by not using a definite article. Alternate translation: “is a man” or “is the person” or “is a person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
PSA	1	1	ma8f	figs-metaphor	לֹ֥א הָלַךְ֮ בַּ⁠עֲצַ֪ת רְשָׁ֫עִ֥ים	1		Here, **walks** is a metaphor for a man doing the things that wicked ones suggest that he does. It suggests beginning a pattern of doing wrong. If your readers would not understand that **walks in the advice** means to listen to advice and then to do what is suggested, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “never does what wicked people suggest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	1	1	x0do		לֹ֥א הָלַךְ֮ בַּ⁠עֲצַ֪ת רְשָׁ֫עִ֥ים וּ⁠בְ⁠דֶ֣רֶךְ חַ֭טָּאִים לֹ֥א עָמָ֑ד וּ⁠בְ⁠מוֹשַׁ֥ב לֵ֝צִ֗ים לֹ֣א יָשָֽׁב	1		It may be helpful to read these three phrases in an inverted way. That way the negative trajectory that the happy man avoids can be more clearly seen. Consider: “Unhappy is the man who walks in the advice of the wicked ones, and then who stands in the pathway of sinners, and then who sits in the seat of scoffers.” The meaning of each of these metaphors is expanded in later notes, but translators should see a downward trajectory of worsening character that a **happy man** avoids.
PSA	1	1	aerb	figs-nominaladj	רְשָׁ֫עִ֥ים	1		The author is using the adjective **wicked** as a noun in order to describe a group of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this with a noun phrase. (Note: **ones** has been supplied in the ULT to mark that this adjective is plural.) Alternate translation: “wicked people” or “people who are wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	1	1	y9ow	figs-metaphor	וּ⁠בְ⁠דֶ֣רֶךְ חַ֭טָּאִים לֹ֥א עָמָ֑ד	1		Here, **stands not in the pathway of sinners** refers to not copying how sinners continually live their lives, that is, their sinful habits. Standing means joining with sinners. The **pathway** means habits or how they live. Not only does the happy man not do what the wicked say, doing what sinners do does not become how he lives his life. If your readers would not understand that imitating someone’s habitual lifestyle is meant by **stands … in the pathway** in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and does not make sinning a habit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	1	1	b9ef	figs-metaphor	וּ⁠בְ⁠מוֹשַׁ֥ב לֵ֝צִ֗ים לֹ֣א יָשָֽׁב	1		Here, **sits not in the seat of scoffers** means to not become like people who spend their time mocking people, things, and God. By avoiding the previous two progressions towards a sinful life, the happy man avoids this final state where he would be just like the wicked. If your readers would not understand that becoming like scoffing people is meant by **sits … in the seat** in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “so he never becomes like wicked mockers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	1	2	x7b7	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	כִּ֤י אִ֥ם	1		The author uses the word **But** here to indicate a strong contrast between what the does and does not do. In your translation, indicate this strong contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Rather” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
PSA	1	2	zvgc	writing-pronouns	חֶ֫פְצ֥⁠וֹ	1		Here, **his** refers to the happy man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
PSA	1	2	fhfk	figs-abstractnouns	חֶ֫פְצ֥⁠וֹ	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **delight**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “he delights” or “he rejoices” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	1	2	nbop	writing-pronouns	וּֽ⁠בְ⁠תוֹרָת֥⁠וֹ	1		Here, **his** refers to Yahweh. That is, Yahweh’s instruction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
PSA	1	2	ikjs	writing-pronouns	יֶהְגֶּ֗ה	1		Here, **he** refers to the happy man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
PSA	1	2	u4ur	figs-idiom	יוֹמָ֥ם וָ⁠לָֽיְלָה	1		Here, **day and night** is used figuratively to mean continually. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “all the time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	1	3	q40p	figs-simile	וְֽ⁠הָיָ֗ה כְּ⁠עֵץ֮ שָׁת֪וּל עַֽל־פַּלְגֵ֫י מָ֥יִם אֲשֶׁ֤ר פִּרְי֨⁠וֹ ׀ יִתֵּ֬ן בְּ⁠עִתּ֗⁠וֹ וְ⁠עָלֵ֥⁠הוּ לֹֽא־יִבּ֑וֹל וְ⁠כֹ֖ל אֲשֶׁר־יַעֲשֶׂ֣ה יַצְלִֽיחַ	1		The point of this verse’s comparison between the happy man and a well-watered tree is that just like the streams of water cause the tree to flourish, learning Yahweh’s instructions cause the man to flourish. (In Hebrew the phrases even sound similar.) Both a positive and negative comparison are given to strengthen the force of the point. The tree, fruit, and leaf references connect both back to Eden and forward to the end of Revelation. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could make the argument a little more explicit as the “Like … so” connection does in the UST. See PSA 92:12-92:14 for another use of this imagry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	1	3	ovv7		שָׁת֪וּל	1		The point of the choice of the word **transplanted** is to emphasize the intentional placement of a tree so that it gets abundant water. Translators could use a word meaning “planted” if their readers would understand that this was intentional. Alternate translation: “deliberately planted” or “cultivated”
PSA	1	3	bet7	figs-activepassive	שָׁת֪וּל	1		If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that someone transplanted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	1	3	j6o3	figs-metonymy	וְ⁠עָלֵ֥⁠הוּ לֹֽא־יִבּ֑וֹל	1		The author is referring figuratively to the tree dying by association with the way the leaves on a tree **wither** when a tree is dead or dying. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and it will not die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	1	3	s609	figs-litotes	וְ⁠עָלֵ֥⁠הוּ לֹֽא־יִבּ֑וֹל	1		Here the author uses a figure of speech that expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If this is confusing in your language, you can express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “and its leaves are strong and green” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
PSA	1	3	zo3m	writing-pronouns	וְ⁠כֹ֖ל אֲשֶׁר־יַעֲשֶׂ֣ה יַצְלִֽיחַ	1		Here, both instances of **he** refer to the happy man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
PSA	1	4	s4jq	grammar-connect-words-phrases	לֹא־כֵ֥ן	1		The **so** here refers to everything in the first three verses. The **wicked** are not in any way like the happy man. If your language has a way to indicate that **so** refers back not just to the last line about success but to the wider context of the first three verses, consider using it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
PSA	1	4	as72	translate-unknown	כַּ֝⁠מֹּ֗ץ	1		The word **chaff** refers to the parts of a wheat or other grain plant that are not food. The husk that surrounds the edible seed is very light and blows away when the wheat is threshed to separate out the edible seed. The stalks are collected and burned. Thus the chaff is with the grain until harvest but then separated and burned or blown away. If your readers would not be familiar with this process you could describe the chaff or use another light and worthless material to describe the wicked. Alternate translation: “like dried seed husks” or “like fallen leaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
PSA	1	4	evr7	figs-metaphor	כִּ֥י אִם־כַּ֝⁠מֹּ֗ץ אֲֽשֶׁר־תִּדְּפֶ֥⁠נּוּ רֽוּחַ	1		The idea of **the wicked** as waste material gathered at the harvest that is then eliminated in some way is a common biblical image of God judging the wicked. If your readers would misunderstand this, consider how to make the connection to the next verse show this more clearly, because there the author makes this explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	1	5	xo05	grammar-connect-words-phrases	עַל־כֵּ֤ן	1		**Thus** indicates that the connection between the previous statements and this is one of similarity. Just like the chaff is removed from the good harvest and destroyed, thus the wicked will be removed from Yahweh’s righteous people and destroyed. Alternate translation: “In the same way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
PSA	1	5	kt0k	figs-idiom	יָקֻ֣מוּ רְ֭שָׁעִים בַּ⁠מִּשְׁפָּ֑ט	1		To **stand in the judgment** is to be innocent. Unlike the man in [PSA 24:3-4](../24/03.md), the wicked will be judged by Yahweh, and will not rise again as in [PSA 140:10](../140/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	1	5	h9cj		יָקֻ֣מוּ	1		The word translated **stand** here is translated as “arise” in [PSA 140:10](../140/10.md) and in many other places. This hints at resurrection imagery which helps to clarify which judgment is in the mind of the author.
PSA	1	5	dhfv	figs-abstractnouns	בַּ⁠מִּשְׁפָּ֑ט	1		This refers to the time when Yahweh will finally judge the whole world. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **judgment**, you could express the same idea in another way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	1	5	yb22	figs-ellipsis	וְ֝⁠חַטָּאִ֗ים	1		The author is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “nor will sinners stand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	1	5	ys17	figs-nominaladj	צַדִּיקִֽים	1		The author is using the adjective **righteous** as a noun in order to describe a group of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this with a noun phrase. (Note: **ones** has been supplied in the ULT to mark that this adjective is plural.) Alternate translation: “righteous people” or “people who are righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	1	6	c4kq	grammar-connect-logic-result	כִּֽי	1		**For** here introduces an explanation of the contrast throughout this psalm. If possible, use a connector here that can refer back to more than just the immediate context. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
PSA	1	6	pyo9	figs-idiom	יוֹדֵ֣עַ	1		Here, **knows** refers to Yahweh’s intimate and active involvement in the life of the righteous. Alternate translation: “guards” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	2	intro	z14u			0		# Psalm 2 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 2 is usually considered a royal psalm because it is about the king. It was probably first sung when a new person became the king. It is often thought to be about the Messiah because of verse 6 and 7 reference the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofgod]])\n\n\n## Structure\n\nI. v. 1-3 Rebellion - Earthly kings plot rebellion\nII. v. 4-6 Response - The Heavenly King laughs\nIII. v. 7-9 Decree - The King on Zion recounts Yahweh's covenant\nIV. v. 10-12 Ultimatum - Earthly kings, “Serve Yahweh... Kiss the son!”\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s protection\n\nThe main theme of this psalm is that God is protecting and empowering the king he has appointed and that it is useless for the foreign nations to oppose God and his king.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphor\n\n“Today I have begotten you” here is a metaphor meaning that God acknowledges the king as his special person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	2	1	e4gn	figs-rquestion	לָ֭⁠מָּה רָגְשׁ֣וּ גוֹיִ֑ם וּ֝⁠לְאֻמִּ֗ים יֶהְגּוּ־רִֽיק	1	Why are the nations in turmoil, and why do the peoples make plots that will fail?	[Verses 4](../02/04.md) and following provide the proper understanding of the questions that make up this verse. They are not true questions, they are statements of mocking disbelief. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Nations are in turmoil and peoples are complaining uselessly.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])\n
PSA	2	1	hd4h	figs-metonymy	גוֹיִ֑ם	1	the nations	Here, **nations** represents either the people of the nations or the leaders of the nations. If **nations** could not be understood to **conspire**, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. However, it is best to not narrow the meaning to leaders yet, as the psalm will do that in the next verse. Alternate translation: “people from other nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	2	1	xqez	figs-extrainfo		0		What the **nations** are conspiring and the **peoples** are plotting is not mentioned in this verse, but since it becomes clear from the next two verses, you do not need to explain its meaning further here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
PSA	2	2	ag3k	figs-parallelism	יִ֥תְיַצְּב֨וּ ׀ מַלְכֵי־אֶ֗רֶץ וְ⁠רוֹזְנִ֥ים נֽוֹסְדוּ־יָ֑חַד	1	The kings of the earth take their stand together … the rulers conspire together	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “The kings of the earth take their stand, indeed, the rulers conspire together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	2	3	bvs1	figs-parallelism	נְֽ֭נַתְּקָה אֶת־מֽוֹסְרוֹתֵ֑י⁠מוֹ וְ⁠נַשְׁלִ֖יכָה מִמֶּ֣⁠נּוּ עֲבֹתֵֽי⁠מוֹ	1		These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Let us tear apart their bonds, truly, let us cast their cords away from us.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	2	3	xw9h	figs-metaphor	נְֽ֭נַתְּקָה אֶת־מֽוֹסְרוֹתֵ֑י⁠מוֹ וְ⁠נַשְׁלִ֖יכָה מִמֶּ֣⁠נּוּ עֲבֹתֵֽי⁠מוֹ	1	Let us tear off the shackles … throw off their chains	The people of other nations speak of Yahweh and his anointed's rule over them as if it were **bonds**and **cords**.  If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “We should free ourselves from their control; we should not let them rule over us any longer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	2	4	vz39	figs-parallelism	יוֹשֵׁ֣ב בַּ⁠שָּׁמַ֣יִם יִשְׂחָ֑ק אֲ֝דֹנָ֗⁠י יִלְעַג־לָֽ⁠מוֹ	1		These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “He who sits in the heavens sneers; indeed, \nthe Lord mocks them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	2	4	t9zx	figs-explicit	יוֹשֵׁ֣ב	1	sits in the heavens	Here, **sitting** represents ruling. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He who rules” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	2	5	z631	figs-abstractnouns	בְ⁠אַפּ֑⁠וֹ וּֽ⁠בַ⁠חֲרוֹנ֥⁠וֹ	1		If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **anger** and **fury**, you could express the same ideas in another way. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	2	6	ygss	writing-quotations		0		This verse is a quotation of Yahweh (who is mentioned before this verse as the Lord who is sitting in the heavens). If the speaker would be unclear, you may want to introduce him as the UST does. 
PSA	2	6	emc4	figs-rpronouns	 וַ֭⁠אֲנִי נָסַ֣כְתִּי	1	I myself	Yahweh says **I myself** to emphasize how significant it was that it was he and not someone else who was setting up this king on Zion. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this significance. Alternate translation: “I alone have poured out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
PSA	2	6	v3q9		נָסַ֣כְתִּי	1		Scholars debate the meaning of this verb. However, all the options lead either symbolically or literally to the idea that Yahweh has made his king the ruler on Zion. Alternate translation: “installed” or “placed”
PSA	2	7	d5l7	figs-explicit	אֲסַפְּרָ֗ה אֶֽ֫ל חֹ֥ק יְֽהוָ֗ה אָמַ֘ר	1	I will announce a decree of Yahweh. He	The person saying this is the king that Yahweh placed in Zion. You can include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “The king says, ‘I will announce a decree of Yahweh.’ He said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	2	7	h869			0	He said to me	Alternate translation: “Yahweh said to me”
PSA	2	7	qp2j			0	You are my son! This day I have become your father	Among many peoples in that part of the world then, men could decide to legally adopt children, who would become their heirs. Here Yahweh adopts a man and makes him king of Israel. Alternate translation: “I make you my son. This day I have become your father” or “Now you are my son and am your father”
PSA	2	8	sy59			0	Connecting Statement:	Yahweh continues speaking to the new king of Israel.
PSA	2	8	vjb5	figs-parallelism		0	the nations for your inheritance … the farthermost regions of the earth for your possession	These phrases express very similar ideas. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	2	8	cv7i			0	the farthermost regions of the earth	Alternate translation: “the lands that are very far away”
PSA	2	9	uaa7	figs-parallelism		0	You will break them with an iron rod; like a jar of a potter, you will smash them to pieces	These phrases express very similar ideas. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	2	9	at9u	figs-metaphor		0	You will break them with an iron rod	Defeating the nations is spoken of as breaking them, and his power is spoken of as an iron rod. Alternate translation: “You will defeat them completely by your power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	2	9	a2x4	figs-metaphor		0	you will smash them to pieces	Destroying nations is spoken of as if they could be smashed like a clay jar. Alternate translation: you will completely destroy them like a clay pot” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	2	9	ggd3	translate-unknown		0	a jar of a potter	A potter is a person who makes clay pots and jars. These are fragile and can be broken easily. Alternate translation: “a clay jar” or “a clay pot” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
PSA	2	10	upx2	figs-parallelism		0	So now, you kings, be warned; be corrected, you rulers of the earth	These two phrases have similar meanings. Alternate translation: “So now, you kings and rulers of the earth, be warned and corrected” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	2	10	j2nx	figs-activepassive		0	be warned	This can be stated with an active form. Alternate translation: “listen to this warning” or “be wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	2	10	nyh6	figs-activepassive		0	be corrected	This can be stated with an active form. Alternate translation: “listen to this correction” or “take this correction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	2	12	w4m8	translate-symaction		0	Kiss the son	People would show their king that they were loyal to him by kissing him, perhaps on the feet. Alternate translation: “Show the son that you are truly loyal to him” or “Bow down humbly before his son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
PSA	2	12	v3bs			0	you will die in the way	This may refer to dying right there, before the person has a chance to go away. Alternate translation: “you will die immediately”
PSA	2	12	l654	figs-metaphor		0	when his anger burns for just a moment	The king’s anger is spoken of as if it were a fire that could burn. Alternate translation: “when he suddenly becomes very angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	2	12	ty9p	figs-metaphor		0	seek refuge in him	Asking the king for protection is spoken of as seeking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “ask the king to protect them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	3	intro	py7j			0		# Psalm 03 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 3 is a psalm of deliverance. It is a morning song intended to be sung in the temple accompanied by musical instruments during morning worship. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s protection<br><br>Although the psalmist has many enemies and is saying he is without help, God is protecting him and delivering him from danger.
PSA	3	1	ylp1	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	3	1	g1yb			0	A psalm of David	This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms.
PSA	3	1	xp7i	figs-exclamations		0	Yahweh, how many are my enemies!	This exclamation shows that David is afraid of his enemies. Alternate translation: “Oh Yahweh, I have so many enemies!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
PSA	3	1	cj3u	figs-idiom		0	have risen against me	Fighting against someone is spoken of as rising against him. Alternate translation: “come against me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	3	3	mj2u	figs-metaphor		0	you, Yahweh, are a shield around me	A shield protects a soldier. David speaks as if God were a shield protecting him. Alternate translation: “you, Yahweh, protect me like a shield” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	3	3	llc4	figs-metonymy		0	my glory	“you are my glory.” By calling God his glory, David says that God is the one who gives him glory. Since David has just spoken about his enemies and God being his protector, he probably meant that God gives him glory by giving him victory over his enemies. Alternate translation: “you are the one who gives me glory” or “you are the one who gives me victory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	3	3	hj6j	figs-metaphor		0	the one who lifts up my head	“you are the one who lifts up my head.” Giving someone courage is spoken of as lifting up his head. Alternate translation: “the one who encourages me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	3	4	bz2m	figs-metonymy		0	I lift up my voice	Using one’s voice to cry out is spoken of as lifting up his voice. Alternate translation: “I cry out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	3	6	q7wy			0	have set themselves against me on every side	Alternate translation: “have surrounded me to destroy me”
PSA	3	7	zax2	figs-metonymy		0	Rise up	David speaks of starting to do something as getting up. Alternate translation: “Take action” or “Do something” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	3	7	az5m	figs-parallelism		0	hit all my enemies … break the teeth of the wicked	These phrases say very similar things. The phrases “my enemies” and “the wicked” refer to the same group of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	3	7	r6xe	translate-symaction		0	For you will hit all my enemies on the jaw	This was a way of insulting people. David speaks as if Yahweh would come and physically hit his enemies. Alternate translation: “For you will insult all my enemies like someone hitting them on the jaw” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	3	7	k36i	figs-metaphor		0	you will break the teeth of the wicked	Animals attack with their teeth. Breaking their teeth takes away their power to attack. David speaks as if Yahweh would come and physically fight against the wicked. Alternate translation: “you will make the wicked unable to harm me like someone breaking the teeth of a ferocious animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	3	8	x9bn	figs-abstractnouns		0	Salvation comes from Yahweh	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh saves his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	4	intro	b2qk			0		# Psalm 04 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 4 is a psalm of deliverance. It is an evening song, intended to be sung in the temple accompanied by musical instruments during evening worship. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Trust<br><br>God protects all those who truly trust in him for protection. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])
PSA	4	1	zjj1	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	4	1	q28k			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship”
PSA	4	1	k7md			0	on stringed instruments	Alternate translation: “people should play stringed instruments with this song”
PSA	4	1	f3xk			0	Answer me when I call	Alternate translation: “Respond to me when I call” or “Help me when I call”
PSA	4	1	dd31			0	God of my righteousness	Alternate translation: “God, who shows that I am righteous”
PSA	4	1	n99c	figs-metaphor		0	give me room when I am hemmed in	Being in danger is spoken of as being in a narrow space. Alternate translation: “rescue me when I am in danger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	4	2	r39v			0	General Information:	David sings this part of the song as if he is speaking to his enemies.
PSA	4	2	p3x5	figs-rquestion		0	You people, how long will you turn my honor into shame?	David uses this question to rebuke his enemies. Alternate translation: “You people continually turn my honor into shame!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	4	2	vy7i			0	turn my honor into shame	Shaming him instead of honoring him is spoken of as making his honor become shame. Alternate translation: “shame me instead of honoring me” or “bring me shame when you should be honoring me”
PSA	4	2	i8ct	figs-rquestion		0	How long will you love that which is worthless and seek after lies?	David uses this question to rebuke his enemies. Alternate translation: “You continue to love things that are worthless and seek after lies.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	4	2	mvp9	figs-parallelism		0	love that which is worthless … seek after lies	These two phrases are very similar in meaning. The lies are worthless. Alternate translation: “love worthless lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	4	3	w2gh			0	Yahweh has set apart the faithful ones for himself	Alternate translation: “Yahweh chooses godly people for himself”
PSA	4	4	api1	figs-explicit		0	Tremble in fear	The relationship between “tremble” and “fear” and who people should fear can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Fear Yahweh so much that you tremble” or “Stand in awe of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	4	4	u9p9			0	Tremble	shake from fear
PSA	4	4	l67w	figs-metonymy		0	Meditate in your heart	The heart represents a person’s thoughts. Thinking carefully is spoken of as meditating in one’s heart. Alternate translation: “Think carefully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	4	5	h8tj			0	Offer the sacrifices of righteousness	Alternate translation: “Offer the right sacrifices”
PSA	4	5	ul9j	figs-metaphor		0	put your trust in Yahweh	Here “trust” is spoken of as if it were an object that could be put somewhere. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **trust**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “trust in Yahweh” or “trust Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	4	6	k53m	figs-rquestion		0	Who will show us anything good?	This question is used either to ask for something or to express a wish about something that has not happened. Alternate translation: “Please show us something good!” or “We wish someone would show us something good!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	4	6	uvl3	figs-metonymy		0	Who will show us anything good?	This could mean: (1) showing something good represents bringing good things. Alternate translation: “Who will bring good things to us?” or (2) showing something good represents saying that good things have happened. Alternate translation: “Who will say that anything good has happened?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	4	6	stu3	figs-metaphor		0	lift up the light of your face on us	The writer speaks of Yahweh acting favorably towards them as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on them. Alternate translation: “act favorably towards us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	4	7	v4vs	figs-synecdoche		0	You have given my heart more gladness	The heart represents the person. Alternate translation: “You have given me more gladness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	4	7	b9ht	figs-metaphor		0	You have given my heart more gladness than others have	Here “gladness” is spoken of as if it is an object that can be given. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **gladness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “glad.” Alternate translation: “You have made me more glad than others are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	4	7	izx5	figs-metonymy		0	when their grain and new wine abound	“New wine” may represent grapes. Alternate translation: “when they reap plentiful harvests of grain and grapes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	4	8	b57u	figs-metaphor		0	It is in peace that I will lie down and sleep	Peace is spoken of as if it were a place. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word ****, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “I will be peaceful when I lie down and sleep” or “I will not be afraid of danger when I lie down and sleep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	4	8	p2ce	figs-doublet		0	make me safe and secure	The words “safe” and “secure” mean basically the same thing and emphasize complete safety. Alternate translation: “make me completely safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	5	intro	e67h			0		# Psalm 05 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 5 is a psalm of deliverance. Notice how the psalmist both praises God and asks Him for help in defeating the wicked. It was intended to be sung accompanied by flutes. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s help<br><br>God does not help people who do evil but he blesses those who are good and trust in him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])
PSA	5	1	k92k	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	5	1	q7tu			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship”
PSA	5	1	tu54			0	with wind instruments	Alternate translation: “This song should be accompanied by people who play wind instruments.”
PSA	5	1	xts1	figs-explicit		0	Listen to my call to you	This is a call for help. Alternate translation: “Listen to me as I call to you for help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	5	1	i566			0	groanings	low sounds that people make with the voice when they are suffering
PSA	5	3	i42x	figs-parallelism		0	in the morning you hear my cry … in the morning I will bring my petition to you	These two phrases are very similar in meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	5	3	q5qw			0	I will bring my petition to you	Alternate translation: “I will make my request” or “I will ask you for what I need”
PSA	5	3	rk6n			0	wait expectantly	Alternate translation: “wait, expecting you to do what I ask you to do”
PSA	5	6	qjt8	figs-123person		0	Yahweh despises violent and deceitful men	Since David is speaking to God in this psalm, this sentence can be stated with the word “you.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh, you despise violent and deceitful men” or “Yahweh, you hate men who do violent acts and deceive others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
PSA	5	7	xxs4	figs-abstractnouns		0	because of your great covenant faithfulness	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	5	7	wus9			0	your house	This refers to God’s temple. Alternate translation: “your temple”
PSA	5	8	nj5y	figs-metaphor		0	lead me in your righteousness	David speaks of righteousness as if it were a path and of teaching as leading. The phrase “your righteousness” means that God is righteous Alternate translation: “teach me to do what is righteous as you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	5	8	f99i	figs-metaphor		0	make your path straight before me	David speaks of righteousness as if it were a path. A straight path is easy to see or walk on. Alternate translation: “show me clearly how to live in the right way” or “make it easy for me to do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	5	9	vyp8			0	General Information:	David talks about his enemies.
PSA	5	9	yu9i	figs-metonymy		0	For there is no truth in their mouth	Truth being in the mouth represents speaking truthfully. Alternate translation: “For they never say what is true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	5	9	w7sn	figs-metonymy		0	their inward being is wicked	The inward being represents people’s thoughts and desires. Alternate translation: “their thoughts and desires are wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	5	9	t93l	figs-metonymy		0	their throat	The throat represents people’s speech. Alternate translation: “their speech” or “what they say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	5	9	aj6l	figs-metaphor		0	their throat is an open tomb	Their throat is spoken of as if it were an open tomb, ready for dead bodies to put into it. This could mean: (1) “they say that they will kill people” or (2) “What they say kills people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	5	9	c5lk			0	they flatter with their tongue	Alternate translation: “they say nice things about people without really meaning it”
PSA	5	9	w8tw	figs-metonymy		0	their tongue	The tongue represents what people say. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	5	10	b8gr			0	may their schemes be their downfall	Alternate translation: “may their schemes cause them to experience disasters” or “may they become less important because of their schemes”
PSA	5	10	llj1			0	schemes	plans to harm people
PSA	5	10	se86	figs-metaphor		0	downfall	This is something that causes a person to experience disasters or to lose power. Experiencing disaster or becoming less important is spoken of as falling. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	5	11	p2xk	figs-metaphor		0	may all those who take refuge in you rejoice	God is spoken of as if he were a refuge, a place where people can be protected. Alternate translation: “May all those who go to you for protection rejoice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	5	11	w32e	figs-parallelism		0	those who take refuge in you rejoice … shout for joy because you defend them	These two clauses express similar thoughts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	5	11	h7eq	figs-metaphor		0	take refuge in you	Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to you for protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	5	11	jnt7	figs-metonymy		0	those who love your name	God’s name represents him. Alternate translation: “those who love you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	5	12	t1zz	figs-simile		0	you will surround them with favor as with a shield	God’s favor is spoken of as if it were a shield. Alternate translation: “you will favor them and protect them as a soldier protects himself with his shield” or “because you are kind to them, you will protect them (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	6	intro	gpl3			0		# Psalm 06 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 6 is a deliverance psalm: a call to God for help. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Trouble<br><br>He is in deep trouble and needs God to help him in his difficult situation. But then God hears his prayer and scatters his enemies.<br><br>### First Person<br><br>This psalm is written using first person making its perspective very personal. There are many uses of the first person in this Psalm.
PSA	6	1	qy9s	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	6	1	z78f			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship”
PSA	6	1	w19w			0	on stringed instruments	Alternate translation: “people should play stringed instruments with this song”
PSA	6	1	p2j3			0	set to the Sheminith style	This may refer to a style of music.
PSA	6	2	at9c	figs-synecdoche		0	my bones are shaking	The bones represent the whole body. His body may have been shaking because he was sick or extremely tired. Alternate translation: “my whole body is shaking” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	6	3	sd1q			0	very troubled	Alternate translation: “terrified” or “worried”
PSA	6	3	vw88	figs-rquestion		0	how long will this continue?	David uses this question to show that he does not want to continue feeling weak and troubled. Alternate translation: please, do not let this continue!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	6	4	rce3	figs-metaphor		0	Return, Yahweh	David speaks of God being kind to him as God returning to him. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, come back to me” or “Have mercy on me, Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	6	4	fuw3	figs-abstractnouns		0	Save me because of your covenant faithfulness	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Save me because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	6	5	qb7p	figs-parallelism		0	For in death there is no remembrance of you. In Sheol who will give you thanks?	These two sentences express similar meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	6	5	pn4j	figs-metonymy		0	For in death there is no remembrance of you	Here, **remembrance** represents praise. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **remembrance**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “For when people die, they no longer praise you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	6	5	mb1j	figs-rquestion		0	In Sheol who will give you thanks?	David uses this question to emphasize that no one in Sheol thanks God. Alternate translation: “No one in Sheol will give you thanks!” or “The dead cannot praise you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	6	6	ge93	figs-metonymy		0	I am weary with my groaning	His groaning represents the pain or distress that he feels. Alternate translation: “I am very tired because of my pain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	6	6	bay4	figs-parallelism		0	I drench my bed with tears; I wash my couch away with my tears	These two sentences express the same meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	6	6	c1qb			0	I drench my bed with tears	Alternate translation: “I make my bed wet with my tears” or “My bed is very wet because of my tears”
PSA	6	6	isr5			0	I wash my couch away with my tears	Alternate translation: “I make my couch wet with my tears”
PSA	6	7	fup4	figs-metonymy		0	My eyes grow dim	The ability to see is spoken of in terms of the eyes. Alternate translation: “My vision is blurry” or “I cannot see clearly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	6	7	gny4	figs-metonymy		0	from grief	Grief here represents crying. Alternate translation: “from crying” or “because I cry so much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	6	9	j23z	figs-parallelism		0	Yahweh has heard my appeal for mercy … Yahweh has accepted my prayer	These two lines have very similar meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	6	9	dq36	figs-metaphor		0	Yahweh has accepted my prayer	Being willing to do what David has prayed for is spoken of as accepting his prayer. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will respond to my prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	7	intro	zey1			0		# Psalm 07 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 7 is a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s protection<br><br>The author had not wronged anyone, yet his enemy was trying to attack him. But he knew that God would protect him.<br><br>### Cush the Benjamite<br><br>Note the superscription and the specific circumstances. There is no other reference to this incident in the Scriptures. But there are references to David being opposed by those of the tribe of Benjamin during the time he was serving King Saul.
PSA	7	1	wzv4	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	7	1	v239			0	A musical composition of David	Alternate translation: “This is a song that David wrote”
PSA	7	1	huv1	figs-metaphor		0	take refuge in you!	Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to you for protection!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	7	2	rzk1	figs-simile		0	they will rip me apart like a lion, tearing me in pieces	David speaks of his enemies attacking him as if they would rip his body apart and tear it in pieces as a lion would. Alternate translation: “they will violently kill me like a lion ripping apart its victim’s body and tearing it in pieces” or “they will violently kill me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	7	2	x9fh			0	with no one else able to bring me to safety	Alternate translation: “and no one else will be able to save me”
PSA	7	5	ej18	figs-metonymy		0	my life	The life represents the person. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	7	5	us9e	figs-metonymy		0	overtake me	This represents capturing him. Alternate translation: “capture me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	7	5	txr8	figs-metonymy		0	let him trample my life to the ground	Here “my life” represents the writer. Alternate translation: “allow him to destroy me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	7	5	hav6			0	lay my honor in the dust	This refers to lying dead and unburied in disgrace.
PSA	7	6	phd3	figs-metonymy		0	Arise, Yahweh, in your anger	Arising represents doing something or taking action. Alternate translation: “Do something in your anger” or “Be angry at my enemies and take action: (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	7	6	a9lp	figs-metonymy		0	stand up against the rage of my enemies	Fighting against people is spoken of as standing up against them. Alternate translation: “fight against the rage of my enemies” or “attack my enemies who rage against me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	7	6	q1qt	figs-metonymy		0	the rage of my enemies	Their rage represents their attacks. Alternate translation: “the attacks of my enemies” or “my enemies who attack me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	7	6	x2us	figs-metaphor		0	wake up	Waking up represents starting to do something or take action. Alternate translation: “Take action” or “Do something” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	7	6	sml1			0	for my sake	Alternate translation: “for me” or “to help me”
PSA	7	7	pk8y	figs-synecdoche		0	The countries are assembled	Here the word “countries” represents all of the armies that have gathered to attack. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	7	7	rb6b	figs-metaphor		0	take once more your rightful place over them	Ruling people is spoken of as being over them. Yahweh’s rightful place refers either to heaven or to ruling in general. Alternate translation: “Rule over them from heaven” or “Rule over them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	7	8	e8kb			0	vindicate me	Alternate translation: “show them that I am not guilty”
PSA	7	9	pw1n			0	establish the righteous people	Alternate translation: “make the righteous people strong” or “make the righteous people prosper”
PSA	7	9	zql9	figs-metonymy		0	you who examine hearts and minds	The hearts and minds represent people’s desires and thoughts. Alternate translation: “you who know our inner thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	7	10	c7u4	figs-metaphor		0	My shield comes from God	The word “shield” represents God’s protection. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	7	11	j5zn	figs-explicit		0	a God who is indignant each day	Who God is angry with can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “a God who is angry with the wicked every day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	7	12	y4zk	figs-metaphor		0	God will sharpen his sword and will prepare his bow for battle	In verses 12 and 13, David speaks of God deciding to punish the wicked as if God were a warrior preparing to fight against them with weapons. Alternate translation: “God will take action against him like a warrior who sharpens his sword and prepares his bow for battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	7	14	l54a	figs-metaphor		0	one who is pregnant with wickedness … conceives destructive plans … gives birth to harmful lies	David speaks of the things that a wicked person does as if the person were pregnant and wickedness was the baby. Alternate translation: “the wicked person. He makes plans to destroy people and produces harmful lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	7	16	p524	figs-metaphor		0	His own destructive plans return to his own head, for his violence comes down on his own head	Destruction and violence are spoken of as if they hit a person’s head or fall down on it. Alternate translation: “His own destructive plans destroy him, for his violence attacks him” or “When he plans to destroy others, others destroy him; when he attacks others, others attack him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	8	intro	rs24			0		# Psalm 08 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 8 is a psalm of worship and praise to God. This was to be sung by a choir.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s creation<br><br>God has made awesome things in the universe and has exalted humans to be rulers over this creation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/exalt]])<br><br>### A Little Lower than the Heavenly Beings<br><br>[Psalms Psalm 8:4-6](./003.md) is quoted in [Hebrews 2:6-8](../../heb/02/06.md), where it is applied to Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]])
PSA	8	1	lk7t	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	8	1	i9hb			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship”
PSA	8	1	ye1p			0	set to the gittith style	This may refer to a style of music.
PSA	8	1	hn59	figs-metonymy		0	how magnificent is your name in all the earth	God’s “name” represents his whole being. Alternate translation: “people all over the world know that you are very great” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	8	2	u11e	figs-metaphor		0	Out of the mouth of babies and infants you have established praise	This could mean: (1) praise is spoken of as a solid object that God takes out of babies’ mouths and sets up as a defensive wall or (2) God has created the world so that true praise comes to him from babies. Alternate translation: “You have given babies and infants the ability to praise you” or “It is babies and infants who truly praise you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	8	3	uj2i	figs-synecdoche		0	your heavens, which your fingers have made	God’s fingers represent him. Alternate translation: “the heavens which you have made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	8	4	yhh5	figs-rquestion		0	Of what importance is the human race that you notice them, or mankind that you pay attention to them?	These remarks have been expressed in the form of a question to add emphasis. Alternate translation: “It is amazing that you think about people and are concerned about them!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	8	4	k9i2			0	the human race … mankind	Both of these phrases refer to people in general.
PSA	8	5	sr48	figs-metaphor		0	have crowned them with glory and honor	Glory and honor are spoken of as if they were crowns. The words “glory” and “honor” are similar in meaning. Alternate translation: “have given them glory and honor” or “have caused them to be like kings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	8	6	x6z3	figs-parallelism		0	You make him to rule over the works … you have put all things under his feet	These two clauses express similar meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	8	6	rc4e			0	You make him … under his feet	“you make them … under their feet.” The words “him” and “his” here refer to people.
PSA	8	6	xti1	figs-metonymy		0	the works of your hands	The hands represent what God has done. Alternate translation: “the things that you made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	8	6	py2w	figs-metaphor		0	you have put all things under his feet	Having authority to rule others or control things is spoken of as having them under one’s feet. This means God gave people authority over all that he created. Alternate translation: “you have given him authority over all things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	8	9	y339	figs-exclamations		0	how magnificent is your name in all the earth	With this exclamation, David shows his joy and awe about how great God is. Alternate translation: “your name is wonderfully magnificent in all the earth” or “people in all the earth know how magnificent you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
PSA	8	9	dvi7	figs-metonymy		0	your name	God’s “name” represents him or his reputation. Alternate translation: “your reputation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	8	9	bf2u			0	magnificent	excellent, great
PSA	9	intro	zq96			0		# Psalm 09 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 9 is a psalm of praise.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s protection<br><br>God is a protector. He is all-powerful and his enemies cannot withstand him.<br><br>### Acrostic Psalm<br><br>This psalm along with Psalm 10 form an acrostic. Which means that each unit begins with a successive letter of the Hebrew alphabet.<br><br>### One Psalm or two<br><br>This psalm has a superscription but Psalm 10 doesn’t. This fact and the acrostic nature of the two psalms has lead some scholars to believe these two psalms may have originally been written as one psalm.
PSA	9	1	xxu5	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	9	1	w9iy			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship”
PSA	9	1	nqw5			0	set to Muth Labben	This may refer to a style of music.
PSA	9	1	lr4k	figs-123person		0	I will give thanks to Yahweh with my whole heart	Since this song is addressed to Yahweh, Yahweh can be referred to as “you.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh, I will give thanks to you with all my heart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
PSA	9	1	f4r1	figs-abstractnouns		0	all your marvelous deeds	The noun “deeds” can be expressed with the verb “do.” Alternate translation: “all the marvelous things you do” or “all the marvelous things you have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	9	2	vh6j	figs-metonymy		0	I will sing praise to your name	Here God’s name represents God. Alternate translation: “I will sing praise to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	9	3	j685			0	turn back	Alternate translation: “retreat” or “flee in fear”
PSA	9	4	nvz1	figs-metonymy		0	you sit on your throne, a righteous judge	Kings had authority to judge people, and they would sit on their throne when they judged. David speaks as if God were an earthly king. Alternate translation: “you judge like a king who sits on his throne, and you are righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	9	5	cw1j	figs-metaphor		0	you have blotted out their name forever and ever	Causing people to be forgotten is spoken of as blotting out their name. Alternate translation: “you have caused them to be forgotten as if their name was blotted out” or “no one will ever remember them again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	9	5	bs94			0	blotted out	Alternate translation: “erased”
PSA	9	6	dj3h	figs-simile		0	The enemy crumbled like ruins	The enemy is spoken of as if it were a city full of broken down buildings. Alternate translation: “Our enemies were destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	9	6	b9n1			0	when you overthrew their cities	Alternate translation: “when you destroyed their cities”
PSA	9	6	pi7j	figs-metaphor		0	All remembrance of them has perished	Here “remembrance” is spoken of as if it were a living being that could die. Alternate translation: “All remembrance of them has stopped” or “There is no longer any remembrance of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	9	6	c6yp	figs-abstractnouns		0	All remembrance of them has perished	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **remembrance**, you could express the same idea with the verb “remember.” Alternate translation: “No one remembers them at all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	9	7	x7xg	figs-metonymy		0	Yahweh remains forever	“Remain” probably represents sitting on the throne as king. Alternate translation: “Yahweh sits on his throne forever” or “Yahweh rules forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	9	7	h8nu	figs-metonymy		0	he has established his throne for justice	The phrase “his throne” represents God’s rule. This could mean: (1) “He rules in order to judge people” or (2) “He rules over people justly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	9	8	pgg5	figs-parallelism		0	He will judge the world with righteousness … he will execute judgment for the nations with fairness	These two clauses express the same meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	9	8	dz3w	figs-metonymy		0	He will judge the world with righteousness	Here “the world” refers to all the people in the world. Alternate translation: “He will judge all the people of the world righteously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	9	9	y7hd	figs-metaphor		0	Yahweh also will be a stronghold for the oppressed	God is spoken of as if he were a place that people could go to for safety. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will also protect the oppressed” or “Yahweh will also provide safety for those who are oppressed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	9	10	mb1z	figs-metonymy		0	Those who know your name	Here the words “your name” represent God. Alternate translation: “Those who know you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	9	10	dj61			0	do not abandon	Alternate translation: “do not forsake” or “do not leave”
PSA	9	11	nb7x			0	who rules in Zion	Alternate translation: “who lives in Jerusalem”
PSA	9	11	i7js	figs-metonymy		0	tell the nations	Here “the nations” represents the people of the nations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	9	12	lcs5	figs-explicit		0	For the God who avenges bloodshed remembers	What he remembers can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “For the God who avenges bloodshed remembers those who were killed” or “For God remembers those who were killed and he punishes the killers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	9	12	wk9a			0	he does not forget the cry	Alternate translation: “He does not ignore the cry”
PSA	9	13	j8i9	figs-activepassive		0	see how I am oppressed by those who hate me	This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “see how those who hate me oppress me” or “see how badly my enemies treat me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	9	13	p41p	figs-metaphor		0	you who can snatch me from the gates of death	Death is spoken of as if it were a city that had gates through which people enter it. If someone is near the gates of death, it means that he will die soon. Keeping someone from dying is spoken of as taking him away from the gates of that city. Alternate translation: “you who can rescue me from death” or “you who can keep me from dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	9	15	re95	figs-metaphor		0	The nations have sunk down into the pit that they made	People dig pits so they can catch animals that fall into them. Here digging a pit represents making plans to destroy people. Alternate translation: “The nations are like people who dig a pit for others and then fall into it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	9	15	g4gq	figs-metaphor		0	their feet are caught in the net that they hid	People hide nets so they can catch animals that get caught in them. Here hiding a net represents making plans to destroy people. Alternate translation: “they are like people who hide a net and get trapped in it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	9	16	fy3r	figs-nominaladj		0	the wicked is ensnared by his own actions	Here “wicked” is a nominal adjective that refers to any wicked person. A wicked person acting to harm other people is spoken of as if the wicked person had made a trap and then fallen into it and been unable to escape. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “when a wicked person tries to harm other people, his actions will end up harming him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	9	16	z41t			0	is ensnared	Alternate translation: “is trapped”
PSA	9	17	bw3u			0	turned back	Alternate translation: “rejected”
PSA	9	17	wmb4			0	all the nations that forget God	This refers to “the wicked.”
PSA	9	18	f28n	figs-activepassive		0	For the needy will not always be forgotten	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will not always forget the needy” or “God will remember the needy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	9	18	ln7u	figs-metaphor		0	nor will the hope of the oppressed be forever dashed	Hopes are spoken of as if they were objects that could be broken or destroyed. Hopes being destroyed represents the things that people hope for never happening. Alternate translation: “and the oppressed will not hope forever without results” or “and someday what the oppressed hope for will happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	9	19	zrv7	figs-metonymy		0	Arise	Getting up represents starting to do something. Alternate translation: “Do something” or “Take action” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	9	19	dw6d			0	man	people
PSA	9	19	f879	figs-metonymy		0	be judged	Here judging represents punishing. Alternate translation: “be punished” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	9	19	dca3	figs-metonymy		0	in your sight	Here sight represents presence. Alternate translation: “in your presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	9	19	xin9	figs-activepassive		0	may the nations be judged in your sight	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “judge the nations in your presence” or “take the nations into your presence and punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	10	intro	h366			0		# Psalm 010 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 10 is a psalm of deliverance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Evil people<br><br>The wicked people are prospering and think that God does not care. They think that he is not involved in these affairs. They destroy the innocent. The godly need God to come to their rescue and to punish the wicked people for the evil that they are doing to the good people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/innocent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]])<br><br>### Second half of Psalm 9<br><br>As noted in the intro to the last psalm, this one is part of an acrostic poem. This psalm covers the last half on the Hebrew alphabet. It also does not have a superscription to introduce it. However, the psalms do separate well on the subjects they address. One addresses thanksgiving and praise whereas Psalm 10 is a lament. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lament]])
PSA	10	1	he97	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	10	1	l729	figs-rquestion		0	Why, Yahweh, do you stand far off? Why do you hide yourself in times of trouble?	The speaker uses these questions to express his distress that God has not helped him. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, it seems as though you are far away from me and you hide from me whenever I am in trouble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	10	2	ml6r			0	schemes	evil plans
PSA	10	3	hd9r	figs-genericnoun		0	the wicked person	This refers to wicked people in general. Alternate translation: “wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
PSA	10	3	lk5v	figs-abstractnouns		0	his deepest desires	The noun “desires” can be expressed with the verb “want. “Alternate translation: “the things that he wants very much to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	10	3	bcd9			0	the greedy	Alternate translation: “greedy people”
PSA	10	4	nkz2	figs-genericnoun		0	The wicked man	This refers here to wicked people in general. Alternate translation: “the wicked person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
PSA	10	4	es9w	figs-metaphor		0	has a raised face	A raised face represents pride or arrogance. Alternate translation: “has an arrogant attitude” or “is proud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	10	4	je9x	figs-metaphor		0	he does not seek God	Here, seeking **God** could mean: (1) asking God for help or (2) thinking about God and obeying him. Alternate translation: “he does not ask God for help” or “he does not think about God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	10	5	h3lz			0	He is secure at all times	“He is safe at all times.” He is not really safe, but he thinks that he is.
PSA	10	5	ee2m	figs-metaphor		0	your righteous decrees are too high for him	Something that is hard to understand is spoken of as if it were too high to reach. Alternate translation: “he cannot understand your righteous decrees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	10	5	bbt7	translate-symaction		0	he snorts at all his enemies	People snort at their enemies when they think that their enemies are weak and worthless. Alternate translation: “he thinks that all his enemies are weak and worthless” or “he sneers at all his enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
PSA	10	5	dxb3			0	he snorts	This means that he blows air out noisily through his nose.
PSA	10	6	j7qk			0	He says	Alternate translation: “The wicked man says”
PSA	10	6	xus1			0	throughout all generations	This probably simply means “forever.”
PSA	10	6	y26y	figs-metaphor		0	I will not meet adversity	Experiencing adversity is spoken of as meeting it. Alternate translation: “I will not have any troubles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	10	7	d42j	figs-metonymy		0	His mouth is full of curses and lies and oppression	What people say is spoken of as being in their mouth. Alternate translation: “He always curses people, tells lies, and threatens to harm people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	10	7	xj9b	figs-metonymy		0	under his tongue are mischief and evil	Here the tongue represents speaking. Alternate translation: or “what he says injures and destroys people” or “he speaks words that threaten and hurt people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	10	8	x2zt			0	He waits in ambush	The word “he” refers to the wicked man.
PSA	10	8	urg9	figs-synecdoche		0	his eyes look for some helpless victim	The eyes represent him. Alternate translation: “he looks for some helpless victim” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	10	9	sd5u	figs-simile		0	He lurks in secret like a lion in the thicket	This speaks of the wicked person as if he were a lion. Alternate translation: “He hides while he waits for the weak to walk near him, the same way a lion quietly waits in the bush for the animal it wants to attack” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	10	9	jkf7			0	lurks	This means to hide or wait with intent to harm or kill.
PSA	10	9	ug79			0	he lies in wait	Alternate translation: “lies down waiting” or “he hides and waits”
PSA	10	9	g5jl	figs-metaphor		0	He catches the oppressed when he pulls in his net	The writer speaks of the wicked person catching people as if he were a hunter using a net to catch animals. Alternate translation: “He catches the oppressed like a hunter that catches an animal in a net and drags it away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	10	10	bcg4	figs-metaphor		0	they fall into his strong nets	The writer continues to speak of the wicked person catching people as if he were a hunter, his plans were nets, and the people were animals that fall into his net. Alternate translation: “his victims are caught by his plans like animals that fall into a hunter’s strong nets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	10	11	y4zx	figs-genericnoun		0	He says	The word “He” refers to the wicked person, and to wicked people in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
PSA	10	11	ty8w	figs-metaphor		0	God has forgotten	Refusing to pay attention to what people do is spoken of as forgetting. Alternate translation: “God does not pay attention” or “God does not care about what I do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	10	11	vdi5	figs-metaphor		0	he covers his face	Refusing to pay attention to what someone does is spoken of as covering one’s face. Alternate translation: “God refuses to see what is happening” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	10	11	xd2r	figs-metaphor		0	he will not bother to look	Paying attention to what someone does is spoken of as looking at it. Alternate translation: “he will not bother to pay attention” or “he will not care” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	10	12	l9k2	figs-metaphor		0	Arise	Starting to do something is spoken of as getting up. Alternate translation: “Do something” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	10	12	k3kx	figs-metonymy		0	Lift up your hand	Here lifting the hand to hit someone represents punishing him. Alternate translation: “Hit him hard” or “Punish the wicked person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	10	13	w9gj	figs-rquestion		0	Why does the wicked man reject God and say…“You will not hold me accountable”?	The speaker uses this question to show that he is very sad that wicked people do these things. Alternate translation: “Wicked people are always rejecting God and saying … ‘You will not hold me accountable.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	10	13	tfq6	figs-metonymy		0	You will not hold me accountable	“You will not require me to tell you why I do what I do.” Holding someone accountable here represents punishing him. Alternate translation: “You will not punish me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	10	15	v9ju	figs-metonymy		0	Break the arm of the wicked and evil man	Here “arm” represents power. Alternate translation: “Destroy the power of the wicked and evil man” or “Make the wicked and evil man weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	10	15	z4yy	figs-doublet		0	wicked and evil	These words have the same meaning. You can use one word to express both concepts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	10	15	m5mv	figs-metonymy		0	Make him account for his evil deeds	Making someone account for his evil deeds represents punishing him. Alternate translation: “Punish him for the evil things he has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	10	16	zc2f	figs-activepassive		0	the nations are driven out of his land	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. “Yahweh forces the people of other nations to leave his land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	10	17	d6nx	figs-explicit		0	you have heard the needs of the oppressed	It is implied that the oppressed people cried out to God. Alternate translation: “when oppressed people cried out to you, you listened to them tell you what they need” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	10	17	yqz9	figs-metonymy		0	you strengthen their heart	A strong heart represents courage, and making people’s hearts strong represents encouraging them. Alternate translation: “you encourage them” or “you make them confident” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	10	18	w3s1			0	no man … will cause terror again	Alternate translation: “no one … will cause people to be afraid again”
PSA	11	intro	zn9r			0		# Psalm 011 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 11 is a worship psalm. It tells how great God is and that God delivers the good people from the evil people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Justice<br><br>The wicked people try to destroy the good people but God knows everything that is being done and he saves the good people and destroys the evil people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])
PSA	11	1	t2nr	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	11	1	ca3b			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.”
PSA	11	1	i5j2	figs-metaphor		0	take refuge in Yahweh	Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to Yahweh for protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	11	1	dp1y	figs-rquestion		0	how will you say to me, “Flee like a bird to the mountain”?	This question is asked to provide emphasis. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “So do not ask me to run away!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	11	2	lc13			0	For see! The wicked prepare their bows. They make ready their arrows on the strings to shoot in the darkness at the upright in heart	Alternate translation: “Look! the wicked are preparing to attack upright people”
PSA	11	2	td66			0	upright in heart	Here “upright in heart” refers to godly or righteous people.
PSA	11	3	dyu6	figs-rquestion		0	For if the foundations are ruined, what can the righteous do?	Here “the foundations” may refer to law and order. This rhetorical question is asked to add emphasis. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Righteous people cannot do anything when evil people are not punished when they disobey the laws!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	11	4	je8v	figs-synecdoche		0	his eyes watch, his eyes examine the children of mankind	Here Yahweh is represented by his “eyes.” Yahweh is aware of everything that happens. Alternate translation: “He examines all that humanity does” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	11	4	u9bt			0	children of mankind	Alternate translation: “humanity”
PSA	11	5	ars4			0	Yahweh examines	Alternate translation: “Yahweh watches carefully”
PSA	11	5	qa59			0	do violence	Alternate translation: “hurt others”
PSA	11	6	t8lu	figs-metaphor		0	He rains burning coals and brimstone upon the wicked; a scorching wind will be their portion from his cup!	God’s punishment is described as if it were burning coals and brimstone from a volcano. Alternate translation: “He punishes the wicked; there will be no relief for them!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	11	6	i1h8			0	brimstone	sulphur
PSA	11	7	ai4r			0	see his face	Alternate translation: “be in his presence”
PSA	12	intro	c38b			0		# Psalm 012 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 12 is a judgment psalm, where the author asks God to judge and punish the wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh saves<br><br>There are so many wicked people now and they are proud of their evil. But God will save the poor who call out to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/call]])<br><br>### Words<br><br>This relatively short psalm focuses on the words people use.
PSA	12	1	lrn6	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	12	1	l7ap			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship”
PSA	12	1	d3jh			0	set to the Sheminith	This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 6:1](../006/001.md).
PSA	12	1	w9wb			0	Help, Yahweh	Alternate translation: “Yahweh, come to my aid”
PSA	12	1	ckb5			0	those who have integrity have vanished	Alternate translation: “faithful people have all vanished”
PSA	12	2	p59u	figs-hyperbole		0	Everyone says … everyone speaks	The two occurrences of “everyone” are exaggerations, used to emphasize that this is true of very many people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
PSA	12	2	k6d8	figs-metonymy		0	everyone speaks with flattering lips and a double heart	Here “lips” is a metonym for what people say, and “a double heart” is a metaphor for deception. Alternate translation: “everyone speaks with flattering words and deception” or “everyone praises people falsely and tells lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	12	3	cis2	figs-metaphor		0	cut off all flattering lips	Here “flattering lips” is a metonym for people who flatter others. This could mean: (1) “cut off” is a metaphor for killing. Alternate translation: “kill all who flatter others” or (2) “cut off” is a metaphor for stopping something. Alternate translation: “stop all those who flatter others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	12	3	g9k2	figs-synecdoche		0	every tongue declaring great things	Here “every tongue” represents every person who declares great things. Alternate translation: “every person who boasts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	12	4	j1nx	figs-metonymy		0	With our tongues will we prevail	Here the word “tongues” represents what people say. Alternate translation: “We will prevail because of what we say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	12	4	ay1a			0	will we prevail	Alternate translation: “we will succeed” or “we will win” or “we will be victorious”
PSA	12	4	n8z2	figs-synecdoche		0	When our lips speak	Here the “lips” represents the people who speak. Alternate translation: “When we speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	12	4	le51	figs-rquestion		0	who can be master over us?	This rhetorical question is asked to emphasize that they believed no one could rule over them. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “no one can rule over us!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	12	5	bgl1			0	groans	These are deep sounds that people make because of pain or some strong emotion.
PSA	12	5	qr86			0	I will arise,” says Yahweh	This means Yahweh will do something to help the people.
PSA	12	6	jt35	figs-simile		0	like silver purified in a furnace on the earth, refined seven times	Yahweh’s words are compared to silver that has been purified. Alternate translation: “they are without any imperfection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	12	7	txp6			0	You keep them	Alternate translation: “You keep the righteous people safe”
PSA	12	8	q4v9			0	walk on every side	Alternate translation: “surround us”
PSA	12	8	y7uy	figs-activepassive		0	when evil is exalted among the children of mankind	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “when people everywhere are praising evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	12	8	lrt6			0	children of mankind	Alternate translation: “human beings” or “people”
PSA	13	intro	nza7			0		# Psalm 013 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 13 is a psalm of deliverance because the psalmist is calling on God to deliver him from death and his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/call]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s help<br><br>The author needs God to help him because his enemies will rejoice if they are able to defeat him. The string of rhetorical questions is very effective at heightening the fear David is feeling. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]])
PSA	13	1	vsr8	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	13	1	hwf6			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.”
PSA	13	1	xg9c	figs-rquestion		0	How long, Yahweh, will you keep forgetting about me?	This question is asked to get the reader’s attention and to add emphasis. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, it seems that you have forgotten about me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	13	1	v3px	figs-synecdoche		0	How long … face from me?	The words “your face” represent God’s whole being. This rhetorical question is asked to add emphasis. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “It seems like you are hiding from me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	13	2	pg6n	figs-rquestion		0	How long will my enemy triumph over me?	This rhetorical question is asked to add emphasis. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Surely my enemies will not always defeat me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	13	3	vs9y			0	Look at me and answer me	Alternate translation: “Give me your attention and listen to me”
PSA	13	3	x789	figs-idiom		0	Give light to my eyes	This is a way of asking for strength. Alternate translation: “Make me strong again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	13	3	t9hl	figs-euphemism		0	or I will sleep in death	To “sleep in death” means to die. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
PSA	13	4	ucm3			0	Do not let my enemy say … so that my enemy may not say	Alternate translation: “Do not let my enemy say about me … so that my enemy may not say about me”
PSA	13	4	x5p1			0	when I am brought down	Alternate translation: “when I fall” or “when they defeat me”
PSA	13	5	l1in	figs-abstractnouns		0	I have trusted in your covenant faithfulness	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “I have trusted that you are faithful to your covenant” or “I have trusted you because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	13	5	s3s4	figs-synecdoche		0	my heart rejoices in your salvation	Here “my heart” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will rejoice because you have rescued me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	14	intro	a269			0		# Psalm 014 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 14 is a deliverance psalm because he is trusting God to deliver the poor. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Evil people<br><br>Wicked people do not even consider God when they make their plans. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])
PSA	14	1	ghg8	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	14	1	l8jh			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.”
PSA	14	1	bwz9	figs-idiom		0	A fool says in his heart	This is an idiom that means to say to oneself or to think to oneself. Alternate translation: “A foolish person says to himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	14	1	r75x			0	They are corrupt	The word “they” refers to all foolish human beings who say there is no God.
PSA	14	2	zm7b			0	children of mankind	This phrase refers to all humans.
PSA	14	2	vw7w	figs-metaphor		0	who seek after him	This describes those who desire to know God as if they were actually following him on a path. Alternate translation: “who desire to know him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	14	3	l4ef	figs-metaphor		0	They have all turned away	This describes people who have rejected God as if they had stopped walking on the right path and had gone in another direction. Alternate translation: “They have all turned away from Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	14	4	v11h	figs-rquestion		0	Do they not know anything … who do not call on Yahweh?	This rhetorical question is asked to add emphasis. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “They act as if they do not know anything … who do not call on Yahweh. But they know what they are doing!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	14	4	a11q	figs-abstractnouns		0	those who commit iniquity	The abstract nouns “iniquity” can be stated as “evil deeds.” Alternate translation: “those who do evil deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	14	4	amq1	figs-metaphor		0	those who eat up my people	This refers to those who do evil things and destroy God’s people as if they were eating food. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	14	5	g962			0	They tremble	The word “they” refers to those who do evil things.
PSA	14	5	p7fp	figs-explicit		0	God is with the righteous assembly	To say that “God is with” those who are righteous means that he helps them. This can be stated clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “God helps those who act righteously” or “God helps those who do the right things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	14	6	a6ad			0	You want	The word “you” here refers to the wicked people.
PSA	14	6	eb9r			0	to humiliate the poor person	Alternate translation: “to make the person who is poor feel ashamed”
PSA	14	6	ysx7	figs-metaphor		0	Yahweh is his refuge	This speaks of the protection that Yahweh provides as if he were a shelter that one might seek in a storm. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is like a shelter of protection to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	14	7	uji3	figs-exclamations		0	Oh, that the salvation of Israel would come from Zion!	This is an exclamation. The writer is saying what he wishes or longs for God to do. Alternate translation: “I wish so much that the salvation of Israel would come from Zion!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
PSA	14	7	xxx6	figs-metonymy		0	Oh, that the salvation of Israel would come from Zion!	Here “the salvation of Israel” is a metonym for Yahweh, the one who saves Israel. Alternate translation: “Oh, that Yahweh would come from Zion and save Israel!” or “I wish that Yahweh would come from Zion and rescue his people Israel!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	14	7	h25q	figs-parallelism		0	then Jacob will rejoice and Israel will be glad	These two phrases mean the same thing. Here both “Jacob” and “Israel” represent the people of Israel. The two phrases can be combined in the translation. Alternate translation: “then all the people of Israel will rejoice greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	15	intro	j6s2			0		# Psalm 015 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 15 is a wisdom psalm telling how people who honor God should live. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Godliness<br><br>This psalm outlines a person who is godly and sees others from a godly perspective. There are several good actions mentioned. Such a person treats his neighbor right, does not slander him, does not take a bribe or interest from him, and keeps his promises even when it is difficult to do so. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])<br><br>### Moral Conditions for Worship<br><br>Scholars have noted that this psalm contains a list of ten different conditions for those who want to participate in worship at the temple. The list consists of three positives in verse 2, 3 negatives in verse 3, two positives in verse 4, followed by two negatives in verse 5. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])
PSA	15	1	u6j8	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	15	1	sql5	figs-metonymy		0	Who may live on your holy hill?	God’s “holy hill” represents God’s temple, which was on Mount Zion. Alternate translation: “Who may live in your holy place?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	15	2	jg77			0	speaks truth from his heart	Alternate translation: “speaks honestly”
PSA	15	3	n4z5	figs-metonymy		0	He does not slander with his tongue	Here “tongue” represents what a person says. The word “he” refers to the “righeous person” ([Psalms 15:2](../015/002.md)). Alternate translation: “He does not slander people with his speech” or “He does not say evil things about innocent people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	15	3	ih3s			0	harm	hurt
PSA	15	4	y2jl			0	The worthless person is despised in his eyes, but he honors those who fear Yahweh	Alternate translation: “Righteous people hate those who have rejected God, but they honor those who respect God”
PSA	15	4	y1aw			0	The worthless person	Alternate translation: “The wicked person” or “The person who has rejected Yahweh”
PSA	15	5	qq63	figs-metaphor		0	will never be shaken	Here “to be shaken” represents not living safely any longer. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “will live in safety” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	16	intro	hm6c			0		# Psalm 016 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 16 is a psalm of praise, thanking God for all his mercies. The New Testament considers this psalm to be a messianic psalm: a psalm about Christ. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Messiah<br><br>God has been so good to the psalmist, who will worship no other god. The New Testament considers the tenth verse to be about Christ’s resurrection when it says that he is God’s anointed one, and that God will not leave his body in the grave to decay. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/resurrection]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/anoint]])<br><br>### Superscription<br><br>The term “Michtam” is used in the superscription for this psalm. There is much discussion about this term, but in the end no one is certain what it means. So it is easiest to transliterate this word into your language, or you are welcome to translate it as “psalm.”
PSA	16	1	m94a	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	16	1	u6cp	figs-metaphor		0	take refuge in you	Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to you for protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	16	3	b6f8	figs-explicit		0	the holy people who are on the earth	Here “holy people” refers to God’s own people who trust him. Alternate translation: “your people who live in this land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	16	4	j4m1	figs-activepassive		0	Their troubles will be … gods	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The troubles of those who seek other gods will increase” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	16	4	b7s4			0	pour out … blood to their gods	Alternate translation: “pour out blood as a sacrifice to their gods”
PSA	16	4	xj7h	figs-exmetaphor		0	or lift up their names with my lips	Lifting up their names is a metaphor for praising them, and “lips” is a metonym for what one says. Alternate translation: “or praise them with my words” or “and I will not praise their gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	16	5	v4p8	figs-metaphor		0	my chosen portion	Here David speaks of Yahweh as if he were a portion of land that has been given to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	16	5	b3bh	figs-metaphor		0	my cup	Here David speaks of Yahweh as if he were a cup that contains many blessings. Alternate translation: “the one who blesses me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	16	5	efb4			0	You hold onto my lot	Alternate translation: “You determine my future” or “You control what will happen to me”
PSA	16	6	qf7f	figs-metonymy		0	Measuring lines … in pleasant places	Here laying down measuring lines is a metonym for measuring land and giving it to someone, and here this is a metaphor for God blessing David in many great ways. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You have measured off land for me in pleasant places” or “You have given me land in pleasant places” or “You bless me like one who gives land in pleasant places” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	16	6	ag3m			0	Measuring lines	These are ropes that people use to measure a plot of land and mark its boundaries.
PSA	16	6	af57	figs-metaphor		0	surely a pleasing inheritance is mine	Here David speaks of Yahweh’s blessings as if they were an inheritance that he has received. Alternate translation: “I am delighted with all the things that he has given me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	16	8	z682			0	I set Yahweh before me at all times	Alternate translation: “I always remember that Yahweh is with me”
PSA	16	8	yj9i	figs-activepassive		0	so I will not be shaken from his right hand	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “nothing will take me away from his side” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	16	9	p2bc	figs-metonymy		0	my heart is glad	Here the “heart” represents the speaker’s thoughts and emotions. Alternate translation: “Therefore I am glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	16	9	e6e1			0	my glory is rejoicing	This could mean: (1) the word “glory” represents the honor a person feels. Alternate translation: “I am honored to rejoice in God” or (2) the word translated “glory” really means “liver” and represents the speaker’s emotions. Alternate translation: “I am rejoicing”
PSA	16	11	b54u			0	abundant joy	Alternate translation: “great joy” or “a large amount of joy”
PSA	16	11	hxq5	figs-personification		0	joy resides in your presence	The writer speaks of “joy” as if it were a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	16	11	v4yr	figs-idiom		0	in your right hand	The words “right hand” indicate being in God’s special presence. Alternate translation: “when I am near you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	17	intro	thd2			0		# Psalm 017 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 17 is a prayer for deliverance from all his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Innocence<br><br>The psalmist is innocent and needs God to rescue him from these enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/innocent]])
PSA	17	1	y32y	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	17	1	z6y3	figs-metaphor		0	Give ear to my prayer from lips without deceit	The phrase “give ear” is a metaphor for listening, and “lips without deceit” is synecdoche for a person who does not lie. Alternate translation: “Listen to my prayer for I speak without deceit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	17	2	k4su	figs-metaphor		0	Let my vindication come from your presence	Vindication coming from God represents God judging someone and declaring him innocent. God’s “presence” is a metonym for God himself. Alternate translation: “Let my vindication come from you” or “Declare that I am innocent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	17	2	t9kx	figs-synecdoche		0	let your eyes see what is right!	Here “your eyes” is synecdoche for God himself, and “see” is a metaphor for paying attention and firmly deciding to do something. Alternate translation: “please see what is right” or “do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	17	3	pi85	figs-idiom		0	If you test my heart, if you come to me in the night	Here “test my heart” means to examine my thoughts and motives. Alternate translation: “If you examine my thoughts in the night” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	17	3	w51q	figs-personification		0	my mouth will not transgress	Here the mouth is spoken of as if it were capable of acting on its own. It also represents the words that a person speaks. Alternate translation: “I will not tell lies or sin with my words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	17	4	u1m8	figs-metonymy		0	it is at the word of your lips that I have kept myself from the ways of the lawless	Here “the word of your lips” is a metonym for God’s instruction, and “the ways of the lawless” is a metaphor for the things that lawless people do. Alternate translation: “it is by obeying your instruction that I have kept myself from doing the things that lawless people do” or “your instruction has caused me to avoid doing wicked things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	17	5	nw8l	figs-parallelism		0	My steps have held firmly to your tracks; my feet have not slipped	Both of these clauses mean the same thing. The repetition adds emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	17	5	ve61	figs-metaphor		0	my feet have not slipped	The writer speaks of his obedience to God as if he were walking on a path. Alternate translation: “I am determined to follow your ways” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
PSA	17	6	fh7p	figs-parallelism		0	turn your ear to me … listen when I speak	These phrases mean the same thing. Here “your ear” refers to God’s willingness to hear someone who prays to him. Alternate translation: “pay attention to me … listen when I speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	17	7	m4v2	figs-abstractnouns		0	Show your covenant faithfulness in a wonderful way	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Show in a wonderful way that you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	17	7	g2x5	figs-metonymy		0	your right hand	The “right hand” refers to God’s power. Alternate translation: “your mighty power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	17	7	ll6h	figs-metaphor		0	take refuge in you	Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to you for protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	17	8	ar64	figs-simile		0	Protect me like the apple of your eye	The “apple of your eye” refers to something that is valuable. Alternate translation: “Protect me as you would something most valuable and precious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	17	8	f3hh	figs-metaphor		0	hide me under the shadow of your wings	David speaks of God’s protection as if he were a bird protecting its young under its wings. Alternate translation: “Keep me safe as a mother bird protects her babies by gathering them under her wing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	17	10	rd6l	figs-synecdoche		0	their mouths speak with pride	Here “their mouths speak” represents his enemies when they speak. Alternate translation: “they speak with pride” or “they are always boasting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	17	11	yzx5	figs-metonymy		0	They have surrounded my steps	Here “surrounded my steps” represents how David’s enemies have followed him everywhere he goes in order to capture him. Alternate translation: “My enemies have surrounded me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	17	12	iq89	figs-parallelism		0	like a lion eager for a victim, like a young lion crouching in hidden places	These two phrases express very similar ideas. The repetition adds intensity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	17	12	c8wr	figs-simile		0	They are like a lion … like a young lion	The writer feels pursued the way a lion hunts its prey (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	17	13	p2s3	figs-metaphor		0	by your sword	This is a metaphor for Yahweh’s power and for violent death in war. Alternate translation: “by having them die in war” or “by killing them in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	17	14	mf1x	figs-parallelism		0	Rescue me from men by your hand, Yahweh, from men of this world	This clause adds intensity to the words “Rescue my life from the wicked by your sword” ([Psalms 17:13](../017/013.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	17	14	wh2m	figs-metonymy		0	by your hand	These words represent the power of Yahweh and add intensity to the words “by your sword” ([Psalms 17:13](../017/013.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	17	14	xg3n	figs-metaphor		0	You will fill the bellies of your treasured ones with riches	The ancient text is hard to understand. This could mean: (1) “treasured” is a metaphor for loved, and “your treasured ones” refers to the people whom God loves. Alternate translation: “you will fill the bellies of the people you love with riches” or (2) “your treasured ones” refers to treasures that God gives to people, the “men of this world” Alternate translation: “you will fill their bellies with rich treasures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	17	14	knu1	figs-metaphor		0	You will fill the bellies … with riches	Here “fill the bellies … with riches” is a metaphor for giving them many valuable things. This could mean: (1) “You will give many riches to the people you love” or (2) “you will give the men of this world many riches” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	17	15	ck39	figs-synecdoche		0	I will see your face in righteousness	Here “face” represents Yahweh in all of his being. David is confident he will see Yahweh. Alternate translation: “because I act in the right way, I will be with you one day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	17	15	bpx8	figs-explicit		0	I will be satisfied, when I awake, with a sight of you	David believes that after he dies, he will be with Yahweh. This can be made clear in the translation. Alternate translation: “After I die, I will be happy to wake up in your presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	18	intro	enj7			0		# Psalm 018 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 18 is a psalm of praise to God for his strengthening David for war.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s power<br><br>God has tremendous power and he enabled David to prosper in war. This psalm, and its superscription, also appears in 1 Samuel 22 with some minor differences.
PSA	18	1	xfk3	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	18	1	ig1a			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.”
PSA	18	1	vm1x			0	A psalm of David	This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms.
PSA	18	1	p2da			0	he sang to Yahweh the words of this song	Alternate translation: “he sang this song to Yahweh”
PSA	18	1	rhv3			0	on the day that Yahweh rescued him	Alternate translation: “after Yahweh had rescued him”
PSA	18	1	hna8	figs-metonymy		0	from the hand of Saul	Here “hand” stands for the power of Saul. Alternate translation: “from Saul’s power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	18	2	tcf6	figs-metaphor		0	Yahweh is my rock	David speaks of Yahweh as if he were a rock. The word “rock” is a picture of a safe place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	18	2	bmi2	figs-doublet		0	my rock, my fortress	Here the words “rock” and “fortress” share similar meanings and emphasize that Yahweh provides safety from enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	18	2	v8xz	figs-metaphor		0	take refuge in him	Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to him for protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	18	2	k49n	figs-metaphor		0	my shield, the horn of my salvation, and my stronghold	David speaks of Yahweh as if he were a “shield,” “the horn” of his salvation, and his “stronghold.” Yahweh is the one who protects him from harm. Here a similar idea is repeated three ways for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	18	3	d5g1			0	I will be saved from my enemies	Alternate translation: “I will be rescued from my enemies”
PSA	18	4	fsd4	figs-metaphor		0	The cords of death surrounded me	David speaks of death as if it were a person who could capture him and bind him with ropes. Alternate translation: “I was about to be killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	18	4	m5rx	figs-metaphor		0	rushing waters of worthlessness	David is as helpless as if he were being carried away by a rushing flood of waters. Alternate translation: “I felt completely helpless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	18	5	e9l1	figs-personification		0	The cords of Sheol surrounded me; the snares of death trapped me	Here “Sheol,” the place of the dead, and “death” are spoken of as if they were people who could surround and trap him. These two clauses have similar meanings and the idea is repeated for emphasis. Alternate translation: “I felt trapped and thought I was going to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	18	6	s721			0	In my distress	Alternate translation: “In my great need” or “In my despair”
PSA	18	6	jr71	figs-personification		0	my call for help went into his presence	Here David speaks of his “call for help” as if it were a person who could come into the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I prayed to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	18	6	fs4g	figs-parallelism		0	it went into his ears	Here David speaks of how Yahweh heard his cry for help. The idea is repeated for emphasis. Alternate translation: “he heard my appeal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	18	7	dal8	figs-metaphor		0	Then the earth … shaken because God was angry	God’s being angry is spoken of as if the there was a terrible earthquake. Alternate translation: “God was so angry that it was as if the earth … shaken” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	18	7	xka3	figs-doublet		0	the earth shook and trembled	The words “shook” and “trembled” mean basically the same thing and emphasize how greatly the earth shook. Alternate translation: “the land moved back and forth” or “the ground moved up and down” or “there was a violent earthquake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	18	7	svs2	figs-activepassive		0	the foundations of the mountains also trembled and were shaken	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the foundations of the mountains also trembled and shook” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	18	8	al4i	figs-metaphor		0	Smoke went up from out of his nostrils … Coals were ignited by it	David speaks of Yahweh as if he were breathing fire. This is a picture of how angry God was. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	18	8	zsk4	figs-activepassive		0	blazing fire came out of his mouth. Coals were ignited by it	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “blazing fire came out of his mouth and ignited coals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	18	9	fkd8			0	He opened	The word “He” refers to Yahweh.
PSA	18	9	aw5e	figs-personification		0	thick darkness was under his feet	Though Yahweh does not actually have feet, the Psalmist gives him human characteristics. Alternate translation: “thick darkness was beneath him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	18	10	wt4l	figs-personification		0	wings of the wind	Here the Psalmist speaks of the wind as if it had wings like an angel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	18	11	a2gi			0	He made darkness … him	Here the words “He” and “him” refer to Yahweh.
PSA	18	11	edg2	figs-metaphor		0	He made darkness a tent	Here darkness is spoken of as if it were a tent. Alternate translation: “He made darkness a covering” or “He made darkness a hiding place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	18	11	jnx8			0	heavy rainclouds	Alternate translation: “clouds heavy with rain” or “thick, dark rainclouds”
PSA	18	12	t3xj			0	Hailstones	stones made of ice
PSA	18	13	dn6a	figs-simile		0	Yahweh thundered in the heavens	Yahweh’s voice sounded like thunder. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	18	13	dvy3			0	the Most High	“the Most High” refers to Yahweh.
PSA	18	14	cw24	figs-parallelism		0	He shot his arrows and scattered his enemies … lightning bolts dispersed them	Both of these clauses have similar meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	18	14	h2p3	figs-metaphor		0	He shot his arrows and scattered his enemies	Here lighting strikes are being spoken of as if they were arrows (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	18	14	p7tz			0	dispersed them	Alternate translation: “sent them in different directions”
PSA	18	15	jfu2	figs-parallelism		0	Then the water channels appeared; the foundations of the world were laid bare	These two clauses have similar meanings. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Then the water channels appeared and the bottom of the ocean became visible; you exposed the foundations of the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	18	15	a125	figs-personification		0	at the blast of the breath of your nostrils	Though God does not have human physical characteristics as described here, this pictures his mighty strength. The wind is spoken of here as if it came as a mighty blast from God’s nostrils. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	18	16	m4pi			0	He reached down … he took hold … He pulled me	The word “He” in these verses refers to Yahweh.
PSA	18	16	kef1	figs-metaphor		0	surging water	Here the Psalmist speaks of the dangers of his enemies as if they were huge waves or forceful waters, from which Yahweh has rescued him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	18	18	eej1			0	They came against me	Here “They” refers to the strong enemies in verse 17.
PSA	18	18	s1sk	figs-abstractnouns		0	They came against me on the day of my distress but Yahweh was my support	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **distress**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **support**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “protected.” Alternate translation: “Strong enemies attacked me on a day when I was distressed, but Yahweh protected me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	18	20	a3vx	figs-metonymy		0	my hands were clean	Here having clean hands represents being innocent of wrongdoing. Alternate translation: “I was innocent” or “my actions were right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	18	21	y3m6	figs-metaphor		0	I have kept the ways of Yahweh	The laws of Yahweh are spoken of as if they were the paths on which one should walk. Alternate translation: “I have obeyed Yahweh’s laws” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	18	21	tu8a	figs-metaphor		0	have not wickedly turned away from my God	Here being wicked is spoken of as if one left the right path and took the wrong path. Alternate translation: “have not done wickedly by turning away from my God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	18	22	t97s	figs-parallelism		0	For all his righteous decrees … I have not turned away from them	Both of these clauses have similar meanings. The writer repeats these ideas for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	18	22	gtv3			0	have been before me	Alternate translation: “have guided me” or “I have remembered”
PSA	18	23	gug9			0	innocent before him	Alternate translation: “innocent according to him”
PSA	18	23	gz4q			0	I have kept myself from sin	Alternate translation: “I have not sinned”
PSA	18	24	tu18	figs-metonymy		0	my hands were clean	To have “clean hands” means that one is innocent of wrongdoing. See how you translated this in [Psalms 18:20](../018/020.md): Alternate translation: “I was innocent” or “my actions were right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	18	24	t3bt	figs-synecdoche		0	before his eyes	This refers to God’s presence. Alternate translation: “before him” or “according to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	18	25	tb5y			0	General Information:	The writer speaks to Yahweh.
PSA	18	25	h851	figs-explicit		0	To the one who is faithful	Here “faithful” means to do what God commands one to do. You can state this clearly. Alternate translation: “to those who faithfully obey your commandments” or “to those who faithfully do your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	18	26	cn7t			0	you are clever toward anyone who is twisted	Alternate translation: “you outwit anyone who is not honest”
PSA	18	27	v6yq			0	you bring down	Alternate translation: “you humiliate”
PSA	18	27	w4ji	figs-idiom		0	with proud, uplifted eyes	This idiom refers to those who are proud. Alternate translation: “who are proud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	18	28	w4pi	figs-metaphor		0	For you give light to my lamp; Yahweh my God lights up my darkness	The writer speaks of Yahweh’s presence as if he were a light. These clauses have similar meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	18	29	jv31			0	For by you I can run over a barricade	Alternate translation: “For with your help I can cross any obstacle”
PSA	18	30	v53y	figs-metaphor		0	He is a shield to everyone who takes refuge in him	A shield protects a soldier. David speaks as if God were a shield protecting him. See how you translated this in [Psalms 3:3](../003/003.md). Alternate translation: “You, Yahweh, protect like a shield everyone who takes refuge in you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	18	31	d8xy	figs-rquestion		0	For who is God except Yahweh? Who is a rock except our God?	The implied answer is no one. Alternate translation: “Only Yahweh is God! Only our God is a rock!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	18	31	xn5i	figs-metaphor		0	a rock	David speaks of Yahweh as if he were a rock that he could climb to get away from his enemies. See how you translated this in [Psalms 18:2](../018/002.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	18	32	w9ef	figs-simile		0	puts strength on me like a belt	God gives strength to David as if it were a piece of clothing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	18	32	z4ka	figs-metaphor		0	places the blameless person on his path	Here David speaks of living a life that is pleasing to God as if he were being placed on the right path. Alternate translation: “causes the blameless person to live a righteous life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	18	33	w92y	figs-synecdoche		0	makes my feet swift	This refers to enabling a person to run fast. Alternate translation: “makes me run very fast” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	18	33	g696	figs-simile		0	like a deer and places me on the heights	The deer is especially quick and stable in the mountains. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	18	34	q1v4	figs-synecdoche		0	He trains my hands	Here “my hands” refers to the person. Alternate translation: “He trains me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	18	34	tq4k	figs-synecdoche		0	my arms	This refers to the person. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	18	35	juz2	figs-metaphor		0	the shield of your salvation	Here the writer speaks of God’s protection as if it were a shield. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “your protection and saved me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	18	35	x6rm	figs-metonymy		0	Your right hand has supported me	Here God’s right hand represents his power. Alternate translation: “Your power has supported me” or “You have supported me by your power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	18	35	yr5f	figs-metonymy		0	your favor has made me great	Here God’s favor represents him acting according to his favor. Alternate translation: “You have made me great according to your favor” or “By your kindness, you have made me great” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	18	36	ui92	figs-metaphor		0	a wide place for my feet beneath me	The writer speaks of the safety that God has provided as if it were a wide place for him to stand. Here “my feet” represent the person. Alternate translation: “a safe place for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	18	36	qhq7	figs-synecdoche		0	my feet have not slipped	Here “my feet” refers to the person. The writer refers to the safety of God’s protection as if he were standing on a place where he will not slip or fall. Alternate translation: “I have not slipped” or “I am doing well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	18	38	v638			0	I smashed them	Alternate translation: “I crushed them” or “I broke them to pieces”
PSA	18	38	z8w8			0	unable to rise	Alternate translation: “unable to stand”
PSA	18	38	af9q	figs-idiom		0	they have fallen under my feet	This idiom means the Psalmist has defeated his enemies. Alternate translation: “I have defeated all of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	18	39	t3xr	figs-simile		0	put strength on me like a belt	The Psalmist says that Yahweh has given him strength that surrounds and supports him like a belt. See how you translated this in [Psalms 18:32](../018/032.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	18	39	xyh3	figs-idiom		0	you put under me	Here the Psalmist speaks of the defeat of his enemies as if he were standing on them. Alternate translation: “you defeat for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	18	39	xyp2	figs-idiom		0	those who rise up against me	This refers to those who oppose the Psalmist. Alternate translation: “those who are my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	18	40	h5yv	figs-metonymy		0	You gave me the back of my enemies’ necks	This represents God giving David victory over his enemies. Alternate translation: “You gave me victory over my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	18	40	m3tx	figs-metonymy		0	You gave me the back of my enemies’ necks	This represents God giving David victory over his enemies. Possible images are: (1) David could cut his enemies’ heads off at the neck or (2) David could put his foot down on his enemies’ necks or (3) David could see his enemies’ backs when they ran away from him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	18	40	gp8b			0	I annihilated those who hated me	Alternate translation: “I defeated those who hated me” or “I destroyed completely those who hated me”
PSA	18	41	whl5	figs-idiom		0	but he did not answer them	This means Yahweh did not provide any help. Alternate translation: “but he did not help them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	18	42	tjm8	figs-simile		0	I beat them into fine pieces like dust before the wind	The psalmists enemies are compared to dust to show how defeated they are. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	18	42	vu6f	figs-simile		0	I threw them out like mud in the streets	The psalmist’s enemies are compared to mud in the streets to show how defeated they are. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	18	43	t95d			0	disputes	disagreements, arguments
PSA	18	43	i9s6	figs-metonymy		0	have made me the head over nations	Here “head” represents the ruler. Alternate translation: “appointed me to be the ruler over many nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	18	44	c7dv	figs-activepassive		0	foreigners were forced to bow	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God forced foreigners to bow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	18	45	t4uc	figs-explicit		0	foreigners came trembling	Here “trembling” shows that they were very afraid. This can be stated clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “foreigners came shaking, showing that they were very afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	18	46	w5z5	figs-activepassive		0	may my rock be praised	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he is my rock and he should be praised” or “may people praise my rock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	18	46	mv1z	figs-metaphor		0	my rock	Here the writer speaks of Yahweh’s protection as if he were a rock that prevented his enemies from reaching him. See how you translated this in [Psalms 18:2](../018/002.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	18	46	h9ey	figs-activepassive		0	May the God of my salvation be exalted	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “May people exalt the God of my salvation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	18	46	xf2h	figs-abstractnouns		0	the God of my salvation	The abstract nouns “salvation” can be stated as “saved” or “rescued.” Alternate translation: “the God who rescued me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	18	47	v7ab	figs-abstractnouns		0	the God who executes vengeance for me	To “execute vengeance” means to punish people for their evil actions. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word ****, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “the God who punishes people for the evil things they have done to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	18	48	l9y3	figs-activepassive		0	I am set free	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God has set me free” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	18	48	z54b	figs-metaphor		0	you lifted me above	Yahweh’s protection of the writer is spoken of as if he lifted the writer up so high that his enemies could not reach him to harm him. Alternate translation: “you put me in a safe place high above” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	18	48	k73f			0	who rose against me	Alternate translation: “who attacked me” or “who rebelled against me”
PSA	18	48	inl3			0	violent men	Alternate translation: “cruel men” or “savage men”
PSA	18	49	f8x9	figs-explicit		0	among the nations	Here the writer means that he will give thanks to Yahweh so that all people will hear of Yahweh’s greatness. Alternate translation: “so all the nations will hear about it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	18	49	qvh1	figs-metonymy		0	to your name	Here “name” represents God himself. Alternate translation: “in honor of your name” or “to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	18	50	ggt6	figs-123person		0	victory to his king	By using the words “his king,” David is referring to himself as king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
PSA	18	50	sw5u			0	he shows his covenant loyalty to his anointed one … to his descendants forever	Alternate translation: “he faithfully loves me as he promised in his covenant, and he will love my descendants forever”
PSA	19	intro	sn29			0		# Psalm 019 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 19 is a praise psalm, praising God for his creation and for his law.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### God’s law<br><br>God’s law keeps people from sinning. There are two distinct themes in this psalm. Verses 1-6 are God’s glory in the heavens and the second is praising God for his law. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]])
PSA	19	1	s9h1	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	19	1	j4zh			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.”
PSA	19	1	mn6q			0	The heavens declare	The heavens are described as if they were a person. Alternate translation: “The heavens show” or “The heavens look like they declare”
PSA	19	1	iz5q	figs-personification		0	the skies make his handiwork known	The skies are described as if they were a teacher. Alternate translation: “The skies seem to make God’s handiwork known to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	19	1	a8iy			0	his handiwork	Alternate translation: “his creation” or “the world that he has made”
PSA	19	2	c72h	figs-personification		0	speech pours out	What is beautiful about creation is compared to speaking, as if creation were a person. Then those words are compared to water that flows everywhere. Alternate translation: “creation is like a person speaking to everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	19	3	lmv7			0	There is no speech or spoken words; their voice is not heard	These phrases express clearly that the first two verses were a metaphor. Alternate translation: “There is no real speech or spoken words; no one hears an actual voice with their ears”
PSA	19	3	pa4x			0	their voice is not heard	Other translations read “where their voice is not heard,” emphasizing that creation’s “speech” is available everywhere.
PSA	19	4	w3s6			0	General Information:	David has just said that creation shows God’s glory.
PSA	19	4	c2us			0	their words … their speech	This refers to the unspoken “words” of creation that show God’s glory.
PSA	19	4	r4zj	figs-personification		0	their words go out	The words are described as if they were people who go out with a message. Alternate translation: “the words that creation speaks are like people who go out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	19	4	kf9h	figs-ellipsis		0	their speech to the end of the world	The implied words can be included in the translation. Alternate translation: “their speech goes out to the end of the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	19	4	bdz7	figs-metaphor		0	He has pitched a tent for the sun	Here the writer speaks of the place that Yahweh created for the sun as if it were a tent. Alternate translation: “He created a place for the sun” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	19	4	n177			0	among them	The word “them” probably refers to the heavens.
PSA	19	5	s244	figs-simile		0	The sun is like a bridegroom coming out of his chamber	The writer speaks of the sun’s coming out as if it were a bridegroom. Alternate translation: “The sun is like a bridegroom walking joyfully toward his bride” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	19	5	xes3	figs-simile		0	like a strong man who rejoices when he runs his race	This compares the sun to an athlete to emphasize the strength and brightness of the sun. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	19	5	l7b8			0	a strong man	Alternate translation: “a fast runner”
PSA	19	6	tah2			0	horizon	the line where the earth and the sky meet
PSA	19	6	wz8h	figs-explicit		0	to the other	Here “other” refers to the other horizon. This can be stated clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “to the other horizon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	19	6	unx8	figs-doublenegatives		0	nothing escapes its heat	This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “everything feels its heat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
PSA	19	7	z9pg	figs-synecdoche		0	restoring the soul	The words “the soul” refer to the whole person. Alternate translation: “making a person strong again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	19	7	a789			0	the simple	Alternate translation: “those who have no experience” or “those who have not learned”
PSA	19	8	spr1	figs-synecdoche		0	the heart	These words refer to the whole person. Alternate translation: “a person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	19	8	nuk1			0	are right	Alternate translation: “are true” or “are correct”
PSA	19	8	t8c5			0	bringing light to the eyes	This could mean: (1) “bringing understanding to a person” or (2) “making a person healthy again”
PSA	19	9	xac8			0	altogether right	Alternate translation: “completely right”
PSA	19	10	x983	figs-metaphor		0	They are of greater value than gold … they are sweeter than honey	Yahweh’s decrees are spoken of as if they could be bought and tasted. Alternate translation: “If you could buy them, they would be of greater value than gold … if you could taste them, they would be sweeter than honey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	19	10	e6s3	figs-ellipsis		0	even more than much fine gold	The word “valuable” is understood from the previous phrase and can be repeated. Alternate translation: “even more valuable than a lot of fine gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	19	10	k6x4			0	fine gold	Alternate translation: “pure gold” or “expensive gold”
PSA	19	11	y6a9			0	Yes	This word marks that there is more to the truth than what has just been said. Alternate translation: “Moreover”
PSA	19	11	s1f4	figs-activepassive		0	by them your servant is warned	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they warn your servant” or “they are a warning for your servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	19	11	e73b			0	by them … in obeying them	The word “them” refers to Yahweh’s righteous decrees.
PSA	19	11	nk1k	figs-123person		0	your servant is warned	David calls himself “your servant” when speaking to God as a sign of respect. Alternate translation: “I am warned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
PSA	19	12	uj5e	figs-rquestion		0	Who can discern all his own errors?	This appears in the form of a question to add emphasis and can be translated as a strong statement. Alternate translation: No one can be aware of his own errors!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	19	12	gsx9			0	from hidden faults	Alternate translation: “from secret mistakes I have made”
PSA	19	13	j82u	figs-idiom		0	Keep your servant also from	This idiom pictures the servant as being removed from the sins he does not wish to commit. Alternate translation: “Also, protect your servant from doing” or “Also, make sure that I do not commit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	19	13	z1tt	figs-123person		0	your servant	David calls himself “your servant” when speaking to God as a sign of respect. See how you translated this in [Psalms 19:11](../019/011.md). Alternate translation: “I” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
PSA	19	13	b3bd	figs-personification		0	let them not rule over me	Sins are described as if they were a king that could rule over someone. Alternate translation: “do not let my sins become like a king who rules over me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	19	13	axe2			0	innocent from many transgressions	Alternate translation: “innocent of rebelling against you” or “innocent of committing many sins”
PSA	19	14	l16r	figs-metonymy		0	the words of my mouth and the thoughts of my heart	These expressions taken together describe everything a person says and thinks. Alternate translation: “the things I say and the things I think about” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	19	14	t28d			0	be acceptable in your sight	Alternate translation: “receive approval in your sight” or “be pleasing to you”
PSA	19	14	bu1w	figs-metaphor		0	in your sight	Here sight represents judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “in your judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	19	14	vn8k	figs-metaphor		0	Yahweh, my rock	The writer speaks of God as if he were a rock that one could climb and be protected from his enemies. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, you are like my rock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	20	intro	h99t			0		# Psalm 020 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 20 is a royal psalm. It is probably a prayer for the king, perhaps when he first became king.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Trust<br><br>Trusting God is much better than trusting in military might. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])
PSA	20	1	v6pl	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	This Psalm begins with a group of people speaking to the king of Israel. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	20	1	h9gw			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship”
PSA	20	1	vrb5			0	help you	The word “you” in this Psalm is singular and refers to the king.
PSA	20	1	pt3b			0	in the day of trouble	Alternate translation: “in times of trouble” or “when you are in trouble”
PSA	20	1	dp3k	figs-metonymy		0	may the name of the God of Jacob protect you	This could mean: (1) here “name” is a metonym for God’s power. Alternate translation: “may the power of the God of Jacob protect you” or “may the God of Jacob protect you by his power” or (2) here “name” is a metonym for God himself. Alternate translation: “may the God of Jacob protect you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	20	2	b9ek	figs-metaphor		0	send help from the holy place	God helping from his holy place is spoken of as if God were sending help. Alternate translation: “may Yahweh help you from his holy place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	20	2	y51h	figs-doublet		0	holy place … Zion	Both of these refer to God’s temple in Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	20	3	yz44	figs-idiom		0	May he call to mind	The phrase “call to mind” is a way of saying “remember.” It does not mean God forgot. It means to consider or think about. Alternate translation: “May he remember” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	20	3	kyh3			0	May he	The word “he” refers to Yahweh.
PSA	20	4	r6y3			0	May he grant	Alternate translation: “May he give”
PSA	20	4	wht8	figs-synecdoche		0	your heart’s desire	Here “heart” stands for the entire person. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **desire**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “what you desire” or “what you want” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	20	4	u619	figs-abstractnouns		0	fulfill all your plans	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **plans**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “may he help you to accomplish everything that you plan to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	20	5	h4h3	figs-exclusive		0	we will rejoice in your victory	Here “we” refers to the people. They will rejoice in the king’s victory. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
PSA	20	5	bw3j	figs-metonymy		0	in the name of our God	Here “name” represents honor or reputation. Alternate translation: “in honor of our God” or “for the reputation of our God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	20	5	p9n1	translate-symaction		0	we will raise banners	“we will raise victory flags.” They would do this to show that they were praising God because he gave their king victory over his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
PSA	20	5	k3dy			0	grant all your petitions	Alternate translation: “give you everything you request from him”
PSA	20	6	zm9a			0	Now	This word is used here to mark a break in the psalm. It transitions from the people speaking to the king speaking.
PSA	20	6	nu7b			0	I know	The word “I” probably refers to the king who is speaking in this section.
PSA	20	6	d8xz	figs-123person		0	his anointed one … answer him … rescue him	The king is speaking about himself in the third person. This can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “me, his anointed one … answer me … rescue me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
PSA	20	6	bd3g			0	from his holy heaven	God dwells in heaven as well as in the temple in Jerusalem ([Psalms 20:2](../020/002.md)).
PSA	20	6	xcm6	figs-metonymy		0	with the strength of his right hand that can rescue him	God’s right hand represents his power. Alternate translation: “with his great strength he will rescue him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	20	7	f9cd	figs-metonymy		0	Some trust in chariots and others in horses	Here “chariots” and “horses” represent a king’s army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	20	7	xr24	figs-ellipsis		0	others in horses	The word “trust” is understood. Alternate translation: “other trust in horses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	20	7	mwu6	figs-exclusive		0	we call	Here “we” refers to the writer and the readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
PSA	20	8	e7uq	figs-exclusive		0	we will rise	Here “we” refers to the writer and the readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
PSA	20	8	q1tp	figs-activepassive		0	They will be brought down and fall	The word “They” refers to the people who trust in chariots and horses. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will bring them down and make them fall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	20	8	g7uv	figs-doublet		0	brought down and fall	Both these verbs mean basically the same thing. Both of these stand for losing in battle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	20	8	y7lr	figs-doublet		0	we will rise and stand upright	“we will get up and stand up straight.” These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Both of these stand for victory in battle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	20	9	c5i4			0	Yahweh, rescue the king	This could mean: (1) the people ask God to protect the king or (2) the king continues to speak about himself in the third person.
PSA	20	9	brk5			0	the king; help us when we call	Some translations understand the Hebrew differently. Some translate it as the people speaking to Yahweh their king. Alternate translation: “King, help us when we call you”
PSA	21	intro	mq8x			0		# Psalm 021 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 21 is a royal psalm. The king is praying for victory. Victory in war comes from the power and help from God.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Pronouns<br><br>There is a shift in pronouns in this psalm. In verses 1-6 the psalm addresses Yahweh in second person but in verse 7 the psalmist uses third person before moving back to second person in the latter part.
PSA	21	1	k12k	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	21	1	h69b			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.”
PSA	21	1	bt8s			0	in your strength, Yahweh	It is implied that this is strength Yahweh has given the king to defeat his enemies. Alternate translation: because you, Yahweh, have made him strong enough to defeat his enemies”
PSA	21	1	bka2			0	How greatly he rejoices	Alternate translation: “He rejoices greatly”
PSA	21	1	r5nd	figs-explicit		0	in the salvation you provide	It is implied that God has saved the king from his enemies. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “because you have saved him from his enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	21	2	cey2	figs-synecdoche		0	his heart’s desire	“his heart’s wish.” Here “heart” stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “his desire” or “what he wished for” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	21	2	gez6	figs-doublenegatives		0	have not held back	“have not refused him.” This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “you have given him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
PSA	21	2	f8dh	figs-synecdoche		0	the request of his lips	Here “lips” stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “his request” or “what he requested of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	21	3	q3ts	figs-abstractnouns		0	you bring him rich blessings	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **blessings**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “bless” or “good things.” Alternate translation: “you bless him greatly” or “you give him many good things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	21	3	px6p	translate-symaction		0	you placed on his head a crown of purest gold	To place a crown on a person’s head is a symbol of making him a king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
PSA	21	3	za3g			0	a crown of purest gold	Here “purest gold” represents the great honor given to the king.
PSA	21	4	yzs5	figs-abstractnouns		0	He asked you for life; you gave it to him	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **life**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “He asked that you cause him to live for a long time; you caused it to happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	21	4	y4ml	figs-idiom		0	the length of his days forever and ever	The idiom “the length of his days” refers to the duration of his life. Alternate translation: “a long life that lasts forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	21	5	i6i4			0	His glory	Alternate translation: “The king’s honor” or “The king’s fame”
PSA	21	5	k3gt	figs-metaphor		0	you have bestowed on him splendor and majesty	“you have placed on him splendor and majesty.” Causing the king to be wealthy and powerful is spoken of as if splendor and majesty are objects that are placed on him. Alternate translation: “you have made him wealthy and powerful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	21	6	w2zk			0	you grant him	Alternate translation: “you allow him to have” or “you agree to give him”
PSA	21	6	rf4f			0	lasting blessings	Alternate translation: “a blessings that will last” or “a blessings that will stay”
PSA	21	6	v3m2			0	the joy of your presence	Alternate translation: “the joy of being in your presence” or “the joy that comes from you being near to you”
PSA	21	7	mbf3	figs-abstractnouns		0	through the covenant faithfulness of the Most High	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “because the Most High is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	21	7	j1gh	figs-activepassive		0	he will not be moved	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one will remove him as king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	21	8	w7ck	figs-metonymy		0	Your hand will seize	Here “hand” represents power. Alternate translation: “Your power will seize” or “You will powerfully seize” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	21	8	irz4			0	Your hand … hate you	Possible meaning of all occurrences of **your** and **you** are: (1) they refer to the king or (2) they refer to God.
PSA	21	8	yew7	figs-parallelism		0	your right hand will seize those who hate you	This means the same thing as the first part of the sentence. It emphasizes that God will give the king the power to stop his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	21	9	lmc9			0	At the time of your anger	Alternate translation: “When you are angry and begin to act”
PSA	21	9	hhy3			0	your anger … you will burn	The words **your** and **you** refers to either: (1) God or (2) the king.
PSA	21	9	xdq2	figs-metaphor		0	you will burn them up as in a fiery furnace	Yahweh or the king destroying their enemies is spoken of as if their enemies are wood and Yahweh or the king will throw them into a furnace. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	21	9	fc6d	figs-parallelism		0	Yahweh will consume them in his wrath, and the fire will devour them	Both clauses mean basically the same thing. Yahweh completely destroying his enemies is spoken of as if his wrath is a fire that completely burns up his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	21	10	wsu5			0	You will destroy	The word **you** refers to either: (1) God or (2) the king.
PSA	21	10	i3zy	figs-parallelism		0	from the earth … from among the human race	Both phrases mean the same thing. They emphasize that absolutely none of their enemies will survive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	21	11	fhu8			0	they intended	“they planned.” The word “they” refers to the enemies of God and the king.
PSA	21	11	z63c			0	evil against you	Alternate translation: “to do evil things to you”
PSA	21	11	h29d			0	they conceived a plot	Alternate translation: “they made a plan” or “they created a scheme”
PSA	21	12	bsd1	figs-metaphor		0	For you will turn them back; you will draw your bow before them	Possible meanings for **your** and **you** are: (1) they refer to the king or (2) they refer to God and speak about him as if he were a warrior with a bow and arrows. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	21	12	ti25	figs-idiom		0	you will turn them back	This is a way of saying that God and the king will defeat their enemies in battle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	21	12	ge87	figs-explicit		0	you will draw your bow before them	This implies that he actually shoots his arrows at his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	21	13	aul7			0	Be exalted, Yahweh, in your strength	This could mean: (1) “Yahweh, show us that you are very strong” or (2) “Yahweh, because you are strong we will exalt you”
PSA	21	13	w52b	figs-doublet		0	we will sing and praise your power	The words “sing” and “praise” share similar meanings. Here the word “power” represents God and his power. Alternate translation: “with singing we will praise you because you are powerful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	22	intro	y7hl			0		# Psalm 022 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 22 is a messianic psalm. It contains references to events during the crucifixion of Christ. It is also a psalm of individual lament and praise. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/crucify]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lament]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Messiah<br><br>Christ was despised and taunted by his enemies; but finally people all over the earth will bow down to him.<br><br>### New Testament usage<br><br>This psalm is quoted in different places in the New Testament. Verse 1a is cited in Matthew 27:46 and Mark 15:34 as the words of Christ on the cross. Many of the events in the narratives of the crucifixion are mentioned in this psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/cross]])
PSA	22	1	lw3l	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	22	1	k951			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship”
PSA	22	1	ux16			0	The rhythm of the deer	This may refer to a style of music.
PSA	22	1	smt9			0	My God, my God	The writer repeats “My God” to emphasize that he is desperate for God to hear him.
PSA	22	1	a733	figs-rquestion		0	my God, why have you abandoned me?	The writer uses a question to emphasize that he feels like God has abandoned him. It may be best to leave this as a question. It can also be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “my God, I feel like you have abandoned me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	22	1	z48u			0	you abandoned me	Alternate translation: “you left me all alone”
PSA	22	1	fnk8	figs-rquestion		0	Why are you so far from saving me and far from the words of my anguish?	Again the writer uses a question to emphasize that he feels like God is far away from him. It may be best to leave this as a question. It can also be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You are far from saving me and far from the words of my anguish!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	22	1	y7ec	figs-metaphor		0	far from the words of my anguish	The writer feeling like God is not listening to him is spoken of as if God were far from his words of anguish. Alternate translation: “why do you not listen when I speak to you about the anguish I feel” or “I have told you about my suffering but you do not come to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	22	2	dzu2	figs-merism		0	in the daytime … at night	The writer uses the words “daytime” and “night” to mean he prays to God all the time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
PSA	22	2	j5c4	figs-litotes		0	I am not silent	This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I still speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
PSA	22	3	zle3	figs-metaphor		0	you sit as king with the praises of Israel	“the praises of Israel are the throne on which you sit as king.” The praises of Israel are described as if they are a throne upon which God can sit and rule, or as a house in which God can live. Alternate translation: “you are king and the people of Israel praise you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	22	3	viy1	figs-metonymy		0	of Israel	Here “Israel” represents the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	22	5	u4pd	figs-activepassive		0	were not disappointed	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you did not disappoint them” or “you did not fail them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	22	5	vjq8	figs-doublenegatives		0	were not disappointed	This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “you saved them” or “you did for them what they needed you to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
PSA	22	6	m3yz	figs-metaphor		0	I am a worm and not a man	The writer speaks of himself as if he were a worm. This emphasizes that he feels worthless or that the people treat him as if he were worthless. Alternate translation: “But it is like I am a worm and not a man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	22	6	xml4	figs-parallelism		0	disgrace to humanity and despised by the people	Both of these phrase mean basically the same thing. The phrase “despised by the people” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “everyone thinks I am worthless and the people hate me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	22	7	gq6v	figs-parallelism		0	taunt me; they mock me; they shake their heads at me	These three phrases share similar meanings and emphasize how much people disrespect him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	22	7	nu8j	translate-symaction		0	they shake their heads at me	This describes an action used to mock someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
PSA	22	8	v7ta	figs-irony		0	He trusts in Yahweh … delights in him	The people are saying this to mock the writer. They do not really believe Yahweh will rescue him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
PSA	22	8	ip8x			0	Let him rescue him	Alternate translation: “Let Yahweh rescue him”
PSA	22	8	h2ys			0	for he delights in him	This could mean: (1) “for Yahweh delights in him” or (2) “for he delights in Yahweh”
PSA	22	9	lz9a	figs-explicit		0	For you	The writer uses the word “For” to begin explaining why he is confused and asking God why he is not coming to help. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	22	9	g6i1	figs-idiom		0	you brought me from the womb	This is a way of saying “you caused me to be born.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	22	9	h37n	figs-idiom		0	when I was on my mother’s breasts	This means that he has been trusting in Yahweh since he was very young. Alternate translation: “even from the time that I drank milk from my mother’s breasts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	22	10	ua28	figs-idiom		0	I have been thrown on you from the womb	The phrase “have been thrown on” is a way of saying that Yahweh has taken care of him as if Yahweh had adopted him as his own child. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “It was as though you had adopted me right when I was born” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	22	10	qi4n	figs-explicit		0	you are my God	This implies that Yahweh has always taken care of the writer. Alternate translation: “you, God, have taken care of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	22	10	bd6c			0	since I was in my mother’s womb	Alternate translation: “since before I was born”
PSA	22	11	tz1y	figs-litotes		0	Do not be far away from me	This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Come close to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
PSA	22	11	mc7w	figs-metaphor		0	for trouble is near	The writer speaks about “trouble” as if it were an object that is near him. Alternate translation: “for my enemies are near me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	22	11	sub2			0	there is no one to help	Alternate translation: “there is no helper”
PSA	22	12	e14p	figs-metaphor		0	Many bulls surround me; strong bulls of Bashan surround me	The writer speaks about his enemies as if they were bulls. This emphasizes how dangerous and powerful his enemies are. Alternate translation: “I have many enemies and they are like bulls that surround me; they are like strong bulls from Bashan that surround me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	22	13	tfu9	figs-metaphor		0	They open their mouths wide against me	The writer speaks about his enemies as if they were lions with the mouths open ready to eat him. His enemies may be speaking lies to discredit him. Or they may be threatening him and attacking him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	22	13	qv8i	figs-simile		0	like a roaring lion ripping its victim	The writer speaks about his enemies as if they were lions. This emphasizes how powerful and dangerous his enemies are. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	22	14	q64m	figs-activepassive		0	I am being poured out like water	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “It is like someone is pouring me out like water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	22	14	d2h5	figs-simile		0	I am being poured out like water	The writer speaks about feeling completely exhausted and weak as if he were water being poured out of a jar. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	22	14	pjf3	figs-metaphor		0	all my bones are dislocated	“all my bones are out of place.” It is possible the writer is in some kind of physical pain. Or he may be speaking of his emotional pain as if it were physical pain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	22	14	ws5l	figs-simile		0	My heart is like wax … inner parts	The writer speaks about no longer having courage as if his heart melted like wax. Here “heart” represents “courage.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	22	14	y32r			0	wax	a soft substance that melts at a relatively low temperature
PSA	22	14	k6ki			0	within my inner parts	Alternate translation: “inside of me”
PSA	22	15	fpb6	figs-simile		0	My strength has dried up like a piece of pottery	The writer speaks about feeling weak as if his strength were like a dry piece of pottery that can easily break. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	22	15	w7be			0	piece of pottery	an object made of baked clay that can be used in the house
PSA	22	15	g95x	figs-metaphor		0	my tongue sticks to the roof of my mouth	“my tongue sticks to the top of my mouth.” The writer may be describing his extreme thirst. Or he may be continuing to speak about being weak as if he were completely dry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	22	15	z793	figs-metaphor		0	You have laid me in the dust of death	Possible meanings for **dust of death** are: (1) it refers to a person turning to dust after they die. Alternate translation: “You are about to let me die and become dust” or (2) it is a way of speaking about the grave, which would mean God is causing the writer to die. Alternate translation: “You have laid me in my grave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	22	15	m487	figs-you		0	You have laid me	The “you” is singular and refers to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
PSA	22	16	un7f	figs-metaphor		0	dogs have surrounded me	The writer speaks about his enemies as if they were dogs. His enemies are coming close to him like wild dogs do to a dying animal. Alternate translation: “my enemies are like dogs that have surrounded me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	22	16	np5i			0	a company of evildoers	Alternate translation: “a group of evildoers” or “a gang of evildoers”
PSA	22	16	i2n1			0	encircled	stood in a circle
PSA	22	16	x42c	figs-metaphor		0	they have pierced my hands and my feet	This continues the dog metaphor. The writer speaks about his enemies as if they were dogs that are biting and piercing his hands and feet with their teeth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	22	16	ai5d			0	pierced	stabbed through something with a sharp object
PSA	22	17	est5	figs-metaphor		0	I can count all my bones	This could mean: (1) the writer is so thin that he can see his bones. Alternate translation: “I can see all of my bones” or “I can feel each of my bones” or (2) this continues the dog metaphor and the writer can see his bones after the dogs have ripped his flesh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	22	17	ce23	figs-doublet		0	look and stare at me	The words “look” and “stare” mean basically the same thing and emphasize that people look at him awkwardly and make fun of him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	22	18	fb7u			0	my garments	Alternate translation: “my clothes”
PSA	22	19	v12t	figs-litotes		0	Do not be far away	This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Be very close” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
PSA	22	19	y71k	figs-metonymy		0	my strength	Here “strength” represents Yahweh who gives him strength. Alternate translation: “you who give me strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	22	20	ly82	figs-synecdoche		0	Rescue my soul	Here “soul” stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “Rescue me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	22	20	a8wk	figs-metonymy		0	the sword	The sword is a common way of referring to a violent enemy. Alternate translation: “those who want to kill me” or “my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	22	20	li5b			0	my only life	Alternate translation: “my precious life” or “the only life I have”
PSA	22	20	a1qv	figs-metaphor		0	claws of wild dogs	The writer speaks about his enemies as if they were dogs to emphasize how dangerous his enemies are. Also, the claws stand for the animals as a whole in a synecdoche. The writer emphasizes this part of the animal because it is what the animals would use to kill someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	22	20	h8vu			0	wild dogs	The word “wild” here means that no one has captured and tamed the animal.
PSA	22	21	vl96	figs-metaphor		0	lion’s mouth … horns of the wild oxen	The writer speaks about his enemies as if they were lions and wild oxen to emphasize how dangerous his enemies are. Also, the mouth and horns stand for the animals as a whole in a synecdoche. The writer emphasizes these parts of the animals because they are what the animals would use to kill someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	22	21	wgw6			0	wild oxen	The word “wild” here means that no one has captured and tamed the animal.
PSA	22	22	vq9v	figs-metonymy		0	I will declare your name	“I will make known your name.” Here “name” stands for God’s character or reputation. Alternate translation: “I will talk about your character” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	22	22	k6ii			0	my brothers	Here “brothers” means “my fellow Israelites” or “my fellow worshipers of Yahweh”
PSA	22	22	t5p8			0	in the midst of the assembly	Alternate translation: “when my fellow Israelites and I gather together” or “when I am surrounded by my fellow worshipers of Yahweh”
PSA	22	23	wl3v	figs-you		0	You who fear	Here “You” is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
PSA	22	23	yc8l	figs-parallelism		0	you descendants of Jacob … you descendants of Israel	Both of these refer to the same group of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	22	23	rs9u			0	Stand in awe of him	Alternate translation: “Be full of awe for him” or “Let God’s power amaze you”
PSA	22	24	t6pw			0	he has not despised or abhorred the suffering of the afflicted one	This could mean: (1) he has not despised the afflicted one because he is suffering or (2) he has not belittled the suffering of the afflicted one
PSA	22	24	q54x	figs-doublet		0	despised or abhorred	These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize that God has not forgotten the one who is afflicted and suffering. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	22	24	w7tf			0	despised	strongly disliked or hated
PSA	22	24	h5t5	figs-metonymy		0	he has not … abhorred the suffering of the afflicted one	Here, suffering is a metonym for the person who suffers. To abhor something is to think of it as horrible. Alternate translation: “he has not … thought of the afflicted one who suffers as horrible” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	22	24	y2dq	figs-genericnoun		0	the suffering of the afflicted one … from him … the afflicted one cried	This could mean: (1) the author was speaking about how God treats people who are suffering. Alternate translation: “those who suffer … from them … those who are suffering cried” or (2) the author was speaking specifically about how God treated him. Alternate translation: “my suffering because of my affliction … from me … I cried” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
PSA	22	24	r4zy	figs-metaphor		0	has not hidden his face from him	Hiding one’s face from someone represents ignoring him. Alternate translation: “has not turned his attention away from him” or “has not ignored him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	22	24	fci1	figs-explicit		0	he heard	“he listened.” It is implied that he responded when he heard their cry. Alternate translation: “he answered” or “he helped” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	22	25	q298	figs-you		0	because of you	Here “you” refers to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
PSA	22	25	w4ny	figs-explicit		0	I will fulfill my vows	This refers to sacrifices the writer promised to offer to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	22	25	zq18	figs-123person		0	before those who fear him	Here “him” refers to Yahweh. It can be stated as “you.” Alternate translation: “in the presence of those who fear you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
PSA	22	26	fhl9	figs-explicit		0	The oppressed will eat and be satisfied	This refers to the fellowship meal which occurs after the writer offers to God the sacrifices that he promised. He will invite those who were suffering to eat a part of the animal he sacrificed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	22	26	jvb2	figs-metaphor		0	those who seek Yahweh	Those who want to know Yahweh and please him are spoken of as if they are literally seeking to find Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	22	26	x7ys	figs-synecdoche		0	May your hearts live forever	Here “hearts” represent the whole person. Alternate translation: “May you live forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	22	26	lv3f	figs-you		0	May your hearts	Here “your” is plural and refers to the oppressed people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
PSA	22	27	sti4	figs-metaphor		0	will remember and turn to Yahweh	Starting to obey Yahweh is spoken of as if the people physically turn toward Yahweh. Alternate translation: “will remember Yahweh and obey him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	22	27	s5k2	figs-parallelism		0	all the families of the nations will bow down before you	This means the same thing as the first part of the sentence. The writer is emphasizing that everyone from every place will worship and obey Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	22	27	ves3	translate-symaction		0	will bow down before you	This is a sign of giving honor and respect to someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
PSA	22	27	n554	figs-you		0	before you	Here “you” refers to Yahweh. It can be translated in the third person to match the first part of the sentence. Alternate translation: “before him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
PSA	22	28	yp9r	figs-metonymy		0	For the kingdom is Yahweh’s	“For the kingdom belongs to Yahweh.” Here “kingdom” represents God’s rule as king. Alternate translation: “For Yahweh is king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	22	28	y3zn	figs-metonymy		0	he is the ruler over the nations	Here “nations” represents the people of the nations. Alternate translation: “he rules the people of the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	22	29	pb3y			0	will feast	The people will eat together at the feast. Alternate translation: “will eat together” or “will eat a festive meal together”
PSA	22	29	b7d2	figs-parallelism		0	all those who are descending into the dust … those who cannot preserve their own lives	Both phrases refers to the same group. They both refer to all people because all people will die. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	22	29	fkt1	figs-metonymy		0	those who are descending into the dust	Here “dust” represents the grave. The phrase “descending into the dust” is a way of referring to someone dying. Alternate translation: “those who are dying” or “those who die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	22	29	wbb7			0	those who cannot preserve their own lives	Alternate translation: “those who cannot save their own lives” or “those who cannot keep themselves from dying”
PSA	22	30	tak2	figs-metonymy		0	A generation to come	Here “A generation” represents the people of a generation. The phrase “to come” speaks about a future time as if it were something that travels and arrives somewhere. Alternate translation: “People in the future generations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	22	30	l73k	figs-metonymy		0	the next generation	Here “generation” represents the people of that generation. Alternate translation: “the people of the next generation” or “their children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	22	30	j95t			0	of the Lord	Alternate translation: “about the Lord” or “about what the Lord has done”
PSA	22	31	lt28	figs-abstractnouns		0	tell of his righteousness	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **righteousness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “tell of the righteous things he has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	23	intro	r1f6			0		# Psalm 023 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 23 is a psalm of praise to God for his continued care and protection. The psalmist praises God for always being with him and for caring for him.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metaphor<br><br>Psalm 23 is an extended metaphor speaking of God as if he were a shepherd, and of the psalmist as if he were a sheep. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	23	1	h1x8	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	In much of this psalm, David writes as if he were a sheep and the Lord were his shepherd. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]])
PSA	23	1	t39n	figs-metaphor		0	Yahweh is my shepherd	The writer speaks about Yahweh as if he were a shepherd. This emphasizes how God cares for people as a shepherd cares for his sheep. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is like a shepherd to me” or “Yahweh cares for me as a shepherd cares for his sheep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	23	1	gb7q	figs-litotes		0	I will lack nothing	This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I have everything that I need” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
PSA	23	2	ez87	figs-metaphor		0	He makes me to lie down in green pastures	The writer speaks about himself as if he were a sheep, and he speaks about Yahweh as if he were a shepherd. Alternate translation: He gives me rest like a shepherd who leads his sheep to lie down in green pastures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	23	2	p2p4	figs-metaphor		0	he leads me beside tranquil water	The writer speaks about himself as if he were a sheep, and he speaks about Yahweh as if he were a shepherd. Alternate translation: “he provides what I need like a shepherd who leads his sheep beside tranquil water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	23	2	l7sx			0	tranquil water	“calm water” or “water that flows gently.” This water is safe to drink.
PSA	23	3	ic3m			0	He brings back my life	This means God makes a person who is weak and tired to be strong and rested again.
PSA	23	3	nx5d	figs-metaphor		0	he guides me along right paths	Showing a person how to live in a way that pleases God is spoken of as if it were a shepherd showing a sheep the right path to take. Alternate translation: “He shows me how to live right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	23	3	ta7y	figs-metonymy		0	for his name’s sake	The phrase “his name” here refers to his reputation. Alternate translation: “for his reputation” or “so that people will honor him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	23	4	fi66	figs-metaphor		0	Even though I walk through a valley of darkest shadow	The writer describes a person experiencing terrible trouble as if he were a sheep walking through a dark and dangerous valley. There a sheep could get lost or attacked by a wild animal. Alternate translation: “Though my life is like walking through a dark and dangerous valley” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	23	4	me3c	figs-abstractnouns		0	I will not fear harm	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **harm**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “I will not be afraid of something harming me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	23	4	hqa2	figs-you		0	you are with me	Here “you” refers to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
PSA	23	4	yre6	figs-metonymy		0	your rod and your staff comfort me	The rod and staff represent protection because shepherds use them to protect their sheep from danger. Alternate translation: “I am not afraid because you protect me like a shepherd who protects his sheep with his rod and staff” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	23	5	ksk5	figs-exmetaphor		0	General Information:	Now the writer tells how God is like someone who welcomes a guest into his home and protects him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]])
PSA	23	5	nqn4	figs-metonymy		0	You prepare a table	A table represents a feast because people would put all the food on a table. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	23	5	b3bs			0	in the presence of my enemies	The meaning here is that the writer is not worried about his enemies because he is an honored guest of the Lord and therefore protected from harm. Alternate translation: “despite the presence of my enemies”
PSA	23	5	hh1r			0	anointed my head with oil	People sometimes put oil on their guests’ heads in order to honor them.
PSA	23	5	w1iw	figs-idiom		0	my cup runs over	Here a cup of wine that overflows represents many blessings. Alternate translation: “You fill my cup so much that it overflows” or “You give me many blessings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	23	6	y8zc	figs-metaphor		0	Surely goodness and covenant faithfulness will pursue me	Yahweh being good and faithful to a person is spoken of as if goodness and covenant faithfulness are things that pursue after a person. The abstract nouns “goodness” and “faithfulness” can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “Surely you will be good and faithful to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	23	6	ep2g	figs-abstractnouns		0	all the days of my life	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **life**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “as long as I live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	23	6	u2bl			0	the house of Yahweh	This could mean: (1) this refers to Yahweh’s eternal home, or (2) this refers to Yahweh’s temple in Jerusalem. If possible, translate it so that both meanings could be understood.
PSA	23	6	u53m	figs-idiom		0	for the length of my days	This idiom refers to the duration of his life. Alternate translation: “as long as I live” or “forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	24	intro	cw5j			0		# Psalm 024 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 24 is a psalm of praise to God as the almighty God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/almighty]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Righteous people<br><br>Only the righteous come to worship God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical Questions<br><br>The psalmists uses several rhetorical questions. Each question forms a unit with a response. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	24	1	nne9	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	24	1	hma5	figs-abstractnouns		0	its fullness	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **fullness**, you could express the same idea with the verb “fills.” Alternate translation: “everything that fills it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	24	2	v6lt	figs-parallelism		0	For he has founded it upon the seas and established it on the rivers	Here “founded it upon the seas” and “established it on the rivers” mean basically the same thing. The Hebrews of that time believed their land was supported by the oceans and deep underground rivers. Alternate translation: For he formed its foundation on the seas and built it on the deep waters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	24	2	d2bq			0	the seas … the rivers	These phrases are used together to refer to the huge deep ocean below the earth.
PSA	24	2	h6kl			0	on the rivers	Alternate translation: “the water that is deep below”
PSA	24	3	e3ya	figs-parallelism		0	Who will ascend the mountain … in his holy place?	Both of these questions mean basically the same thing. The speaker is asking about who is allowed to go and worship Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	24	3	bda3			0	will ascend	Alternate translation: “will go up” or “will climb”
PSA	24	3	mz8v			0	the mountain of Yahweh	This refers to Mount Zion in Jerusalem.
PSA	24	3	vj27			0	his holy place	This refers Yahweh’s temple. His temple is on Mount Zion in Jerusalem.
PSA	24	4	g1lm	figs-genericnoun		0	He who has … who has … and has not	Here “He” does not refer to a specific person. Alternate translation: “Those who have … who have … and have not” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
PSA	24	4	vsk8	figs-metonymy		0	who has clean hands	The word “hands” represents what a person does. For his “hands” to be clean means he does what is right. Alternate translation: “who does what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	24	4	ikc9	figs-metonymy		0	a pure heart	Here “heart” represents a person’s thoughts or motives. Alternate translation: “thinks good thoughts” or “does not think about doing what is wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	24	4	u76e	figs-metonymy		0	who has not lifted up a falsehood	Here “falsehood” represents a false idol. To “lift up” means to worship. Alternate translation: “who has not worshiped an idol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	24	5	z3wj	figs-genericnoun		0	He will receive a blessing from Yahweh	The word “he” does not refer to a specific person. It refers to the ones with pure hearts mentioned in previous verse. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **blessing**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bless them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	24	5	bc4f	figs-abstractnouns		0	righteousness from the God of his salvation	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **righteousness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “righteously.” And, “salvation” can be stated as “save.” Alternate translation: “God will deal righteously with him and save him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	24	6	n5aj	figs-metonymy		0	Such is the generation of those who seek him	Here “generation” represents people in general. Alternate translation: “The people who seek him are like this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	24	6	h9nq	figs-parallelism		0	those who seek him, those who seek the face of the God of Jacob	Both statements mean the same thing. They both refer to those who go to the temple to worship God. Alternate translation: “the ones who approach God, they are the ones who may worship God, the one we Israelites worship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	24	6	fbc7	figs-metaphor		0	those who seek him	Going to the temple to worship Yahweh is spoken of as if the person is literally seeking to find him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	24	6	tsi7	figs-synecdoche		0	the face of the God of Jacob	Here “face” stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “the God of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	24	7	yi4r	figs-parallelism		0	Lift up your heads, you gates; be lifted up, everlasting doors	The two phases are very similar in meaning. The words “gates” and “doors” refer to the gates of the temple. The writer is speaking to the gates as if they were a person. A gatekeeper would be the one to open the gates. Alternate translation: “Open up, you ancient gates” or “Open these ancient gates” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	24	7	z61a	figs-synecdoche		0	Lift up your heads	It is uncertain what specific part of the gate is the “head.” But, it stands for the gate as a whole. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	24	8	bp2e	figs-metaphor		0	Yahweh, strong and mighty; Yahweh, mighty in battle	The writer speaks about Yahweh as if he were a mighty warrior who fights in battles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	24	9	hl69	figs-parallelism		0	Lift up your heads, you gates; be lifted up, everlasting doors	The two phases are very similar in meaning. The words “gates” and “doors” refer to the gates of the temple. The writer is speaking to the gates as if they were a person. A gatekeeper would be the one to open the gates. See how you translated this in [Psalms 24:7](../024/007.md). Alternate translation: “Open up, you ancient gates” or “Open these ancient gates” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	24	9	fk49	figs-synecdoche		0	Lift up your heads	It is uncertain what specific part of the gate is the “head.” But, it stands for the gate as a whole. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	25	intro	utp4			0		# Psalm 025 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 25 is a prayer for God’s help.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### The humble<br><br>God is very good to humble people who seek to obey him.
PSA	25	1	sq2m	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	25	1	z3ls	figs-metaphor		0	I lift up my life	The phrase “lift up my life” is a metaphor. This could mean: (1) the writer is giving himself to Yahweh, which means he is completely depending on Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I give myself to you” or (2) he is offering prayer and adoration to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I worship and adore you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	25	2	m2b6	figs-activepassive		0	Do not let me be humiliated	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Do not let my enemies humiliate me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	25	2	ff1t	figs-idiom		0	rejoice triumphantly over me	“rejoice in triumph over me.” The phrase “over me” implies that his enemies have defeated him and stand above in victory. Alternate translation: “defeat me and rejoice about it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	25	3	jw7y	figs-explicit		0	May no one who hopes in you be disgraced	“Do not let those who hope in you be disgraced.” Disgrace could come from being defeated by their enemies. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Do not let enemies defeat those who hope in you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	25	3	haz8			0	who hopes in you	Alternate translation: “who trusts you”
PSA	25	3	r1zd			0	act treacherously	Alternate translation: “act deceitfully” or “act with trickery”
PSA	25	3	le6f			0	without cause	Alternate translation: “without a reason”
PSA	25	4	a1rg	figs-parallelism		0	Make known to me your ways, Yahweh; teach me your paths	Both statements mean the same thing. God teaching a person how they should behave is spoken of as if he were showing a person the correct path on which a person should travel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	25	5	ji5y			0	I hope in you	Alternate translation: “I depend on you” or “I wait patiently for you”
PSA	25	5	t3bw	figs-doublet		0	Guide me into your truth and teach me	Guide and teach mean the same thing, to give instruction. Alternate translation: “Instruct me to conduct my life by obeying your truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	25	5	zz1y	figs-abstractnouns		0	the God of my salvation	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “saves.” Alternate translation: “the one who saves me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	25	6	f922	figs-idiom		0	Call to mind	This is an idiom. This does not mean God forgot something. The writer is asking God to think about and consider his acts of compassion and faithfulness. Alternate translation: “Remember” or “Think about” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	25	6	uw7b	figs-abstractnouns		0	your acts of compassion and of covenant faithfulness	The abstract nouns “compassion” and “faithfulness” can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “how you have been compassionate and faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	25	6	y7a2	figs-personification		0	for they have always existed	Here “they” personifies God’s compassion and covenant faithfulness. Alternate translation: “for that is how you have always been” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	25	7	ym66	figs-abstractnouns		0	Do not think about the sins of my youth	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **sins**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “sinned.” Alternate translation: “Do not think about how I sinned against you when I was young” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	25	7	ayg8	figs-abstractnouns		0	or my rebelliousness	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **rebelliousness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “rebelled.” Alternate translation: or about how I have rebelled against you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	25	7	rmx6	figs-idiom		0	Call me to mind	This is an idiom. This does not mean God forgot something. The writer is asking God to think about him. Alternate translation: “Remember me” or “Think about me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	25	7	dzp2	figs-abstractnouns		0	with covenant faithfulness because of your goodness	The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “goodness” can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “and be faithful to me because of your covenant, because you are good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	25	8	fe3c	figs-metaphor		0	the way	How God wants a person to behave is spoken of as if it were a way or path on which a person travels. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	25	9	sd77	figs-nominaladj		0	the humble	This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “humble people” or “those who are humble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	25	9	g5rh	figs-metaphor		0	his way	How God wants a person to behave is spoken of as if it were a way or path on which a person travels. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	25	10	y1ce	figs-metaphor		0	All the paths of Yahweh are steadfast love and faithfulness	The word “paths” is a metaphor for ways. Alternate translation: “Yahweh always loves us because of his covenant and he is always trustworthy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	25	11	i29u	figs-metonymy		0	For your name’s sake	The phrase “your name” here refers to Yahweh’s reputation. Alternate translation: “For your reputation” or “So that people will honor you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	25	11	zdw5	figs-abstractnouns		0	pardon my sin, for it is great	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **sin**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “sinned.” Alternate translation: “please forgive me, for I have sinned much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	25	12	uen3	figs-rquestion		0	Who is the man who fears Yahweh?	This question introduces “the man who fears Yahweh” as a new topic. Alternate translation: “I will tell you about the man who fears Yahweh.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	25	12	r5gg	figs-genericnoun		0	is the man who fears … instruct him … he should	These words refer to any person who fears Yahweh, not a specific person. Alternate translation: “are those who fear … instruct them … they should” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
PSA	25	12	e57l	figs-metaphor		0	The Lord will instruct him in the way that he should choose	Yahweh teaching people how they should behave is spoken of as if Yahweh were teaching the people what way or path they should travel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	25	13	vwm7	figs-genericnoun		0	His life … his descendants	These words refer to any person who fears Yahweh, not a specific person. Alternate translation: “Their lives … their descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
PSA	25	13	f8pb			0	His life will go along in goodness	Alternate translation: “God will cause him to prosper” or “God will cause them to prosper”
PSA	25	14	m7sj			0	The friendship of Yahweh is for those	“Yahweh is a friend to those.” Some translate it as “Yahweh confides in those.” His confiding in them shows the intimate friendship he has with them.
PSA	25	15	utj9	figs-metonymy		0	My eyes are always on Yahweh	Here “eyes” represents looking. It is implied that he looks to Yahweh for help. Alternate translation: “I always look to Yahweh to help me” or “I always depend on Yahweh to help me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	25	15	mb6a	figs-metaphor		0	for he will free my feet from the net	A net is a trap. A person who is in danger is spoken of as if their feet are tangled in a net. Alternate translation: He will rescue me from danger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	25	16	jm85	figs-metaphor		0	Turn toward me	Yahweh paying attention to a person and considering him is spoken of as if Yahweh were physically turning towards the person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	25	17	lu85	figs-metonymy		0	The troubles of my heart are enlarged	Here “heart” represents a person’s emotions. Alternate translation: “I feel more and more troubled” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	25	17	t6l8	figs-metaphor		0	draw me out from my distress	“bring me out of my distress.” This speaks of distress as if it were a place that a person can be brought out of. Alternate translation: “rescue me from my distress” or “relieve me of my distress” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	25	17	px9i	figs-abstractnouns		0	my distress	The word “distress” is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “the things that distress me” or “the things that cause me to be afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	25	18	gp57			0	See my affliction	Alternate translation: “Notice my affliction”
PSA	25	18	kwp4	figs-abstractnouns		0	my affliction	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **affliction**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “the things that afflict me” or “how afflicted I am” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	25	18	my25	figs-abstractnouns		0	my toils	The word “toils” is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “the things that trouble me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	25	19	it1s			0	they hate me with cruel hatred	Alternate translation: “they hate me cruelly” or “they hate me fiercely”
PSA	25	20	zk7e	figs-activepassive		0	do not let me be humiliated	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Do not let my enemies humiliate me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	25	20	y36b	figs-metaphor		0	take refuge in you!	Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to you for protection!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	25	21	b36j	figs-personification		0	May integrity and uprightness preserve me	This speaks about “integrity” and “uprightness” as if they were persons who could keep another person safe. These abstract nouns can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “May being honest and doing what is right preserve me” or “Preserve me, Lord, because I am honest and do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	25	21	d4fj			0	preserve me	Alternate translation: “keep me safe”
PSA	25	22	vj9z			0	Rescue Israel	Alternate translation: “Save Israel” or “Redeem Israel”
PSA	25	22	msf4	figs-metonymy		0	Israel … his troubles	Here “Israel” represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel … our troubles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	26	intro	q9dz			0		# Psalm 026 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 26 is a teaching psalm; showing people how they should live by the example of the psalmsist.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Praise<br><br>The psalmist delights in praising God and doing good deeds. It is striking how this psalm uses the first person pronoun. This is an individual psalm of petition. Each of the four petitions are accompanied with various claims. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]])
PSA	26	1	h9z4	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	26	1	b9cq	figs-metaphor		0	I have walked	The word “walked” is a metaphor for behavior. Alternate translation: “I have behaved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	26	1	am7u	figs-123person		0	in Yahweh	The third person use of “Yahweh” can be stated in the second person. Alternate translation: “in you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
PSA	26	1	a4v9	figs-metaphor		0	without wavering	Doubting is spoken of as if it were losing balance and waving back and forth. Alternate translation: “without doubting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	26	2	zxg5			0	Examine me	Alternate translation: “Try me”
PSA	26	2	iqe7	figs-doublet		0	test the purity of my inner parts and my heart	Here “inner parts” and “heart” mean motives. Alternate translation: “test whether my motives are good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	26	3	qc7g	figs-metaphor		0	For your covenant faithfulness is before my eyes	Here “eyes” represent a person’s thoughts and having something before one’s eyes represents being aware of that thing. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “For I am always aware of your covenant faithfulness” or “For I am always aware that you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	26	3	am2g	figs-metaphor		0	I walk about in your faithfulness	The word “walk” is a metaphor for behavior. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “I conduct my life according to your faithfulness” or “I behave the way I do because you are faithful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	26	4	b17j			0	I do not associate with	Alternate translation: “I do not keep company with” or “I do not sit with”
PSA	26	4	j2s7			0	with deceitful people	Alternate translation: “with those who deceive others”
PSA	26	4	u6k2	figs-parallelism		0	nor do I mingle with dishonest people	This means the same as the first part of the sentence. Alternate translation: “and I do not join with dishonest people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	26	4	t3xy			0	dishonest people	Alternate translation: “hypocrites” or “those who lie to others”
PSA	26	5	hc11			0	the assembly of evildoers	Alternate translation: “those who gather to do evil”
PSA	26	5	ees1	figs-nominaladj		0	the wicked	This is a nominal adjective. Alternate translation: “wicked people” or “those who are wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	26	6	idg7	translate-symaction		0	I wash my hands in innocence	This seems to refer to a ritual washing of hands in water to symbolize freedom from sin and guilt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
PSA	26	6	u7rx			0	I go around your altar	This was an action of worship that the Israelites were accustomed to doing.
PSA	26	8	ywm8			0	the house where you live	This could mean: (1) if a person wrote this after the time of David, then the writer is referring to the temple in Jerusalem or (2) if David wrote this, then this refers to the tent that God told his people to set up so that they could worship him there.
PSA	26	8	adz5	figs-metonymy		0	the place where your glory lives	Here “glory” represents the presence and power of God, which is similar to a very bright light. Alternate translation: “the place where people can see the glorious light of your presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	26	9	k89i	figs-metaphor		0	Do not sweep me away with sinners	“Sweep away” here is a metaphor for destruction. Alternate translation: “Do not destroy me along with sinners” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	26	9	gb7w	figs-ellipsis		0	or my life	The word “sweep” is understood. Alternate translation: “or sweep my life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	26	9	dsi8	figs-metonymy		0	people who are bloodthirsty	The word “bloodthirsty” represents wanting to kill people. Alternate translation: “people who are eager to shed others’ blood” or “murderers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	26	10	gku4	figs-synecdoche		0	in whose hands	“Hands” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “people in which” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	26	10	g7rx			0	a plot	Alternate translation: “a wicked plan”
PSA	26	11	qm5d			0	But as for me	This phrase shows that the writer is changing from speaking about wicked people to talking about himself.
PSA	26	11	vu5m	figs-metaphor		0	I will walk in integrity	“Walk” here is a metaphor for behavior. Alternate translation: “I will behave with integrity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	26	12	xe4n	figs-synecdoche		0	My foot stands	Here “foot” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I stand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	26	12	apj3	figs-metaphor		0	level ground	Here, **level ground** could mean: (1) a safe place or (2) right behavior (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	26	12	p8c6			0	in the assemblies will I bless Yahweh	Alternate translation: “when I gather with the people of Israel I will praise you”
PSA	27	intro	ru1e			0		# Psalm 027 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 27 is a psalm of praise to God because God keeps the psalmist safe from all his enemies.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s help<br><br>Because of God’s help, he has nothing to fear, no matter what happens. The psalmist shows his confidence in God; he also asks God for help.
PSA	27	1	cx3f	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	27	1	pgd5	figs-metonymy		0	Yahweh is my light	Here “light” represents life. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is the source of my life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	27	1	f2iu	figs-rquestion		0	whom should I fear?	This question emphasizes that there is no one that David should fear. Alternate translation: “I will not be afraid of anyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	27	1	gdw7	figs-metaphor		0	Yahweh is my life’s refuge	This speaks about Yahweh as if he were a place where people can go for safety. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is the one who keeps me safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	27	1	b7ym	figs-rquestion		0	whom should I dread?	This question emphasizes that there is no one that David should be afraid of. Alternate translation: “I will not dread anyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	27	2	b8ta	figs-metaphor		0	to devour my flesh	Destroying someone completely is spoken of as if it were devouring a person’s flesh. He did not mean that they wanted to eat his body. Alternate translation: “to destroy me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	27	2	afd9	figs-doublet		0	my adversaries and my enemies	These words mean the same thing. These are the evildoers who came near to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	27	2	gj21	figs-metaphor		0	stumbled and fell	This represents the writer’s enemies failing to fulfill their plans to harm the writer. Alternate translation: “did not succeed” or “failed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	27	3	a7hp			0	Though an army encamps against me	Alternate translation: “though an army surrounds me” or “though an army puts its tents around me”
PSA	27	3	nqv6	figs-synecdoche		0	my heart will not fear	Here “heart” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will not be afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	27	3	bf9y	figs-metaphor		0	though war rises up against me	The writer’s enemies are spoken of as if they themselves were a war. Alternate translation: “though my enemies come to fight against me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	27	3	z488			0	I will remain confident	Alternate translation: “I will continue to trust God to help me”
PSA	27	4	p5pc			0	have I asked of Yahweh	Alternate translation: “I have asked Yahweh to let me do”
PSA	27	4	vpq5	figs-metaphor		0	I will seek that	A person really wanting something and continually asking God for it is spoken of as if he were seeking to find something. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	27	4	gb9g	figs-metaphor		0	to see the beauty of Yahweh	The wonderful character of God is spoken of as if it were physical beauty. Alternate translation: “to see how wonderful Yahweh is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	27	4	c2a9			0	to meditate in his temple	This could mean: (1) “to ask God what he wants me to do” or (2) “to think carefully about God in his temple.”
PSA	27	5	cv9f			0	in the day of trouble	Alternate translation: “in times of trouble” or “when I have troubles”
PSA	27	5	vjd7			0	he will hide me	Alternate translation: “he will protect me”
PSA	27	5	cc6r	figs-parallelism		0	his shelter … his tent	Both of these refer to the tabernacle where the writer is worshiping God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	27	5	mz3d			0	in the cover of his tent	The word “cover” represents something that hides and protects.
PSA	27	5	j6tu	figs-metaphor		0	He will lift me high on a rock	God keeping the writer safe from his enemies is spoken of as if God were placing him on a high rock where his enemies cannot reach him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	27	6	a3t2	figs-metonymy		0	my head will be lifted up above my enemies	This represents the writer receiving pride or honor when he defeats his enemies. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will honor me when I win the fight against my enemies” or “God will honor me by enabling me to defeat my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	27	7	p3lq	figs-metonymy		0	Hear, Yahweh, my voice	The “voice” often represents a person who speak or calls out. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, hear me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	27	7	q1ev	figs-explicit		0	answer me	This implies that Yahweh hears the writer’s prayer and Yahweh will do what the writer asks. Alternate translation: “answer my prayer” or “do what I request of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	27	8	jx52	figs-metonymy		0	My heart says	Here “heart” represents a person’s mind or thoughts. Alternate translation: “In my heart I say” or “I say to myself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	27	8	kc98	figs-metaphor		0	Seek his face	A person going to the temple to pray to Yahweh is spoken of as if the person were seeking to find Yahweh. Here “face” represents all of God. Alternate translation: “Go and pray to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	27	8	lv4r	figs-metaphor		0	I seek your face, Yahweh	A person going to the temple to pray to Yahweh is spoken of as if the person were seeking to find Yahweh. Here “face” represents all of God. Alternate translation: “I will come to your temple to pray to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	27	9	uv72	figs-metonymy		0	Do not hide your face from me	The face here represents Yahweh’s attention, and hiding the face represents rejecting someone. Alternate translation: “Do not reject me” or “Do not stop taking care of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	27	9	n49l	figs-123person		0	do not turn your servant away in anger	David said “your servant” to refer to himself in a humble way. Alternate translation: “do not be angry with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
PSA	27	9	p7vh	figs-doublet		0	forsake me or abandon me	The words “forsake” and “abandon” mean the same thing. The writer is emphasizing that he does not want God to leave him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	27	9	j546	figs-ellipsis		0	or abandon me	The words “and do not” are understood. Alternate translation: “and do not abandon me” or “and do not leave me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	27	9	sm12	figs-abstractnouns		0	God of my salvation	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “saves.” Alternate translation: God who saves me” or “because you are the God who saves me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	27	10	w897	figs-hypo		0	Even if my father and my mother forsake me	“Even if my father and my mother were to forsake me.” He is not saying that they actually have done this or that they would do it. His point is that even if they did that, God would not abandon him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
PSA	27	10	n75n			0	Yahweh will take me in	Alternate translation: “Yahweh will keep me” or “Yahweh will take care of me”
PSA	27	11	z7b8	figs-metaphor		0	Teach me your way	How a person should behave is spoken of as if it were a way or path that person should travel. Alternate translation: “Teach me how you want me to live” or “Teach me to do what you want me to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	27	11	r72j	figs-metaphor		0	Lead me on a level path	Yahweh keeping the writer safe from his enemies is spoken of as if Yahweh leads the writer on a level path where he will not stumble and fall. Alternate translation: “Keep me safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	27	12	gs3s	figs-abstractnouns		0	Do not give me up to the desires of my enemies	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **desires**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “Do not let my enemies do to me what they desire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	27	12	s7ry	figs-idiom		0	have risen up against me	“Risen up” here is an idiom meaning that a witness stood in court to present testimony. Alternate translation: “have stood up in order to speak against me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	27	12	ez4n	figs-metaphor		0	they breathe out violence	Here violence is spoken for as if it was something a person could breathe out. Alternate translation: “they say that they will do violent things to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	27	13	ts3j	figs-rquestion		0	What would have happened to me	This rhetorical question can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “Something bad would have happened to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	27	13	c72l	figs-abstractnouns		0	the goodness of Yahweh	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **goodness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “the good things that Yahweh does” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	27	13	wld8	figs-idiom		0	in the land of the living	This refers to being alive. Alternate translation: “while I am alive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	27	14	g4pq			0	Wait for Yahweh … Wait for Yahweh!	This verse may be: (1) the writer speaking to himself or (2) the writer speaking to others or (3) someone speaking to the writer.
PSA	27	14	m8gs	figs-synecdoche		0	let your heart be courageous	Here “heart” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “be courageous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	27	14	yng1			0	Wait for Yahweh!	This line is repeated at the end of the psalm as a way of ending the psalm.
PSA	28	intro	a18t			0		# Psalm 028 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 28 is a psalm of prayer to God that he is not be punished along with the wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Trust<br><br>The psalmist trusted God completely and God rescued him. This is similar to psalm 7 and 17 because it is an individual lament psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lament]])
PSA	28	1	p6ea	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	28	1	t7sd			0	I cry out	Alternate translation: “I call out loudly”
PSA	28	1	vx2c	figs-metaphor		0	my rock	This is a metaphor for strength. Alternate translation: “my strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	28	1	y82h			0	do not ignore me	Alternate translation: “do not be silent to me” or “do not leave me alone”
PSA	28	1	y255	figs-metaphor		0	I will join those who go down to the grave	People who die are spoken of as if they are going down into the grave. Alternate translation: “I will die like those who are in the grave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	28	2	i4h9	figs-metonymy		0	Hear the sound of my pleading	Here “sound” refers to the content of his request. Alternate translation: “Hear my strong request” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	28	2	t7ig	translate-symaction		0	I lift up my hands toward your most holy place	Lifting up hands is a symbol of worship. The writer is not worshiping the holy place, but Yahweh who lives in the holy place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
PSA	28	2	a92a			0	your most holy place	This could mean: (1) if David wrote this, then this refers to the tent that God told his people to set up so that they could worship him there, or (2) if a person wrote this after the time of David, then the writer is referring to the temple in Jerusalem.
PSA	28	3	r4t6	figs-metaphor		0	Do not drag me away	God punishing people is spoken of as if he physically drags them away. In this metaphor Yahweh may be dragging them to prison, exile, or death. Alternate translation: “Do not remove me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	28	3	y9zp			0	who speak peace with their neighbors	Here “neighbors” refers to people in general. Alternate translation: “who speak peacefully with other people”
PSA	28	3	y46g	figs-metonymy		0	but have evil in their hearts	Here “hearts” represents a person’s mind or thoughts. Alternate translation: “but are thinking something evil about them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	28	4	g3b9	figs-parallelism		0	Give them what their deeds deserve … repay them what their wickedness demands	These two phrases mean the same thing. They are used together to emphasize that they deserve for God to punish them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	28	4	z39d	figs-metonymy		0	the work of their hands	Here “hands” represent what the person has done. Alternate translation: “the things they have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	28	4	d21y			0	render to them their due	Alternate translation: “give them what they deserve”
PSA	28	5	vma7			0	Because they do not understand … never rebuild them	This could mean: (1) David is confident about what God will do to wicked people or (2) David is asking God to destroy the wicked people.
PSA	28	5	b1cw	figs-explicit		0	they do not understand the deeds of Yahweh	It is implied that “do not understand” means they ignore or do not honor Yahweh’s works. Alternate translation: “they do not regard with honor what Yahweh has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	28	5	a757	figs-metonymy		0	the work of his hands	Here “hands” represents what Yahweh has done or created. Alternate translation: “what he has created” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	28	5	uqh3	figs-metaphor		0	he will tear them down and never rebuild them	The punishment of the wicked people is spoken of as if they were a building or a city that God would destroy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	28	6	jfr4	figs-metonymy		0	he has heard the sound of my pleading	Here “sound” represents what the writer said. Alternate translation: “has heard what I said when I pleaded to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	28	7	g4ne	figs-abstractnouns		0	Yahweh is my strength	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **strength**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “strong.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh makes me strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	28	7	vh7h	figs-metaphor		0	my shield	This represents Yahweh’s protecting the writer. Alternate translation: “he protects me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	28	7	r9jp	figs-synecdoche		0	my heart trusts	Here “heart” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I trust” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	28	7	bl9l	figs-activepassive		0	I am helped	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he helps me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	28	7	uts5	figs-synecdoche		0	my heart greatly rejoices	Here “heart” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I greatly rejoice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	28	8	pd6u	figs-abstractnouns		0	Yahweh is the strength of his people	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **strength**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “strong.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh makes his people strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	28	8	vd99	figs-metaphor		0	he is the saving refuge of his anointed one	Yahweh keeping the king safe is spoken of as if Yahweh were a place that the king could go for safety. Alternate translation: “he keeps safe the one he appointed to be king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	28	8	yh2k	figs-metonymy		0	his anointed one	The represents the king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	28	9	at1a	figs-metaphor		0	your inheritance	This speaks about the people of God as if they were something God inherited. Alternate translation: “your possession” or “those who belong to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	28	9	e7e7	figs-metaphor		0	Be their shepherd and carry them forever	The writer speaks about Yahweh as if he were a shepherd and the people are his sheep. A shepherd would carry a sheep if it needed help or protection. Alternate translation: “Be like their shepherd and protect them forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	29	intro	b4tt			0		# Psalm 029 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 29 is a worship psalm. It tells how Yahweh rules all nature.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s power<br><br>God is powerful. All he has to do is to speak in order to control nature.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metonymy<br><br>The voice of the Yahweh stands for Yahweh himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	29	1	kq7e	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	29	1	bc7z	figs-idiom		0	you sons of God	The phrase “sons of” is a way of saying “having the characteristics of.” Alternate translation: “you mighty men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	29	1	i354	figs-abstractnouns		0	ascribe to Yahweh glory and strength	The abstract nouns “glory” and “strength” can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “praise Yahweh because he is glorious and strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	29	2	yv1p	figs-abstractnouns		0	Ascribe to Yahweh the glory his name deserves	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **glory**, you could express the same idea with a verb or adjective. Alternate translation: “Honor Yahweh just as his name deserves” or “Proclaim that Yahweh is glorious just as his name deserves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	29	2	rcj6	figs-metonymy		0	his name deserves	The phrase “his name” refers to Yahweh or his reputation. Alternate translation: “as is proper because of who he is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	29	2	e4f6	figs-explicit		0	Bow down to Yahweh	The implied information is that the people were to bow down in worship. Alternate translation: “Bow down to worship Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
PSA	29	2	da1b	figs-abstractnouns		0	in the splendor of holiness	The abstract nouns “splendor” and “holiness” can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “because he is gloriously beautiful and holy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	29	3	dml8			0	General Information:	The psalm shows Yahweh’s power and glory.
PSA	29	3	t9g6	figs-activepassive		0	The voice of Yahweh is heard over the waters	God’s voice is louder and clearer than all other sounds and noises. It can be heard over other loud sounds such as the sound of the waters. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “When Yahweh speaks his voice is louder than the sound of the sea” or “Yahweh shouts louder than the sound of the waters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	29	3	z58f			0	over the waters	This refers to the seas or the oceans. These waters make a very loud noise as the waves rise and fall.
PSA	29	3	u41c	figs-metonymy		0	The voice of Yahweh	All occurrences of “voice” here represent Yahweh speaking. The writer is emphasizing that when Yahweh speaks, the sound is so loud it is heard over the waters, and it is so powerful it can destroy the largest trees. Alternate translation: “When Yahweh speaks, his voice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	29	3	b7zk	figs-metaphor		0	the God of glory thunders	This speaks about God speaking as if it were the sound of thunder. Just like the sound of thunder, Yahweh’s voice can be heard over large distances. Alternate translation: “The voice of the glorious God is loud like thunder” or “When the glorious God speaks it rumbles like thunder” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	29	3	srk7			0	over many waters	Alternate translation: “over the large bodies of water”
PSA	29	6	s8av			0	Connecting Statement:	The writer continues describing the power of God’s voice.
PSA	29	6	kdn3	figs-simile		0	He makes Lebanon skip like a calf	The ground of Lebanon shaking is spoken of as if it were a young calf skipping. This emphasizes that when Yahweh speaks, the power of his voice shakes the ground. Alternate translation: “He makes the land of Lebanon shake like a calf skipping” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	29	6	y9uu			0	skip	jump lightly back and forth
PSA	29	6	war4	figs-ellipsis		0	Sirion like a young ox	The words “he makes” and “skip” are understood from the first phrase. They can be repeated here. The ground of Sirion shaking is spoken of as if it were a young ox skipping. This emphasizes that when Yahweh speaks, the power of his voice shakes the ground. Alternate translation: “he makes Sirion skip like a young ox” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	29	6	n725	translate-names		0	Sirion	This is a mountain in Lebanon. It is also called Mount Hermon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
PSA	29	7	wk16	figs-metonymy		0	The voice of Yahweh sends out flames of fire	All occurrences of “voice” here represent Yahweh speaking. Alternate translation: “When Yahweh speaks he causes lightning to flash in the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	29	7	rc8c			0	flames of fire	This refers to lightning.
PSA	29	9	ht1n	figs-metonymy		0	The voice of Yahweh causes	Here “voice” represents Yahweh speaking. Alternate translation: “When Yahweh speaks, the sound causes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	29	9	sqa7			0	the oaks to twist	Alternate translation: “the large trees to shake”
PSA	29	9	f33q	figs-metaphor		0	strips the forests bare	Removing the leaves of the trees is spoken of as if it was removing their clothing. Alternate translation: “strips off the leaves from the trees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	29	10	mk7u	figs-metonymy		0	Yahweh sits as king	This means that Yahweh rules. Alternate translation: “Yahweh rules” or “Yahweh is king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	29	10	b6k6			0	over the flood	Here “flood” refers to waters that cover the earth.
PSA	29	11	vm7e	figs-metonymy		0	Yahweh blesses his people with peace	The word “peace” is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “Yahweh blesses his people by causing them to prosper and to live peacefully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	30	intro	eee3			0		# Psalm 030 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 30 is a psalm of praise and thanksgiving to God. The psalmist was near death but God rescued him.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### The psalmist’s death<br><br>If he had died, it would not have been a help to God. But since God rescued him he can praise God.
PSA	30	1	iaj9	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	30	1	e8py			0	a song at the dedication of the temple	Alternate translation: “This song was sung when the temple was dedicated”
PSA	30	1	ig1t	figs-metaphor		0	you have raised me up	The writer speaks of God rescuing him and keeping him from dying as if God had drawn him up from a deep well. Alternate translation: “you rescued me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	30	3	gel6	figs-metonymy		0	brought up my soul from Sheol	Since “Sheol” was the place where dead people go, it refers to death. Alternate translation: “kept me from dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	30	3	sw64	figs-synecdoche		0	brought up my soul	Here “my soul” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “brought me up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	30	3	ryd7	figs-metonymy		0	from going down to the grave	The “grave” represents death. Alternate translation: “from dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	30	4	jui4	figs-abstractnouns		0	Give thanks when you remember his holiness	The abstract nouns “thanks” and “holiness” can be stated as “thank” and “holy.” Alternate translation: “Remember that God is holy and thank him” or “Remember what God has done because he is holy and thank him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	30	5	n3py	figs-abstractnouns		0	his anger is only for a moment	“his anger lasts only a moment.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **anger**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “angry.” Alternate translation: “he is angry for only a moment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	30	5	ls29	figs-metonymy		0	a moment	Here “moment” represents a short amount of time. Alternate translation: “a short time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	30	5	zm7v	figs-abstractnouns		0	but his favor is for a lifetime	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **favor**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “good.” Alternate translation: “but he is good to us all of our lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	30	5	vw11	figs-metaphor		0	Weeping comes for a night, but joy comes in the morning	This speaks about “weeping” and “joy” as if they were something that travels and arrives at a certain time. Alternate translation: “We may cry during the night, but the next morning we will be joyful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	30	6	v3a5	figs-abstractnouns		0	In confidence	The word “confidence” is an abstract noun. The writer recalls a time when he was prospering and felt confident and safe. Alternate translation: “When I was confident” or “When I felt safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	30	6	p1kl	figs-metaphor		0	I will never be shaken	The word “shaken” is a metaphor for defeat. Alternate translation: “No one will defeat me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	30	7	d155	figs-abstractnouns		0	by your favor	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **favor**, you could express the same idea with the verb “favored” or the adjective “kind.” Alternate translation: “when you favored me” or “when you were kind to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	30	7	m53d	figs-metaphor		0	you established me as a strong mountain	The writer’s security is spoken of as if he were a strong mountain. Alternate translation: “you made me as secure as a high mountain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	30	7	q4uk	figs-idiom		0	when you hid your face	This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “when you stopped helping me” or “when you rejected me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	30	7	y2rt			0	I was troubled	Alternate translation: “I was fearful” or “I was worried”
PSA	30	8	m69p	figs-metaphor		0	sought favor from my Lord	The phrase “sought favor” means to ask for help. Alternate translation: “I pleaded for you to help me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	30	8	n1hs	figs-123person		0	from my Lord	The writer is referring to Yahweh in third person. It can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “from you, my Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
PSA	30	9	npv8	figs-rquestion		0	What advantage is there in my death, if I go down to the grave?	The writer uses this question to emphasize that he would be of no value to God if he were dead. Alternate translation: “There is no advantage if I die and go down to the grave.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	30	9	h9v9	figs-rquestion		0	Will the dust praise you? Will it declare your trustworthiness?	The writer uses these questions to emphasize that his dead and decayed body cannot praise God. Alternate translation: “The dust will certainly not praise you or tell others about how trustworthy you are.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	30	9	ds6c	figs-metonymy		0	the dust	This refers to the body of the writer which will decay and become dust when he is dead. Alternate translation: “my decayed body” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	30	11	fh4q	figs-abstractnouns		0	You have turned my mourning into dancing	It was customary for the Jews to dance when they were very happy. The abstract nouns “mourning” and “dancing” can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: “You have caused me to stop mourning and to dance with joy instead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	30	11	y5wj	figs-metonymy		0	you have removed my sackcloth	Sackcloth was associated with mourning and sorrow. Alternate translation: “You have caused me to no longer be sad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	30	11	l9jm	figs-metaphor		0	clothed me with gladness	The writer speaks of gladness as if it were a garment that he could put on. Alternate translation: “caused me to be glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	30	12	b717	figs-synecdoche		0	my glory will sing praise to you	Here “my glory” refers to the writer’s soul or heart or inner being. This represents the entire person of the writer, who worships God because God has made him glad. Alternate translation: “I will sing praise to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	31	intro	j2an			0		# Psalm 031 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 31 is a psalm of deliverance. The psalmist’s enemies thought they had defeated him, but God protected him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Abandonment<br><br>Even though everyone deserted and despised the psalmist, God did not abandon him.
PSA	31	1	ggk4	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	31	1	yu4y			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship”
PSA	31	1	fs4i	figs-metaphor		0	In you, Yahweh, I take refuge	Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “I go to you, Yahweh, for protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	31	1	f8jw	figs-activepassive		0	never let me be humiliated	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “do not let others humiliate me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	31	2	x6bw	figs-parallelism		0	be my rock of refuge, a stronghold to save me	The phrase “be my rock of refuge” is a request for protection. The second phrase emphasizes the first phrase. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	31	2	tq1e	figs-metaphor		0	my rock of refuge	Yahweh is spoke of as if he were a huge rock that would protect the writer from attack. Alternate translation: “like a huge rock on which I can be safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	31	2	p9xb	figs-metaphor		0	a stronghold to save me	Yahweh is spoken of as if he were a strong fortress in which the writer would be protected from his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	31	3	m5q1	figs-metaphor		0	my rock	Yahweh is spoke of as if he were a huge rock that would protect the writer from attack. Alternate translation: “like a huge rock on which I can be safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	31	3	d9h8	figs-metaphor		0	my fortress	Yahweh is spoken of as if he were a strong fortress in which the writer would be protected from his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	31	3	kti8	figs-metonymy		0	for your name’s sake	In this phrase “name” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “so that your name may be honored” or “so that I may worship you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	31	3	nm5d	figs-doublet		0	lead and guide me	The words “lead” and “guide” mean basically the same thing and strengthen the request that Yahweh lead him. Alternate translation: “lead me where you want me to go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	31	4	xp2k	figs-metaphor		0	Pluck me out of the net that they have hidden for me	The writer is spoken of as if he were a bird caught in a hidden net, and waiting for Yahweh to free him from the trap. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	31	4	pg5z	figs-metaphor		0	you are my refuge	Yahweh is spoken of as if he is a place where the writer can hide from people who are attacking him. Alternate translation: “you always protect me” or “you give me constant protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	31	5	e3hz	figs-personification		0	Into your hands	God is spirit, but he is here spoken of as if he has hands. Here “your hands” refers to Yahweh’s care. Alternate translation: “Into your care” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	31	5	ez3i	figs-synecdoche		0	I entrust my spirit	Here “my spirit” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “I place myself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	31	5	m7ux			0	God of trustworthiness	Alternate translation: “you are a God I can trust”
PSA	31	6	d1f4	figs-distinguish		0	I hate those who serve worthless idols	Here the word “worthless” refers to all idols. This can be clarified in translation. Alternate translation: “Idols are worthless. I hate those who serve them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
PSA	31	7	z4ew	figs-doublet		0	I will be glad and rejoice in your covenant faithfulness	The words “glad” and “rejoice” share similar meanings and emphasize the intensity of joy. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “I will be very glad because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	31	7	x1wl	figs-parallelism		0	you saw my affliction … you knew the distress of my soul	Both of these phrases express the idea that God knows about the writer’s troubles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	31	7	ji14	figs-synecdoche		0	the distress of my soul	Here “my soul” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “my distress” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	31	8	x76g	figs-synecdoche		0	You have set my feet	Here “my feet” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “You have set me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	31	8	d4bb	figs-metaphor		0	a wide open place	The Hebrews thought of wide open spaces as a metaphor for safety and freedom. Alternate translation: “a place where I am free” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	31	9	iv54			0	I am in distress	Alternate translation: “I am suffering greatly”
PSA	31	9	amp8	figs-synecdoche		0	my soul and my body	The terms “soul” and “body” are used to describe the complete person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	31	10	p8pm	figs-metonymy		0	For my life is weary	Here “my life” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “I have become very weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	31	10	nw2b			0	with sorrow … with groaning	Alternate translation: “because of my sorrow … because of my groaning”
PSA	31	10	l7fj	figs-ellipsis		0	my years with groaning	The phrase “is weary” is missing, but is implied. Alternate translation: “my years are weary with groaning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	31	10	a1r3	figs-metonymy		0	My strength fails	Here “My strength” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “I have become weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	31	10	b5c7	figs-metonymy		0	my bones are wasting away	Here “my bones” refers to the physical health of the writer. Alternate translation: “my health is failing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	31	11	n8g3			0	people disdain me	Alternate translation: “people insult me”
PSA	31	11	w86t			0	are appalled at my situation	Alternate translation: “are shocked at my condition”
PSA	31	12	w6b3	figs-simile		0	as a dead man whom no one thinks about	People do not think about dead people. The writer does not think people think about him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	31	12	dnb7	figs-simile		0	like a broken pot	The writer speaks of himself as if he was completely useless. “as useless as a broken pot” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	31	13	ll6r	figs-ellipsis		0	the whispering of many	It is implied that “many” refers to people. Alternate translation: “many people talking about me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	31	13	pf7q			0	terrifying news from every side	Alternate translation: “scary reports from many sources”
PSA	31	13	d84i	figs-idiom		0	take away my life	This idiom means to kill someone. Alternate translation: “kill me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	31	15	pr1h	figs-metonymy		0	My times are in your hand	Here “your hand” refers to Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “You have the power to decide my future” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	31	15	c577			0	from those who pursue me	Alternate translation: “from people who try to capture me”
PSA	31	16	x22n	figs-metaphor		0	Make your face shine on your servant	The writer speaks of Yahweh acting favorably towards him as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on him. Alternate translation: “Act favorably towards your servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	31	16	hjf7	figs-abstractnouns		0	save me in your covenant faithfulness	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “save me because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	31	17	fg5c	figs-activepassive		0	Do not let me be humiliated	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Do not let others make me feel ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	31	17	vud9			0	May the wicked be humiliated!	Alternate translation: “I wish that God would disgrace wicked people!”
PSA	31	17	mw8m	figs-nominaladj		0	the wicked	This refers to “wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	31	17	n96w	figs-metonymy		0	May they be silent in Sheol	Here “in Sheol” represents death. Alternate translation: “Let them die so they cannot speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	31	18	rvr4	figs-activepassive		0	May lying lips be silenced	This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “May someone make these lying lips silent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	31	18	jqf6	figs-metonymy		0	lying lips	These represent lying people. Alternate translation: “people who lie” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	31	18	dig8	figs-nominaladj		0	that speak against the righteous defiantly	Here “the righteous” refers to people who are righteous. Alternate translation: “that say terrible things about righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	31	18	r22l			0	with arrogance and contempt	These terms have similar meanings. Alternate translation: “with a complete lack of respect”
PSA	31	19	c7i2	figs-abstractnouns		0	is your goodness	This can be expressed with a verb. Alternate translation: “are the good things you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	31	19	dge4	figs-metaphor		0	that you have stored up	Yahweh’s goodness is spoken of as if it was something that could be stored up like a harvest. Alternate translation: “that you are keeping ready to use” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	31	19	ld4z			0	those who revere you	Alternate translation: “those who respect you greatly”
PSA	31	19	iu38	figs-metaphor		0	take refuge in you	Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. See how you translated this in [Psalms 31:1](../031/001.md). Alternate translation: “those who go to you for protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	31	20	q6pa	figs-parallelism		0	In the shelter of your presence, you hide them … You hide them in a shelter	These phrases both mean that God protects them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	31	20	v252	figs-metaphor		0	In the shelter	Yahweh’s presence is spoken of as if it is a strong building where the writer would be safe. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	31	20	dx2q	figs-metonymy		0	You hide them in a shelter	Here a “shelter” represents a safe place. Alternate translation: “You provide a safe place for them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	31	20	jre5	figs-metonymy		0	from the violence of tongues	Here “tongues” refer to the people who are speaking violent things against the writer. Alternate translation: “where their enemies cannot speak evil at them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	31	21	jkp6	figs-abstractnouns		0	he showed me his marvelous covenant faithfulness	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “he showed me that he is wonderfully faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	31	22	uq2j	figs-activepassive		0	I am cut off from your eyes	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You have removed me from your presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	31	22	aku2	figs-synecdoche		0	your eyes	Here Yahweh is represented by his “eyes.” Alternate translation: “you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	31	22	pa4l	figs-abstractnouns		0	you heard my plea for help	Here “plea” can be expressed with a verb. Alternate translation: “you heard me plead for help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	31	23	a8kd	figs-nominaladj		0	the faithful	This refers to the faithful people. Alternate translation: “the people who are faithful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	31	23	el6y	figs-idiom		0	he pays back the arrogant in full	Here “pay back” is an idiom that refers to punishment. Alternate translation: “he gives the proud people all of the punishment that they deserve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	32	intro	le2f			0		# Psalm 032 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 32 is a psalm of confession of sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/confess]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Confession of sin<br><br>This psalm tells of the sorrow of unconfessed sin; it also tells of the blessing of confession and of receiving God’s forgiveness. It is such a blessing when God forgives sin. Trouble comes when sin is hidden and not confessed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]])
PSA	32	1	w4yz	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	32	1	tgw8			0	A psalm of David	This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms.
PSA	32	1	pzp9	figs-parallelism		0	whose transgression is forgiven, whose sin is covered	These phrases have similar meanings. They can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “who God forgives his transgression and covers his sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	32	1	sch5	figs-metaphor		0	whose sin is covered	Here sin that is forgiven is spoken of as if it were covered so that it can not be seen. Alternate translation: “whose sin is ignored” or “whose sin is deliberately forgotten” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	32	2	k682	figs-activepassive		0	to whom Yahweh reckons no guilt	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whom Yahweh sees as innocent” or “who is not guilty according to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	32	2	m29u	figs-synecdoche		0	in whose spirit there is no deceit	Here “spirit” refers to the person. Alternate translation: “in whom there is not deceit” or “who is completely honest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	32	3	s6cx	figs-synecdoche		0	my bones were wasting away	Here “my bones” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “I was wasting away” or “I was getting weaker” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	32	3	svq8	figs-idiom		0	all day long	This idiom means “continually.” Alternate translation: “all the time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	32	4	j9jl	figs-merism		0	day and night	These extremes include everything in between. Alternate translation: “all the time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
PSA	32	4	xw1r	figs-synecdoche		0	your hand was heavy upon me	Here “hand” refers to Yahweh. The entire phrase is an idiom that means “you afflicted me.” Alternate translation: “you made me suffer greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	32	4	fkc1	figs-simile		0	My strength withered as in summer drought	David’s strength is compared to a small, green plant that turns brown and crumbles in the dry season. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	32	6	rpw8			0	at a time of great distress	Alternate translation: “when they are in great trouble.”
PSA	32	6	yl7l	figs-metaphor		0	When the surging waters overflow, the waters will not reach them	Difficulties are spoken of as if they were a flood of water. Alternate translation: “Then when difficulties come like a flood of water, those people will be safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	32	7	r54z	figs-metaphor		0	You are my hiding place	Yahweh is spoken of as if he was a safe place from the attacks of the writer’s enemies. Alternate translation: “You are like a place where I can hide myself from my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	32	7	u3z7	figs-metaphor		0	You will surround me with the songs of victory	This metaphor apparently means that Yahweh’s protection of the writer is the cause for songs of victory to be sung. Alternate translation: “Because of you I will sing songs of victory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	32	8	x1lw	figs-doublet		0	I will instruct you and teach you in the way	The words “instruct” and “teach” mean basically the same thing and emphasize careful instruction. Alternate translation: “I will teach you everything about the way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	32	8	mh9j			0	I will instruct	Here the “I” is probably Yahweh who talks directly to David.
PSA	32	8	s74m	figs-metaphor		0	in the way which you should go	Living in the correct way is spoken of as if it were a path that the writer should walk. Alternate translation: “how you should live your life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	32	8	lj3f	figs-metonymy		0	with my eye upon you	Here “my eye” refers to Yahweh’s attention. Alternate translation: “and direct my attention to you” or “and watch over you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	32	9	ry6h	figs-simile		0	Do not be like a horse … no understanding	The writer compares people with no understanding to horses and mules. This could mean: (1) the writer is speaking Yahweh’s words to his readers, “You all must not be like a horse … no understanding” or (2) Yahweh is speaking to the writer as though to a group of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	32	9	g1b3			0	bridle and bit	Two tools that are used by people to guide horses and mules go where the rider wants them to go.
PSA	32	9	cv6w			0	where you want them to	“where anyone wants them to go.” The “you” here is singular and refers to no one in particular.
PSA	32	10	ann9	figs-metaphor		0	Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness will surround the one who trusts in him	Yahweh being faithful to a person and protecting that person is spoken of as if Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness surrounded the person. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Because Yahweh is faithful to his covenant, he will protect the one who trusts in him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	32	11	zxp2	figs-idiom		0	Be glad in Yahweh	Here “in Yahweh” refers to what Yahweh has done for them. “Be glad because of what Yahweh has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	32	11	n71r	figs-nominaladj		0	you righteous	This refers to people. Alternate translation: “you righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	32	11	gs62			0	shout for joy	Alternate translation: “shout joyfully” or “shout because of joy”
PSA	32	11	ame7	figs-synecdoche		0	who are upright in heart	Here “heart” refers to the person. Alternate translation: “people who are upright” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	33	intro	m4ih			0		# Psalm 033 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 33 is a worship song. It tells how great God is.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### God’s power<br><br>God is the creator and also the God of his people, Israel. Whatever he plans works out. He alone provides safety in battle.
PSA	33	1	b979	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	33	1	x3gc	figs-idiom		0	Rejoice in Yahweh	Here “in Yahweh” refers to what Yahweh has done for them. “Rejoice because of what Yahweh has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	33	1	jn1l			0	praise is appropriate for the upright	Alternate translation: “to praise Yahweh is appropriate for upright people”
PSA	33	4	mcg5	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Each verse consists of two lines that have very similar meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	33	4	t8rm	figs-metaphor		0	Yahweh’s word is upright	Here “upright” is used as a metaphor for something that is true. Alternate translation: “Yahweh always does what he says that he will do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	33	5	n6zg	figs-abstractnouns		0	He loves righteousness and justice	These abstract nouns can be stated as actions. Alternate translation: “He loves doing what is right and just” or “He loves those who do what is right and just” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	33	5	e631	figs-metaphor		0	The earth is full of Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness	People everywhere in the world being able to see evidence of Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness is spoken of as if his covenant faithfulness filled the earth. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **covenant faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “People everywhere on earth can see that Yahweh is faithful to his covenant” or “Throughout the earth, there is evidence that Yahweh is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	33	6	qhw8	figs-activepassive		0	By the word of Yahweh the heavens were made	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “By using his word, Yahweh made the heavens” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	33	6	bb33	figs-metonymy		0	by the breath of his mouth	This refers to Yahweh’s word. Alternate translation: “by his word” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	33	7	xt7h	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Each verse consists of two lines that have very similar meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	33	7	k6ey	figs-simile		0	like a heap	“like behind a dam.” The writer describes the creation of the sea as if God piles up all the waters together. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	33	7	eg5a	figs-metaphor		0	he puts the oceans in storehouses	The writer describes the creation of the oceans as if God put them in a storehouse. Alternate translation: “he puts the oceans in their place, just like a man puts grain in a storehouse” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	33	8	vc67	figs-metonymy		0	Let the whole earth	This refers to the people on the earth. Alternate translation: “Let everyone on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	33	8	ame6	figs-idiom		0	stand in awe of him	Here “stand in awe” is an idiom that means “be in awe.” Alternate translation: “honor him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	33	9	c3h8	figs-idiom		0	stood in place	Here “stood in place” is an idiom that means “was created.” Alternate translation: “started to exist” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	33	10	x22s	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Each verse consists of two lines that have very similar meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	33	10	zp3d			0	Yahweh frustrates	Alternate translation: “Yahweh destroys” or “Yahweh breaks”
PSA	33	10	r5ri	figs-metonymy		0	the alliances of nations	Here “nations” refers to the people of these nations. Alternate translation: “the alliances of the people of different nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	33	10	sn2l			0	alliances	An alliance is an agreement between two or more nations to support each other in a war against a common enemy.
PSA	33	10	evm2			0	the plans of the peoples	Alternate translation: “the evil plans of the peoples”
PSA	33	11	gp8c	figs-idiom		0	stand forever	Here “stand” is an idiom that means “endure.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	33	11	ww4p	figs-ellipsis		0	the plans of his heart for all generations	The missing term “stand” is implied. Alternate translation: “the plans of his heart stand for all generations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	33	11	vhg2	figs-synecdoche		0	the plans of his heart	Here “his heart” refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “his plans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	33	11	lea7	figs-idiom		0	for all generations	“for all future generations.” This is an idiom that means “forever.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	33	12	w4nk	figs-metonymy		0	Blessed is the nation	Here “the nation” refers to the people of the nation. Alternate translation: “Blessed are the people of the nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	33	12	ph21			0	whose God is Yahweh	Alternate translation: “who worship Yahweh as God”
PSA	33	12	k4jm	figs-metaphor		0	as his own inheritance	The people Yahweh has chosen to worship him are described here as if they were an inheritance that he has received. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	33	14	r7tm	figs-metaphor		0	he looks down	The place where Yahweh lives is spoken of as if it is above the earth where people live. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	33	15	ch4n	figs-metonymy		0	shapes the hearts of them all	Here “hearts” refers to the thinking of these people. The writer speaks of Yahweh guiding the thinking of the people as if he were a potter who was shaping a bowl. Alternate translation: “guides their thinking as a potter shapes a bowl” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	33	16	w54n	figs-activepassive		0	No king is saved by a vast army	This could be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “A large army is not what saves a king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	33	17	hgn8	figs-synecdoche		0	A horse is a false hope for victory	Here “a horse” represents the strongest part of the army. Alternate translation: “Having an army with strong horses does not provide security” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	33	18	v87c			0	See	This word shows that a new theme begins in this Psalm. Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you”
PSA	33	18	fy9c	figs-metonymy		0	Yahweh’s eye	Here “eye” refers to Yahweh’s attention. Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s attention” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	33	18	y8yf	figs-idiom		0	those who hope in his covenant faithfulness	The idiom to “count on” means to “wait for” or to “expect.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adverb. Alternate translation: “those who expect him to act faithfully because of his covenant” or “those who wait for him to act because he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	33	19	z5yv	figs-synecdoche		0	to deliver their lives from death	Here “their lives” refers to the people. Alternate translation: “to keep them from dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	33	20	j64c	figs-idiom		0	We wait for Yahweh	Here “wait” is an idiom that refers to trust. Alternate translation: “We trust in Yahweh” or “We hope in Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	33	20	l55j	figs-metaphor		0	he is our help and our shield	Here Yahweh is spoken of as if he is a shield that protects soldiers in battle. Alternate translation: “he is our helper and protects us like a shield” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	33	21	ujv3	figs-synecdoche		0	Our hearts rejoice	Here “hearts” refer to the people. Alternate translation: “We rejoice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	33	21	eu9i	figs-metonymy		0	in his holy name	Here “holy name” refers to Yahweh’s holy character. Alternate translation: “in his holy character” or “in him because he is holy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	33	22	nn9g	figs-metaphor		0	Let your covenant faithfulness, Yahweh, be with us	Yahweh acting faithfully towards the people is spoken of as if Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness were with them. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adverb. Alternate translation: “May you always act faithfully towards us because of your covenant, Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	33	22	jye8			0	as we put our hope in you	Alternate translation: “as we hope for your help”
PSA	34	intro	az5s			0		# Psalm 034 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 34 is a teaching psalm and includes thanksgiving. It teaches that living right leads to a good life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]])<br><br>The psalm does not relate directly to the superscription given about Abimelech.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s help<br><br>Good people can have problems, but God brings them through these. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]])
PSA	34	1	p9iv	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	34	1	w9ay			0	A psalm of David	This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms.
PSA	34	1	j36y			0	pretended to be insane	Alternate translation: “acted like a crazy person”
PSA	34	1	m4gs	figs-explicit		0	before Abimelech	This refers to a specific historical event that the Hebrews knew well. Alternate translation: “when he was in Abimelech’s house” or “when he was Abimelech’s prisoner” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	34	1	klk3	figs-metonymy		0	his praise will always be in my mouth	Here “in my mouth” refers to David speaking about Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I will always praise him out loud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	34	2	rk7h	figs-nominaladj		0	the oppressed	This refers to people who are oppressed. Alternate translation: “the oppressed people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	34	3	me7c			0	Praise Yahweh with me	The verb “praise” is a command to a group. Alternate translation: “Everyone should praise Yahweh with me”
PSA	34	3	n56p	figs-idiom		0	lift up his name	Here “lift up” is an idiom that refers to exalting Yahweh. Alternate translation: “tell people how great he is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	34	3	hjw1	figs-metonymy		0	his name	Here “his name” refers to Yahweh’s character. Alternate translation: “his character” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	34	4	def1	figs-metaphor		0	I sought Yahweh	Here “sought Yahweh” means David was asking Yahweh for help. Alternate translation: “I prayed to Yahweh” or “I asked Yahweh for help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	34	5	t6s5	figs-metaphor		0	Those who look to him	Here “look to” represents seeking help from him. Alternate translation: “Those who look at him for help” or “those who expect help only from him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	34	5	ndy9	figs-idiom		0	are radiant	This idiom refers to their appearance as being joyful. Alternate translation: “are joyful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	34	5	caz9	figs-synecdoche		0	their faces are not ashamed	Here “their faces” refers to the people who look to Yahweh. It can also be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “they are not ashamed” or “they are proud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
PSA	34	6	cib3	figs-123person		0	This oppressed man	David describes himself as an oppressed man. Alternate translation: “I was oppressed and” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
PSA	34	6	qw3c	figs-idiom		0	Yahweh heard him	Here “heard” means that Yahweh helped him. Alternate translation: “Yahweh heard me” or “Yahweh helped him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	34	7	qu9z	figs-metaphor		0	camps around	The angel of Yahweh is spoken of as if he were an army that camps around someone in order to protect them. Alternate translation: “guards” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	34	8	qed8	figs-metaphor		0	Taste and see that Yahweh is good	Yahweh’s goodness is spoken of as something that can be tasted and seen. Alternate translation: “Try and experience that Yahweh is good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	34	8	j8ma	figs-metaphor		0	takes refuge	Yahweh is spoken of as if he were a place where people can hide for protection from their enemies. Alternate translation: “trust him to protect them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	34	9	vv95	figs-litotes		0	There is no lack for those who fear him	This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Those who fear him will always have what they need” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
PSA	34	10	ch59	figs-litotes		0	will not lack anything good	This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “will always have the good things they need” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
PSA	34	11	ge81			0	sons	Here this does not refer to literal sons of the writer, but to the people he is teaching about Yahweh. Alternate translation: “my students”
PSA	34	12	gmc4	figs-rquestion		0	What man is there who desires life and loves many days, that he may see good?	The implicit answer to this question is “every man.” If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Every man desires life and desires to live many days and have a good life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	34	13	h79u	figs-parallelism		0	keep your tongue from evil … keep your lips from speaking lies	These two phrases refer to the same thing and it is said in different ways to emphasize its importance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	34	13	jy3g	figs-synecdoche		0	Then keep your tongue from evil	Here “tongue” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “Therefore, do not speak evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	34	13	d237	figs-synecdoche		0	keep your lips from speaking lies	Here “lips” refers to the person speaking. Alternate translation: “do not speak lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	34	14	l778	figs-metaphor		0	Turn away from evil	Here “Turn away” is a metaphor for avoiding evil. Alternate translation: “Refuse to do evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	34	14	sjg9	figs-metaphor		0	Seek peace	Here “seek” means to be concerned about peace. Alternate translation: “Try hard to live in peace with other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	34	15	x87w	figs-metonymy		0	The eyes of Yahweh are on the righteous	Here “the eyes of Yahweh” refer to his careful watching. “The righteous” is a reference to righteous people. Alternate translation: “Yahweh carefully watches over the righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	34	15	ihz6	figs-synecdoche		0	his ears are directed toward their cry	Here Yahweh is represented by his “ears.” To be directed toward something means to pay attention to it. Alternate translation: “he pays attention to their cry” or “he answers their cry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	34	16	b3yv	figs-metaphor		0	to cut off the memory of them from the earth	Yahweh will cause people to so completely forget them when they die that it is as if he used a knife to cut off any memory of them. Alternate translation: “so that when they are dead, people will forget them completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	34	17	ib9f	figs-idiom		0	Yahweh hears	Here “hears” means that Yahweh desires to respond to them. Alternate translation: “Yahweh pays attention to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	34	18	ers6	figs-idiom		0	Yahweh is close	Here “is close” means “ready to help.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh is always ready to help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	34	18	km9m	figs-metaphor		0	the brokenhearted	This is a nominal adjective that refers to people who are brokenhearted. Deep sadness is spoken of as if the person’s heart is broken. Alternate translation: “people who are very sad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	34	18	zhw6	figs-metaphor		0	those who are crushed in spirit	People who are deeply discouraged are spoken of as if their spirits are crushed. Alternate translation: “people who are deeply discouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	34	19	s9nw	figs-nominaladj		0	the righteous	This refers to people who are righteous. Alternate translation: “the righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	34	20	p78v	figs-synecdoche		0	He keeps all his bones, not one of them will be broken	Here “all his bones” is literal, but it also implies that Yahweh takes care of the entire person. Alternate translation: “He provides complete protection for him, he will not be harmed in any way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	34	21	zrq9	figs-personification		0	Evil will kill the wicked	Evil is described as if it were a man who can kill people. Alternate translation: “The evil deeds of wicked people will kill them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	34	21	rj4c	figs-nominaladj		0	the wicked	This refers to wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	34	21	v5tb	figs-activepassive		0	Those who hate the righteous will be condemned	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will condemn those who hate the righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	34	21	a6li	figs-nominaladj		0	the righteous	This refers to righteous people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	34	22	pl7j	figs-activepassive		0	None of those who take refuge in him will be condemned	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. It can also be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will forgive everyone who takes refuge in him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
PSA	34	22	wb23	figs-metaphor		0	take refuge in him	Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to him for protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	35	intro	d3ln			0		# Psalm 035 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 35 is a prayer for deliverance. His enemies are coming against him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Enemies<br><br>When his enemies were sick, he tried to comfort them, but when he was in trouble his enemies use this as a time to attack him.
PSA	35	1	u6dy	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	35	2	uj8w	figs-metaphor		0	Grab your small shield and large shield	The writer describes God as a warrior who is preparing himself for battle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	35	2	f9eb			0	small shield and large shield	these are defensive weapons
PSA	35	3	e4ia	figs-metaphor		0	Use your spear and battle ax	The writer describes God as a warrior who is preparing himself for battle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	35	3	qr78			0	spear and battle ax	these are offensive weapons
PSA	35	3	z8vr	figs-metaphor		0	those who chase me	This could mean: (1) these enemies are literally chasing the writer or (2) this is a metaphor for people who are enemies of the writer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	35	3	k4rj	figs-synecdoche		0	say to my soul	This refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “say to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	35	3	wz6p	figs-abstractnouns		0	I am your salvation	This can be stated without the abstract noun. Alternate translation: “I am your savior” or “I will save you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	35	4	w6yz	figs-activepassive		0	May those who seek my life be shamed and dishonored	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh shame and dishonor those who seek my life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	35	4	pv5x			0	May those	Alternate translation: “I desire that”
PSA	35	4	s62m	figs-metaphor		0	who seek my life	Here “seek my life” means they desire to kill the writer. The writer is represented by his “life.” Alternate translation: “who are trying to kill me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	35	4	fq9w	figs-activepassive		0	May those who plan to harm me be turned back and confounded	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh turn back and confound those who plan to harm me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	35	4	g34u	figs-metaphor		0	be turned back	“be turned back” here is a metaphor for being unable to accomplish their goal. Alternate translation: “be unsuccessful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	35	4	mks4			0	confounded	Alternate translation: “confused”
PSA	35	5	wp56	figs-simile		0	as chaff before the wind	The writer’s enemies are spoken of as if they are chaff that is easily blown away. Alternate translation: “blown away by the wind like chaff” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	35	6	ayu2	figs-metonymy		0	their way	Here “their way” refers to their lives. Alternate translation: “their lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	35	6	w5gp	figs-metaphor		0	dark and slippery	This refers to a way that is hidden and dangerous. Alternate translation: “hidden and full of dangers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	35	6	ehs5	figs-metaphor		0	chases them	This refers to the angel of Yahweh being opposed to the writer’s enemies. Alternate translation: “works against them” or “opposes them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	35	7	h8ne	figs-metaphor		0	they set their net for me	The schemes of the wicked are spoken of as if they were a net that they set to catch the writer. Alternate translation: “they want to catch me in a net like a small animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	35	7	j68b	figs-metaphor		0	they dug a pit for my life	The schemes of the wicked are spoken of as if they were a pit that they dug to catch the writer. Alternate translation: “they wanted to capture me in a pit like a big animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	35	7	kw8m	figs-synecdoche		0	my life	This refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	35	8	iq5p	figs-personification		0	Let destruction overtake them by surprise	Destruction is spoken of as if it was a dangerous animal that would suddenly attack them. Alternate translation: “Let them be destroyed suddenly” or “Let them be surprised because you destroy them suddenly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	35	8	d6rv	figs-metaphor		0	the net that they have set	The schemes of the wicked are spoken of as if they were a net that they place to catch the writer. Alternate translation: “the net that they placed in order to capture me like an animal and harm me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	35	8	e9d9	figs-metaphor		0	Let them fall into it	This is the same metaphor as in verse 7. The net is intended to catch the writer. Alternate translation: “Let them fall into the pit that they dug for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	35	8	n85r			0	fall into it	This could mean: (1) fall into the pit of verse 7 or (2) fall into destruction.
PSA	35	8	q1k1	figs-abstractnouns		0	to their destruction	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **destruction**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “so that they will be destroyed” or “that is how you should destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	35	9	gv3z	figs-abstractnouns		0	in his salvation	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “because you save me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	35	10	dy1n	figs-metonymy		0	All my bones	Here “bones” refers to the deepest inner being of a person. Alternate translation: “My whole inner being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	35	10	fcx1	figs-rquestion		0	Yahweh, who is like you … those who try to rob them?	The implicit answer to this question is that no one is like Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, there is no one like you … those who try to rob them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	35	10	kuz3	figs-doublet		0	the poor and needy	The words “poor” and “needy” mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh saves many who need his help. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	35	11	j8nd	figs-idiom		0	rise up	This means they testify in a trial. Alternate translation: “volunteer to give a testimony” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	35	12	ns9v	figs-metaphor		0	They repay me evil for good	This is a metaphor which means they give back evil in exchange for the good they have received. Alternate translation: “In return for my doing good things for them, they do evil things to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	35	12	j7e3	figs-abstractnouns		0	evil … good	These abstract nouns can be stated in other forms. Alternate translation: “evil things … good things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	35	12	v5ej			0	I am sorrowful	Alternate translation: “I am extremely sad”
PSA	35	13	jiu2			0	when they were sick	The word “they” refers to the “unrighteous witnesses” ([Psalms 35:11](../035/011.md)).
PSA	35	13	t4yd			0	I wore sackcloth	Alternate translation: “I showed that I was sad”
PSA	35	13	gt7d	translate-symaction		0	with my head bowed on my chest	This was a symbol of prayer. “with my head bent down in prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
PSA	35	14	zuy5	figs-simile		0	in grief as for my brother	The writer was as sad as if his own brother had died. Alternate translation: “grieving as if my own brother was ill” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	35	14	kn9w	figs-simile		0	I bent down in mourning as for my mother	The writer mourned as if his own mother had died. Alternate translation: “I mourned as if my own mother had died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	35	14	zqf9	translate-symaction		0	I bent down	This was a symbol of pain and suffering. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
PSA	35	15	ff5f			0	gathered together	Alternate translation: “assembled together” or “came together”
PSA	35	15	w4hv	figs-idiom		0	against me	This means they came together for the purpose of attacking the writer. Alternate translation: “to make plans against me” or “to plan my destruction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	35	15	qu3u	figs-metaphor		0	They tore at me	Here the treated the writer as if he were a piece of cloth that they could tear to pieces. Alternate translation: “They attacked me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	35	16	l7dx			0	With no respect at all they mocked me	(1) “With the worthless people they ridiculed me” or (2) “Without respect they made fun of me”
PSA	35	16	j13z	translate-symaction		0	they grind their teeth at me in rage	This is a sign of anger and hate. “they made grinding noises with their teeth at me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
PSA	35	17	x3er	figs-rquestion		0	how long will you look on?	This rhetorical question indicates that the writer wants God to stop simply looking on and to start to help him. Alternate translation: “how long will you only watch them doing this?” or “when will you help me?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	35	17	te6n	figs-synecdoche		0	Rescue my soul	Here “soul” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “Rescue me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	35	17	ygg1	figs-ellipsis		0	my life from the lions	The word “save” is implied. Alternate translation: “save my life from the lions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	35	17	kep3	figs-synecdoche		0	my life	This refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	35	17	d2a8	figs-metaphor		0	from the lions	Here the writer speaks of his enemies as if they were vicious lions. Alternate translation: “from my enemies who attack me like wild animals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	35	19	p53g			0	Do not let my deceitful enemies	Alternate translation: “Do not let my enemies, who tell lies about me,”
PSA	35	19	a7lv			0	their wicked schemes	Alternate translation: “their evil plans”
PSA	35	20	pjw3	figs-abstractnouns		0	they do not speak peace	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **peace**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “peacefully.” Alternate translation: “they do not speak peacefully to people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	35	20	sg2n			0	devise deceitful words	Alternate translation: “look for ways to tell lies”
PSA	35	20	e21a			0	those in our land who live in peace	Alternate translation: “those who live peacefully in our land”
PSA	35	20	p638	figs-abstractnouns		0	live in peace	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **peace**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “live peacefully with others” or “do no harm to anyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	35	21	vvg2	figs-explicit		0	They open their mouths wide against me	The reason they open their mouths is to accuse the writer. Alternate translation: “They shout at me in order to accuse me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	35	21	b5wt	figs-exclamations		0	Aha, Aha	This is something an excited person says when he has suddenly seen or understood something, especially something other people did not expect him to see. It emphasizes the statement that follows. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
PSA	35	21	s32p	figs-synecdoche		0	our eyes have seen it	Here “our eyes” refers to the enemies’ eyes. It is implied that they are saying they saw the writer do something wrong. Alternate translation: “we have seen it” or “we saw the wrong things that you did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	35	22	gn7x	figs-explicit		0	You have seen it	Here “it” refers to the false accusations of the writer’s enemies. Alternate translation: “You have seen how they falsely accused me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	35	22	tt5p	figs-litotes		0	do not be silent	“do not ignore what they did” This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “judge them because of what they did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
PSA	35	22	a6yk	figs-litotes		0	do not be far from me	This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “be very close to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
PSA	35	23	hkj2	figs-metaphor		0	Arouse yourself and awake	This does not mean that God is actually asleep. The writer wants God to intervene. Both words mean basically the same thing and emphasize the urgency of this request. Alternate translation: “I feel like you are sleeping! Wake up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	35	23	g2zc	figs-abstractnouns		0	to my defense	This abstract noun “defense” can be stated as “defend.” Alternate translation: “to defend me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	35	23	qri7	figs-metonymy		0	my cause	This refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	35	24	h9ku			0	do not let them rejoice over me	Alternate translation: “do not let them be glad because I am suffering”
PSA	35	25	g22z	figs-idiom		0	say in their heart	This is an idiom that means to say to oneself. Alternate translation: “say to themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	35	25	lj61	figs-exclamations		0	Aha	This is an exclamation that is used when something is suddenly seen or understood. It emphasizes what follows. Alternate translation: “Yes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
PSA	35	25	vuc2	figs-explicit		0	we have what we wanted	It is implied that the writer’s enemies wanted him to be declared guilty. Alternate translation: “he has been declared guilty just as we desired” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	35	25	p58l	figs-metaphor		0	We have devoured him	The writer’s enemies speak of his destruction as if they were wild animals who had eaten him. Alternate translation: “We have swallowed him up” or “We have destroyed him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	35	26	fck7			0	May they be put to shame and may they be confounded who rejoice at my distress	Alternate translation: “May those who rejoice at my distress be put to shame and confounded”
PSA	35	26	p6id			0	May they be put to shame	Alternate translation: “May they feel shame”
PSA	35	26	m9cp			0	may they be confounded	Alternate translation: “may they be confused” or “may they be humiliated”
PSA	35	26	q1m6	figs-activepassive		0	May those who exalt themselves over me be clothed with shame and dishonor	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “May you clothe with shame and dishonor those who exalt themselves over me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	35	26	y2xu			0	exalt themselves over me	Alternate translation: “consider themselves better than I am” or “think they have the right to treat me badly”
PSA	35	26	j7j7	figs-abstractnouns		0	clothed with shame and dishonor	Here shame and dishonor are spoken of as if they were shameful clothes that the writer could wear. These abstract nouns can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: “shamed and dishonored” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	35	26	he8a	figs-doublet		0	shame and dishonor	These terms mean about the same thing and are used to emphasize how degraded they will be. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	35	27	ywv7			0	my vindication	Here “vindication” refers to Yahweh proclaiming or judging the psalmist innocent.
PSA	35	27	f434			0	may they say continually	Alternate translation: “may they always say”
PSA	35	27	zr5u	figs-activepassive		0	Yahweh be praised	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Let us praise Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	35	27	l9kp			0	who delights in	Alternate translation: “who is happy with” or “who is glad for”
PSA	35	27	ra7f			0	welfare	well-being, happiness
PSA	35	28	b4q3	figs-abstractnouns		0	tell of your justice	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **justice**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “right.” Alternate translation: “proclaim that you act in the right way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	36	intro	a634			0		# Psalm 036 General Notes<br><br>## Formatting in this chapter<br><br>Psalm 36 is a psalm of praise. It speaks of how good God is to those who love him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### God and man<br><br>Evil people do not think about God; but he is such a pleasure to all who honor him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])
PSA	36	1	d19d	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	36	1	hw62			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.”
PSA	36	1	eg5r	figs-genericnoun		0	An evil man	This does not refer to a specific man, but to evil people in general. Alternate translation: “Evil people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
PSA	36	1	pzl6	figs-metonymy		0	from deep in his heart	Here “heart” refers to the inner being of a person. Alternate translation: “from his inner being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	36	1	zm16	figs-synecdoche		0	in his eyes	Here “eyes” refers to the wicked person. Alternate translation: “in him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	36	2	fd1w			0	he comforts himself, thinking	Alternate translation: “he prefers to believe” or “he wants to think”
PSA	36	2	z7qc	figs-activepassive		0	his sin will not be discovered and be hated	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will not discover and hate his sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	36	3	v6yt			0	His words are	Alternate translation: “What he says is”
PSA	36	3	pir7			0	do good	Alternate translation: “do things that are good”
PSA	36	4	d3zz	figs-metaphor		0	he sets out on an evil way	The sinful actions of the man are spoken of as if he was walking along a path that was evil. Alternate translation: “he begins to do evil things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	36	4	w34n	figs-abstractnouns		0	he does not reject evil	Here “evil” can be stated in another form. Alternate translation: “he does not reject evil behavior” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	36	5	wiw8	figs-metaphor		0	Your covenant faithfulness … reaches to the heavens	The greatness of God’s covenant faithfulness is spoken of as if it were an object that reached as high as the heavens. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Your covenant faithfulness … is very great” or “You … are as faithful to your covenant as the heavens are high above the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	36	5	m314	figs-metaphor		0	reaches to the clouds	The greatness of God’s loyalty is spoken of as if it was very high. Alternate translation: “is as high as the clouds” or “is enormously great” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	36	6	s49q	figs-simile		0	like the mountains of God … like the great deep	These phrases describe the greatness of God’s righteousness and judgments as if they were very high and deep. Alternate translation: “as high as the highest mountains … as deep as the deepest sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	36	6	e8gt			0	you preserve	Alternate translation: “you help” or “you save”
PSA	36	7	vs32	figs-abstractnouns		0	How precious is your covenant faithfulness	The word “precious” refers to how greatly the writer values Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “I greatly value how you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	36	8	vy98	figs-metaphor		0	They feast upon the abundance of your house	Eating much food as guests in a house is a metaphor for God providing all his people need. Alternate translation: “They will have all they need because you will provide it to them” or “You have plenty to give, and you will provide them with all they need” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	36	8	mw7h	figs-metaphor		0	you let them drink from the river of your delights	There are two metaphors here. God’s abundant blessings are spoken of as if they are the water in a flowing river. Also, those who receive those blessings are spoken of as if they are drinking them like water. Alternate translation: “your precious blessings are like a river from which you will let them drink” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	36	9	wc6m			0	fountain of life	Alternate translation: “source of life”
PSA	36	9	f7u5	figs-metaphor		0	in your light we will see light	Here “light” is a metaphor for true knowledge. Alternate translation: “when you enlighten us, we will know the truth” or “your light is what enables us to know the truth about you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	36	10	d1ua	figs-metaphor		0	Extend your covenant faithfulness fully to those who know you	The writer speaks of Yahweh continuing to act faithfully towards the people as if Yahweh were to extend his covenant faithfulness or make it longer. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adverb. Alternate translation: “Continue to act faithfully to those who know you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	36	10	jtd4	figs-abstractnouns		0	your defense to the upright of heart	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **defense**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. “Continue” is implied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “Continue to protect the upright of heart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	36	10	qms7	figs-synecdoche		0	the upright of heart	Here “heart” refers to the people. Alternate translation: “the upright” or “people who act righteously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	36	11	z9yf	figs-synecdoche		0	the foot of the arrogant man … the hand of the wicked	Here “foot” and “hand” refer to the evil people. These are not specific men. This refers to evil people in general. Alternate translation: “arrogant people … wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
PSA	36	11	a5wg			0	drive me away	Alternate translation: “send me away” or “make me leave my place”
PSA	36	12	mm9r	figs-metaphor		0	evildoers have fallen; they are knocked down and are not able to get up	All three phrases describe the evildoers as defeated. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	36	12	q7yf	figs-activepassive		0	they are knocked down	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you have knocked them down” or “you have destroyed them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	36	12	bmn7			0	are not able to get up	Alternate translation: “cannot get up”
PSA	37	intro	tv7e			0		# Psalm 037 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 37 is a teaching psalm. It provides guidance about how to live a moral and God-fearing life. It teaches that evil people do not prosper in the future. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Envy<br><br>Do not envy evil people. Although it appears as though they prosper, soon they will be destroyed and the good people will continue on living. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]])
PSA	37	1	bd2s	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	37	1	a1ye			0	Do not be irritated because of evildoers	Alternate translation: “Do not let wicked people upset you” or “Do not be bothered by what wicked people do”
PSA	37	2	y2vk	figs-simile		0	dry up as the grass … wither as the green plants	Evildoers are spoken of as if they are grass and plants that dry up and die in the hot weather. These two similes both mean they will die. Alternate translation: “die” or “come to an end” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	37	3	eb2r	figs-metaphor		0	graze in faithfulness	Faithfulness is spoken of as if it was an animal that would be strengthened by feeding in good pasture. Alternate translation: “nourish faithfulness” or “increase your faithfulness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	37	4	pbq2	figs-metonymy		0	the desires of your heart	Here “heart” represents the person’s inner being and thoughts. Alternate translation: “your deepest, inner desires” or “the things that you desire the most” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	37	5	wt82	figs-idiom		0	Give your ways to Yahweh	Here “give your ways” is an idiom that means to ask Yahweh to control your life. Alternate translation: “Ask Yahweh to guide your actions in life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	37	5	i61n	figs-idiom		0	act on your behalf	This is to represent another in legal issues. Here, when one trusts in Yahweh, he will defend that person and grant justice to that person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	37	6	lt22	figs-parallelism		0	like the daylight … like the day at noon	Both of these phrases mean about the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	37	6	n8jl	figs-simile		0	like the daylight	This means “in full view of everyone.” Alternate translation: “as clear to see as the light of day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	37	6	jt1t	figs-simile		0	like the day at noon	This means “as visible as the noon sun.” Alternate translation: “as visible as the light at the brightest time of day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	37	7	vgp6			0	Be still	Alternate translation: “Be quiet”
PSA	37	9	qq5y	figs-metaphor		0	will be cut off	The destruction of the wicked is spoken of as if they were a branch of a plant that was cut off and thrown away. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	37	9	ijv6			0	but those who wait for Yahweh	Alternate translation: “but those who trust in Yahweh”
PSA	37	9	rvq6	figs-metaphor		0	will inherit the land	The possession of the land is spoken of as if it will be received as an inheritance. Alternate translation: “will receive the land as their own possession” or “will live safely in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	37	10	zbl4	figs-idiom		0	will disappear	This idiom refers to the death of the evil man. Alternate translation: “will die and you will no longer see him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	37	11	ma58	figs-nominaladj		0	the meek	This refers to the people who are meek. Alternate translation: “the meek people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	37	11	bs1x	figs-metaphor		0	will inherit the land	The possession of the land is spoken of as if it will be received as an inheritance. See how you translated this in [Psalms 37:9](../037/009.md). Alternate translation: “will receive the land as their own possession” or “will live safely in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	37	12	vej2	figs-genericnoun		0	The wicked man	This does not refer to a specific man. It refers to wicked people in general. Alternate translation: “The wicked person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
PSA	37	12	k2zu	figs-nominaladj		0	the righteous	This does not refer to specific people. This refers to people who are righteous. Alternate translation: “the righteous person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	37	12	y9px	writing-symlanguage		0	grinds his teeth	The wicked man hates the righteous person so much that he grinds his teeth together to show his anger. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
PSA	37	13	g21a	figs-explicit		0	his day is coming	It is implied that “his day” will be a day of judgment. Alternate translation: “the day is coming when Yahweh will judge and punish him” or “the day is coming when Yahweh will judge and punish the wicked person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	37	14	wde8	figs-nominaladj		0	The wicked	This refers to the wicked people. Alternate translation: “The wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	37	14	yet9	figs-synecdoche		0	have drawn out their swords … have bent their bows	Both “swords” and “bows” are weapons used to attack people. The fact that they are “drawn” and “bent” means they are ready to start attacking. Alternate translation: “have prepared their weapons in order to attack” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	37	14	f2i7	figs-metaphor		0	to cast down	This destruction of the needy people is spoken of as if they were clay pots that would break into pieces when thrown down on the ground. Alternate translation: “to destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	37	14	r9uh	figs-doublet		0	the oppressed and needy	These terms both refer to people who are powerless to defend themselves. Alternate translation: “people who are not able to resist them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	37	15	p5xq	figs-synecdoche		0	Their swords will pierce their own hearts	Swords are examples of weapons and “hearts” represent the people. To “pierce the heart” is an idiom that means “to kill.” Alternate translation: “Their weapons will be turned against them and they will kill themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	37	16	d3e8			0	Better is the little that the righteous has than the abundance of many wicked people	Alternate translation: “It is better to be poor and righteous than to be wicked with great wealth”
PSA	37	16	brs7	figs-nominaladj		0	Better is the little that the righteous has	The nominal adjective “the little” refers to few possessions. The nominal adjective “the righteous” refers to a righteous person. Alternate translation: “Better are the few possessions that a righteous person has” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	37	16	w4rb	figs-nominaladj		0	the abundance	This refers to the wealth of the wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	37	17	psr9	figs-metonymy		0	For the arms of the wicked people will be broken	Here “arms” represent the strength of the wicked people. Breaking their arms represents taking away their power. This could be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “For Yahweh will remove the strength of the wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	37	18	f64m	figs-idiom		0	watches over the blameless	To “watch over” means to protect someone. Here “the blameless” refers to the blameless people. Alternate translation: “protects the blameless people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	37	18	ck1b	figs-idiom		0	day by day	This is an idiom that means “continually.” Alternate translation: “every day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	37	19	itw1	figs-idiom		0	when times are bad	This phrase refers to disasters, such as famine. Alternate translation: “when calamities occur” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	37	20	y7p7	figs-simile		0	Yahweh’s enemies will be like the glory of the pastures	The writer compares Yahweh’s enemies to the flowers blooming in the fields. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	37	20	c5yy	figs-metaphor		0	be consumed and disappear in the smoke	The writer speaks of the destruction of the wicked as if they were weeds or wilted flowers in the field that are burned off after the harvest. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will destroy them as fire turns the weeds of the field into smoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	37	21	bz3p	figs-doublet		0	is generous and gives	These mean the same thing and emphasize the generosity of the righteous. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	37	22	u3r4	figs-parallelism		0	Those who are blessed by God will inherit the land; those who are cursed by him will be cut off	This is a contrastive form of Parallelism. Those who are blessed by God in contrast to those who are cursed by God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	37	22	bf1j	figs-activepassive		0	Those who are blessed by God	This can be stated as active. Alternate translation: “Those whom God blesses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	37	22	tev2	figs-metaphor		0	will inherit the land	The possession of the land is spoken of as if it had been received as an inheritance. See how you translated this in [Psalms 37:9](../037/009.md). Alternate translation: “will receive the land as their own possession” or “will be allowed to live safely in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	37	22	u6uk	figs-activepassive		0	those who are cursed by him	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “those whom Yahweh curses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	37	22	n6u3	figs-metaphor		0	will be cut off	The destruction of the wicked is spoken of as if they were a branch of plant that was cut off and thrown away. See how you translated this in [Psalms 37:9](../037/009.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	37	23	cq19	figs-activepassive		0	It is by Yahweh that a man’s steps are established … commendable in God’s sight	These can be stated to show the logical connection and clarify the passive clause. Alternate translation: “If a man lives in a commendable way in Yahweh’s sight, Yahweh will establish his steps” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	37	23	fba1	figs-activepassive		0	It is by Yahweh that a man’s steps are established	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is the one who enables a man to be successful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	37	23	c8pu	figs-genericnoun		0	a man … the man	This does not refer to a specific man, but to people in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
PSA	37	23	na5m	figs-metonymy		0	a man’s steps	Steps represent the way a person lives. Alternate translation: “the way a man lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	37	24	c1m3	figs-metaphor		0	Though he stumbles, he will not fall down	Here “stumble” and “fall” refer to the man’s reaction to difficult times. Alternate translation: “Though he has difficult times, he will not utterly fail” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	37	24	k1r7	figs-metonymy		0	holding him with his hand	Here “his hand” refers to Yahweh’s power, and “holding him” refers to protecting him. Alternate translation: “protecting him with his power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	37	25	g5w1	figs-activepassive		0	the righteous person abandoned	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh forsake the righteous person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	37	25	nq7e	figs-genericnoun		0	the righteous person	This does not refer to a specific person. It is a general statement. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
PSA	37	25	rv2w	figs-synecdoche		0	begging for bread	Here “bread” represents food in general. Alternate translation: begging for food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	37	26	jp6j	figs-idiom		0	All the day long he is	This idiom means this action is a habit of his life. Alternate translation: “He is always (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	37	26	iry2			0	his children become a blessing	Alternate translation: “his children grow up to bless others”
PSA	37	27	v1dr	figs-metaphor		0	Turn away from	To stop doing something is spoken of as if the person turned away from it. Alternate translation: “Stop doing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	37	28	ybg7	figs-activepassive		0	They are preserved forever	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will protect them forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	37	28	ga2f	figs-metaphor		0	will be cut off	The destruction of the wicked is spoken of as if they were a branch of plant that was cut off and thrown away. See how you translated this in [Psalms 37:9](../037/009.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	37	29	t6ic	figs-metaphor		0	will inherit the land	The possession of the land is spoken of as if it had been received as an inheritance. See how you translated this in [Psalms 37:9](../037/009.md). Alternate translation: “will receive the land as their own possession” or “will be allowed to live safely in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	37	30	u8ut	figs-nominaladj		0	the righteous	This refers to the people who are righteous. Alternate translation: “the righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	37	30	w34s	figs-synecdoche		0	The mouth of the righteous person	Here “mouth” represents the whole person who speaks. Alternate translation: “The righteous person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	37	30	hy67	figs-abstractnouns		0	speaks wisdom	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wisdom**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “wise.” Alternate translation: “gives wise advice to others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	37	30	xy8u	figs-abstractnouns		0	increases justice	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **justice**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “encourages other people to live rightly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	37	31	bga8	figs-metonymy		0	The law of his God is in his heart	Here “in his heart” refers to his deepest inner being. Alternate translation: “He treasures the commands of his God in his inner being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	37	31	nf23	figs-metaphor		0	his feet will not slip	Here failure to obey Yahweh is spoken of as slipping off a safe path and falling. Alternate translation: “he will walk safely in the way God wants him to walk” or “he will safely do the things God wants him to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	37	32	jz23	figs-genericnoun		0	The wicked person … the righteous person	These words refer to any wicked or righteous person or to wicked and righteous people in general, not to specific people. Alternate translation: “Wicked people … righteous people” or “Any wicked person” or “any righteous person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
PSA	37	32	w8bk	figs-explicit		0	watches the righteous person	Here the watching implies observing the righteous in order to do them harm. Alternate translation: “waits in ambush for the righteous person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	37	33	ea9s	figs-genericnoun		0	the evil person’s hand	These words refer to the hand of any evil person, not of any specific person. Here “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “evil people’s hands” or “the power of the evil person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	37	33	z9fb	figs-activepassive		0	when he is judged	This refers to Yahweh judging the righteous man. Alternate translation: “When Yahweh judges him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	37	34	eu5a	figs-metaphor		0	he will raise you up to possess the land	Here “raise you up” refers to God giving honor to those who wait for him. Alternate translation: “he will honor you by giving you the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	37	34	lj8c	figs-nominaladj		0	the wicked	This refers to wicked people. Alternate translation: “the wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	37	34	k2fq	figs-metaphor		0	are cut off	The destruction of the wicked is spoken of as if they were a branch of a plant that was cut off and thrown away. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Psalms 37:9](../037/009.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	37	35	ec1h	figs-genericnoun		0	the wicked and terrifying person	This does not refer to a specific person. It is a general statement. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
PSA	37	35	d6gn	figs-simile		0	spread out like a green tree in its native soil	Here the prosperity of the wicked man is spoken of as if he were a healthy tree growing in good soil. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	37	36	lz97	figs-activepassive		0	he could not be found	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I could not find him” or “Yahweh had taken him away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	37	37	pn9i	figs-genericnoun		0	the man of integrity	This does not refer to a specific person. It is a general statement. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
PSA	37	37	cy8i			0	mark the upright	Alternate translation: “note carefully the good people” or “notice the good people”
PSA	37	38	dqj8	figs-activepassive		0	the future for the wicked man is cut off	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will end his family line” or “he will not have any descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	37	38	pn38	figs-metonymy		0	the future	This refers to his descendants. Alternate translation: “his descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	37	38	al71	figs-genericnoun		0	the wicked man	This does not refer to a specific person. It is a general statement. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
PSA	37	38	a22i	figs-metaphor		0	is cut off	The destruction of the wicked is spoken of as if they were a branch of a plant that was cut off and thrown away. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Psalms 37:9](../037/009.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	37	39	m69g	figs-abstractnouns		0	Salvation of the righteous comes from Yahweh	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **Salvation**, you could express the same idea with an action. Alternate translation: “Yahweh rescues the righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	37	39	rjp3	figs-nominaladj		0	the righteous	This refers to the righteous people. Alternate translation: “the righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	37	40	jus5	figs-parallelism		0	helps … rescues … saves	This same idea is repeated in several different ways to emphasize that Yahweh is dependable and able to give aid. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	37	40	qwg7	figs-metaphor		0	they have taken refuge in him	Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “they have gone to him for protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	38	intro	ysy3			0		# Psalm 038 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 38 is a confession of sin and a prayer for deliverance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/confess]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Author’s sickness<br><br>The author was very sick and his enemies were seeking ways to destroy him.
PSA	38	1	nsf9	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	38	1	n1x9			0	A psalm of David	This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms.
PSA	38	1	nd38	figs-parallelism		0	do not rebuke me in your anger … do not punish me in your wrath	These phrases mean basically the same thing and the idea is repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	38	2	z5x4	figs-metaphor		0	your arrows pierce me	The severity of Yahweh’s punishment of the writer is spoken of as if Yahweh had shot arrows into the writer. Alternate translation: “Your punishment is as painful as if you had shot arrows into me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	38	2	w3fq	figs-metaphor		0	your hand presses me down	Yahweh’s punishment of the writer is spoken of as if Yahweh was smashing the writer with his hand. Here, “hand” refers to Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “your power knocks me down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	38	3	m6l5	figs-synecdoche		0	there is no health in my bones because of my sin	Here “my bones” represents the body of the writer. Alternate translation: “my whole body is diseased because of my sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	38	4	m7wm	figs-metaphor		0	my iniquities overwhelm me	The writer’s iniquities are spoken of as if they are a flood of water that covers him. Alternate translation: “my iniquities cover me like a flood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	38	4	p4hm	figs-metaphor		0	they are a burden too heavy for me	The writer’s iniquities are spoken of as if they are a heavy load that he cannot lift. Alternate translation: “they are like a load that is too heavy for me to lift” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	38	5	yf37	figs-explicit		0	My wounds are infected and smell	Here “smell” refer to his sores having a bad smell that is associated with rotting flesh. Alternate translation: “My wounds are infected and stink as they rot” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	38	6	z27f	figs-metaphor		0	I am stooped over	The pain of the writer’s wounds have caused him to be bent over as if he were an old, feeble man. Alternate translation: “I am bent over in pain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	38	7	b2u7	figs-metaphor		0	I am filled with burning	The writer’s is so sick with fever that it is as if he is burning inside. Alternate translation: “My body is burning with fever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	38	7	a9kv	figs-synecdoche		0	there is no health in my flesh	Here “my flesh” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “I am completely sick” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	38	8	zm7m	figs-metaphor		0	utterly crushed	The writer’s illness is so severe that it is as if a huge weight is pressing down on him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	38	8	z68c	figs-synecdoche		0	anguish of my heart	Here “my heart” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “my anguish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	38	9	f3ph	figs-synecdoche		0	my heart’s deepest yearnings	Here “my heart” refers to the writer. It may be helpful to state that the writer desires good health. Alternate translation: “My strongest desires” or “that I desire you to heal me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	38	9	dqp9	figs-activepassive		0	my groanings are not hidden from you	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you are able to see all my moans of sorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	38	10	ifg6	figs-idiom		0	My heart pounds	This idiom means his heart beats intensely. Alternate translation: “My heart beats loudly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	38	10	xnw5			0	my strength fades	Alternate translation: “I become very weak”
PSA	38	10	e7ld			0	my eyesight dims	Alternate translation: “I can no longer see well”
PSA	38	12	bt4z	figs-metaphor		0	lay snares for me	The plots of the writer’s enemies are spoken of as if they were traps that they had set to catch him like an animal. Alternate translation: “set traps to catch me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	38	12	xc5c	figs-parallelism		0	speak destructive words and say deceitful words	These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the hurtful nature of what these people say. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	38	13	z4gn	figs-simile		0	I am like a deaf man … hear nothing	The writer does not listen to what his enemies are saying. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	38	13	hm4h	figs-simile		0	I am like a mute man … says nothing	The writer does not speak evil words to or about his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	38	13	s5pm			0	a mute man	a person who cannot speak
PSA	38	14	th66			0	does not hear	The writer does not listen to what his enemies are saying. (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile)
PSA	38	14	ir1x			0	has no reply	The writer does not speak evil words to or about his enemies. (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile)
PSA	38	15	px8y			0	you will answer	This could mean: (1) “you will answer me” or (2) “you will answer my enemies.”
PSA	38	16	gan3			0	will not gloat over me	Alternate translation: “will not delight over my trouble”
PSA	38	16	bq5f	figs-synecdoche		0	If my foot slips	Here “my foot” represents the writer. The slipping of his foot is a metaphor that refers to the writer’s troubles and misfortunes. Alternate translation: “If I make mistakes that cause me trouble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	38	17	s48p	figs-metaphor		0	I am about to stumble	This metaphor could mean: (1) “I am so sick that I am about to die” or (2) “I will soon be ruined.” It may be best not to interpret the metaphor in the text. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	38	17	sbz5			0	I am in constant pain	Alternate translation: “I am always in pain”
PSA	38	19	ie1w	figs-parallelism		0	But my enemies are numerous … are many	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	38	20	ca7b	figs-metaphor		0	They repay me evil for good	The actions of the writer’s enemies are spoken of as a financial transaction where they gave him evil things in exchange for good things. The abstract nouns “evil” and “good” can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “They do evil thing to me after I was good to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	38	20	ai9q	figs-metaphor		0	hurl accusations at me	The way the writer’s enemies accuse him is spoken of as if they were throwing accusations at him like rocks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	38	20	bbb4	figs-metaphor		0	pursued what is good	The writers desire for what is good is spoken of as if he were running after good things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	38	21	czy3	figs-parallelism		0	Do not abandon me … do not stay far away from me	These two phrases have very similar meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	38	21	nrs8	figs-metaphor		0	do not stay far away from me	Because Yahweh has not yet answered the writer’s request, he speaks of Yahweh as if Yahweh were standing far away from the writer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	38	22	zv2x	figs-metaphor		0	Come quickly to help me	God is spoken of as if he is running to the writer to help him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	38	22	a3xa	figs-abstractnouns		0	my salvation	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “you are the one who saves me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	39	intro	z1zc			0		# Psalm 039 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 39 is a psalm of deliverance from sickness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Life<br><br>Life on earth is short. The psalmist wanted God’s healing so he can enjoy the rest of his life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]])<br><br>This psalm shares some characteristics of another wisdom book called Ecclesiastes or Koheleth but is more positive.
PSA	39	1	lx3e	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	39	1	rc8d			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship,”
PSA	39	1	br39	translate-names		0	Jeduthun	One of David’s chief musicians had this same name. This may refer to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
PSA	39	1	dv6b	figs-idiom		0	I will watch what I say	Here “watch” is an idiom that mean “pay attention to.” Alternate translation: “I will pay attention to the things that I say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	39	1	s4wx	figs-metonymy		0	so that I do not sin with my tongue	Here “tongue” refers to the writer’s speech. Alternate translation: “so that I do not speak an offense against Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	39	1	e8kh	figs-metaphor		0	muzzle	To “muzzle” means to keep a mouth shut. Here David means that he will not speak while he is with an evil person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	39	2	fa7x	figs-doublet		0	I kept silent; I kept back my words	These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that the writer did not speak at all. Alternate translation: “I was completely silent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	39	2	k9fs			0	I kept back my words	Alternate translation: “I did not speak”
PSA	39	3	u5ie	figs-synecdoche		0	My heart became hot … it burned like a fire	Here “heart” represents the whole person. The anxious thoughts of the writer are spoken of as if they were a fire burning inside him. Alternate translation: “I became very anxious when I thought about these things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	39	4	vey1	figs-parallelism		0	the end of my life … the extent of my days	These phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	39	4	bac9			0	Show me how transient I am	Alternate translation: “Show me how brief my life is” or “Show me how soon I will die”
PSA	39	5	in3w	figs-metaphor		0	only the width of my hand	The writer speaks of his lifespan is if it could be measured by the width of his hand. Alternate translation: “only a very short time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	39	5	ej3j	figs-simile		0	my lifetime is like nothing before you	This simile states that the length of the writer’s life is so short that it does not exist. This is an exaggeration to stress how short it is. Alternate translation: “the length of my life is barely any time at all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
PSA	39	5	l7in	figs-metaphor		0	Surely every man is a single breath	Life is short, and the psalmist speaks of it here as if it were only as long as the time it takes for a person to breathe one breath. Alternate translation: “The time that humans live is as short as a single breath of a person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	39	6	wkn8	figs-simile		0	Surely every man walks about like a shadow	The lives of people are spoken of as if they are as insignificant as shadows. Alternate translation: “Everyone disappears like shadows do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	39	6	i78f	figs-explicit		0	although they do not know who will receive them	Here it is implied that they do not know what will happen to their wealth after they die. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	39	7	y9ll	figs-rquestion		0	Now, Lord, for what am I waiting?	The writer asks this question to emphasize that people cannot help him. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “So now, Yahweh, I can expect to receive nothing from anyone else.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	39	9	ll7d	figs-parallelism		0	I am silent … cannot open my mouth	These phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	39	9	whi2			0	because it is you who has done it	Alternate translation: “because my punishment comes from you”
PSA	39	10	kf2h	figs-metaphor		0	Stop wounding me	God’s punishment of the writer is spoken of as if God was wounding him with a weapon. Alternate translation: “Please stop punishing me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	39	10	hd77			0	I am overwhelmed	Alternate translation: “I am defeated completely”
PSA	39	10	n2ex	figs-metaphor		0	the blow of your hand	God’s punishment of the writer is spoken of as if God was striking him with his fist. Here “hand” represents God’s judgment. Alternate translation: “your judgment on me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	39	11	skf5	figs-simile		0	consume the things they desire like a moth	God will take away the things they value in the same way as a moth eats a piece of cloth. Alternate translation: “consume the things they desire like a moth eats away at clothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	39	11	uzd7	figs-metaphor		0	all people are nothing but vapor	The writer speaks of the frailty of people as if they were mist that disappears quickly. Alternate translation: “everyone is completely fragile” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	39	12	rx3j	figs-parallelism		0	Hear my prayer … listen to me … listen to my weeping	These three phrases mean basically the same thing and show how strongly the writer wants God to respond to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	39	12	ae4r	figs-metaphor		0	Do not be deaf to me	The writer speaks of Yahweh’s lack of response to him as if Yahweh was deaf. Alternate translation: “Do not ignore me as if you could not hear me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	39	12	nnj1	figs-simile		0	I am like a foreigner with you, a refugee	The writer speaks of Yahweh’s lack of response as if Yahweh considered him to be a total stranger to him. Alternate translation: “I am like a complete stranger to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	39	13	k2nr	figs-metonymy		0	Turn your gaze from me	Here “your gaze” represents Yahweh’s punishment. Alternate translation: “Please stop punishing me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	39	13	kfn1	figs-metonymy		0	so that I may smile again	Here “smile” is associated with being happy. Alternate translation: “so that I can be happy again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	40	intro	ik39			0		# Psalm 040 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 40 is a psalm of praise. Many also see it as a messianic psalm, a psalm about Christ. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Sacrifices<br><br>God is not interested in sacrifices but wants people to obey him and fulfill his plans for them.
PSA	40	1	k46g	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	40	1	q9w4			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.”
PSA	40	1	yu4m			0	I waited patiently for Yahweh	This means the writer was waiting for Yahweh to help him.
PSA	40	1	j6iw	figs-doublet		0	he listened to me … heard my cry	These mean the same thing, and can be combined into one statement. Alternate translation: “he listened to me when I called out to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	40	2	jcv4	figs-parallelism		0	out of a horrible pit, out of the miry clay	These two metaphors mean the same thing. The writer’s danger is spoken of as if it was a deadly pit full of mud. This emphasizes the danger. Alternate translation: “from being trapped in a horrible pit full of sticky mud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	40	2	yav8	figs-synecdoche		0	he set my feet on a rock	Here “my feet” refers to the writer, and “a rock” refers a place of safety. Alternate translation: “he provided safety for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	40	3	kgu6			0	He has put a new song in my mouth	This could mean: (1) “He has taught me the words to a new song” or (2) “He has given me a new reason to sing.”
PSA	40	3	bl9j	figs-synecdoche		0	in my mouth	Here “my mouth” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “in me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	40	3	n4gq	figs-abstractnouns		0	praise to our God	The noun “praise” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “a song to praise our God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	40	3	z44r	figs-metonymy		0	Many will see it	Here “see it” refers to hearing the writer sing his song about what God has done for him. Alternate translation: “Many people will hear me tell what Yahweh has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	40	4	cal5			0	Blessed is the man who makes Yahweh his trust	Alternate translation: “Blessed is the man who trusts in Yahweh” or “Those who trust in Yahweh are blessed”
PSA	40	4	z621	figs-nominaladj		0	the proud	This refers to the people who are proud. Alternate translation: “proud people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	40	4	f9yc			0	to lies	The Hebrew word is unclear. This could mean: (1) “lies” or (2) “false gods.”
PSA	40	5	x7v4	figs-activepassive		0	your thoughts which are about us cannot be numbered	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one can count all the things you think about us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	40	5	kzt9	figs-parallelism		0	cannot be numbered … more than could be counted	These phrases mean essentially the same thing. The first is stated in negative form, and the second is stated in positive form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
PSA	40	6	z1vh	figs-hyperbole		0	You have no delight in sacrifice or offering	This is an exaggeration to express that other things are much more important to God. Alternate translation: “Sacrifices and other offerings are not the things that delight you most” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
PSA	40	6	xz9n	figs-metonymy		0	you have opened my ears	Here “ears” refers to the ability to hear. Alternate translation: “you have enabled me to hear your commands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	40	6	mi62	figs-hyperbole		0	you have not required burnt offerings or sin offerings	This is an exaggeration to show that these things were not the most important to God. Alternate translation: “animals burned on the altar and other offerings for our sins are not what you require most” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
PSA	40	7	jn6f	figs-explicit		0	the scroll of the document	This refers to a scroll on which was written the word of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the written scroll” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	40	8	va1l	figs-metonymy		0	your laws are in my heart	Here “my heart” refers to the inner being of the writer. Alternate translation: “I am always thinking about your laws within my inner being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	40	9	k2b6			0	I have proclaimed good news of your righteousness in the great assembly	Alternate translation: “I have told a large assembly of people the good news of your righteousness.”
PSA	40	9	epq1	figs-ellipsis		0	good news of your righteousness	This refers to the good news that God rescues his people. Alternate translation: “good news that because you are righteous, you rescue your people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	40	9	gk2t	figs-metonymy		0	my lips have not kept back from doing this	Here “my lips” represents the writer, emphasizing his speech. Alternate translation: “I have not stopped myself from proclaiming these things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	40	10	vb9c	figs-litotes		0	I have not concealed your righteousness in my heart	“I have not kept your righteousness a secret.” This can also be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I have openly told every one about your righteousness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
PSA	40	10	am3c	figs-metonymy		0	in my heart	Here this refers to the writer’s inner being. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	40	10	cn4q	figs-litotes		0	I have not concealed your covenant faithfulness or your trustworthiness from the great assembly	This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I have told everyone in the great assembly about your covenant faithfulness or your trustworthiness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
PSA	40	10	bp5z	figs-abstractnouns		0	your covenant faithfulness	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithful.” Alternate translation: “how faithful you are to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	40	10	u78d	figs-abstractnouns		0	your trustworthiness	This abstract noun “trustworthiness” can be stated as “trustworthy.” Alternate translation: “how trustworthy you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	40	11	qc48	figs-personification		0	let your covenant faithfulness and your trustworthiness always preserve me	Here “covenant faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” are spoken of as if they were living people who could protect the writer. Alternate translation: “I want your covenant faithfulness and your trustworthiness to always preserve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	40	12	c6b2	figs-metaphor		0	Troubles that cannot be numbered surround me	Here troubles are spoken of as if they were objects that surround and trap the speaker. Alternate translation: “there are more troubles around me than I can count” or “more troubles come to me than I can count” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	40	12	ra9w	figs-litotes		0	that cannot be numbered	This is stated in negative form to intensify the number.See how you translated this in [Psalms 40:5](../040/005.md). Alternate translation: “that are vast in number” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
PSA	40	12	ff9r	figs-metonymy		0	my iniquities	This refers to the consequences of his sin. Alternate translation: “the consequences of my iniquities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	40	12	qng1	figs-personification		0	have caught up with me	The writer’s iniquities are spoken of as if they were his enemies who were harming him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	40	12	x56q			0	I am no longer able to see anything	Versions differ in how to understand this difficult passage. It may mean that the speaker is crying so much that he cannot see anything because of his tears.
PSA	40	12	ixl8	figs-metonymy		0	my heart has failed me	Here “heart” refers to the writer’s inner confidence. Alternate translation: “I am very discouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	40	14	hl37	figs-activepassive		0	Let them be ashamed and completely disappointed who pursue my life to take it away	This can be reordered and stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Let those who pursue my life to take it awy be ashamed and completely disappointed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	40	14	l9j5			0	Let them be ashamed and completely disappointed	Alternate translation: “Please make them ashamed and completely disappointed”
PSA	40	14	ff5k	figs-metaphor		0	who pursue my life to take it away	Here “pursue my life” means they desire to kill the writer. The writer is represented by his “life.” Alternate translation: “who are trying to kill me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	40	14	knx2	figs-activepassive		0	Let them be turned back and brought to dishonor, those who delight in hurting me	This can be reordered and stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Let those who delight in hurting me be turned back and brought to dishonor” or “Please have someone turn back those who delight in hurting me and bring them to dishonor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	40	14	k5tz			0	turned back	Alternate translation: “unable to continue”
PSA	40	15	fqa6			0	Let them be shocked because of their shame, those who say to me, “Aha, aha!”	Alternate translation: “Let those who say to me, ‘Aha, aha!’ be shocked because of their shame”
PSA	40	15	i1aw			0	Let them be shocked because of their shame	Alternate translation: “I hope that they will be shocked when you shame them”
PSA	40	15	rbg9	figs-exclamations		0	Aha, aha!	These words indicate that the speaker has seen the hearer doing evil that the hearer did not think anyone knew about. You can use here words in your language that mean the same thing but sound different. See how this is translated in [Psalms 35:21](../035/021.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
PSA	40	16	az21	figs-doublet		0	rejoice and be glad	These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize the intensity of joy. Alternate translation: “be very joyful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	40	16	yq7n	figs-abstractnouns		0	loves your salvation	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “love you because you saved them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	40	17	v567	figs-doublet		0	poor and needy	These words mean the same thing and emphasize how helpless the writer is. Alternate translation: “very needy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	40	17	ep4r			0	the Lord thinks about me	Alternate translation: “the Lord cares for me”
PSA	40	17	a8vb	figs-parallelism		0	You are my help … you come to my rescue	These phrases mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	40	17	g2mh			0	You are my help	Alternate translation: “You are the one who helps me”
PSA	40	17	zf6l			0	you come to my rescue	Alternate translation: “you come to save me”
PSA	40	17	c1t7	figs-litotes		0	do not delay	This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “respond quickly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
PSA	41	intro	q9l9			0		# Psalm 041 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 41 is a psalm of deliverance. The author’s friends had become his enemies who wanted to see him die but he trusted God to rescue him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Enemies<br><br>The author’s best friend had become an enemy. His enemies were happy because they were sure his sickness would result in death.
PSA	41	1	y6js	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	41	1	ay4z			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.”
PSA	41	1	bd73			0	he who is concerned for the weak … rescue him	The words “he” and “him” refer to anyone who is concerned for the weak.
PSA	41	1	glk5			0	the weak	Alternate translation: “weak people” or “poor people”
PSA	41	2	j2lj			0	he … him … his	These words refer to anyone who is concerned for the weak.
PSA	41	3	lt8b	figs-metonymy		0	Yahweh will support him on the bed of suffering	The phrase “the bed of suffering” refers to when a person lies in bed because he is sick. Alternate translation: “When he is sick and in bed, Yahweh will support him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	41	3	ygd6	figs-metonymy		0	you will make his bed of sickness into a bed of healing	The phrase “a bed of healing” refers to when a person rests in bed and recovers from his sickness. Alternate translation: “you, Yahweh, will heal him of his sickness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	41	5	yg22	figs-ellipsis		0	his name perish	If a person’s name dies, it means that people forget that he had ever lived. Alternate translation: “when will his name perish” or “when will people forget about him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	41	6	evn1			0	If my enemy comes to see me	The words “my enemy” refers to any enemy in general, and not to one specific enemy.
PSA	41	6	m4zm	figs-idiom		0	he says worthless things	This could mean: (1) “he says meaningless things” or (2) his enemies say things to make him think that they are his friends when they are not. Alternate translation: “he says deceitful things” or “they pretend to be concerned about me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	41	6	c5vp	figs-synecdoche		0	his heart gathers up my disaster for itself	His enemies try to learn all of the bad things about him. Here the word “heart” refers the whole person. Bad circumstances are spoken of as if they were objects that can be gathered. Alternate translation: “he tries to learn about all of my disasters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	41	7	sq8r			0	against me they hope for my hurt	This could mean: (1) “they hope that very bad things will happen to me” or (2) “they are planning to hurt me.”
PSA	41	8	l22y	figs-personification		0	An evil disease … to him	His enemies speak of “disease” as if it were a person who has captured him. Alternate translation: “He is sick with a fatal disease” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	41	8	hfg4			0	An evil disease	This could mean: (1) “A fatal disease” or (2) “Something evil”
PSA	41	8	cay3	figs-explicit		0	now that he is lying down, he will rise up no more	Here the words “lying down” refer to lying in bed because of illness. That he will not “rise up” means that he will continue to lie down, which is a euphemism for death. Alternate translation: “now that he is sick in bed, he will die there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
PSA	41	9	jzy3	figs-idiom		0	has lifted up his heel against me	This is an idiom that means his friend betrayed him. Alternate translation: “has betrayed me” or “has turned against me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	41	10	r3b3	figs-declarative		0	But you, Yahweh, have mercy on me and raise me up	This is a request. Alternate translation: “Please, Yahweh, have mercy on me and raise me up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]])
PSA	41	10	cz3d	figs-idiom		0	raise me up	This means to raise him up from his bed, or to make him recover from his disease. Alternate translation: “make me well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	41	10	h6l4	figs-metaphor		0	so that I may pay them back	The writer speaks of revenge on his enemies as if it were paying to them what he owes. Alternate translation: “so that I may take revenge on them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	41	11	m2j9	figs-events		0	By this I know that you delight in me, for my enemy does not triumph over me	The word “this” refers to what the writer will say next. For clarity, the clauses may be reversed. Alternate translation: “Because my enemy does not triumph over me, I know that you delight in me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]])
PSA	41	11	h7zl	figs-explicit		0	By this I know that you delight in me, for my enemy does not triumph over me	This can also be translated in future tense, since Yahweh has not yet healed him. Alternate translation: “If you enable me to do that, with the result that my enemies do not defeat me, I will know that you are pleased with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	41	12	dfw3			0	you support me in my integrity	Alternate translation: “you support me because of my integrity”
PSA	41	12	jj35	figs-metaphor		0	will keep me before your face	The writer speaks of being in Yahweh’s presence as being in a place where Yahweh can see him and he can see Yahweh’s face. Alternate translation: “will keep me with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	41	13	s4va			0	General Information:	This verse is more than the end of this psalm. It is the closing statement for all of Book 1 of the Psalms, which starts at Psalm 1 and ends with Psalm 41.
PSA	41	13	xi7f	figs-merism		0	from everlasting to everlasting	This refers to two extremes and means for all time. Alternate translation: “for all eternity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
PSA	41	13	d4ws	figs-doublet		0	Amen and Amen	The word “Amen” is repeated to emphasize approval of what has been said. Alternate translation: “May it certainly be so” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	42	intro	mu68			0		# Psalm 042 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 42 is a psalm of praise for all that God has done and a prayer for deliverance from the psalmist’s enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s deliverance<br><br>The psalmist praises God as he remembers what God has done for him in the past, and he puts his trust in him. He needs rescuing from his enemies. Scholars believe that this psalm is about a man in exile longing for Jerusalem.<br><br>### Psalm 42 and Psalm 43<br><br>Some scholars believe that these two psalms were originally written together as one psalm.<br><br>### Superscription<br><br>This psalm is called “a Maschil of the sons of Korah.” The word “Maschil” in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm.
PSA	42	1	t39i	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	42	1	rt7c			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.”
PSA	42	1	c3mx			0	A maschil	This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md).
PSA	42	1	h2nj			0	As the deer pants after streams of water, so I thirst for you, God	The author compares his desire for God to the desire of a thirsty deer for water.
PSA	42	1	mi8s			0	pants	heavy breathing from an animal or person that is very tired or thirsty
PSA	42	1	flj9	figs-metaphor		0	I thirst for you, God	The author speaks of his strong desire for God as if it were a strong thirst for water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	42	2	xe9q	figs-metaphor		0	I thirst for God	The author speaks of his strong desire for God as if it were a strong thirst for water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	42	2	bsl8	figs-rquestion		0	when will I come and appear before God?	The author does not ask this question to get an answer but to show his strong desire to be before God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	42	3	mfk4	figs-metaphor		0	My tears have been my food	The author refers to his tears as if they are food that he eats. This means that he is so sad that he cannot eat. Alternate translation: “My tears are like my food and I eat nothing else” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	42	3	nw17	figs-merism		0	day and night	This phrase refers to the entire day by referring to both its beginning and end. Alternate translation: “all day long” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
PSA	42	3	hy3m	figs-hyperbole		0	my enemies are always saying to me	This is an exaggeration. His enemies are not saying this constantly; they are saying it often. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
PSA	42	3	sa8l	figs-rquestion		0	Where is your God?	The author’s enemies use this question to mock him and to express that they do not see his God helping him. Alternate translation: “Your God is not here to help you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	42	4	d12n	figs-idiom		0	call to mind	This is an idiom that means to remember or think about something. Alternate translation: “remember” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	42	4	k59b	figs-metonymy		0	I pour out my soul	Here the word “soul” refers to the emotions. The author speaks of his soul as if it is a liquid that he pours out. The phrase means that he is expressing his emotional grief. Alternate translation: “I express my sorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	42	4	c6f8			0	the throng	Alternate translation: “the crowd of people”
PSA	42	4	gv3q	figs-hendiadys		0	joy and praise	This phrase uses two different words to express one idea. Alternate translation: “joyful praise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
PSA	42	5	xs1j	figs-rquestion		0	Why are you bowed down, my soul? Why are you upset within me?	The author refers to his inner self as his “soul,” which represents himself. He asks these questions to rebuke himself. Alternate translation: “I should not be bowed down. I should not be worried” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	42	5	cc84	figs-metaphor		0	bowed down	The writer speaks of depression or discouragement as if it were his soul being bent over. Alternate translation: “discouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	42	5	fyf2	figs-imperative		0	Hope in God	The writer continues to speak to his own soul and commands it to trust God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
PSA	42	6	lp5z			0	My God, my soul	The writer begins to speak to God about his soul.
PSA	42	6	s443	figs-idiom		0	I call you to mind	This phrase means to remember or to think about something. Alternate translation: “I think of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	42	6	u6xn	figs-explicit		0	the land of the Jordan	This is probably a reference to northern Israel, where the Jordan river originates. Alternate translation: “the land where the Jordan river begins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	42	6	ka3s			0	peaks	mountain tops
PSA	42	6	xh39	translate-names		0	hill of Mizar	This is the name of a hill at the base of Mount Hermon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
PSA	42	7	c6aq	figs-personification		0	Deep calls to deep at the noise of your waterfalls	The word “deep” refers to deep waters, which here are likely the streams rushing down Mount Hermon. The writer speaks of them as if they are people calling out to one another as they hear the sound of their own descent from the mountain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	42	7	exq2	figs-metaphor		0	all your waves … have gone over me	The author speaks of his great misfortune and sadness as if they are deep waters that drown him with one wave after another. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	42	7	d5k7	figs-doublet		0	your waves and your billows	The word “billows” is another word for “waves.” Together the two words emphasize the greatness of the waves. Alternate translation: “all of your great waves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	42	8	ef4n	figs-metaphor		0	Yahweh will command his covenant faithfulness in the daytime	The writer speaks of Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness as if it were a person whom he commands to be with him. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will show me his covenant faithfulness in the daytime” or “Yahweh will show me in the daytime how faithful he is to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	42	8	jsc8			0	his song	This could mean: (1) “the song that he gives me” or (2) “the song about him”
PSA	42	8	xm7t			0	the God of my life	Alternate translation: “the God who gives me life”
PSA	42	9	si6j	figs-metaphor		0	I will say to God, my rock	The writer speaks of God as if he were a huge rock that would provide protection from enemy attack. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	42	9	b1ik			0	Why do I go mourning	To “go mourning” is to perform customs related to being very sad.
PSA	42	10	bp1m	figs-simile		0	As with a sword in my bones	The writer describes his adversaries’ rebukes as his receiving a fatal wound. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	42	10	r4wg	figs-hyperbole		0	they always say to me	This is an exaggeration; his enemies are not saying this constantly but are saying it often. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
PSA	42	10	ae82	figs-rquestion		0	Where is your God?	The writer’s enemies use this question to mock him and to express that they do not see God helping him. Alternate translation: “Your God is not here to help you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	42	11	evd8	figs-rquestion		0	Why are you bowed down, my soul? Why are you upset within me?	The author refers to his inner self as his “soul,” which represents himself. He asks these questions to rebuke himself. See how you translated this in [Psalms 42:5](../042/005.md). Alternate translation: “I should not be bowed down, I should not be worried” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	42	11	wp6h	figs-metaphor		0	bowed down	The writer speaks of depression or discouragement as if it were his soul being bent over. See how you translated this in [Psalms 42:5](../042/005.md). Alternate translation: “discouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	42	11	ghd7	figs-imperative		0	Hope in God	The writer continues to speak to his own soul and commands it to trust God. See how you translated this in [Psalms 42:5](../042/005.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
PSA	43	intro	x44y			0		# Psalm 043 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 43 is a psalm of deliverance. It is a plea for rescue from the psalmist’s enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Encouragement<br><br>The author should not be discouraged because he trusts in God to deliver him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])<br><br>### Psalm 42 and Psalm 43<br><br>Some scholars believe that these two psalms were originally written together as one psalm.
PSA	43	1	il4d	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	43	2	quk8			0	the God of my strength	This could mean: (1) “the God who protects me” or (2) “the God who gives me strength.”
PSA	43	2	a96e	figs-rquestion		0	Why have you rejected me? Why do I go about in mourning because of the oppression of the enemy?	The writer asks these questions in order to complain to God and express his emotions, not to receive an answer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	43	2	cpw2			0	Why do I go about in mourning	To “go about in mourning” is to perform customs related to being very sad.
PSA	43	2	d84h	figs-abstractnouns		0	because of the oppression of the enemy	The word “oppression” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “because my enemy oppresses me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	43	3	e7jd	figs-metaphor		0	send out your light and your truth	The writer speaks of God’s deliverance as if it were a light that shows him the way and truth that teaches him how to live. Alternate translation: “guide me with your light and truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	43	3	uhy4	figs-metonymy		0	holy hill	This refers to the hill in Jerusalem where the temple is located and thus to the temple itself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	43	3	rr6l			0	to your dwelling	Alternate translation: “to the place where you live”
PSA	43	4	r8lp			0	God my exceeding joy	Alternate translation: “God who is my very great joy” or “God who gives me very great joy”
PSA	43	5	qb88	figs-rquestion		0	Why are you bowed down, my soul? Why are you upset within me?	The author refers to his inner self as his “soul,” which represents himself. He asks these questions to rebuke himself. See how you translated this in [Psalms 42:5](../042/005.md). Alternate translation: “I should not be bowed down. I should not be worried” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	43	5	wn18	figs-metaphor		0	bowed down	The writer speaks of depression or discouragement as if it were his soul being bent over. See how you translated this in [Psalms 42:5](../042/005.md). Alternate translation: “discouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	43	5	z1zd	figs-imperative		0	Hope in God	The writer continues to speak to his own soul and commands it to trust God. See how you translated this in [Psalms 42:5](../042/005.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
PSA	43	5	dgl5	figs-doublet		0	my salvation and my God	The phrase “my salvation” refers to God. If necessary the two phrases can be combined. Alternate translation: “my God who saves me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	44	intro	cu7e			0		# Psalm 044 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 44 is a deliverance psalm. It is a prayer for God’s help against enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Enemies<br><br>When Israel entered the Promised Land, God fought for them and drove out their enemies. Since their enemies have now defeated them, they are in need of God’s help. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])<br><br>### Superscription<br><br>This psalm is called “a Maschil.” The word “Maschil” in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm.
PSA	44	1	gi44	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	44	1	n2t8			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.”
PSA	44	1	vwd3			0	A psalm of the sons of Korah	Alternate translation: “This is a psalm that the sons of Korah wrote.”
PSA	44	1	d1rs	figs-idiom		0	We have heard with our ears, God	The word “ears” adds emphasis to the statement that they have heard and understood the things that the writer is about to describe. The writer addresses this statement to God. Alternate translation: “God, we have heard clearly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	44	1	ifj6	figs-parallelism		0	in their days, in the days of old	Both of these phrases use the word “days” to refer to the time period when the ancestors of the people of Israel were alive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	44	2	rd1l			0	You drove out the nations	Alternate translation: “You forced the people from other nations to leave”
PSA	44	2	w5ar	figs-metonymy		0	with your hand	Here the word “hand” refers to God’s power. Alternate translation: “by your power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	44	2	sst2	figs-metaphor		0	you planted our people	The writer speaks of God’s causing the Israelites to live in the land as if he were planting them in the soil like he would a tree. Alternate translation: “you caused our people to live there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	44	3	f15t	figs-metonymy		0	by their own sword	The word “sword” refers to military power. Alternate translation: “by fighting with their own swords” or “by their own army’s strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	44	3	ixc7	figs-metonymy		0	their own arm	Here the word “arm” refers to power. Alternate translation: “their own power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	44	3	cr9y	figs-ellipsis		0	the light of your face	You may supply a verb for this phrase. Alternate translation: “the light of your face obtained the land for their possession” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	44	3	ekr9	figs-metonymy		0	your right hand, your arm	Here the words “hand” and “arm” both refer to God’s power. Combined, they emphasize the greatness of God’s power. Alternate translation: “your great power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	44	3	a1dc	figs-metaphor		0	the light of your face	The writer speaks of Yahweh looking with favor upon them and being kind to them as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on them. Alternate translation: “your kindness” or “your good favor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	44	4	md4f	figs-metonymy		0	victory for Jacob	The people of Israel are referred to by the name of their ancestor “Jacob.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	44	5	cn87			0	Through you … through your	Alternate translation: “By you … by your”
PSA	44	5	l9n9	figs-metaphor		0	push down … tread them under … rise up	The writer speaks of his enemies’ defeat as if they are “down” and of their preparing to fight as if they are “up.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	44	5	u2c5	figs-metonymy		0	through your name	Here the word “name” refers to God’s power and authority. Alternate translation: “by your power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	44	5	ze87			0	tread them under	Alternate translation: “tread them under our feet” or “walk on top of them”
PSA	44	8	ql57	figs-abstractnouns		0	we have made our boast	The word “boast” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “we have boasted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	44	8	qb7z	figs-metonymy		0	we will give thanks to your name	Here the word “name” refers to God, himself. Alternate translation: “we will give thanks to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	44	9	tw86	figs-metaphor		0	thrown us off	The writer speaks of God’s rejection of Israel as if he were discarding an unwanted piece of clothing. Alternate translation: “rejected us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	44	10	bc8x			0	spoil	resources and treasures that an army collects after winning a battle
PSA	44	11	cmt5	figs-simile		0	You have made us like sheep to be slaughtered	The writer compares the Israelites to sheep that people kill and eat. As sheep are helpless before those who kill them, so the Israelites are helpless before their enemies. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “You have allowed our enemies to kill us like they would kill a sheep and eat it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	44	11	k8qj			0	scattered us among the nations	Alternate translation: “caused us to live in many different nations”
PSA	44	12	zm14	figs-metaphor		0	sell your people for nothing	The writer speaks of Yahweh allowing Israel’s enemies to conquer them as if he were selling the people of Israel to their enemies but does not require any payment from their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	44	13	j3ej	figs-parallelism		0	You make us a rebuke to our neighbors, scoffed and mocked by those around us	These two phrases are parallel emphasizing how the people among whom they live mock them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	44	13	ys4c	figs-abstractnouns		0	You make us a rebuke to our neighbors	The word “rebuke” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “You make us something that our neighbors rebuke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	44	13	z6rm	figs-activepassive		0	scoffed and mocked by those around us	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “those around us scoff at us and mock us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	44	14	d6zg	figs-parallelism		0	an insult among … a shaking of the head	These phrases are parallel emphasizing how intensely the nations around them mock them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	44	14	cf7w	figs-abstractnouns		0	You make us an insult among the nations	The word “insult” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “You make the nations around us insult us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	44	14	l1b9	figs-abstractnouns		0	a shaking of the head among the peoples	The phrase “a shaking of the head” can be translated in verbal form. Alternate translation: “something at which the peoples shake their heads” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	44	14	d7ze			0	a shaking of the head	This was a gesture that people used to show scorn to others.
PSA	44	15	lk1b	figs-metaphor		0	my dishonor is before me	The writer speaks of his dishonor as if it were an object that is always in front of him for him to see. The phrase means that he is always thinking about his dishonor. Alternate translation: “I think about my dishonor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	44	15	l48m	figs-metaphor		0	the shame of my face has covered me	The writer speaks of his shame as if it is an object that covers him like a blanket would cover him. Alternate translation: “the shame of my face has overwhelmed me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	44	15	w1hq			0	the shame of my face	“the shame that shows on my face.” This refers to his facial expressions that his shame causes.
PSA	44	16	p8lw	figs-synecdoche		0	because of the voice of him who rebukes and insults	Here the words “the voice” represents the person insulting him. Alternate translation: “because of what the person says who rebukes and insults me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	44	16	s49c	figs-doublet		0	rebukes and insults	These words have similar meanings and emphasize the harsh nature of what this person says. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	44	18	qi6w	figs-parallelism		0	Our heart has not turned back … have not gone from your way	These two phrases are parallel. The writer speaks of loyalty to God as if it were following him, and disloyalty as if it were turning away from him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	44	18	mf97	figs-metonymy		0	Our heart has not turned back	Here the word “heart” refers to the emotions, and specifically to loyalty and devotion. Alternate translation: “We have not stopped being loyal to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	44	19	d4u4	figs-metaphor		0	you have severely broken us	The writer speaks of God’s punishment as if it were breaking a fragile object. Alternate translation: “you have punished us severely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	44	19	dfs9	figs-metaphor		0	in the place of jackals	The writer speaks of Israel after God’s punishment as if it were a wild, uninhabitable place. Alternate translation: “and made our land like a place where jackals live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	44	19	c511			0	jackals	a type of wild dog
PSA	44	19	v695	figs-metaphor		0	covered us with the shadow of death	The writer speaks of death as if it is an object that casts a shadow over those who are about to die. Alternate translation: “made us so that we are about to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	44	20	k5hu	figs-metonymy		0	If we have forgotten the name of our God	Here the word “name” refers to God, himself. To forget God is to stop worshiping him. This is something that did not happen. Alternate translation: “If we had forgotten our God” or “If we had stopped worshiping our God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
PSA	44	20	g9jv	translate-symaction		0	spread out our hands to a strange god	Spreading out the hands is a gesture that people used to worship and pray to a god. Alternate translation: “worshiped a strange god” or “prayed to a strange god” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
PSA	44	21	rv5k	figs-rquestion		0	would not God search this out?	The writer uses this question to express that God would know if they worshiped another god. Alternate translation: “God would certainly find out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	44	21	ih8n	figs-metonymy		0	he knows the secrets of the heart	Here the word “heart” refers to the mind and thoughts. Alternate translation: “he knows what a person secretly thinks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	44	22	mxt3	figs-hyperbole		0	we are being killed all day long	The phrase “all day long” is an exaggeration to emphasize that their people are being killed frequently. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “we are always in danger of people killing us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	44	22	exg2	figs-activepassive		0	we are considered to be sheep for the slaughter	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people consider us to be sheep for the slaughter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	44	22	vl87	figs-metaphor		0	sheep for the slaughter	The writer compares the Israelites to sheep that people kill and eat. As sheep are helpless before those who kill them, so the Israelites are helpless before their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	44	23	b9h3	figs-rquestion		0	Awake, why do you sleep, Lord?	This does not mean that God is actually asleep. The writer speaks of God’s seeming inactivity as if God is sleeping. He asks the question to rebuke God for appearing not to be concerned about their troubles. Alternate translation: “Wake up! I feel like you are sleeping, Lord!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	44	23	z7sm	figs-metaphor		0	do not throw us off	The writer speaks of God’s rejection of Israel as if he were discarding an unwanted piece of clothing. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Psalms 44:9](../044/009.md). Alternate translation: “do not reject us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	44	24	h91h	figs-rquestion		0	Why do you hide your face … our oppression?	The writer uses this question to complain that God appears to be ignoring them. Alternate translation: “Do not hide your face … our oppression.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	44	24	hj18	figs-metaphor		0	hide your face	The writer speaks of God ignoring them as if God were hiding his face so that he could not see them. Alternate translation: “ignore us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	44	24	jb65	figs-abstractnouns		0	forget our affliction and our oppression	The words “affliction” and “oppression” mean basically the same thing and emphasize the severity of their affliction. These words may also be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “forget that people afflict us and oppress us” or “forget that people greatly afflict us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	44	25	rzd7	figs-parallelism		0	For we have sunk down into the dust; our bodies cling to the earth	These parallel phrases share similar meanings. The writer describes his people as lying on the ground in a posture of defeat and humiliation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	44	25	f1gv	figs-metaphor		0	For we have sunk down into the dust	The writer speaks of their humiliation as if their bodies were objects, such as ice, that melt and soak into the dirt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	44	25	q4te	figs-metaphor		0	our bodies cling to the earth	The writer speaks of their humiliation as if their bodies were stuck to the ground and they could not raise themselves up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	44	26	gbh3	figs-idiom		0	Rise up	This is a command to stand. This phrase refers to beginning to act on something. Alternate translation: “Take action” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	44	26	uu4n	figs-abstractnouns		0	for the sake of your covenant faithfulness	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “to show that you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	45	intro	hk23			0		# Psalm 045 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 45 is a royal psalm written for the king’s wedding day.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Beauty<br><br>The king has a beautiful palace, and his bride is also beautiful.<br><br>### Superscription<br><br>This psalm is called “a Maschil.” The word “Maschil” in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm.
PSA	45	1	v3sl	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	45	1	p8j6			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship”
PSA	45	1	f1a1			0	set to Shoshannim	This may refer to a style or the tune of the music. Sometimes it is translated as “set to the tune of ‘Lilies.’”
PSA	45	1	ty3v			0	A psalm of the sons of Korah	Alternate translation: “This is a psalm that the sons of Korah wrote.”
PSA	45	1	tug8			0	A maschil	This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md).
PSA	45	1	c73i	figs-metaphor		0	My heart overflows on a good subject	The writer speaks of his heart as if it were a container that overflows with liquid. The word “heart” represents his emotions, which are excited by the song that he sings. Alternate translation: “My emotions are excited about a good subject” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	45	1	puh2			0	a good subject	“a noble theme” or “a beautiful word.” This refers to the song that he has written.
PSA	45	1	w2cc			0	composed	to have written or created a song
PSA	45	1	chy8	figs-metaphor		0	my tongue is the pen of a ready writer	The writer speaks of his tongue as if it were a pen. He speaks words as skillfully as an experienced writer writes words. Alternate translation: “my tongue is like the pen of person who writes well” or “I speak words as skillfully as an experienced writer can write words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	45	2	x1mq	figs-hyperbole		0	You are fairer than the children of mankind	This phrase is an exaggeration that emphasizes that the king is better looking than anyone else. The phrase “children of mankind” is an idiom and refers to all humans. Alternate translation: “You are more handsome than any other man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	45	2	an93	figs-metaphor		0	grace is poured onto your lips	The writer speaks of grace as if it were oil that someone has used to anoint the king’s lips. The word “lips” refers to the king’s speech. The phrase means that the king speaks eloquently. Alternate translation: “it is as if someone has anointed your lips with oil” or “you speak eloquently” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	45	3	y2u2	figs-explicit		0	Put your sword on your side	Warriors carried their swords in a sheath that hung from a belt around their waist. The sword would rest against their side. This phrase describes an action of someone preparing for battle. Alternate translation: “Prepare yourself for battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	45	4	cyr3			0	ride on triumphantly	The writer tells the king to ride his horse or chariot to victory.
PSA	45	4	s46i	figs-abstractnouns		0	because of trustworthiness, meekness, and righteousness	The abstract nouns “trustworthiness,” “meekness,” and “righteousness” can be stated as adjectives. This could mean: (1) these are qualities of the mighty one. Alternate translation: “because you are trustworthy, meek, and righteous” or (2) these are virtues that he fights to uphold for the people whom he rules. Alternate translation: “in order to fight for what is trustworthy, meek, and right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	45	4	td7g	figs-metonymy		0	your right hand will teach you fearful things	Most soldiers held their swords with their right hands when they fought. Here, the phrase “right hand” refers to his ability to fight, which the writer speaks of as if it were a person who can teach the king through the experience he gains in battle. Alternate translation: “You will learn to accomplish great military feats by fighting in many battles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	45	4	ij55			0	fearful things	“awesome deeds.” This refers to military victories that cause his enemies to fear him and his allies to revere him.
PSA	45	5	k74n			0	the peoples fall under you	This phrase refers to the king defeating his enemies. This could mean: (1) “the peoples fall at your feet in surrender” or (2) “the peoples fall dead at your feet.”
PSA	45	5	zn7a			0	your arrows are in the hearts of the king’s enemies	“your arrows have pierced the hearts of your enemies.” The writer speaks to the king while referring to the king in the third person.
PSA	45	6	d479	figs-metonymy		0	Your throne … is forever and ever	The word “throne” represents the kingdom and rule of the king. Alternate translation: “Your kingdom … is forever and ever” or “You will reign … forever and ever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	45	6	mh74			0	Your throne, God	Possible meanings are that the word **God**: (1) is a title for the king, who is God’s representative or (2) modifies the word “throne” and means “Your kingdom that God has given you.”
PSA	45	6	h2tn	figs-metonymy		0	a scepter of justice is the scepter of your kingdom	The word “scepter” represents the king’s authority to rule his kingdom. Alternate translation: “you rule your kingdom with justice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	45	7	w1rj	figs-metaphor		0	God, your God, has anointed you with the oil of gladness	The writer speaks of gladness as if it were an oil that God used to anoint the king. That God has anointed him is a symbolic action that represents God’s choosing him to be king. Alternate translation: “when God appointed you as king, he made you very glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
PSA	45	8	s741			0	General Information:	Here the writer begins to describe what appears to be the wedding ceremony of the king and his bride.
PSA	45	8	ggv6	translate-unknown		0	myrrh, aloes, and cassia	These are aromatic plant substances that people used to make perfumes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
PSA	45	8	mam8			0	ivory palaces	Ivory is a hard white substance that forms animal’s tusks. This phrase describes a palace with walls and furniture that people have decorated with ivory.
PSA	45	8	ldy1	figs-metonymy		0	stringed instruments have made you glad	The words “stringed instruments” refers to the music that people make by playing the stringed instruments. Alternate translation: “the music of stringed instruments has made you glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	45	9	at3w			0	honorable women	These women are wives of the king who receive his approval.
PSA	45	9	bvd2	figs-explicit		0	the queen	This is a reference to the woman who will become queen. Alternate translation: “your bride, the queen” or “your bride, who will be the queen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	45	9	w8kb	translate-names		0	Ophir	This is the name of a place that had a reputation for its fine gold. The location is unknown. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
PSA	45	10	d768			0	Listen, daughter	The writer begins to speak to the queen and refers to her as “daughter” because she is a young woman.
PSA	45	10	z8va	figs-metaphor		0	incline your ear	The writer speaks of listening carefully to something as if it were bending one’s ear towards the person who is speaking. Alternate translation: “listen carefully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	45	10	u572	figs-metaphor		0	forget your own people	The writer speaks of the queen no longer following the beliefs and customs of her native people as if it were forgetting them. Alternate translation: “no longer follow the customs of your people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	45	10	zi39	figs-metonymy		0	your father’s house	Here the word “house” refers to family. Alternate translation: “your relatives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	45	11	vj28			0	In this way	Alternate translation: “and” or “so”
PSA	45	11	tyk3	figs-euphemism		0	the king will desire your beauty	This is a polite way to say that the king will want to sleep with the queen as his wife. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
PSA	45	12	b5qz	figs-metaphor		0	The daughter of Tyre	The writer speaks of the people who live in Tyre as if they are Tyre’s children. Alternate translation: “The people of Tyre” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	45	13	z961	figs-explicit		0	The royal daughter	This is a reference to the woman whom the king will marry. Alternate translation: “The king’s bride” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	45	13	fc31			0	all glorious	“very beautiful.” This refers to the woman’s appearance.
PSA	45	13	aze7	figs-activepassive		0	her clothing is worked with gold	Her clothing is decorated or embroidered with gold. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “she wears clothing that someone has embroidered with golden thread” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	45	14	v2p3	figs-activepassive		0	She will be led to the king in embroidered dress	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People will lead her to the king as she wears an embroidered dress” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	45	14	mrv3			0	embroidered	a design made by sewing colored threads into cloth
PSA	45	14	ji2m	figs-activepassive		0	the virgins, her companions who follow her, will be brought to you	Here the word “you” refers to the king. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will bring to you the virgins, her companions who follow her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	45	15	j9m5	figs-personification		0	They will be led by gladness and rejoicing	This phrase describes “gladness and rejoicing” as a person who leads others to celebrate. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Gladness and rejoicing will lead them” or “They will proceed with gladness and rejoicing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	45	15	jxe5	figs-doublet		0	gladness and rejoicing	These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of gladness. Alternate translation: “great gladness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	45	16	x1cw			0	Connecting Statement:	The writer continues to address the king.
PSA	45	16	jy9e			0	In the place of your fathers will be your children	This means that the king’s sons will replace him as king, just as he replaced his ancestors as king.
PSA	45	16	wu3k	figs-hyperbole		0	you will make princes in all the earth	The phrase “in all the earth” is an exaggeration to emphasize that they will rule over many nations. Alternate translation: “you will make rulers over many nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
PSA	45	17	n62l	figs-metonymy		0	I will make your name to be remembered in all generations	Here the word “I” refers to the writer. The word “name” refers to the king’s character and reputation. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will cause people in every generation to know about your greatness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	46	intro	w4ye			0		# Psalm 046 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 46 is a psalm of praise to God.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>God is all-powerful, controls nature, and protects his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])
PSA	46	1	pye4	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	46	1	b2mp			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.”
PSA	46	1	t2j8			0	A psalm of the sons of Korah	Alternate translation: “This is a psalm that the sons of Korah wrote”
PSA	46	1	q7sv	translate-unknown		0	set to Alamoth	This may refer to a style of music. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
PSA	46	1	sf97	figs-metaphor		0	God is our refuge and strength	The writer speaks of God as if he were a place where people can go for safety. Alternate translation: “God gives us safety and strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	46	2	d2ga	figs-metaphor		0	the mountains should be shaken into the heart of the seas	The writer speaks of the deepest part of the sea as if it were the sea’s heart. Here he describes an earthquake that causes the mountains to crumble and fall into the sea. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the mountains should shake so violently that they fall into the depths of the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	46	3	nvd8			0	though its waters roar and rage	“though the waters of the sea roar and rage.” The words “roar” and “rage” describe the violent movements of the sea during a strong storm.
PSA	46	3	v7sn	figs-explicit		0	mountains tremble with their swelling	The phrase “their swelling” refers to the waters of the sea as they rise and crash against the mountains. Alternate translation: “the swelling waters cause the mountains to tremble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	46	4	x5va	writing-symlanguage		0	There is a river whose streams make the city of God happy	The imagery of a running river symbolizes peace and prosperity for the city of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
PSA	46	4	n4fc	figs-metonymy		0	make the city of God happy	The phrase “the city of God” refers to Jerusalem, and represents the people who live in that city. Alternate translation: “make the people who live in Jerusalem happy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	46	4	ft9r	figs-explicit		0	the holy place where the Most High dwells	This phrase describes “the city of God.” Alternate translation: “the holy place where the Most High lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	46	5	v4ku			0	in the middle of her; she will not be moved … help her	The words “her” and “she” refer to “the city of God.”
PSA	46	5	kf8d	figs-metaphor		0	she will not be moved	Here, the word “moved” is the same word translated as “shaken” in [Psalms v. 2](./001.md). The writer speaks of the destruction of Jerusalem by armies as if an earthquake were to destroy it. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “nothing will be able destroy her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	46	6	ese7	figs-metaphor		0	The nations raged	Here, the word “raged” is the same word that the writer used in [Psalms v. 3](./001.md) to describe the waters of the sea. The writer speaks of the fear of the nations as if it was the violent movements of the sea during a strong storm. Alternate translation: “The nations are terrified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	46	6	m4wd	figs-metaphor		0	the kingdoms were shaken	Here, the word “shaken” is the same word that the writer used in [Psalms v. 2](./001.md) to describe the effect of an earthquake on the mountains. The writer speaks of the overthrow of kingdoms by armies as if an earthquake were to destroy them. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “armies overthrew the kingdoms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	46	6	hp6t	figs-metaphor		0	he lifted up his voice	“God lifted up his voice.” The writer speaks of the “voice” as an object that a person can pick up and raise into the air. This means that the voice becomes louder. Alternate translation: “God shouted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	46	6	p2kl	figs-metonymy		0	the earth melted	The writer speaks of the earth as an object, such as ice, that can melt. Here “the earth” represents mankind, and to melt represents fear. Alternate translation: “the people of the earth tremble with fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	46	7	lc6w	figs-metaphor		0	the God of Jacob is our refuge	The writer speaks of God as if he were a place where people can go for safety. Alternate translation: “the God of Jacob gives us safety” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	46	7	nkp6	figs-metonymy		0	the God of Jacob	This could mean: (1) “the God whom Jacob worshiped” or (2) “Jacob” is a metonym for the nation of Israel and means “the God of Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	46	9	lwa3			0	He makes wars cease	Alternate translation: “He makes nations stop fighting wars”
PSA	46	9	b5gh	figs-idiom		0	to the ends of the earth	This is an idiom that refers to everywhere in the word. Alternate translation: “everywhere in the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	46	9	v24c			0	he breaks the bow … burns up the shields	One way in which Yahweh will make all wars to cease is by destroying the weapons that the armies use to fight one another.
PSA	46	9	gst2	translate-textvariants		0	shields	Some versions understand this Hebrew word as “chariots.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
PSA	46	10	y22y			0	Be quiet and know that I am God	Here, God begins to speak.
PSA	46	10	ua4x	figs-explicit		0	Be quiet	In this context, these words are likely a command to the nations to stop their wars. Alternate translation: “Stop fighting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	46	10	u2j9			0	know that I am God	Here the word “know” means to understand and to confess that Yahweh is the true God.
PSA	46	10	ssq3	figs-parallelism		0	I will be exalted among the nations; I will be exalted on the earth	These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the people of every nation in the world will exalt God. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People from every nation will exalt me; people all over the earth will exalt me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	46	11	gl4e	figs-metaphor		0	Yahweh of hosts is with us; the God of Jacob is our refuge	The writer speaks of God as if he were a place where people can go for safety. See how you translated these lines in [Psalms 46:7](../046/007.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	47	intro	j9a7			0		# Psalm 047 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 47 is a psalm of praise to God.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s power<br><br>God is powerful over all the nations in the world.
PSA	47	1	l66j	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	47	1	xf2n			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship”
PSA	47	1	uqb5	figs-explicit		0	Clap your hands	Clapping your hands is associated with celebration. Alternate translation: “Clap your hands in celebration” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	47	1	n5aa			0	shout to God with the sound of triumph	“shout to God with joyful voices.” Here the word “triumph” refers to the joy associated with victory.
PSA	47	3	bqu5	figs-parallelism		0	He subdues peoples under us and nations under our feet	These two phrases are parallel and mean that God enabled Israel to conquer their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	47	3	j5mi			0	subdues	to conquer and place under the authority of another
PSA	47	3	sa4s	figs-metaphor		0	under us … under our feet	The writer speaks of conquering other nations as if it were putting those nations underneath their feet. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	47	4	p3vm	figs-metaphor		0	He chooses our inheritance for us	The writer speaks of the land of Israel as if it were an inheritance that God has given the people as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “He chooses this land as an inheritance for us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	47	4	e7vk	figs-metonymy		0	the glory of Jacob	Here the word “glory” refers to a source of pride and represents the land that God has given to his people as an inheritance. Alternate translation: “the land in which Jacob takes pride” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	47	4	qvz6	figs-metonymy		0	Jacob whom he loved	The word “Jacob” refers to the nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	47	5	y2zq	figs-metaphor		0	God has gone up with a shout	The writer speaks of God’s conquering the nations as if God were a king ascending his throne, which was located in the temple. Alternate translation: “God has gone up into the temple as people shouted” or “God has ascended to his throne as people shouted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	47	5	z2zz	figs-parallelism		0	Yahweh with the sound of a trumpet	This phrase parallels the previous phrase. The verb may be supplied for clarity. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has gone up as people blew trumpets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	47	6	wn5w	figs-parallelism		0	Sing praises to God, sing praises; sing praises to our King, sing praises	The phrase “sing praises” is repeated for emphasis. You may omit the repetition if it is awkward in your language. Alternate translation: “Sing, sing praises to God; sing, sing praises to our King” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	47	9	vxi7			0	The princes of the peoples	Alternate translation: “The rulers of all the nations”
PSA	47	9	kg5b			0	gathered together to the people	Possible meanings are that the rulers of the nations: (1) “gather in front of the people” or (2) “gathered together with the people” so that all may worship God as king.
PSA	47	9	eew2	figs-metaphor		0	the shields of the earth belong to God	Possible meanings are that **shields**: (1) refers to instruments of war. Alternate translation: “God has more power than the weapons of all the kings on the earth” or (2) refers to the rulers of the nations who are spoken of as shields who protect their nations. Alternate translation: “the kings of the earth are subject to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	48	intro	wfx3			0		# Psalm 048 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 48 is a psalm of praise for Jerusalem.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Jerusalem<br><br>Jerusalem has mighty defenses. Foreign nations will be amazed. It is something to remember and testify about. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]])<br><br>It is helpful to know that “Mount Zion” is often used to refer to the city of Jerusalem.
PSA	48	1	s5c1	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	This psalm is a song about Jerusalem being God’s dwelling place. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	48	1	az4y	figs-activepassive		0	greatly to be praised	This can be stated in active from. Alternate translation: “people are to praise him greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	48	1	az2x			0	the city of our God on his holy mountain	This is a reference to Jerusalem, which was built on Mount Zion.
PSA	48	1	dj9j			0	the city of our God	This could mean: (1) “the city where our God lives” or (2) “the city that belongs to our God”
PSA	48	2	nl3f			0	Beautiful in elevation	“Beautiful and high.” The word “elevation” refers to how high mount Zion is.
PSA	48	2	y3e3	figs-metonymy		0	the joy of the whole earth, is Mount Zion	Here the word “earth” refers to everyone living on the earth. The word “joy” may be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “Mount Zion gives joy to everyone on earth” or “everyone on earth rejoices because of Mount Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	48	2	r8gx			0	on the sides of the north	Possible meanings are that this phrase: (1) refers to the direction of the north or (2) is another name for Mount Zion meaning “the mountain of God.”
PSA	48	3	qb5z	figs-metaphor		0	God has made himself known in her palaces as a refuge	The writer speaks of God as if he were a place where people can go for safety. Alternate translation: “God has made himself known as one who gives safety to the people in Mount Zion’s palaces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	48	4	lw4p			0	see	The word “see” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows.
PSA	48	4	fnx9	figs-metonymy		0	assembled themselves	Here the kings represent their armies. Alternate translation: “assembled their armies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	48	4	yk23			0	they passed by together	Alternate translation: “together they passed by Jerusalem”
PSA	48	5	q1px			0	They saw it	Alternate translation: “They saw Jerusalem”
PSA	48	5	k5fi			0	dismayed	greatly troubled
PSA	48	6	xy4p	figs-personification		0	Trembling took hold of them there	The writer speaks of the kings’ fear as if it were a person who caused the kings and their armies to tremble. Alternate translation: “There they trembled with fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	48	6	ees5	figs-metaphor		0	pain as when a woman is in labor	The writer speaks of the kings’ fear as if it were the pain that a woman experiences in childbirth and speaks of that pain as if it were a person. The verb may be supplied from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “pain took hold of them, as when a woman is in labor” or “they became afraid, like a woman is afraid of experiencing labor pains” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	48	7	e8iv	figs-metaphor		0	With the east wind you break the ships of Tarshish	This could mean: (1) this is a metaphor in which the author describes the kings being afraid as if they were ships that shake because God destroys them with a strong wind. Alternate translation: “They shook with fear, as the ships of Tarshish shake when you break them with the east wind” or (2) this is an apostrophe in which the author describes God’s great power. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
PSA	48	7	qp44			0	the east wind	This could mean: (1) “a wind blowing from the east” or (2) “a strong wind.”
PSA	48	7	n4q7			0	the ships of Tarshish	This could mean: (1) ships that sail to or are built in the city of Tarshish or (2) any large ocean-going ship.
PSA	48	8	b3ds	figs-explicit		0	As we have heard	It is implied that what they have heard is the great things that God has done in the past. Alternate translation: “As we have heard about the great things that God has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	48	8	g7aa	figs-explicit		0	so have we seen	This means that they have seen the proof that the things that they have heard are true. Alternate translation: “so we have seen God do great things now” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	48	8	pr7i	figs-parallelism		0	in the city of Yahweh of hosts, in the city of our God	Both of these phrases refer to Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “in the city of our God, Yahweh of hosts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	48	8	pa6r			0	establish it	“make it secure.” Here the word “establish means to preserve and make something secure.
PSA	48	9	fec8	figs-abstractnouns		0	your covenant faithfulness	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “how faithful you are to your covenant” or “how faithful you are to us because of your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	48	9	wf6y			0	in the middle of your temple	Alternate translation: “as we are in your temple”
PSA	48	10	wrg5	figs-metonymy		0	As your name is … so is your praise to the ends of the earth	Here the word “name” represents God’s character and reputation. The two phrases compare the greatness of God’s reputation with how greatly people praise him. Alternate translation: “Your name is very great … and so people throughout the world praise you greatly” or “People all throughout the world have heard of you … so people throughout the world praise you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	48	10	qf2g	figs-idiom		0	to the ends of the earth	This is an idiomatic expression that means everywhere in the word. See how you translated this in [Psalms 46:9](../046/009.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	48	10	w3p6	figs-metaphor		0	your right hand is full of righteousness	The writer speaks of righteousness as if it were an object that God could hold in his hand. Here the word “hand” refers to God’s power and authority to rule. Alternate translation: “you rule with righteousness” or “you are righteous as you rule” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	48	11	w7c2	figs-personification		0	Let Mount Zion be glad	The writer speaks of Mount Zion as if it were a person who could be glad. The phrase refers to the people who live in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “Let those who live on Mount Zion be glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	48	11	csq8	figs-metaphor		0	let the daughters of Judah rejoice	The writer speaks of the towns in Judah as if they were Judah’s children. The phrase refers to the people who live in those towns. Alternate translation: “let the people who live in the cities of Judah rejoice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	48	12	r196	figs-parallelism		0	Walk around Mount Zion, go round about her	These two phrases are parallel. Alternate translation: “Walk all the way around Mount Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	48	13	d5xm			0	notice well	Alternate translation: “notice in detail”
PSA	48	14	wub8	figs-abstractnouns		0	he will be our guide	The word “guide” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “he will guide us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	48	14	rmz8			0	to death	This could mean: (1) “until we die” or (2) “forever.”
PSA	49	intro	r9r3			0		# Psalm 049 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 49 is a wisdom psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Riches<br><br>Riches do not last forever. They cannot save a person from death, and they cannot be taken from a person at death. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])
PSA	49	1	wm6j	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	49	1	f4gj			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship”
PSA	49	1	a8dr	figs-parallelism		0	Hear this, all you peoples; give ear, all you inhabitants	These two phrases are parallel. Together they strengthen the command for all people to listen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	49	1	ski6	figs-idiom		0	give ear	This idiomatic expression means to use one’s ears to listen. Alternate translation: “listen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	49	2	f6b7	figs-metaphor		0	both low and high	The writer speaks of people who are weak or insignificant in society as being low and of people who are important and powerful as being high. Together, the words “low” and “high” represent all people. Alternate translation: “both important people and unimportant people” or “people of every social class” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
PSA	49	2	cq6d	figs-merism		0	rich and poor together	Together the words “rich” and “poor” refer to all people, regardless of wealth. Alternate translation: “all people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
PSA	49	3	r7z1	figs-synecdoche		0	My mouth will speak wisdom	Here the word “mouth” refers to the whole person who speaks. Alternate translation: “I will speak wise words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	49	3	hx37	figs-metonymy		0	the meditation of my heart will be of understanding	Here the word “heart” represents the mind and thoughts. The abstract nouns “meditation” and “understanding” can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “the thoughts upon which I meditate will help you to understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	49	4	wva9	figs-metaphor		0	incline my ear	The writer speaks of listening carefully to something as if it were bending one’s ear towards the person who is speaking. Alternate translation: “listen carefully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	49	4	ge9u			0	with the harp	Alternate translation: “as I play the harp”
PSA	49	5	yhr6	figs-rquestion		0	Why should I fear … heels?	The writer asks this question to emphasize that he has no reason to fear when bad things happen. Alternate translation: “I have no reason to fear … heels.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	49	5	vu7z			0	the days of evil	“when evil things happen.” Here the word “days” refers to general periods of time.
PSA	49	5	ug31	figs-metaphor		0	when iniquity surrounds me at my heels	This could mean: (1) the writer speaks of the evil desires of his enemies as if it were a predator ready to overtake him. Alternate translation: “when the iniquity of sinful men is ready to overcome me” or (2) the writer’s enemies surround him as they commit their iniquity. Alternate translation: “when my enemies surround me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	49	6	z2gn	figs-explicit		0	those who trust in their wealth	These people trust their wealth will keep them from having to suffer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	49	6	w369			0	about the amount of their riches	a large amount of something
PSA	49	7	mmh3			0	It is certain that no one	Alternate translation: “There is no way that any of them can” or “No one can”
PSA	49	7	cj1n	figs-explicit		0	no one can redeem his brother or give God a ransom for him	Both of these phrases express that a person cannot give God enough money to be able to avoid death. Alternate translation: “no one can pay money to God so that their brother will not die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	49	8	n5rb	figs-abstractnouns		0	the redemption of one’s life is costly	The word “redemption” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “it costs too much to redeem a person’s life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	49	9	nw4t			0	so that his body should not decay	This refers to the body decomposing in the grave.
PSA	49	10	q1ib	figs-metaphor		0	he will see decay	The writer speaks of experiencing something as if it were seeing that thing. Alternate translation: “he will die and his body will decay” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	49	10	v4i4	figs-merism		0	Wise men die; the fool and the brute alike perish	The author refers to all people by referring to those who have the most and least wisdom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
PSA	49	10	vpc1			0	brute	This means a person who is stupid or unintelligent.
PSA	49	11	lu71			0	Their inner thought	Alternate translation: “Their belief”
PSA	49	11	brb9	figs-ellipsis		0	the places where they live, to all generations	The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “the places where they live will continue to all generations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	49	11	zu1i	figs-idiom		0	they call their lands after their own names	“they name their lands after themselves.” This phrase expresses ownership. Alternate translation: “they own their own lands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	49	12	ma8l			0	But man, having wealth	Alternate translation: “But man, even if he has wealth”
PSA	49	13	chs8	figs-metaphor		0	This, their way, is their folly	The writer speaks of the fate of fools as if it is the destination at the end of the path on which they walk. Alternate translation: “This is the fate of those who practice folly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	49	13	aze6			0	yet after them	Alternate translation: “yet after they die”
PSA	49	14	yp7j	figs-simile		0	Like sheep	The writer compares people who will all die to a flock of sheep. Just as sheep cannot escape when the butcher decides to slaughter them, so men will not escape when it is their time to die. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	49	14	le72	figs-activepassive		0	they are appointed	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God has appointed them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	49	14	jp6p	figs-personification		0	death will be their shepherd	The writer speaks of men dying by personifying death as a shepherd who leads them into the grave. Alternate translation: “death will take them away as a shepherd leads away sheep to be slaughtered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	49	14	fu5c	figs-metaphor		0	in the morning	Here the word “morning” is a metaphor that refers to a time when God will vindicate righteous people and save them from evil people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	49	14	xwx2	figs-personification		0	their bodies will be consumed in Sheol	The writer speaks of Sheol, the place of the dead, as if it were a person or animal. He speaks of the decay of dead bodies as if Sheol were eating them. Alternate translation: “their bodies will decompose in the grave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	49	15	hdm9	figs-personification		0	God will redeem my life from the power of Sheol	The writer speaks of Sheol as if it were a person who has power over those who die. From the context, it is implied that this power refers to consuming the bodies of the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	49	15	vf45	figs-synecdoche		0	God will redeem my life	Here the word “life” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “God will redeem me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	49	16	gm8v			0	the glory of his house increases	The word “glory” here refers to wealth or riches. This could mean: (1) “when he gains more wealth in his house” or (2) “when his family becomes richer.”
PSA	49	17	a1l5			0	he will take nothing away	Alternate translation: “he will take nothing with him to the grave”
PSA	49	17	cz54	figs-euphemism		0	his glory will not go down after him	The phrase “go down” refers to when the man dies. Alternate translation: “his glory will not go along with him when he dies” or “he will not keep his reputation when he dies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
PSA	49	18	eq9c	figs-synecdoche		0	He blessed his soul	Here the word “soul” refers to the whole person. This phrase means that he considered himself to be happy and successful because of his riches. Alternate translation: “He congratulated himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	49	19	hq9g	figs-euphemism		0	he will go to the generation of his fathers	“he will go to where his fathers’ generation is.” This is a euphemism that means that the rich man will die and join his ancestors in the grave. Alternate translation: “he will join his ancestors in the grave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
PSA	49	19	dvh8	figs-metaphor		0	they will never see the light again	The word “they” refers to the rich man and his ancestors. The word “light” may refer to the sun or be a metaphor for life. Alternate translation: “they will never see the sun again” or “they will never live again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	50	intro	cbd7			0		# Psalm 050 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 50 is a wisdom psalm. It tells what pleases God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Sacrifices<br><br>God does not need animal sacrifices; he does not eat meat or drink blood. The world and everything in it belong to God. He wants people to be thankful and to depend on him. God rejects evil people who reject his covenant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blood]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])
PSA	50	1	v4hj	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	This psalm is a song that teaches people. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	50	1	wpn8			0	The Mighty One, God, Yahweh	The author uses three different names to speak of God.
PSA	50	1	s58x	figs-metonymy		0	called the earth	Here the word “earth” refers to the people who live on the earth. Alternate translation: “called all people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	50	1	ycf8	figs-merism		0	from the rising of the sun to its setting	This phrase refers to the directions east, where the sun rises, and west, where the sun sets. The writer uses these two extremes to represent everywhere on earth. Alternate translation: “everywhere on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
PSA	50	2	k7vg			0	Zion, the perfection of beauty	This could mean: (1) “Zion, whose beauty is perfect” or (2) “Zion, the most beautiful city.”
PSA	50	2	k22a	figs-metaphor		0	God has shone	The writer speaks of God as if he were a light that shines. This refers to God causing people to know about his glory. Alternate translation: “God’s glory shines like a light” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	50	3	ymh5	figs-litotes		0	does not stay silent	The writer uses this negative statement to emphasize the positive. Alternate translation: “speaks so that everyone can hear him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
PSA	50	3	m31d	figs-metaphor		0	a fire devours before him	The writer speaks of a fire burning things as if it were eating them. Alternate translation: “a fire burns in front of him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	50	3	pw8f			0	it is very stormy around him	Alternate translation: “there is a great storm around him”
PSA	50	4	d22v	figs-metonymy		0	He calls to the heavens above and to the earth	This could mean: (1) God is calling on all who live in heaven and on earth to be witnesses as he judges his people or (2) God is speaking to heaven and earth as if they are people, and he is calling them to be witnesses as he judges his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	50	6	fxq3	figs-metonymy		0	The heavens will declare	This could mean: (1) the writer uses the word “heavens” to refer to the angels who live there or (2) the writer speaks of “the heavens” as if they are a person who testifies about God’s righteousness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	50	8	ef2a			0	I will not reprove you for your sacrifices	“I will reprove you, but not for your sacrifices.” God explains that their sacrifices are not the reason that he is reproving them.
PSA	50	8	s2pk			0	reprove	tell someone he is guilty of doing wrong
PSA	50	8	m19c	figs-idiom		0	your burnt offerings are always before me	This explains why God is not rebuking them for their sacrifices. The phrase “are always before me” refers to being in God’s presence and means that his people are always sacrificing their burnt offerings to him. Alternate translation: “you are always sacrificing burnt offerings to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	50	9	a3jw			0	folds	areas surrounded by walls in which sheep and goats are kept
PSA	50	10	sbr7	figs-hyperbole		0	the cattle on a thousand hills	The phrase “on a thousand hills” does not represent the total number of cattle that God owns. The number is an exaggeration that emphasizes that God owns all of the cattle in the world. The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “all the cattle in the world are mine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	50	10	f9vg	translate-numbers		0	thousand hills	“1,000 hills” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
PSA	50	11	dx4m	figs-idiom		0	I know all the birds	Here the word “know” implies ownership. Alternate translation: “I own all the birds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	50	12	gaw2	figs-hypo		0	If I were hungry	This describes something that could not happen, since God does not get hungry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
PSA	50	13	ybv9	figs-rquestion		0	Will I eat the flesh of bulls or drink the blood of goats?	God asks this rhetorical question to emphasize that he does not do these things and so has no need for their sacrifices. Alternate translation: “I do not eat the flesh of bulls or drink the blood of goats.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	50	14	tja9	figs-123person		0	Offer to God	Here God refers to himself. Alternate translation: “Offer to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
PSA	50	14	hz6p	figs-metaphor		0	pay your vows to the Most High	The writer speaks of “vows” as if they are currency which a person pays to God. Alternate translation: “fulfill your vows to the Most High” or “do what you have promised the Most High to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	50	15	si2v	figs-idiom		0	in the day of trouble	Here the word “day” refers to any period of time. Alternate translation: “whenever you have troubles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	50	16	ab6c	figs-123person		0	But to the wicked God says	Here God is still speaking and speaks of himself in the third person. Alternate translation: “But to the wicked I say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
PSA	50	16	ww85	figs-nominaladj		0	to the wicked	The word “wicked” refers to wicked people in general. Alternate translation: “to wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	50	16	mat4	figs-metaphor		0	have taken my covenant in your mouth	God speaks of wicked people reciting the words of his covenant as if they are putting the covenant in their mouth. Alternate translation: “talk about my covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	50	17	zuf2	figs-rquestion		0	since you hate instruction and throw my words away	This is the end of the rhetorical question begun with the words “What have you to do” ([Psalms 50:16](../050/016.md)). God uses this question to rebuke wicked people. This question can be turned into a statement: “It is not right for you to declare my statutes and my covenant, since you hate instruction and throw my words away.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	50	17	l69z	figs-metaphor		0	throw my words away	God speaks of the wicked people rejecting what he says as if they were throwing away trash. Alternate translation: “reject what I say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	50	18	v2nw	figs-idiom		0	you agree with him	This could mean: (1) that they approve of the thief’s actions. Alternate translation: “you approve or him” or (2) that they join the thief in their actions. Alternate translation: “you join him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	50	19	p5te	figs-metaphor		0	You give your mouth to evil	God speaks of a person speaking evil things as if that person’s mouth is a messenger whom the person sends to do evil things. Alternate translation: “You are always saying evil things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	50	19	eu22	figs-synecdoche		0	your tongue expresses deceit	The word “tongue” represents the person who is speaking. Alternate translation: “you are always telling lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	50	20	zjx3	figs-parallelism		0	You sit and speak against your brother; you slander your own mother’s son	These two phrases have the same meaning but use different words. God accuses them of speaking falsely against members of their own family. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	50	20	ea7a	figs-idiom		0	You sit and speak	To “sit and speak” against someone implies that this person deliberately thinks of bad things to say about someone. Alternate translation: “You always think of ways to speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	50	21	br29	figs-explicit		0	you thought that I was someone just like yourself	Since God had kept silent and not yet rebuked the wicked people for their actions, they thought that God approved of what they did. Alternate translation: “you thought that I was someone who acts just like you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	50	21	w99y			0	reprove	tell someone he is guilty of doing wrong
PSA	50	21	j3hc	figs-idiom		0	bring up … all the things you have done	God speaks of listing all of the evil things that they have done. Alternate translation: “list … all the things you have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	50	21	pf7h	figs-idiom		0	right before your eyes	Here, to be “before your eyes” means that it is in a place where they can see. This means that they will not be able to deny the charges that God brings against them. Alternate translation: “right in front of you” or “so that you can not deny them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	50	22	jz7u	figs-metaphor		0	you who forget God	God speaks of the wicked rejecting him as if they have forgotten him. He speaks of himself in the third person. Alternate translation: “you who reject me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
PSA	50	22	ql5f	figs-metaphor		0	I will tear you to pieces	God speaks of destroying the wicked as if he were a lion eating its prey. Alternate translation: “I will destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	50	23	u8xr	figs-metaphor		0	plans his path in the right way	God speaks of a the way a person lives as if it were a path that the person travels. Alternate translation: “lives his life the right way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	50	23	u5xv	figs-abstractnouns		0	I will show God’s salvation	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “save.” God refers to himself in the third person. Alternate translation: “I will save him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
PSA	51	intro	uij8			0		# Psalm 051 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 51 is a psalm of repentance from sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Repentance<br><br>The psalmist is truly sorry for having sinned. He repented and God forgave his sins. God wants true sorrow for having sinned, not sacrifices. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/true]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]])<br><br>### Author of Psalm<br><br>Scholars are divided over whether this psalm was authored by King David as is mentioned by the superscription. If nothing else, we can assume the last two verses were added later since Jerusalem is intact with well-built walls during King David’s reign.
PSA	51	1	v8pw	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. In this psalm David asks God for forgiveness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	51	1	rl6b			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.”
PSA	51	1	ia5j			0	A psalm of David	This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms.
PSA	51	1	sf45	figs-explicit		0	when Nathan the prophet came to him	It can be stated clearly what Nathan did when he came to David, because this psalm is in response to that. Alternate translation: “when Nathan the prophet came to David and rebuked him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	51	1	dlr2	figs-abstractnouns		0	because of your covenant faithfulness	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	51	1	pm2w			0	for the sake of the multitude of your merciful actions	Alternate translation: “because you do so many merciful things”
PSA	51	1	jan2	figs-metaphor		0	blot out my transgressions	Forgiving sins is spoken of as either: (1) blotting them out or (2) erasing a written record of the sins. Alternate translation: “forgive my sins like someone wiping something away” or “forget my sins like someone who erases a record of sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	51	2	rtj9	figs-parallelism		0	Wash me thoroughly from my iniquity … cleanse me from my sin	These two phrases mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	51	2	q5ks	figs-metaphor		0	Wash me thoroughly from my iniquity	Being acceptable to God is spoken of as being clean. God makes people acceptable by forgiving their sins. Alternate translation: “Wash away all my sin” or “Forgive all my sins so that I will be acceptable to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	51	2	h3by			0	thoroughly	completely, totally
PSA	51	2	ja25	figs-metaphor		0	cleanse me from my sin	Being acceptable to God is spoken of as being clean. God makes people acceptable by forgiving their sins. Alternate translation: “Make me clean from my sin” or “forgive me for my sin so that I will be clean” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	51	3	qpz2	figs-metaphor		0	my sin is always before me	Not being able to forget his sins is spoken of as if they were always in front of him where he can see them. Alternate translation: “I am always aware of my sins” or “I cannot forget my sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	51	4	t9px	figs-metaphor		0	what is evil in your sight	The word “sight” here represents judgment. Yahweh saw and did not approve of David’s actions. Alternate translation: “what you judge to be evil” or “what you consider to be evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	51	5	j8f9	figs-metaphor		0	I was born in iniquity	Being a sinner is spoken of as being in iniquity. Alternate translation: “I was already a sinner when I was born” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	51	5	i2cz	figs-metaphor		0	as soon as my mother conceived me, I was in sin	Being a sinner is spoken of as being in sin. Alternate translation: “even when my mother conceived me, I was a sinner” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	51	6	w9f4			0	See, you desire trustworthiness	The use of “See” here draw our attention to the contrast between this sentence and “See, I was born in iniquity” (verse 5). “Truly I was born in iniquity … But you desire trustworthiness”
PSA	51	6	kqg1	figs-metonymy		0	you desire trustworthiness in my inner self	The **inner self** represents either: (1) the person’s desires or (2) the whole person. Alternate translation: “you want me to desire trustworthiness” or “you want me to be trustworthy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	51	7	fc52	figs-metaphor		0	Purify me … I will be clean … wash me … I will be whiter than snow	Being acceptable to God is spoken of as being clean or white. God makes people acceptable by forgiving their sins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	51	7	v7q2	figs-metaphor		0	Purify me with hyssop	The writer speaks of God as if God were a priest who would sprinkle water on him to make him acceptable to God. Alternate translation: “Make me acceptable by sprinkling water on me with hyssop” or “Forgive me for my sins so that I will be acceptable to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	51	7	im87	translate-unknown		0	hyssop	This is a plant that the priests used to sprinkle water or blood on people or things to make them ceremonially clean, that is, acceptable to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
PSA	51	7	l5n6	figs-simile		0	whiter than snow	Not having sin is spoken of as being white. Alternate translation: “very, very white” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	51	8	g7v8	figs-doublet		0	joy and gladness	These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize his desire to hear joyful things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	51	8	p4ef	figs-metaphor		0	so that the bones that you have broken may rejoice	Feeling terrible sadness is spoken of as if his bones were broken. Alternate translation: “for you have caused me terrible sadness in my inner being. Let me rejoice again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	51	9	gs6c	figs-metaphor		0	Hide your face from my sins	Thinking about someone’s sins is spoken of as seeing them. Forgiving or refusing to think about the sins is spoken of as choosing not to see them. Alternate translation: “Do not look at my sins” or “Do not remember my sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	51	9	b3jc	figs-metaphor		0	blot out all my iniquities	Here, forgiving or refusing to think about someone’s sins could mean: (1) blotting them out or (2) erasing a written record of the sins. Alternate translation: (1) “forgive my sins like someone wiping something away” or (2) “forget my sins like someone who erases a record of sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	51	10	q6ng	figs-metonymy		0	Create in me a clean heart	Here the “heart” represents the feelings and desires. Being completely devoted and obedient to God is spoken of as having a clean heart. Alternate translation: “Make me completely devoted to you” or “Make me want to obey you always” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	51	10	bn5a	figs-metonymy		0	renew a right spirit within me	Here “spirit” represents the attitude and desires of a David. Alternate translation: “make my attitude right” or “make me always want to do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	51	11	v6gj	figs-metaphor		0	Do not drive me away from your presence	“Do not force me to go away from you.” Being rejected by God is spoken of as being forced to go away from him. Alternate translation: “Do not reject me as one of your people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	51	12	t5fh			0	sustain me	Alternate translation: “hold me up” or “assist me”
PSA	51	13	az4f			0	your ways	Alternate translation: “the way you want people to live” or “what you want people to do”
PSA	51	13	tzw4			0	transgressors … sinners	These two words refer to the same people here.
PSA	51	14	i5mg	figs-metonymy		0	shedding blood	This phrase refers to killing another person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	51	15	mb7z	figs-synecdoche		0	Lord, open my lips, and my mouth will express your praise	Here the person is represented by his “mouth.” Being able to talk is spoken of as the lips being open. Here not being able to speak is a symbol of being guilty of sin and not being able to make a defense. Alternate translation: “Lord, make me able to speak, and I will praise you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	51	16	rlr8	figs-explicit		0	you do not delight in sacrifice … you have no pleasure in burnt offerings	This means that God wants something more important than these things. Alternate translation: “A sacrifice is not enough to please you … you want something more than burn offerings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	51	17	ib5d			0	The sacrifices of God	Alternate translation: “The sacrifices that please God”
PSA	51	17	e3fd	figs-metaphor		0	a broken spirit	A broken spirit represents a humble attitude. Alternate translation: “humility” or “a person who becomes humble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	51	17	r49l	figs-metonymy		0	a broken and a contrite heart	Being humble and sorry for one’s sin is spoken of as having a broken and contrite heart. The heart represents the emotions and will. Alternate translation: “sorrow and humility” or “a person who is sorry for his sin and humble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	51	18	sl4i	figs-metaphor		0	rebuild the walls of Jerusalem	The walls of a city protect the city and the people in it. This could mean: (1) “enable us to rebuild the walls of Jerusalem” or (2) “protect Jerusalem and make it strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	51	19	qe3h			0	our people will offer bulls on your altar	A bull is an adult male cow. Bulls were often used as sacrificial animals, according to God’s instruction.
PSA	52	intro	gx5r			0		# Psalm 052 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 52 is a wisdom psalm. It teaches that God will destroy evil people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Evil people<br><br>Although the evil people feel secure with their wealth and evil deeds, God will destroy them. But people who do good are secure because God protects them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]])<br><br>### Superscription<br><br>This psalm is called “a Maschil of David.” The word “Maschil” in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm.
PSA	52	1	xe8m	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	In this psalm the word “you” refers to Doeg. When Saul wanted to kill David, Doeg told Saul where David was so that Saul could find him. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	52	1	eve8			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.”
PSA	52	1	px5f			0	A maschil	This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md).
PSA	52	1	iv91	translate-names		0	Doeg … Ahimelech	These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
PSA	52	1	gv61	figs-rquestion		0	Why are you proud of making trouble, you mighty man?	This question shows how angry David was at the one who made trouble. Alternate translation: “You should not be so proud of making trouble, you mighty man.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	52	1	tc43	figs-irony		0	you mighty man	David may have been using irony when he called Doeg this. Alternate translation: “you, who think you are so mighty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
PSA	52	1	u3iv	figs-metaphor		0	The covenant faithfulness of God comes every day	David speaks of God’s covenant faithfulness as if it were something that could come. David was probably referring to God’s promises to protect his people from wicked people. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective or an adverb. Alternate translation: “Every day, God is faithful to keep the promises of his covenant” or “Every day, God faithfully protects his people from wicked people like you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	52	2	yc5s			0	a sharp razor	a sharp blade
PSA	52	2	hlt7	figs-simile		0	Your tongue plans destruction like a sharp razor, working deceitfully	Here the tongue is compared to a sharp razor which is capable of causing great harm. Alternate translation: “Your tongue harms people like a sharp razor does, when you plan destruction and deceive others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	52	2	mc21	figs-synecdoche		0	Your tongue	Here “your tongue” refers to the person David is speaking to. Alternate translation: “You” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	52	3	n4c1			0	Connecting Statement:	David continues speaking to the “mighty man” of [Psalms 5:1](../005/001.md)
PSA	52	3	u7f1			0	lying rather than speaking righteousness	Alternate translation: “you love lying more than speaking what is right”
PSA	52	4	c8a7	figs-metaphor		0	words that devour others	Here words that harm others are spoken of as if they were animals that devour people. Alternate translation: “words that harm others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	52	4	brj2	figs-synecdoche		0	you deceitful tongue	This refers to the person the author is speaking to. Alternate translation: “you speaker of deceit” or “you liar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	52	5	b3i7	figs-parallelism		0	take you up … pluck you … root you	All three of these phrases are different ways of saying “remove you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	52	5	r2bt	figs-metaphor		0	root you out of the land of the living	Being alive on earth is spoken of as if people are plants with roots in the ground. God killing someone is spoken of as digging up the plant’s roots and taking it out of the ground. Alternate translation: “he will take you out the land of the living” or “He will kill you so that you will no longer be on earth with living people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	52	5	cdy6	translate-transliterate		0	Selah	This may be a musical term that tells people how to sing or play their instruments here. Some translations write the Hebrew word, and some translations do not include it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
PSA	52	6	mke5			0	The righteous will also see it and fear	Alternate translation: “The righteous will also see God remove him and they will fear”
PSA	52	7	edv2			0	See	Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you”
PSA	52	7	qv2z	figs-metonymy		0	did not make God his refuge	Here “refuge” represents a protector. Alternate translation: “did not make God his protector” or “did not ask God to protect him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	52	8	u1wy			0	a green olive tree	Green olive trees are strong and secure. They do not fall over.
PSA	52	8	e2xz	figs-simile		0	I am like a green olive tree in God’s house	Being safe and secure is spoken of as being like a strong tree. Alternate translation: “I am strong in God’s house, like a green olive tree” or “Because I worship in God’s house, I am secure like a green olive tree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	52	8	ydi4			0	in God’s house	This refers to God’s temple.
PSA	52	8	bgx6	figs-abstractnouns		0	I will trust in the covenant faithfulness of God forever and ever	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “I will trust in God forever and ever because he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	52	9	cj6z	figs-metonymy		0	I will wait for your name, because it is good	God’s name represents God himself. Waiting for God represents waiting for God to help him. Alternate translation: “I will wait for you, because you are good” or “I will wait for you to help me, because you are good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	53	intro	u3hp			0		# Psalm 053 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 53 is a wisdom psalm. It warns people who do evil that God will judge them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### God’s watching mankind<br><br>God looks down from heaven and sees that all humans are evil and corrupt. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]])<br><br>### Superscription<br><br>This psalm is called “a Maschil of David.” The word “Maschil” in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm.
PSA	53	1	btc5	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	53	1	kkk8			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship”
PSA	53	1	a9tq	translate-transliterate		0	set to Mahalath	This may refer to a style of music. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
PSA	53	1	c5we			0	A maschil	This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md).
PSA	53	2	cmh4			0	the children of mankind	This refers to all people.
PSA	53	2	dy8r	figs-metaphor		0	who seek after him	Seeking God as a person would look for someone is spoken of as “seeking” God. This could mean: (1) wanting to know God. Alternate translation: “who want to know him” or (2) worshiping God. Alternate translation: “who worship him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	53	3	ki3t	figs-metaphor		0	They have all turned away	Rejecting God and what is right is spoken of as turning away. Alternate translation: “They have all turned away from doing what is right” or “They have all rejected God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	53	4	l2u4	figs-rquestion		0	Do those who commit iniquity have no understanding—those … God?	This question is used to show the shock that the writer feels because the people are so sinful. It can be written as two statements. “Those who commit iniquity act as though they do not know anything. They devour my people as if they were eating bread, and they do not call on God!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	53	4	l75m	figs-metaphor		0	those who devour my people as if they were eating bread	Destroying people is spoken of as devouring them. Doing it as if they were eating bread implies that they did it very easily or without feeling guilty about it. Alternate translation: “those who destroy my people as freely as if they were eating bread” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	53	5	q6fe	figs-metonymy		0	God will scatter the bones of whoever will camp against you	Scattering people’s bones represents killing them and allowing their bones to remain wherever they have died and not be buried properly. “God will completely destroy whoever will camp against you, and their bones will lie scattered on the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	53	5	pl76	figs-metonymy		0	whoever will camp against you	Camping against people represents attacking them. Enemy armies would travel and set up camps to live in temporarily near the people they wanted to attack. Alternate translation: “whoever will attack you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	53	6	mle3	figs-exclamations		0	Oh, that the salvation of Israel would come	The word “Oh” here introduces an exclamation that expresses a hope or prayer. Alternate translation: “I hope that the salvation of Israel will come” or “I pray that the salvation of will come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
PSA	53	6	awk5	figs-metonymy		0	the salvation of Israel would come from Zion	The salvation represents God, the savior, whose temple is in Zion. Alternate translation: “the savior of Israel would come from Zion” or “God would come from Zion and save Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	53	6	hj3c			0	When God brings back his people from the captivity	Alternate translation: “When God saves his captive people”
PSA	53	6	fw2j	figs-parallelism		0	Jacob will rejoice and Israel will be glad!	These two phrases have the same meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	53	6	xbm3	figs-metonymy		0	Jacob	Here “Jacob” refers to the descendants of Jacob, the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	54	intro	vvf3			0		# Psalm 054 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 54 is a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Rescue<br><br>Evil people want to kill David; but God has rescued him in the past and he trusts God to rescue him again. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])<br><br>### Superscription<br><br>This psalm is called “a Maschil of David.” The word “Maschil” in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm.
PSA	54	1	fa4h	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	This psalm is a prayer for help. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	54	1	s1kh			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship”
PSA	54	1	nwg2			0	on stringed instruments	Alternate translation: “people should play stringed instruments with this song”
PSA	54	1	w9pi			0	A maschil	This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md)
PSA	54	1	ql33	translate-names		0	Ziphites	people from the city of Ziph in the Judean mountains, southeast of Hebron. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
PSA	54	1	db2i	figs-metonymy		0	Save me, God, by your name	Here God’s name represents his character. It may represent specifically his power or his justice. Alternate translation: “Save me, God, by your power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	54	1	jb6d	figs-metonymy		0	judge me in your might	Judging David here represents showing people that David is not guilty. When God uses his might to save David, people will know that God has judged him as not guilty. Alternate translation: “In your might, show people that I am not guilty” or “Show people that I am not guilty by using your power to rescue me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	54	2	r9er	figs-metonymy		0	give ear to the words	Giving one’s ear represents listening. Alternate translation: “listen to the words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	54	2	mc9y	figs-synecdoche		0	the words of my mouth	Here the speaker is represented by his mouth. Alternate translation: “my words” or “what I am saying to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	54	3	u6zz	figs-metonymy		0	have risen up against me	Rising up against someone represents preparing to attack him or actually attacking him. Alternate translation: “have prepared to attack me” or “are attacking me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	54	3	n85b			0	pitiless men	Alternate translation: “men who have no mercy”
PSA	54	3	uub9	figs-metonymy		0	have sought after my life	Seeking after someone’s life represents trying to kill him. Alternate translation: “have tried to kill me” or “want to kill me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	54	3	qx9n	figs-metonymy		0	they have not set God before them	Setting God before them represents paying attention to God. Alternate translation: “they do not pay attention to God” or “they ignore God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	54	4	f6wz	figs-metaphor		0	who upholds me	Defending David and keeping him safe is spoken of as upholding or supporting him. Alternate translation: “who defends me” or “who keeps me safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	54	5	gch4	figs-metaphor		0	He will repay my enemies with evil	Punishment is spoken as if it were payment. Alternate translation: “He will do the evil to my enemies that they have done to me” or “He will cause the evil that my enemies have done to me to be done to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	54	5	y135			0	in your faithfulness, destroy them	Here David changes from talking about God to talking to God. Alternate translation: “God, destroy them because you are faithful to me”
PSA	54	6	kq3s	figs-synecdoche		0	I will give thanks to your name, Yahweh, for it is good	Yahweh’s name represents him. Alternate translation: “I will give thanks to you, Yahweh, for you are good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	54	7	q8mm	figs-synecdoche		0	my eye has looked	The eye represents the person. Alternate translation: “I have looked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	54	7	z3ih	figs-metonymy		0	my eye has looked in triumph on my enemies	This could mean: (1) seeing that his enemies have been defeated. Alternate translation: “I have seen that my enemies have been defeated” or (2) defeating his enemies. Alternate translation: “I have defeated my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	55	intro	fx5e			0		# Psalm 055 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 55 is a deliverance psalm. The psalmist is praying that God will deliver him from his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Betrayal<br><br>The author wishes he could get far away from his enemies after his best friend betrayed him. He asks God to completely destroy his enemies. He is trusting God to save him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])<br><br>### Superscription<br><br>This psalm is called “a Maschil of David.” The word “Maschil” in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm.
PSA	55	1	gsm2	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	55	1	v48i			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship”
PSA	55	1	y5nc			0	on stringed instruments	Alternate translation: “people should play stringed instruments with this song”
PSA	55	1	lzt7			0	A maschil	This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md)
PSA	55	1	v59z	figs-metonymy		0	Give ear to my prayer	Giving one’s ear represents listening. Alternate translation: “Listen to my prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	55	1	v8bq	figs-metaphor		0	do not hide yourself from my plea	Refusing to pay attention to his plea is spoken of as hiding himself from it. Alternate translation: “do not ignore my plea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	55	3	ag8m	figs-metonymy		0	because of the voice of my enemies	Here “voice” represents what they say. Alternate translation: “because of what my enemies say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	55	3	iqu1	figs-metaphor		0	they bring trouble on me	Causing trouble is spoken of as bringing trouble. Alternate translation: “they cause me to have great troubles” or “they do wicked things to me and so I suffer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	55	4	z3pk	figs-metonymy		0	My heart trembles within me	Here, “heart trembles” refers to his emotional pain and suffering. This suffering is because of fear. Alternate translation: “I am suffering because I am so afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	55	4	jr4q	figs-metaphor		0	the terrors of death have fallen on me	Becoming very afraid, or terrified, is spoken of as if terror is a thing that falls on a person. Alternate translation: “I am very much afraid that I will die” or “I am terrified that I will die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	55	5	spg6	figs-metaphor		0	Fearfulness and trembling have come on me	Becoming fearful and trembling is spoken of as if fearfulness and trembling are things that come on a person. Alternate translation: “I have become very fearful and I tremble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	55	5	lr6z	figs-metaphor		0	horror has overwhelmed me	Feeling horror is spoken of as if horror were a thing that can cover people. Alternate translation: “I feel terrible horror” or “I am extremely afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	55	6	xih1	figs-exclamations		0	Oh, if only I had wings like a dove!	This exclamation expresses something the writer wishes for very much. Alternate translation: “I wish very much that I had wings like a dove” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
PSA	55	6	dd1u			0	Then would I fly away	Alternate translation: “If I did have wings, I would fly away”
PSA	55	7	kwx9			0	See, then I would wander	Alternate translation: “I would do that and more: I would wander”
PSA	55	8	kzu3			0	General Information:	The writer finishes telling about what he had said.
PSA	55	8	v8vq			0	tempest	a strong storm
PSA	55	9	rlv7	figs-metaphor		0	Devour them	Destroying something is spoken of as eating all of it. Possible meanings are “Destroy my enemies’ plans” or “Destroy my enemies.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	55	9	xsb3	figs-metonymy		0	confuse their language	“Language” here represents what the people were saying to each other, and probably refers specifically to them talking about plans to do evil. Confusing it represents making the people unable to understand each other. Alternate translation: “confuse them when they speak to each other” or “confuse their plans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	55	10	adq2	figs-personification		0	they go about on its walls	“violence and strife go about on her walls” ([Psalms 55:9](../055/009.md)). Violence and strife are spoken of as if they were people. This can be expressed by telling about the people who cause violence and strife. Alternate translation: “people walk about on the city’s walls, being violent and fighting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	55	10	mjb4			0	on its walls	“along the tops of the city walls.” Cities had thick walls around them to protect them from enemies. People could walk along the tops of the walls to see if any enemies were coming to the city.
PSA	55	10	wnf2	figs-personification		0	wickedness and trouble are in the middle of it	Wickedness and trouble are spoken of as if they were people. This can be expressed by telling about the people who do wickedness and trouble. Alternate translation: “people do wickedness and cause trouble in the middle of the city” or “people do sinful things and cause trouble in it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	55	11	r85i	figs-personification		0	Wickedness is in the middle of it	Wickedness is spoken of as if it were a person. This can be expressed by telling about the people who do wicked things. Alternate translation: “People do wicked things in the middle of the city” or “people destroy things in the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	55	11	c726	figs-personification		0	oppression and deceit do not leave its streets	Oppression and deceit are spoken of as if they were people. This can be expressed by telling about the people who oppress and deceive others. Alternate translation: “People oppress and deceive others in the city streets, and they do not leave” or “People are always oppressing and deceiving others in the city streets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	55	11	av8t			0	its streets	This may refer to the marketplaces in the city.
PSA	55	12	fkh4	figs-metaphor		0	I could have borne it	Tolerating or enduring a rebuke is spoken of as bearing or carrying it. Alternate translation: “I could have tolerated the rebuke” or “I would not be so sad about the rebuke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	55	12	sl4f	figs-metaphor		0	raised himself up against me	Being proud of oneself and insulting another is spoken of as raising oneself up against another. Alternate translation: “insulted me” or “despised me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	55	13	q1xj	figs-apostrophe		0	But it was you	The psalmist speaks as though the person who had rebuked and taunted him were there listening to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
PSA	55	13	h4d4			0	myself, my companion and my close friend	This can be divided and a new sentence begun. Alternate translation: “myself. You were my companion and my close friend”
PSA	55	14	uy9r			0	We	The word “we” refers to the psalmist and his friend.
PSA	55	14	jnv2			0	with the throng	This could mean: (1) “together” or (2) “with the crowd.”
PSA	55	15	a7kh	figs-personification		0	Let death come suddenly on them	Death is spoken of as if it were a person that could attack people. Alternate translation: “Let my enemies die suddenly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	55	15	v19n	figs-metaphor		0	let them go down alive to Sheol	Dying suddenly is spoken of as if people were to go to Sheol so fast that they do not even die first. Alternate translation: “let them suddenly go to Sheol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	55	15	wv2z	figs-metaphor		0	wickedness is where they live	Wickedness is spoken of as if it were a thing that could be in a certain place. The habitual wickedness of his enemies is spoken of as if wickedness were with them or near them. Alternate translation: “they always do wicked things where they live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	55	15	ngt3	figs-metaphor		0	right among them	This phrase intensifies the idea of wickedness being very near them. Here wickedness is spoken of as being not only in their homes, but right where they are. Alternate translation: “They always do wicked things wherever they are” or “wherever they are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	55	16	v37m			0	As for me	This phrase shows that the writer has stopped talking about one thing and is now about to talk about himself. Alternate translation: “But I”
PSA	55	17	wtr4			0	moan	the sound people and animals make when they are in pain
PSA	55	17	jq8f	figs-synecdoche		0	he will hear my voice	Here, **voice** represents either: (1) the psalmist or (2) the psalmist’s complaints and moans. Alternate translation: “he will hear me” or “he will hear my moaning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	55	18	g4qm	figs-metonymy		0	my life	Here “my life” represents the psalmist. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	55	18	t38c			0	for those who fought against me were many	Alternate translation: “for many people fought against me”
PSA	55	19	hz58			0	will hear them	Some versions say “will hear me.” Alternate translation: “will hear my enemies” or “will hear what my enemies say”
PSA	55	19	tum6	figs-explicit		0	humiliate them	How God will humiliate them can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “will defeat and humiliate them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	55	20	c1lx	figs-metonymy		0	has raised his hands against those	Raising the hand against people represents attacking them. This may be a metaphor for saying things that put people in danger or cause them trouble. Alternate translation: “has attacked those” or “has betrayed those” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	55	21	s648	figs-metonymy		0	His mouth	Someone’s “mouth” represents what he says. Alternate translation: “What my friend said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	55	21	r2m2	figs-simile		0	His mouth was smooth as butter	Speech that is pleasant or nice to hear is spoken of as if it were smooth and easy to swallow. Alternate translation: “What he said was pleasant like smooth butter” or “He said nice things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	55	21	qub5			0	was hostile	Alternate translation: “was mean” or “was hateful”
PSA	55	21	xd9f			0	his words	Alternate translation: “what he said”
PSA	55	21	xz3a	figs-simile		0	his words were softer than oil	People put oil on their skin to make it feel nice, and they put it on wounds to help them heal. Speech that is kind or helpful is spoken of as if it were soft or soothing. Alternate translation: “what he said was kind and soothing like oil” or “he said kind things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	55	21	h4sa	figs-metaphor		0	they were actually drawn swords	Speech that causes people trouble is spoken of as if it were swords that wound people. Alternate translation: “what he said wounded people as drawn swords do” or “what he said caused people trouble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	55	21	b32u			0	drawn swords	The word “drawn” here means that the swords were pulled out of their covers and ready to be used.
PSA	55	22	r4ww			0	Place your burdens	Here the psalmist is speaking to other godly people.
PSA	55	22	es9t	figs-metaphor		0	Place your burdens on Yahweh	Here troubles are spoken of as if they were burdens that people have to carry. Trusting God to help us when we have troubles is spoken of as putting our burdens on him so that he can carry them for us. Alternate translation: “Give Yahweh your problems” or “Trust God to help you with all your troubles like someone who trusts a stronger person to carry his load” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	55	22	vk43			0	he will sustain you	Taking care of someone or helping someone when he has troubles is spoken of as supporting him. Alternate translation: “he will take care of you” or “he will help you”
PSA	55	22	x43r	figs-metaphor		0	he will never allow a righteous person to totter	A person who is about to be severely harmed by some sort of disaster is spoken of as if he is tottering or swaying and is about to fall down. Alternate translation: “he will not let a righteous person sway and fall down” or “he will not let a righteous person to be destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	55	23	el52			0	But you, God	The author speaks to God now.
PSA	55	23	b5vk			0	the pit of destruction	This probably refers to the grave or hell.
PSA	55	23	u8sz	figs-metonymy		0	will bring the wicked down into the pit of destruction	This represents causing people to die. Alternate translation: “will cause the wicked to die” or “will cause wicked people to die and go to the place where dead people are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	55	23	kab2			0	bloodthirsty and deceitful men	Alternate translation: “people who lie and who want to kill others” or “deceitful murderers”
PSA	55	23	pe8d			0	even half as long as others	Alternate translation: “even half as long as other people live”
PSA	56	intro	h1w3			0		# Psalm 056 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 56 is a psalm of deliverance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Fear<br><br>Although the psalmist’s enemies are trying to harm him, he is not afraid because God is protecting him.<br><br>### Superscription<br><br>The word “Michtam” is used in the superscription for this psalm. There is much discussion about this word but, in the end, no one is certain what it means. It is easiest to transliterate this word into your language, or you can simply translate it as “psalm.”
PSA	56	1	xsm1	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	56	1	by4v			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship;”
PSA	56	1	azv1			0	set to Jonath elem rehokim	This probably tells what musical style or tune to use when singing this psalm. Alternate translation: “Sing this psalm using the tune of ‘Jonath elem rehokim’” or “Sing this using the Jonath elem rehokim style”
PSA	56	1	urm9	translate-unknown		0	Jonath elem rehokim	This may mean “Dove on Distant Oak Trees.” Translators may either write the meaning or copy the Hebrew words. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
PSA	56	1	y6cg			0	A psalm of David	This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms.
PSA	56	1	q2la			0	A michtam	The meaning of the word “michtam” is uncertain. You may use the word “psalm” instead. This can be written as: “This is a psalm that David wrote.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 16:1](../016/001.md).
PSA	56	1	sz95			0	press their assault	Alternate translation: “come closer and closer in order to attack me”
PSA	56	2	e4w9	figs-metaphor		0	My enemies trample me	The enemies’ fierce attack is spoken of as if they were crushing his body by marching on it. Alternate translation: “My enemies attack me severely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	56	3	zht6			0	you	The word “you” refers to God.
PSA	56	4	ggu8	figs-rquestion		0	what can mere man do to me?	Here a question is used to show that the psalmist is not afraid of people, because they cannot seriously harm him. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “mere man can do nothing to me!” or “mere man cannot harm me badly!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	56	4	x7n4			0	mere man	“just humans” or “people.” This implies that people are not powerful, but God is powerful.
PSA	56	5	n8j3			0	All the day long	Alternate translation: “All the time”
PSA	56	5	fnl7	figs-metaphor		0	they twist my words	Repeating what someone says but changing it a little so that it means something different is spoken of as twisting their words. Alternate translation: “they say that I said things than I did not say” or “they claim that I said things, but they lie” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	56	5	q7xi			0	all their thoughts are against me for evil	Alternate translation: “they always have evil thoughts against me” or “they always think of evil things to do to me”
PSA	56	6	gh4r	figs-metaphor		0	they mark my steps	Watching what a person does in order to see how to cause him trouble is spoken of as watching his steps, just as someone who wants to capture a person watches where that person walks. Alternate translation: “they watch everything I do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	56	6	u2v9	figs-metonymy		0	just as they have waited for my life	Waiting to kill someone is spoken of as waiting for his life. Alternate translation: “as they wait to kill me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	56	7	huf5	figs-explicit		0	Do not let them escape doing iniquity	What they might escape can be sued clearly. Alternate translation: “Do not let them escape your punishment for their iniquity” or “Do not let them escape when you punish them for the wicked things they do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	56	7	p8t9	figs-metaphor		0	Bring down the peoples	Defeating the enemies is spoken of as bringing them down. Alternate translation: “Defeat the peoples” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	56	8	anm7	figs-metaphor		0	You number my wanderings	God’s concern for the psalmist is spoken of as if God counted each time that the psalmist has walked in sadness and with no place to go for comfort. Alternate translation: “You care about all the times that I have been wandering alone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	56	8	m8ng	figs-metaphor		0	put my tears into your bottle	God’s concern for the psalmist is spoken of as if God saved the psalmist’s tears in a bottle. The tears represent crying. Alternate translation: “you know how much I have cried and you care about me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	56	8	yv3x	figs-metaphor		0	are they not in your book?	God’s concern for the psalmist is spoken of as if he wrote the number of the psalmist’s tears in his book. This question is used to remind God about how greatly he cares for the psalmist. Alternate translation: “you have written about them in your book!” or “you remember my cries!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	56	9	rvm7			0	will turn back	Alternate translation: “will retreat” or “will turn and run away”
PSA	56	9	ui3x	figs-explicit		0	God is for me	This means that God favors him. In this context it implies that God fights against the psalmist’s enemies in order to protect him. Alternate translation: “God is fighting for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	56	11	an7m	figs-rquestion		0	What can anyone do to me?	Here a question is used to show that the psalmist is not afraid of people, because they cannot seriously harm him. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “People can do nothing to me!” or “People cannot harm me badly!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	56	12	mw9n	figs-metaphor		0	The duty to fulfill my vows to you is on me	Being obligated to do something is spoken of as if the duty to do something is on a person. Alternate translation: “I must fulfill my vows to you” or “I must do what I promised you I would do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	56	13	y3b3	figs-synecdoche		0	you have kept my feet from falling	The feet here represent the person. Falling here probably represents being killed by his enemies. Alternate translation: “you have kept me from falling” or “you have kept me from being killed by my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	56	13	y78t	figs-metaphor		0	so that I may walk before God	Living and being seen by God is spoken of as walking before God. Alternate translation: “so that I may live in God’s presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	56	13	npe7	figs-metonymy		0	in the light of the living	Here “the light of the living” probably represents God’s enabling people to live. Alternate translation: “with the life that you give” or “because you enable me to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	57	intro	hv64			0		# Psalm 057 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 57 is a psalm of deliverance. It praises God for the many times he has delivered David. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Fear<br><br>Since God is protecting the psalmist, he has nothing to fear from his enemies.<br><br>### Superscription<br><br>The word “Michtam” is used in the superscription for this psalm. There is much discussion about this word but, in the end, no one is certain what it means. It is easiest to transliterate this word into your language, or you can simply translate it as “psalm.”
PSA	57	1	i8s5	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	57	1	ga1f			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship”
PSA	57	1	s96j			0	set to Al Tashheth	This probably tells what musical style or tune to use when singing the psalm. Alternate translation: “sing this psalm using the tune of ‘Al Tashheth’” or “sing this using the Al Tashheth style”
PSA	57	1	yl31	translate-unknown		0	Al Tashheth	This means “Do Not Destroy.” Translators may either write the meaning or copy the Hebrew words. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
PSA	57	1	g4tb			0	A psalm of David	This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms.
PSA	57	1	jt8t			0	A michtam	The meaning of the word “michtam” is uncertain. You may use the word “psalm” instead. This can be written as: “This is a psalm that David wrote.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 16:1](../016/001.md).
PSA	57	1	wv56	figs-metaphor		0	I take refuge in you	Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “I go to you for protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	57	1	yn99	figs-metaphor		0	I stay under your wings for protection	The psalmist speaks of God as if he were a mother bird that protects its babies by huddling them under its wings. Alternate translation: “I trust you to protect me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	57	1	s371	figs-abstractnouns		0	until this destruction is over	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **destruction**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “destructive.” Alternate translation: “until this destructive storm is over” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	57	2	r2mu			0	who does all things for me	This explains why he will cry out to God. It can be translated with “because.” Alternate translation: “because he does all things for me”
PSA	57	3	k9zh	figs-metaphor		0	those who crush me	The enemies’ fierce attack is spoken of as if they were crushing his body by marching on it. Alternate translation: “those who attack me severely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	57	3	t1vd	figs-metaphor		0	God will send me his loving kindness and his faithfulness	God’s being kind and faithful is spoken of as if he were sending his kindness and faithful. The abstract nouns “kindness” and “faithfulness” can be stated as “kind” and “trustworthy.” Alternate translation: “God will be kind to me and trustworthy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	57	4	v2nz	figs-metaphor		0	My life is among lions	The psalmist speaks of his enemies as if they were lions. Alternate translation: “I live among fierce enemies” or “Fierce enemies surround me like lions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	57	4	e5fn	figs-metaphor		0	those who are ready to devour me	Destroying is spoken of as devouring or eating something up. Some versions understand the Hebrew text to mean “fiery beasts.” Both images speak of his enemies as if they were wild beasts. Alternate translation: “those who are ready to destroy me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	57	4	j2hr	figs-metaphor		0	people whose teeth are spears and arrows	The enemies’ spears and arrows are spoken of as if they were lions’ teeth. The psalmist continues to speak of his enemies as if they were lions. Alternate translation: “people who kill others with spears and arrows as lions kill with their sharp teeth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	57	4	zdv3	figs-doublet		0	spears and arrows	Since both of these terms are weapons, if your culture knows only one, it is acceptable to use it alone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	57	4	nz7w	figs-metaphor		0	whose tongues are sharp swords	The tongue represents what someone says, and the enemies’ cruel words are spoken of as if they were swords. Alternate translation: “whose cruel words are like sharp swords” or “who cause terrible trouble for me by what they say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	57	5	t2dt	figs-metaphor		0	Be exalted, God, above the heavens	The psalmist is asking God to show that he is exalted. Being exalted above the heavens represents being great. Alternate translation: “God, show that you are exalted above the heavens” or “God, show that you are great in the heavens” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	57	5	ij37			0	let your glory be above all the earth	The psalmist is asking God to show his glory. Alternate translation: “show your glory over all the earth”
PSA	57	6	ywr3	figs-metaphor		0	They spread out a net for my feet	His enemies’ plans to capture him are spoken of as if they had spread out a net on the ground to trap him. Alternate translation: “It is as though my enemies have spread a net out to trap me” or “They planned to capture me like people who spread out a net to trap an animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	57	6	pp5u	figs-metaphor		0	They dug a pit in front of me	His enemies’ plans to capture him are spoken of as if they had dug a pit for him to fall into. Alternate translation: “It is as though they dug a pit for me to fall into” or “They planned to capture me like people who dig a hole in the ground to trap an animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	57	6	cj6r	figs-metaphor		0	They themselves have fallen into the middle of it	The harm that came to his enemies when they tried to capture him is spoken of as if they fell into the trap that they had made for him. Alternate translation: “They themselves fell into the pit they had dug for me” or “But they themselves were hurt by what they planned to do to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	57	7	mvj7	figs-metonymy		0	My heart is fixed, God, my heart is fixed	Being confident is spoken of as one’s heart being firm rather than shaken or easily moved. The phrase is repeated to show that he has complete confidence in God and will not change. Alternate translation: “I am completely confident in you, God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	57	7	gt62	figs-explicit		0	I will sing praises	Who he will sing to can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “I will sing praises to you, God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	57	8	z1em	figs-explicit		0	Wake up, my honored heart	It can be stated clearly that the purpose of waking up is to sing praises to God. Waking up may be a metaphor for starting or preparing to do something. The heart represents the psalmist or his emotions. Alternate translation: “Wake up, my honored heart, to sing praises to God” or “I will prepare my honored heart to sing praises to God” or “I am honored to wake up and sing praises to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	57	8	yl5r	figs-explicit		0	wake up, lute and harp	It can be stated clearly that the purpose of waking up is to sing praises to God. The psalmist speaks as though the lute and harp were people who could wake up to sing praises to God. Alternate translation: “Wake up, lute and harp, and sing praises to God” or “I will play the lute and harp while I sing praises to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	57	8	hr4g	figs-personification		0	I will wake up the dawn	The dawn is spoken of as if it were alive, and getting up before dawn happens is spoken of as waking it up. The purpose of getting up before dawn is to praise God. Alternate translation: “I will get up before dawn” or “I will get up before the sun rises” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	57	10	vaa3	figs-parallelism		0	For great is your unfailing love, reaching to the heavens … your faithfulness to the clouds	These two phrases are very similar in meaning. The greatness of God’s unfailing love and the greatness of his faithfulness are spoken of as if they could be measured in distance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	57	10	tna7	figs-metaphor		0	For great is your unfailing love, reaching to the heavens	The greatness of God’s unfailing love is spoken of as if it could be measured in distance. Alternate translation: “Your unfailing love is as great as the distance from the earth to the heavens” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	57	10	ywg7	figs-ellipsis		0	your faithfulness to the clouds	The words “great is your” and “reaching” are understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “great is your faithfulness, reaching to the clouds” or “your faithfulness is as great as the distance from the earth to the clouds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	57	11	yyx8	figs-metaphor		0	Be exalted, God, above the heavens	The psalmist is asking God to show that he is exalted. Being exalted above the heavens represents being great. Alternate translation: “God, show that you are exalted above the heavens” or “God, show that you are great in the heavens” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	57	11	n64e			0	may your glory be exalted over all the earth	The psalmist is asking God to show his glory. Alternate translation: “show your glory over all the earth”
PSA	58	intro	dhx6			0		# Psalm 058 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 58 is a deliverance psalm. It asks God for deliverance from the unjust rulers. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Deliverance<br><br>Although the leaders are very evil and unfair, God can deliver his people from their oppression. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]])<br><br>### Superscription<br><br>The word “Michtam” is used in the superscription for this psalm. There is much discussion about this word but, in the end, no one is certain what it means. It is easiest to transliterate this word into your language, or you can simply translate it as “psalm.”
PSA	58	1	qfv5	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	This psalm is a song about wicked people. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	58	1	d8qb			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship”
PSA	58	1	zc3z			0	set to Al Tashheth	This probably tells what musical style or tune to use when singing the psalm. See how you translated this in [Psalms 57:1](../057/001.md).
PSA	58	1	x97c			0	A psalm of David	This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms.
PSA	58	1	xu51	figs-rquestion		0	Do you rulers speak righteousness?	The author uses this question to rebuke the rulers because they do not speak righteously. Alternate translation: “You rulers do not say what is right!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	58	1	f3j3	figs-rquestion		0	Do you judge uprightly, you people?	The author uses this question to rebuke the judges who do not judge uprightly. Alternate translation: “You people never judge people uprightly!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	58	2	n278	figs-you		0	you … your	The words “you” and “your” refer to the mighty men who are judges ([Psalm 58:1](../058/001.md)) and so is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
PSA	58	2	c5jn			0	No	The author answers the two questions he had just asked.
PSA	58	2	d1u5	figs-metonymy		0	you commit wickedness in your heart	The heart refers to the people’s thoughts or plans. Alternate translation: “you commit wickedness in your thoughts” or “you think about doing wicked things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	58	2	fc72	figs-metaphor		0	you distribute violence throughout the land with your hands	Doing violence in various places throughout the land is spoken of as distributing or spreading the violence throughout the land, as if violence were some kind of stuff or things. Alternate translation: “you yourselves do violent deeds everywhere in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	58	3	e66x	figs-parallelism		0	The wicked go astray even when they are in the womb … they go astray from birth	This is the same idea expressed in two different ways. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	58	3	d7k2	figs-metaphor		0	they go astray	Doing wrong things is spoken of as if people are walking on a road, and they turn off and go the wrong way. Alternate translation: “they do wrong things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	58	4	mff7	figs-metaphor		0	Their poison is like a snake’s poison	The wicked things people say are spoken of as if they were poison. Alternate translation: “Their wicked words cause trouble as a snake’s poison harms people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	58	4	f4ca	figs-simile		0	they are like a deaf adder that stops up its ears	Wicked people who do not listen to advice or rebukes are spoken of as if they were snakes that do not respond to a charmer’s music. Alternate translation: “they refuse to listen like a deaf adder that stops up its ears” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	58	4	tt5a	figs-personification		0	a deaf adder that stops up its ears	An adder that does not respond to a charmer’s music is spoken of as if it could put something in its ears so that it will not hear. Alternate translation: “an adder that does not listen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	58	4	w1f7			0	adder	a kind of poisonous snake
PSA	58	5	b6id			0	charmers	people who play or sing music in order to control snakes
PSA	58	5	hi9v	figs-explicit		0	no matter how skillful they are	What the snake charmers were skillful at can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “no matter how skillful the charmers are at controlling snakes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	58	6	ptb3			0	General Information:	The author lists things that he would like God to do to wicked people.
PSA	58	6	x2zu	figs-parallelism		0	Break their teeth … break out the great teeth of the young lions	In both of these phrases, the wicked people are spoken of as if they were lions, and making them powerless to kill people is spoken of as breaking their teeth. Alternate translation: “Take away their power to kill. Make them powerless like young lions whose teeth have been broken and fallen out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	58	7	na9t	figs-metaphor		0	Let them melt away as water that runs off	The wicked people are spoken of as if they were ice or water. No longer existing is spoken of as melting or draining away into the dry ground. Alternate translation: “Make them disappear like water that runs off” or “Make them vanish like ice that melts and drains into the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	58	7	c9dm			0	let them be as though they had no points	Alternate translation: “let their arrows be as though they had no points”
PSA	58	8	hb5w	figs-simile		0	Let them be like a snail that melts and passes away	No longer existing is spoken of as melting and disappearing. Alternate translation: “Let the wicked vanish like a snail that melts and no longer exists” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	58	8	hi5z			0	snail	small animal that the Israelites considered unclean and that looks like it is melting as it moves by sliding over slime it has produced
PSA	58	8	uu2z	figs-simile		0	like the untimely-born child of a woman that never sees the sunlight	Not existing is spoken of as being like a baby that is born dead. Alternate translation: “like a baby who is born too early too live and see the sunlight” or “like a baby that was born dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	58	9	ut8v	figs-metaphor		0	Before your pots can feel the thorn’s burning heat … the green thorns and the burning thorns alike	The wicked are spoken of as if they were thornbush branches, and God’s swift punishment of them is spoken of as if he were to quickly blow them away or sweep them away. Alternate translation: “God will destroy wicked people faster than a whirlwind can blow away thornbush branches that have been put under a cooking pot and lit with fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	58	9	khw3	figs-you		0	your	David is speaking to God’s people, so this is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
PSA	58	9	ka8t			0	the thorn’s burning heat … the green thorns and the burning thorns	Alternate translation: “the heat from the burning thorn branches … the green thorn branches and the burning thorn branches”
PSA	58	10	wz3e	figs-genericnoun		0	The righteous will rejoice when he sees	The phrase “the righteous” refers to righteous people in general. Alternate translation: “Righteous people will rejoice when they see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
PSA	58	10	gi2k	figs-metaphor		0	he will wash his feet in the blood of the wicked	Getting one’s feet wet by walking on blood is spoken of as washing the feet in blood. Alternate translation: “the righteous will make their feet wet in the blood of the wicked” or “the righteous will march on the blood of the wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	58	10	ll57	figs-metaphor		0	he will wash his feet in the blood of the wicked	This exaggeration expresses that a great number of wicked people will die. Alternate translation: “so many wicked people will die that when the righteous march on their blood, it will seem as if they could wash their feet in it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
PSA	59	intro	zf27			0		# Psalm 059 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 59 is a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Protection<br><br>The author prays for God to defeat his enemies. God is his protector. Therefore, he will praise God.<br><br>### Superscription<br><br>The word “Michtam” is used in the superscription for this psalm. There is much discussion about this word but, in the end, no one is certain what it means. It is easiest to transliterate this word into your language, or you can simply translate it as “psalm.”
PSA	59	1	w4sd	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	59	1	p57e			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship”
PSA	59	1	me33			0	set to Al Tashheth	This probably tells what musical style or tune to use when singing the psalm. See how you translated this in [Psalms 57:1](../057/001.md).
PSA	59	1	il5y			0	A psalm of David	This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms.
PSA	59	1	ks3t			0	A michtam	The meaning of the word “michtam” is uncertain. You may use the word “psalm” instead. This can be written as: “This is a psalm that David wrote.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 16:1](../016/001.md).
PSA	59	1	hk4w	figs-metonymy		0	set me on high	A high place represents a safe place where his enemies cannot reach him. Alternate translation: “put me in a safe place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	59	1	rjh7	figs-metonymy		0	rise up against me	Rising up against someone represents attacking him. Alternate translation: “attack me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	59	2	ica6	figs-idiom		0	bloodthirsty men	The word “bloodthirsty” contains “blood,” which refers to murder and “thirsty,” which refers to desire. Alternate translation: “people who desire to kill” or “people who like to kill people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	59	3	c6a4	figs-idiom		0	they wait in ambush to take my life	David’s enemies are in hiding and are waiting quietly for the time when they can attack him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	59	4	zre5	figs-idiom		0	awake	Deciding to do something and beginning to do it is spoken of as waking up. Alternate translation: “do something” or “take action” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	59	4	b239	figs-explicit		0	and see	What he wants God to see can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “and see what is happening to me” or “and see what they are doing to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	59	5	shi6	figs-idiom		0	arise	Deciding to do something and beginning to do it is spoken of as getting up. Alternate translation: “do something” or “take action” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	59	5	t4a1	figs-metonymy		0	all the nations	The word “nations” here represents the people of the nations that do not honor God. Alternate translation: “the people of all the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	59	6	aej6			0	They return at evening	The word “they” refers to the wicked transgressors.
PSA	59	6	r2ww	figs-simile		0	they howl like dogs	The psalmist speaks of his enemies threatening to attack people as if they were dogs howling, growling, or barking at people. Alternate translation: “they threaten to attack people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	59	6	fcr7	figs-explicit		0	go around the city	Why they go around the city can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “go around the city to attack anyone they find” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	59	7	i5i6			0	See	Here the word “See” is being used to draw attention to something. Alternate translation: “Hear”
PSA	59	7	rh1u	figs-metaphor		0	they belch out with their mouths	Saying terrible things is spoken of as belching. These terrible things may have been insults or threats. Alternate translation: “they say terrible things” or “they shout out terrible words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	59	7	q9fv			0	belch	burp loudly; allow air from the stomach to come out of the mouth with a loud, rude noise
PSA	59	7	vs38	figs-metaphor		0	swords are in their lips	The cruel things that the wicked people were saying are spoken of as if they were swords. Alternate translation: “they say cruel things that cause people trouble as much as swords destroy people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	59	7	d23a	figs-rquestion		0	Who hears us?	This question is used to show that they believed that God would not hear and punish them. Alternate translation: “No one can hear us!” or “Your God does not hear us!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	59	8	k3ws			0	laugh at them	“laugh at them scornfully” or “mock them.” God would laugh at them because they are worthless and powerless.
PSA	59	8	x3cx			0	you hold all the nations in derision	Alternate translation: “you ridicule all the nations” or “you know that the people of the nations are fools”
PSA	59	8	tjt6			0	derision	ridicule
PSA	59	9	av6p	figs-metonymy		0	my strength	God’s being the psalmist’s strength represents God protecting him. Alternate translation: “you are my strength” or “you are my protector” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	59	9	mi4w	figs-metaphor		0	you are my high tower	A high tower is a place that people could go to for shelter from their enemies. The psalmist speaks of God protecting him as if God were a strong, safe shelter. Alternate translation: “you protect me like a high tower” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	59	10	v7d9	figs-explicit		0	My God will meet me with his covenant faithfulness	This phrase implies that God will come to him in order to save him. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “My God, who is faithful to his covenant, will come to save me” or “My God will come to save me because he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	59	10	tb7v	figs-abstractnouns		0	my desire on my enemies	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **desire**, you could express the same idea with the verb “want.” Alternate translation: “what I want to happen to my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	59	11	c9tk			0	Scatter them	Alternate translation: “Cause them to wander around”
PSA	59	11	yf94	figs-metonymy		0	our shield	God’s protecting the righteous is spoken of as if God were a shield. Alternate translation: “our protector” or “the one who protects us like a shield” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	59	12	iz4q	figs-metonymy		0	For the sins of their mouths and the words of their lips	The mouths and lips represent the things people say. Alternate translation: “Because they sin by what they say” or “Because of the sinful things they say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	59	12	a3ed	figs-activepassive		0	let them be captured in their pride	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “let people capture them because of their pride” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	59	12	xb2v			0	that they express	Alternate translation: “that they say”
PSA	59	13	u1ga	figs-metaphor		0	Consume them in wrath, consume them so that they will be no more	Destroying them completely is spoken of either as burning them up or eating them. Alternate translation: “Be angry with them and destroy them completely so there will be no more of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	59	13	h4zf	figs-metonymy		0	in Jacob	Jacob here refers to Israel. Alternate translation: “in Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	59	13	ct9i	figs-metonymy		0	to the ends of the earth	“to even the most distance places on earth.” This represents all places on earth. Alternate translation: “everywhere on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	59	14	v4xe	figs-simile		0	howling like dogs	The psalmist speaks of his enemies threatening to attack people as if they were dogs howling, growling, or barking at people. Alternate translation: “threatening to attack us” or “threatening to attack us like wild dogs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	59	15	w18t			0	satisfied	content, having everything they want
PSA	59	16	a9we	figs-metaphor		0	you have been my high tower and a refuge	High towers and refuges are places that people can go to for shelter from their enemies. The psalmist speaks of God protecting him as if God were a strong, safe shelter. Alternate translation: “you have protected me like a high tower and a refuge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	59	16	vmt2			0	in the day of my distress	Alternate translation: “whenever I have had troubles”
PSA	59	17	q7yw	figs-sentences		0	To you, my strength, I will sing praises	“To you, my strength” can be combined as one clause. Alternate translation: “You are my strength, so I will sing praises to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-sentences]])
PSA	59	17	g4db	figs-metonymy		0	my strength	God’s being the psalmist’s strength represents God protecting him. Alternate translation: “my protector” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	59	17	m2u5	figs-metaphor		0	for God is my high tower	High towers are places that people can go to for shelter from their enemies. The psalmist speaks of God protecting him as if God were a strong, safe shelter. Alternate translation: “you have protected me like a high tower” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	59	17	shn4	figs-abstractnouns		0	the God of covenant faithfulness	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. This can be expressed in a separate sentence. Alternate translation: “He is the God who is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	60	intro	wza8			0		# Psalm 060 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 60 is a psalm of war.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Protection<br><br>God has preserved the land of Israel, and now he will give them victory over the countries of Moab and Edom.
PSA	60	1	ev3m	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	60	1	usc3			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship”
PSA	60	1	vsl6			0	set to Shushan Eduth	This probably tells what tune or musical style to use when singing the psalm. Alternate translation: “sing this psalm using the tune of ‘Shushan Eduth’” or “sing this using the Shushan Eduth style”
PSA	60	1	m8be	translate-unknown		0	Shushan Eduth	This means “Lily of the Promise.” Translators may either write the meaning or copy the Hebrew words. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
PSA	60	1	tb2l			0	A michtam	The meaning of the word “michtam” is uncertain. You may use the word “psalm” instead. This can be written as: “This is a psalm that David wrote.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 16:1](../016/001.md).
PSA	60	1	x59t	translate-names		0	Aram Naharaim … Aram Zobah	“Aram of the two rivers … the Aramean nation of Zobah.” These are places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
PSA	60	1	xt5a	figs-synecdoche		0	Joab	This refers to Joab and the army that he led. Alternate translation: “Joab and his army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	60	1	uk1f	translate-numbers		0	twelve thousand Edomites	“12,000 Edomites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
PSA	60	1	jey3	figs-metaphor		0	you have cast us off	God’s rejecting people is spoken of as if he had thrown them away. Alternate translation: “you have rejected us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	60	1	tsh1	figs-metonymy		0	you have broken through our defenses	God’s allowing Israel’s enemies to break through their defenses is spoken of as God himself had done it. Alternate translation: “you have allowed our enemies to break through our defenses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	60	2	cda8			0	Connecting Statement:	The psalmist continues speaking to God.
PSA	60	2	rmg6	figs-metaphor		0	You have made the land tremble; you have torn it apart	The psalmist speaks of the disaster in his country as if it were an earthquake. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	60	2	qsa7	figs-metaphor		0	heal its fissures	Making the people strong again is spoken of as repairing the fissures in the ground or walls. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	60	2	n526			0	fissures	large cracks in the ground or walls
PSA	60	3	k155	figs-metonymy		0	You have made your people see difficult things	Here “see” represents “experience” or “suffer.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	60	3	m2ay	figs-metaphor		0	drink the wine of staggering	Being helpless is spoken of as staggering around, barely able to stand upright. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **staggering**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “the wine that makes us stagger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	60	4	fj97	figs-metaphor		0	you have set up a banner	God’s guiding his people in battle is spoken of as if God were a human king or commander who had set up a banner for the army. Alternate translation: “you are like a king who sets up a banner” or “you command us in battle like a king who raises up a banner” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	60	4	f9q6			0	banner	“battle flag.” This is a flag that a king or commander would raise up on a pole to show that the army should gather.
PSA	60	4	xr7x	figs-activepassive		0	to be displayed against those who carry the bow	This can be stated with an active clause. However some versions have different interpretations of this phrase. Alternate translation: “to display against those who carry the bow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	60	4	pya3	figs-metonymy		0	to be displayed against those who carry the bow	The phrase “those who carry the bow” refers to the enemy soldiers in battle. Alternate translation: “to display when he takes his army into battle against your enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	60	5	lb5k	figs-metonymy		0	with your right hand	God’s right hand represents his power. Alternate translation: “by your power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	60	5	p226	figs-metonymy		0	answer me	Answering here represents responding to his request. Alternate translation: “respond to my request” or “answer my prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	60	7	ft6i	figs-metaphor		0	Ephraim also is my helmet	God speaks of the tribe of Ephraim as if it were his army. The helmet symbolizes equipment for war. Alternate translation: “Ephraim is like a helmet I have chosen” or “the tribe of Ephraim is my army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	60	7	d6zr			0	helmet	a hard hat that soldiers wear to protect their heads from injury
PSA	60	7	c5sk	figs-metaphor		0	Judah is my scepter	God chose men from the tribe of Judah to be the kings of his people, and he speaks of that tribe as if it were his scepter. Alternate translation: “the tribe of Judah is like my scepter” or “Judah is the tribe through whom I rule my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	60	8	k3r4	figs-metaphor		0	Moab is my washbasin	God speaks of Moab being unimportant as if Moab were a washbasin or a lowly servant. Alternate translation: “Moab is like a bowl that I use for washing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	60	8	lax6	figs-metaphor		0	over Edom I will throw my shoe	God was probably speaking of taking ownership of Edom as if he were symbolically throwing his shoe onto that land to show that he owns it. However some versions have other interpretations. Alternate translation: “I take ownership of the land of Edom” or “I throw my shoe onto the land of Edom to show that it is mine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
PSA	60	10	ika5	figs-rquestion		0	But you, God, have you not rejected us?	The psalmist uses this question to express his sadness that it seems that God has rejected them. Alternate translation: “But God, it seems like you have rejected us.” or “God, you seem to have abandoned us.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	60	10	v89k	figs-metaphor		0	You do not go into battle with our army	The psalmist speaks of God helping their army as if God were to go and fight with them. Alternate translation: “you do not help our army when we go into battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	60	11	sm5b			0	is futile	Alternate translation: “is worthless”
PSA	60	12	x5wt			0	will triumph	Alternate translation: “will defeat our enemies”
PSA	60	12	i34s	figs-metaphor		0	he will trample down our enemies	The psalmist speaks of God helping their army defeat their enemies as if God were to trample down the enemies. Alternate translation: “he will enable us to trample down our enemies” or “he will make us able to defeat our enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	61	intro	is6k			0		# Psalm 061 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 61 is a psalm of praise.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Vow<br><br>The author has vowed to praise God every day of his life because God has blessed him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])
PSA	61	1	u44c	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	This is a song about God’s faithfulness. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	61	1	y257			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship”
PSA	61	1	w7m6			0	on a stringed instrument	Alternate translation: “people should play a stringed instrument with this song”
PSA	61	1	dkq1	figs-doublet		0	Hear my cry, God; attend to my prayer	These clauses have a similar meaning. Alternate translation: “God, listen to me and answer my prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	61	2	z96p	figs-metaphor		0	lead me to the rock that is higher than I	Here the writer speaks of God as if he were a high rock that he could climb for protection. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	61	4	fq5b	figs-metaphor		0	take refuge under the shelter of your wings	Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Here there is a second metaphor that speaks of Yahweh’s protection as if he was a hen protecting her baby chicks under her wings. Alternate translation: “go to you for protection as a chick is safe under the wings of its mother” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	61	5	yk96	figs-metaphor		0	you have given me the inheritance	The writer speaks of God’s blessings as if they were an inheritance that he has received. Alternate translation: “you have given to me the blessings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	61	5	jwf1	figs-metonymy		0	who honor your name	Here “your name” means God himself. Alternate translation: “who honor you” or “who have an awesome respect for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	61	6	f381	figs-parallelism		0	You will prolong … many generations	These two clauses have similar meanings. The idea is repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	61	6	m1j7			0	You will prolong the king’s life	Alternate translation: “You will extend the king’s life” or “You will cause the king’s life to last a long time”
PSA	61	6	dq7t	figs-metonymy		0	his years will be like many generations	Here “years” refers to how long the king will live. Alternate translation: “he will live for many generations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	61	7	j14f	figs-explicit		0	He will remain before God forever	Here “to remain before God” means to be in God’s presence or to be with God. This can be stated clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “God will be with him forever” or “God will be with the king forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	61	8	ut6s	figs-metonymy		0	I will sing praise to your name forever	Here “name” stands for God himself. Alternate translation: “I will always sing praise to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	61	8	yd7n			0	my vows	These refer to the promise to offer sacrifices to God every day.
PSA	62	intro	dc2q			0		# Psalm 062 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 62 is a psalm of deliverance. It expresses trust that God will save the psalmist from his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Trust<br><br>Although the psalmist’s enemies have attacked him when he was feeling weak, he trusts in God to deliver him. God is powerful and kind.
PSA	62	1	fc8k	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	This psalm is a song about God’s faithfulness. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	62	1	a4ay			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship”
PSA	62	1	zun4	translate-names		0	Jeduthun	One of David’s chief musicians had this same name. This may refer to him. See how you translated this in [Psalms 39:1](../039/001.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
PSA	62	1	l5l8			0	my salvation comes from him	Alternate translation: “he is the one who rescues me” or “he is the one who saves me”
PSA	62	2	hy6d	figs-metaphor		0	He alone is my rock and my salvation	The writer speaks of God’s ability to protect him as if God were a rock. Alternate translation: “He is the only one who can protect and rescue me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	62	2	ngh3	figs-metaphor		0	he is my high tower	The writer speaks of God’s ability to protect him as if God were a high tower. Alternate translation: “he keeps me away from the grasp of my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	62	2	s4ie	figs-activepassive		0	I will not be greatly moved	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “nothing can ever move me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	62	3	b6ts			0	all of you	Alternate translation: “my enemies” or “all my enemies”
PSA	62	3	z326	figs-rquestion		0	How long … will you attack a man … or a shaky fence?	David uses a rhetorical question to express his frustration. No answer is expected. Alternate translation: “It seems like my enemies will never stop attacking me. I feel that I am as weak against you as a leaning wall or a broken-down fence.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	62	3	c4q6			0	attack a man	Alternate translation: “attack me”
PSA	62	4	n82a			0	They consult with him only to	Alternate translation: “They intend to” or “They plan to”
PSA	62	4	a18i			0	consult with him … bring him … bless him … curse him	In these verses, David is referring to himself by “him.”
PSA	62	4	j3uz	figs-metonymy		0	with their mouths	This refers to their speech or their words. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	62	4	zqm3	figs-metonymy		0	in their hearts	This refers to their thoughts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	62	5	nl4l			0	my hope is set on him	Alternate translation: “for I place my hope in him”
PSA	62	6	fy6x	figs-metaphor		0	He alone is my rock and my salvation; he is my high tower	The writer speaks of God as if he were a rock and a high tower. Both of these metaphors show how God provides protection from one’s enemies. Here “salvation” means that God rescues the writer. See how you translated this in [Psalms 62:2](../062/002.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	62	6	izy6	figs-activepassive		0	I will not be moved	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “nothing can move me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	62	7	c9fh	figs-metaphor		0	the rock of my strength and my refuge are in God	The writer speaks of God as if he were a rock that keeps one safe from his enemies. He also speaks of God as if he were a shelter that provides protection. Alternate translation: “God always gives me strength and protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	62	8	yq3j	figs-idiom		0	pour out your heart	This refers to telling God your inner feelings as if you were pouring out a liquid. Alternate translation: “give your deepest concerns to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	62	8	ss3p	figs-exclusive		0	refuge for us	The word “us” refers to David and the people he is speaking to. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
PSA	62	9	zu93	figs-merism		0	men of low standing … men of high standing are a lie	This refers to men of all levels of wealth and importance. The phrases “are vanity” and “are a lie” have the same meaning. One cannot confidently trust in anyone. Alternate translation: “you cannot place your trust in men, no matter how important they are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	62	9	ckm7			0	weighed together, they are lighter than nothing	If you put all of these kinds of men together on a scale, they would have no weight. This means that they have no real value to you.
PSA	62	10	ubx1	figs-doublet		0	oppression or robbery	These two words have basically the same meaning. You cannot trust in money that you get by taking it from other people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	62	10	eu3d	figs-metaphor		0	for they will bear no fruit	The writer speaks of riches as if they were trees or vines that could bear fruit. Alternate translation: “for they will provide nothing good for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	62	10	j6sj	figs-idiom		0	do not fix your heart on them	Here “fix your heart” is an idiom that means to desire something greatly. Alternate translation: “do not desire them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	62	11	x8ts			0	God has spoken once, twice have I heard this	This means that God has said this more than once.
PSA	62	11	kc1v	figs-metaphor		0	power belongs to God	God being characterized by power is spoken of as if power belonged to him. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **power**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “God is powerful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	62	12	n56f	figs-metaphor		0	Also to you, Lord, belongs covenant faithfulness	God being characterized by covenant faithfulness is spoken of as if covenant faithfulness belonged to him. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “You, Lord, are also faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	62	12	gl1p	figs-metaphor		0	for you pay back every person for what he has done	The writer speaks of God’s rewards as if he were paying a wage for work. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	63	intro	py5b			0		# Psalm 063 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 63 is a psalm of praise.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Praise<br><br>The author praises God for who he is and for having protected him.
PSA	63	1	rct4	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	63	1	jrr4			0	A psalm of David	This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms.
PSA	63	1	d7d1			0	earnestly	sincerely
PSA	63	1	c3we	figs-parallelism		0	my soul thirsts for you, and my flesh longs for you	These two clauses have basically the same meaning and are used together to emphasize how greatly the writer desires to be with God. Alternate translation: “my whole being greatly desires to be with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	63	1	x4mg			0	dry and weary land	Alternate translation: “hot, dry desert”
PSA	63	3	w2ui	figs-abstractnouns		0	Because your covenant faithfulness is better than life, my lips	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adverb and If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **life**, you could express the same idea with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “I value you being faithful to your covenant more than I value living, so my lips” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	63	3	cx75	figs-synecdoche		0	my lips will praise you	Here “my lips” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will praise you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	63	4	vx4a	figs-metonymy		0	I will lift up my hands in your name	Here “in your name” means “to you.” Alternate translation: “I will worship you and pray to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	63	5	x5ky	figs-simile		0	It will be as if I ate a meal of marrow and fatness	Here the writer speaks of knowing and worshiping God as being more satisfying than eating a good meal. Alternate translation: “I will be happier than a person who eats a meal of fat and choice food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	63	5	y596	figs-synecdoche		0	with joyful lips my mouth will praise you	Here “with joyful lips my mouth” represents the whole person who will praise God joyfully. Alternate translation: “I will praise you joyfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	63	6	a4ez	figs-parallelism		0	when I think about you on my bed … in the night hours	These two clauses have the same meaning. The ideas are repeated to emphasize how much the writer thinks about God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	63	7	ca2e	figs-metaphor		0	in the shadow of your wings I rejoice	The writer speaks of God as if he were a bird protecting its young under his wings. Alternate translation: “I rejoice because you protect me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	63	8	y8gh			0	I cling to you	Alternate translation: “I need you” or “I depend on you”
PSA	63	8	ua1a	figs-metonymy		0	your right hand supports me	Here, the right hand is used as a symbol of strength and power. Alternate translation: “you support me” or “you lift me up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	63	9	tm7l	figs-explicit		0	will go down into the lowest parts of the earth	This means they will die and go to the place of the dead. This can be stated clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “will die and descend into the place of the dead” or “will die and go down into the place of the dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	63	10	y78j	figs-metonymy		0	they will be given over to those whose hands use the sword	Here “the sword” represents death in battle, and “those whose hands use the sword” refers to enemies who kill them in battle. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will cause them to die in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	63	10	i1md	figs-explicit		0	they will become food for the jackals	Here “they” refers to the corpses of those who die in battle. Alternate translation: “jackals will eat their dead bodies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	63	10	ru7l			0	the jackals	“jackals” here are a kind of long-legged wild dog. They feed on carrion, game, and fruit.
PSA	63	11	q4st	figs-explicit		0	the king will	David is speaking about himself. This can be stated clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “I, the king of Israel, will” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	63	11	lcq4			0	swears by him … proud of him	The word “him” refers to “God.”
PSA	63	11	a434	figs-synecdoche		0	but the mouth of those who speak lies will be stopped up	Here “the mouth” represents the whole person. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but God will silence the liars” or “but God will silence those who lie” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	64	intro	t6rs			0		# Psalm 064 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 64 is a psalm of deliverance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Plotting of enemies<br><br>The author’s enemies have plotted against him but God has saved him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])
PSA	64	1	b1fk	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	This psalm is a prayer for help. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	64	1	j144			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship”
PSA	64	1	y5d6			0	preserve	save
PSA	64	2	aj26	figs-metonymy		0	Hide me from the secret plotting of evildoers	Here “Hide” represents protecting, and “the secret plotting of evildoers represents” represents the harm that evildoers secretly plan to do to David. Alternate translation: “Protect me from the harm that evil doers secretly plan to do to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	64	2	czb5	figs-ellipsis		0	from the commotion	The words “hide me” are understood from the previous phrase and can be repeated here. Alternate translation: “hide me from the commotion” or “protect me from the commotion”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	64	2	u721			0	the commotion of the doers of iniquity	Here, **commotion** could mean: (1) a noisy disturbance. Alternate translation: “the noisy disturbance that the doers of iniquity make” or (2) a crowd that makes a noisy disturbance. Alternate translation: “the noisy crowd of doers of iniquity”
PSA	64	3	zhn8	figs-simile		0	They have sharpened their tongues like swords	The writer speaks of his enemies’ tongues as if they were as sharp as swords. Here “tongues” represents the harsh words that the enemies speak. Alternate translation: “The harsh things that they say hurt me like a sharp sword” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	64	3	ugs8	figs-metaphor		0	arrows, bitter words	The writer speaks of his enemies’ bitter words as if they were arrows being shot at him. Alternate translation: “bitter words which pierce me like arrows” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	64	5	blg6	figs-rquestion		0	Who will see us?	The evildoers do not expect an answer to their question because they think no one will see them. Alternate translation: “No one will see what we are doing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	64	6	jn8k	figs-metaphor		0	The inner thoughts and hearts of man are deep	The writer speaks of man’s “inner thoughts” and “hearts of man” as if they were a deep body of water that no one can explore all the way to the bottom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	64	6	mfc5	figs-doublet		0	inner thoughts … hearts of man	Both of these phrases refer to man’s private or inner thoughts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	64	7	a77p	figs-metaphor		0	But God will shoot them … with his arrows	The writer speaks of God’s punishment of the evildoers as if God were shooting arrows at them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	64	8	xs48	figs-metaphor		0	They will be made to stumble	The writer speaks of God’s causing the evildoers’ plans to fail as if God were making them stumble in their paths. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will make them stumble” or “God will cause their plans to fail” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	64	8	f4zp	figs-metonymy		0	since their own tongues are against them	Here “tongues” represents the words that they say. Alternate translation: “since the words that they say are against them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	64	9	gv21			0	what he has done	Alternate translation: “what God has done”
PSA	64	10	v64d	figs-metaphor		0	take refuge in him	Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to him for protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	64	10	pzy4	figs-idiom		0	all the upright in heart will take pride in him	Here “upright in heart” is an idiom that means godly or righteous. Alternate translation: “all the people who are godly will praise him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	65	intro	zl1t			0		# Psalm 065 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 65 is a psalm of praise to God.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### God’s power<br><br>God answered prayers and gave the people justice and hope. God created nature and controls it, sending rain so the grain and pastures grow well.
PSA	65	1	g299	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	This psalm is a song of praise. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	65	1	qt1y			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship”
PSA	65	1	ce6n	figs-personification		0	For you, God in Zion, our praise waits	This speaks of praise as if it were a person who could act on its own. Alternate translation: “To you alone, God in Zion, we will offer our praise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	65	1	sw4a	figs-activepassive		0	our vows will be carried out to you	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “we will do what we have promised you that we would do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	65	3	z8fr	figs-personification		0	Iniquities prevail against us	David speaks about iniquity as if it were a person that is able to defeat or oppress. Alternate translation: “It is as if our own sins were defeating us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	65	3	wz7b			0	you will forgive them	The word “them” refers to our “iniquities.”
PSA	65	4	s325			0	whom you choose … your courts	The words “you” and “your” in this verse refer to Yahweh.
PSA	65	4	r5l8	figs-hyperbole		0	live in your courts	This exaggeration expresses that the man is in the temple very frequently to worship Yahweh. Alternate translation: “worship often in your courts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
PSA	65	4	g4b9	figs-activepassive		0	We will be satisfied with the goodness of your house, your holy temple	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The goodness of your house, your holy temple, will satisfy us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	65	4	x47k	figs-exclusive		0	We will be	Here the word “we” refers to David and the people of Israel, but not to God, to whom he is speaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
PSA	65	4	re8y			0	your house, your holy temple	Alternate translation: “your house, which is your holy temple”
PSA	65	5	g2mg			0	In righteousness	Alternate translation: “Because you are righteous”
PSA	65	5	q2jg			0	you who are	Alternate translation: “you are”
PSA	65	5	f2m8	figs-doublet		0	of all the ends of the earth … across the sea	These two phrases have similar meanings. Alternate translation: “of all the people who live throughout the earth and across the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	65	5	m7rv	figs-metonymy		0	of all the ends of the earth	This refers to the people who live all over the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	65	6	sza2	figs-metaphor		0	you who are belted with strength	The writer speaks of God as if he wore his strength like a belt. Alternate translation: “showing that you are very powerful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	65	7	q7ky	figs-parallelism		0	the roaring of the seas, the roaring of their waves	These two phrases have the same meaning and are used together to create a vivid impression on the hearer or reader. Alternate translation: “the continuous roaring of the seas” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	65	7	r4p4			0	roaring	a loud noise caused by the wind and waves
PSA	65	7	uww2			0	the commotion of the peoples	This is also something that God makes quiet.
PSA	65	7	dyr9			0	commotion	loud noise
PSA	65	8	u5vn			0	evidence	proof or something that shows that another thing is true
PSA	65	8	vup2	figs-metonymy		0	you make the east and the west rejoice	The phrase “the east and the west” refers to the people who live all over the earth. Alternate translation: “you cause people everywhere to shout joyfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
PSA	65	9	e5cr			0	help the earth	This refers to the soil of the earth.
PSA	65	9	mt8r			0	you greatly enrich it	Alternate translation: “you make the soil very good so that good things will grow in it”
PSA	65	9	rfe2	figs-metonymy		0	the river of God is full of water	This refers to the supply of water in the sky that God sends to water the earth and fill the streams. Alternate translation: “you fill the streams with water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	65	10	zg5e	figs-you		0	You … you … you … you	The writer is speaking to Yahweh, so these words are all singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
PSA	65	10	d2yu			0	its furrows	Alternate translation: “the earth’s furrows”
PSA	65	10	v5qu			0	furrows	A furrow is a long narrow trench made in the ground for planting seeds or for watering the field where grains have been planted.
PSA	65	10	l2ln			0	ridges	edges
PSA	65	11	r7wm	figs-you		0	You … your	The words “You” and “your” refer to Yahweh and so are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
PSA	65	11	pc5y	figs-personification		0	You crown the year with your goodness	Here the “year” is given the human quality of wearing a crown. Alternate translation: “You have honored the year with a good harvest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	65	11	q39j	figs-metaphor		0	your wagon tracks overflow with abundance	Yahweh making the soil so good and fertile that it produces an abundant harvest is spoken of as if Yahweh were traveling through an empty land in a cart, leaving abundant food behind wherever he goes. Alternate translation: “everywhere you have been, you have left abundant food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	65	12	f7hf			0	The pastures … drip with dew	There is so much dew in the pastures that they are said to drip with it. Alternate translation: “The pastures … are full of dew” or “Much dew drips in the pastures of the wilderness”
PSA	65	12	m2ds	figs-personification		0	the hills are clothed with joy	The writer speaks of the beauty of the hills as if they were joyful people, and of joy as if it were clothing. Alternate translation: “the hills are like people wearing joy” or “the hills are like joyful people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	65	13	l7rv			0	The pastures are clothed with flocks	The writer speaks of the pastures as being so covered with flocks that it is like the pastures are wearing a garment.
PSA	65	13	le4m			0	pastures	a large field where animals feed on the grass
PSA	65	13	h9k9			0	flocks	group of animals, such as sheep and goats
PSA	65	13	kh7i	figs-personification		0	they shout for joy, and they sing	The pastures, hills and valleys are so bountiful, that they seem to shout and sing for joy. Alternate translation: “they are like joyful singing people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	65	13	e1qd			0	they shout	The word “they” refers to the pastures and valleys.
PSA	66	intro	xwm8			0		# Psalm 066 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 66 is a psalm of praise.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh saves<br><br>Just as God brought Israel through the wilderness, he took the author through hard times but saved him. The author will worship God by sacrificing animals to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])
PSA	66	1	wxl5	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	This psalm is a song of praise. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	66	1	kzn5			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship”
PSA	66	1	cmh2	figs-metonymy		0	Make a joyful noise to God, all the earth	A “joyful noise to God” represents singing and shouting praises to God. Alternate translation: “Let all the earth sing and shout joyfully to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	66	1	j76g	figs-metonymy		0	all the earth	This refers to all the people who live on the earth. Alternate translation: “everyone on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	66	2	si2u	figs-parallelism		0	Sing out the glory of his name; make his praise glorious	These phrases have similar meanings and are used together to emphasize how wonderful God is. Alternate translation: “Sing about how wonderful God’s name is; sing wonderful praise about how great God is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	66	2	n3za	figs-metonymy		0	the glory of his name	God’s name here represents God himself. Alternate translation: “his glory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	66	3	sr8b			0	How terrifying are your deeds	The works of God cause us to be in awe and terrified because we know he is powerful and holy.
PSA	66	3	id4t			0	By the greatness of your power	Alternate translation: “Because you have great power”
PSA	66	4	p1ln	figs-metonymy		0	All the earth will worship you	This refers to all of the people who live on the earth. Alternate translation: “All the people on earth will worship you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	66	4	y7hi	figs-metonymy		0	they will sing to your name	Here “your name” refers to God himself. Alternate translation: “they will praise and honor you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	66	5	vn26			0	he … his	These words refer to God.
PSA	66	5	y91w			0	he is fearsome in his deeds toward the sons of mankind	Alternate translation: “he causes people to feel fear and wonder when they see his deeds”
PSA	66	5	ebc3			0	the sons of mankind	Alternate translation: “humanity”
PSA	66	6	t4bb			0	He … him	These words refer to God.
PSA	66	6	ipc9	figs-explicit		0	He turned the sea into dry land; they went through the river on foot	This refers to the crossing of the Red Sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	66	6	dbi6			0	they went	The word “they” refers to God’s people, the Israelites.
PSA	66	6	c4mh	figs-exclusive		0	we rejoiced	The word “we” refers to the Israelites, their ancestors, David, and the people he is speaking to. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
PSA	66	7	fhu2			0	He … his	These words refer to God.
PSA	66	7	v55x	figs-synecdoche		0	his eyes	These phrase “his eyes” refers to God himself. Alternate translation: “he sees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	66	7	csw4			0	let not the rebellious exalt themselves	Alternate translation: “let not the rebellious people exalt themselves” or “let not the rebellious people be proud”
PSA	66	8	p33g	figs-parallelism		0	Give blessing to God … let the sound of his praise be heard	These two clauses have similar meanings. The idea is repeated to emphasize the importance of praising God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	66	9	nub8	figs-exclusive		0	us … our	These words refer to David and the people he is speaking to. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
PSA	66	9	qfj9	figs-metaphor		0	he does not permit our feet to slip	The writer speaks of God’s protection as preventing his people from slipping as they walk or falling off a cliff. Alternate translation: “he has not allowed us to fall into disaster” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	66	11	eq4q	figs-metaphor		0	You brought us into a net	The writer speaks of God’s punishment as if God had captured his people in a net. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	66	11	wp2k			0	a net	a trap for a bird or an animal
PSA	66	11	ib6n	figs-metaphor		0	you laid a heavy burden on our backs	The writer speaks of what the people have endured as having to carry heavy loads on their backs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	66	12	el5w	figs-metaphor		0	You made people ride over our heads	This is a picture of being horribly defeated in battle. Alternate translation: “It is as if our enemies defeated us in battle and then drove their chariots over our fallen bodies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	66	12	ua43	figs-metaphor		0	went through fire and water	God tested them with natural disasters like fires and floods. Alternate translation: “we suffered like people who suffer from fires and floods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
PSA	66	12	t7hr	figs-metaphor		0	spacious place	The writer speaks of the blessings that the people of Israel now have as if they had been brought into a wide open space where they are safe. Alternate translation: “open place where we are safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	66	14	t3nu	figs-synecdoche		0	which my lips promised and my mouth spoke	Here “lips” and “mouth” refer to the words of promise that were spoken. Alternate translation: “which I promised” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	66	15	fl6u			0	aroma of rams	Alternate translation: “smell of the smoke of sacrificed rams”
PSA	66	16	kd6i	figs-synecdoche		0	I will declare what he has done for my soul	The word “soul” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will tell you what he has done for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	66	17	utu4	figs-synecdoche		0	I cried to him with my mouth	The word “mouth” represents the whole person who cries out to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	66	17	s7eh	figs-activepassive		0	he was praised with my tongue	Here “tongue” represents words or speech. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I praised him with my tongue” or “I praised him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	66	18	f2m2			0	seen sin	Alternate translation: “loved sin” or “held iniquity”
PSA	66	18	kk8n	figs-explicit		0	would not have listened to me	Here “would not have listened” implies that God would not have answered his prayer. This can be made clear in the translation. Alternate translation: “would not have heard me call out to him” or “he would not have answered my prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	66	19	n9pa	figs-parallelism		0	But God has truly heard; he has paid attention	These two clauses have similar meanings and are used together to emphasize that God has heard his prayer. Alternate translation: “But God has truly heard my prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	66	19	itl3	figs-personification		0	the voice of my prayer	Here the author’s prayer is given the personal quality of having a voice. Alternate translation: “my prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	66	20	sj37			0	who has not turned away my prayer	Here “turned away’ represents ignoring his prayer. Alternate translation: “who has not ignored my prayer”
PSA	66	20	p1vb	figs-explicit		0	or his covenant faithfulness from me	The phrase “has not turned away” is understood from the previous phrase and can be repeated here. The idea of “his covenant faithfulness” can be translated with the phrase “being faithful to his covenant.” Alternate translation: “and has not turned away his covenant faithfulness from me” or “and has not stopped being faithful to his covenant with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	67	intro	g3hz			0		# Psalm 067 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 67 is a worship psalm.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Praise<br><br>People all over the world should be praising God.
PSA	67	1	w6h8	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	67	1	v59b			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship”
PSA	67	1	d6gg			0	on stringed instruments	Alternate translation: “people should play stringed instruments with this song”
PSA	67	1	h266	figs-metaphor		0	cause his face to shine on us	The writer speaks of Yahweh acting favorably towards them as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on them. Alternate translation: “act favorably towards us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	67	2	y8i3	figs-activepassive		0	your ways may be known on earth	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people may know your ways on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	67	2	ahn5	figs-ellipsis		0	your salvation among all nations	The writer desires for everyone to know that God has the power to save them. This can be made clear in the translation. Alternate translation: “and the people of all nations may know that you have the power to save them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	67	4	w7lh	figs-metonymy		0	let the nations … govern the nations	Here “nations” represents the people who live in all the nations on the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	67	4	g91t			0	with justice	Alternate translation: “fairly” or “justly”
PSA	67	5	e74n	figs-parallelism		0	Let the peoples praise you … let all the peoples praise you	The second clause intensifies the meaning of the first to emphasize how important it is to praise God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	67	6	ew33	figs-personification		0	The earth has yielded its harvest	Here the writer speaks of “the earth” as if it has chosen to provide a harvest to the people. Alternate translation: “We have reaped a bountiful harvest from our crops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	67	7	m77g	figs-metonymy		0	all the ends of the earth honor him	This means that people everywhere should honor God because of his blessings. Alternate translation: “I desire that all people everywhere on the earth may have an awesome respect for him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	68	intro	i82v			0		# Psalm 068 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 68 is a worship psalm.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s greatness<br><br>God is exceedingly great. He takes care of the weak and helpless. He is glorious in his temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])<br><br>### No Common Theme<br><br>Scholars have found this psalm the most difficult to interpret. There does not appear to be any unity to this psalm.
PSA	68	1	c4xg	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	68	1	mf9s			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship”
PSA	68	1	e798			0	A psalm of David	This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms.
PSA	68	1	ebe6	figs-metaphor		0	Let God arise	God beginning to act is spoke of as if he stands up. Alternate translation: “Let God begin to act” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	68	1	e3kc	figs-activepassive		0	let his enemies be scattered	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “let God chase away his enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	68	2	ea3v	figs-metaphor		0	As smoke is driven away, so drive them away	God’s enemies are spoken of as if they are smoke that is easily blown away by the wind. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Drive them away as the wind blows away smoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	68	2	s3mi	figs-metaphor		0	as wax melts before the fire	God’s enemies are spoken of as if they are wax that is easily melted by a fire. Alternate translation: “cause them to disappear as wax melts before a fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	68	2	ea8r	figs-nominaladj		0	the wicked	This refers to the wicked people in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	68	3	s74b	figs-nominaladj		0	the righteous	This refers to the righteous people in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	68	3	e8rg	figs-doublet		0	rejoice and be happy	These means the same thing and emphasizes the amount of joy they feel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	68	4	u8td	figs-metonymy		0	to his name	This refers to God. Alternate translation: “to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	68	4	mtd6	figs-metaphor		0	the one who rides through the plains	God’s presence among people is spoken of as if he rides on the earth in a horse or chariot. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	68	5	nn11	figs-metaphor		0	A father of the fatherless	God is spoken of as a compassionate God who acts like a father to orphans. Alternate translation: “One who acts like a father to children who have no parents” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	68	5	jev5	figs-metaphor		0	a judge of the widows	God is spoken of as a merciful God who protects widows. Alternate translation: “a protector of widows” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	68	6	ae7w	figs-metaphor		0	God puts the lonely into families	God is spoken of as if he places lonely people into families. “God provides families for those who have no one to live with” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	68	6	pki3	figs-metaphor		0	he brings out the prisoners with singing	God is spoken of as the one who leads prisoners out of their confinement. Alternate translation: “God frees prisoners and makes them sing with happiness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	68	6	ri2g	figs-nominaladj		0	the rebellious	This nominal adjective refers to rebellious people and can be translated with either an adjective or a noun. Alternate translation: “rebellious people” or “people who rebel against him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	68	6	xq7k	figs-metaphor		0	a parched land	God’s punishment of the rebellious is spoken of as if he forces them to live in a hot desert land. Alternate translation: “a very hot and dry land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	68	7	txl9			0	General Information:	David begins to tell the story of God leading the Israelites through the desert to Mt. Sinai.
PSA	68	7	nqa1	figs-parallelism		0	when you went out … when you marched through	These two phrases refer to the same event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	68	7	vqt5			0	you went out before your people	Alternate translation: “you led your people”
PSA	68	7	ba2j	figs-metaphor		0	when you marched through the wilderness	God is spoken of as if he was a soldier marching ahead of the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	68	8	t35q			0	the heavens also dropped rain … God’s presence	Alternate translation: “God caused it to rain”
PSA	68	8	br66	figs-parallelism		0	in the presence of God	This idiom here refers to God’s appearance before the Israelites. Alternate translation: “when God appeared to the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	68	9	p896	figs-metaphor		0	you strengthened your inheritance when it was weary	The land of Israel is spoken of as if it was a person who could be weary, or could gain strength. Alternate translation: “you caused the land to produce good crops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	68	9	h87l	figs-metaphor		0	your inheritance	The land that God gave to the Israelites is spoken of as if it was an inheritance that a father passed on to his children. Alternate translation: “the land that you gave to us Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	68	10	k4fw	figs-nominaladj		0	the poor	This refers to poor people in general. Alternate translation: “poor people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	68	11	t91n	figs-metaphor		0	those who announced them … army	The large number of people told the Lord’s message to others. They are spoken of as if there were a large army. Since this phrase is feminine, some versions translate it as, “the women who announced them … army.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	68	12	bm73	figs-synecdoche		0	Kings of armies flee, they flee	The kings represent themselves and their entire armies. It is understood that they flee because they are defeated by Israel’s army. Alternate translation: “Kings and their armies flee from us because they are defeated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	68	12	gj9s			0	plunder	things that are taken from the defeated army and brought to the victorious army’s home.
PSA	68	13	u9e3			0	doves covered with silver … gold	This means that some of the plunder is very valuable because it is covered with precious metals.
PSA	68	13	m4ps	figs-rquestion		0	When some of you people stayed among the sheepfolds, why did you do this?	This question is used to rebuke the people who did not participate in the battle. Alternate translation: “Those who stayed among the sheepfolds should not have stayed; they should have gone to the battle.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	68	14	zi84	figs-simile		0	scattered kings there … snowed on Mount Zalmon	There were so many dead kings and soldiers on the mountain that they are spoken of as if they were snow covering the mountain. Alternate translation: “defeated so many enemy kings and soldiers there that they were like snowflakes covering Mount Zalmon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	68	14	qik2	figs-synecdoche		0	scattered kings	Here “kings” refers to their armies as well. Alternate translation: “scattered the enemy kings and their armies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	68	14	d4j9	translate-names		0	Mount Zalmon	This is the name of a mountain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
PSA	68	15	j4i6	figs-parallelism		0	A mighty mountain is the … a high mountain is the	These two phrase have similar meanings and are used together to strengthen each other. Alternate translation: “a mighty and high mountain is the hill country of Bashan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	68	16	g53a	figs-rquestion		0	Why do you look in envy … for the place he will live?	If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “The high hill country of Bashan should not look in envy at the mountain which God desires for the place he will live.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	68	17	gr2n	translate-numbers		0	twenty thousand, thousands upon thousands	This is probably not meant to be an exact number, but to indicate a large number. Alternate translation: “many thousands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
PSA	68	18	z2qx			0	ascended	To “ascend” is to move up, to go toward the sky.
PSA	68	19	g3s6	figs-metaphor		0	daily bears our burdens	“carries our heavy loads every day.” The Lord’s care for his people is spoken of as if he was physically carrying their troubles as a burden. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	68	19	t8d1	figs-abstractnouns		0	the God who is our salvation	The words “is our salvation” can be translated with the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “the God who saves us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	68	21	w9jd	figs-metaphor		0	will strike through the heads of his enemies	God is spoken of as a warrior who will kill his enemies by striking them in their heads in order to kill them. Alternate translation: “will kill his enemies by striking them in the head” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	68	21	kk8w	figs-explicit		0	the hairy scalps	It seems to have been the custom for soldiers not to cut their hair during the time of war. Alternate translation: “the long-haired skulls” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	68	21	u633	figs-metaphor		0	walk in offenses against him	Offending God is spoken of as walking among the offenses. Alternate translation: “habitually offend him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	68	22	f82v			0	I will bring them back	The word “them” refers to God’s enemies.
PSA	68	22	t4dp	figs-metaphor		0	the depths of the sea	This speaks of the most remote parts of the earth where people might try to escape from God as if they were the depths of the sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	68	23	qyf9	figs-metaphor		0	crush your enemies	The total destruction of Israel’s enemies is spoken of as if the Israelites had crushed them under their feet. Alternate translation: “totally defeat your enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	68	23	c62p	figs-metaphor		0	dipping your foot in blood	The violence of from the destruction of the enemies is spoke of in very graphic form, as if the Israelites would be standing in the blood of their dead enemies. Alternate translation: “stepping in their blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	68	23	g8uz	figs-metaphor		0	the tongues of your dogs may have their share	The bloodshed from the battle against Israel’s enemies is spoken of as if it is so extensive that the dogs will lap up the flowing blood with their tongues. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	68	24	k3xf			0	processions	A procession is a group of people walking together in an orderly manner as part of a ceremony.
PSA	68	25	kyt4			0	minstrels	people who play musical instruments
PSA	68	26	qq11			0	Bless God in the assemblies; praise Yahweh, you who are from the fountain of Israel	It may be helpful to change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “You who are from the fountain of Israel, praise Yahweh and bless God in the assembly”
PSA	68	26	smi2	figs-metaphor		0	from the fountain of Israel	The word “fountain” is a metaphor for the ability of the man Israel to be the ancestor of many people: as much water comes from a fountain, so Israel is the ancestor of many people. This also implies that the call is to those who serve God as the man Israel did. Alternate translation: “true descendants of Israel” or “all of you descendants from Israel”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	68	27	nt5p			0	their multitudes	“their group.” The word “their” refers to the leaders of Judah.
PSA	68	28	f4wh			0	Your God, Israel, has decreed your strength	Some versions understand the Hebrew text differently: “Summon your strength, God” or “Use your strength, God”
PSA	68	28	f4rw			0	Your God, Israel, has decreed	Alternate translation: “People of Israel, your God has decreed”
PSA	68	28	wau7	figs-exclusive		0	to us	The word “us” refers to the writer and the people of Israel, but not to Yahweh, to whom he is speaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
PSA	68	29	zq5a	figs-exclusive		0	to us	The word “us” refers to the writer and the people of Israel, but not to Yahweh, to whom he is speaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
PSA	68	29	isi1			0	Reveal your power to us from your temple at Jerusalem	Alternate translation: “When you are present in the temple at Jerusalem, show us your power”
PSA	68	29	fem7	figs-abstractnouns		0	Reveal your power	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **power**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “strong.” Alternate translation: “Show us that you are strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	68	30	c8e8	figs-metaphor		0	the wild beasts in the reeds	Many scholars believe these wild beasts are a metaphor that refers to the people of Egypt. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “the people of Egypt who are like wild beasts in the reeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	68	30	g1z9	figs-metaphor		0	the peoples, that multitude of bulls and calves	The peoples of other nations are spoken of as if they were a large group of cattle. Alternate translation: “the powerful nations, who are like herds of bulls” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	68	30	c6zu			0	scatter	to disperse or to cause something to spread quickly in different direction
PSA	68	31	n487	figs-explicit		0	Princes will come out of Egypt	It is implied that these princes come from Egypt in order to offer gifts to God in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “Then the leaders of Egypt will bring gifts to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	68	31	c5dx	figs-metonymy		0	Cush	This refers to the people of Cush. Alternate translation: “The Cushites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	68	31	i46u	translate-symaction		0	reach out with her hands to God	This is a symbolic action that represents worship to God. Alternate translation: “lift up her hands to praise God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
PSA	68	32	gn8g	figs-synecdoche		0	you kingdoms of the earth	Here “kingdoms” refers to the citizens of the kingdoms. Alternate translation: “you people who are citizens of kingdoms all over the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	68	33	x1i6	figs-ellipsis		0	To him who rides on the heaven of heavens	The word “Sing” is implied as the beginning of this verse. Here God is described as if he rides in a chariot in the sky. Alternate translation: “Sing to God who rides across the sky in his chariot” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	68	33	npf5	figs-idiom		0	he lifts up his voice with power	This idiom means he speaks powerfully. Alternate translation: “he shouts powerfully” or “he speaks loudly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	68	34	a3cn			0	Ascribe strength to God	Here, **Ascribe** means to give credit to someone. Alternate translation: “Strength belongs to God”
PSA	68	34	ul58	figs-abstractnouns		0	his strength is in the skies	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **strength**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “powerful.” Alternate translation: “in the skies he also shows that he is powerful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	68	35	m2ya	figs-apostrophe		0	God, you are fearsome in your holy place	Here the author speaks directly to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
PSA	68	35	sy6i	figs-doublet		0	strength and power	These two words mean basically these same thing. They emphasize how much strength God provides to his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	69	intro	im3w			0		# Psalm 069 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 69 is a psalm of deliverance. The author prays to be saved from his enemies and for them to be punished. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Deliverance<br><br>The author prays for God to rescue him from his enemies. They show him no mercy, and he asks God to show them no mercy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]])
PSA	69	1	emd2	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	This psalm is a prayer for help. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	69	1	x1w1			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship”
PSA	69	1	jj9x			0	set to Shoshannim	This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 45:1](../045/001.md).
PSA	69	1	b6zx	figs-metaphor		0	for the waters have put my life in danger	The writer describes the troubles in his life as if he were drowning in a flood of water. Alternate translation: “for it feels like I am drowning in the waters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	69	2	tpg9	figs-metaphor		0	I sink in deep mire	The writer describes the troubles in his life as if he were sinking in deep mud. Alternate translation: “For it feels like I am sinking in deep mud and will die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	69	2	ry13			0	mire	thick mud
PSA	69	2	u4k9	figs-litotes		0	there is no place to stand	The writer uses a negative statement to stress how unstable and uncertain his condition is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
PSA	69	2	bt2v	figs-metaphor		0	I have come into deep waters, where the floods flow over me	The writer describes his problems as if he was drowning in a deep, raging river. Alternate translation: “t feels like I am in deep waters, and the floodwaters flow over me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	69	3	qdk1			0	weary	very tired
PSA	69	3	d5w4	figs-idiom		0	my eyes fail	This idiom means the writer has cried so much that his eyes do not see well any longer. Alternate translation: “my eyes are swollen from tears” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	69	4	ks2e	figs-hyperbole		0	more than the hairs on my head	This is an exaggeration to express how many enemies the writer has. Alternate translation: “more than I can count, like the hairs on my head” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
PSA	69	4	v3ns	figs-idiom		0	cut me off	This idiom means “kill me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	69	5	z5mb	figs-abstractnouns		0	my foolishness	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **foolishness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “foolish.” Alternate translation: “the foolish things that I have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	69	5	c1z9	figs-litotes		0	my sins are not hidden from you	This can be expressed as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “you know all my sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
PSA	69	6	l21p			0	Let not those … let not those	Alternate translation: “Do not let those … do not let those”
PSA	69	6	d5j2	figs-activepassive		0	Let not those who hope in you be put to shame because of me	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Please do not allow anyone to put those who wait for you to shame because of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	69	6	ana6	figs-activepassive		0	let not those who seek you be brought to dishonor because of me	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Please do not allow anyone to bring dishonor on those who seek you because of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	69	6	djs5	figs-metaphor		0	those who seek you	Here, seeking **God** could mean: (1) asking God for help or (2) thinking about God and obeying him. Alternate translation: (1) “those who ask you for help” or (2) “those who worship and obey you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	69	7	se7t			0	For your sake	Alternate translation: “On your behalf” or “For you”
PSA	69	7	td6l	figs-metaphor		0	I have borne rebuke	The rebukes of the writer’s enemies are spoken of as if they are a heavy load that he has had to carry. Alternate translation: “I have endured the insults of my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	69	7	l47r	figs-metaphor		0	shame has covered my face	The writer speaks of the shame that he feels as if it is a foul thing on his face that everyone can clearly see. Alternate translation: “I am thoroughly humiliated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	69	8	f38a	figs-metaphor		0	I have become a stranger to my brothers	The writer speaks of himself as if he were not part of his own family. Alternate translation: “My brothers no longer know or accept me at all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	69	8	au3m	figs-parallelism		0	a stranger to my brothers … an alien to my mother’s children	These two phrases mean the same thing. They are repeated to stress his separation from his own family. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	69	8	w5cm	figs-ellipsis		0	an alien to my mother’s children	It is implied that “I have become” should be understood here. The writer speaks of himself as if he were not part of his own family. Alternate translation: “my brothers no longer know or trust me at all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	69	9	dwj8	figs-personification		0	the zeal of your house has eaten me up	The writer speaks of his zeal for God’s temple as if it was a wild animal that devours the writer. Alternate translation: “the zeal I have for your house consumes me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	69	9	d4m8	figs-idiom		0	has eaten me up	This idiom means that the writer’s zeal for the temple takes over all of his thoughts and actions. Alternate translation: “completely controls all that I think and do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	69	9	ckq9	figs-metaphor		0	the rebukes … have fallen on me	The writer speaks of the rebukes of Gods’ enemies as if they were rocks that were thrown at the writer. Alternate translation: “those who rebuke you have also thrown their rebukes at me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	69	10	y39q	translate-symaction		0	I wept and did not eat food	The fact that the writer was fasting indicates that he was sad about the way people treated God’s temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	69	10	dn9i			0	they insulted me	Alternate translation: “my enemies rebuked me because of it”
PSA	69	11	la4h	translate-symaction		0	I made sackcloth my clothing	Wearing rough, cheap clothing was a symbol of mourning over sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
PSA	69	11	q7ys	figs-metaphor		0	I became the object of a proverb	The writer speak of himself as if he was the sad or foolish person in a proverb. Alternate translation: “I became the example of a sad person spoken of in their proverbs” or “they laugh at me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	69	12	m9ar	figs-metonymy		0	Those who sit in the city gate	Here “city gate” is associated with leadership of a town. Alternate translation: “The important people of the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	69	12	u3uq	figs-metaphor		0	I am a song of drunkards	The writer speaks of himself as if he was the person about whom the drunkards sing mocking songs. Alternate translation: “the drunkards of the city sing disgusting songs about me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	69	13	t3wv			0	at a time that you will accept	Alternate translation: “in your accepted time” or “when you are willing”
PSA	69	13	ye88	figs-abstractnouns		0	answer me in the trustworthiness of your salvation	The abstract nouns “trustworthiness” and “salvation” can be stated as “faithfully” and “rescue.” Alternate translation: “rescue me because you faithfully love me, as you have promised to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	69	14	glu5	figs-parallelism		0	Pull me out … do not let me sink	These two phrases mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	69	14	ce9q	figs-metaphor		0	Pull me out of the mire, and do not let me sink	The writer speaks of his danger from his enemies as if he was sinking into a pit of mud. “Do not allow me to sink anymore in the mud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	69	14	q3rm	figs-idiom		0	let me be taken away	Here “take away” refers to being removed from danger. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “take me away” or “rescue me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	69	14	zv92	figs-ellipsis		0	rescued out	It is understood that “let me be” is implied here. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “please rescue me out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	69	14	llk8	figs-metaphor		0	rescued out of the deep waters	The writer speaks about his danger from his enemies as if he was drowning in deep water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	69	15	ks55	figs-metaphor		0	the floods of water overwhelm me	The writer speaks about his danger from his enemies as if flood waters were covering him completely. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	69	15	d558	figs-personification		0	the deep swallow me up	The writer speaks of the deep as if it was a deadly animal that was about to eat him. Alternate translation: “the deep waters swallow me up like a dangerous animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	69	15	iz9u	figs-personification		0	Do not let the pit shut its mouth on me	Here the “pit” is spoken of as if it has a mouth like a person and could eat the writer. Alternate translation: “Do not let the pit consume me” or “Do not let the pit of death close over me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	69	16	ywk4	figs-abstractnouns		0	your covenant faithfulness is good	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “you are good and faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	69	16	ir4z			0	your mercies for me are many	Alternate translation: “you are very merciful to me”
PSA	69	16	w23e	figs-metaphor		0	turn to me	The idea of turning towards someone means to pay attention to them or help them. Alternate translation: “help me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	69	17	l6nz	figs-idiom		0	Do not hide your face from your servant	To hide one’s face means to refuse to hear or help someone. Alternate translation: “Please help your servant” or “Please help me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	69	17	fq4r			0	in distress	Alternate translation: “in great trouble”
PSA	69	18	a5r7	figs-metaphor		0	redeem me	The writer asks God to redeem him as if the writer were a slave whose freedom God could purchase. Alternate translation: “free me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	69	18	emr2	figs-metaphor		0	ransom me	The writer asks God to ransom him as if the writer were a captive whose release could be paid for with money. Alternate translation: “rescue me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	69	19	jv1e	figs-abstractnouns		0	my rebuke, my shame, and my dishonor	These abstract nouns can be stated as actions. Alternate translation: “how people have rebuked me, shamed me, and dishonored me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	69	19	cbu1	figs-idiom		0	my adversaries are all before you	Here “before you” means that God sees and knows all about them. Alternate translation: “you know who all my enemies are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	69	20	d7kg	figs-idiom		0	broken my heart	This idiom means a person is extremely sad. Alternate translation: “offended me deeply” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	69	20	dm8h	figs-metaphor		0	I am full of heaviness	The writer’s great sadness is spoken of as if he was full of a heavy weight. Alternate translation: “I am heavy with sorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	69	20	zw1r			0	to take pity	to feel sorrow or sadness
PSA	69	21	lfl7	figs-metaphor		0	They gave me poison for my food	This is probably figurative. The food that people gave to the writer was so bad that it tasted like poison. Alternate translation: “They gave me food that tasted like poison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	69	22	bt4m	figs-metaphor		0	Let their table before them become a snare … let it become a trap	The writer would like for his enemies’ food to completely ruin them as if they were small animals caught in a snare or a trap. Alternate translation: “May their food ruin them like a snare … may it destroy them like a trap” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	69	22	fd3h	figs-metonymy		0	their table	This refers to food that was served on the tables, possibly at a feast. Alternate translation: “their own food” or “sacrificial feasts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	69	23	v67i	figs-metaphor		0	Let their eyes be darkened	The writer speaks of eyes that cannot see well as if they were darkened. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Please make them unable to see anything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	69	23	d56n	figs-metaphor		0	make their loins shake	Weak backs are spoken of as if they are shaking in weakness. Alternate translation: “cause their backs to be too weak for them to do anything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	69	23	rry1			0	their loins	Alternate translation: “their sides” or “their backs”
PSA	69	24	x9dl	figs-metaphor		0	Pour out your indignation on them	God’s demonstration of his anger is described as if he poured it out on his enemies like water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	69	24	j3n9			0	indignation	anger of a person who has suffered injustice
PSA	69	24	a5mh			0	the fierceness of your anger	Alternate translation: “your burning anger” or “your strong anger”
PSA	69	24	mws1	figs-metaphor		0	overtake them	God’s judgment on his enemies is described as if he ran after them and caught them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	69	25	hl9y	figs-abstractnouns		0	be a desolation	This abstract noun can be stated as “abandoned.” Alternate translation: “become abandoned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	69	26	u691			0	they persecuted the one	Alternate translation: “they persecuted the man”
PSA	69	26	q569	figs-metonymy		0	you struck down	Here to be “struck down” refers to punishment. Alternate translation: “you punished” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	69	26	x39c	figs-metonymy		0	those you have wounded	Here to be “wounded” refers to causing them to suffer. Alternate translation: “those you have caused to suffer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	69	27	ha19			0	Accuse them of having committed iniquity after iniquity	Alternate translation: “Keep making a record of all their sins”
PSA	69	27	ix9p			0	iniquity after iniquity	Alternate translation: “very many sins”
PSA	69	27	fv3w	figs-idiom		0	do not let them come into your righteous victory	To come into God’s victory is an idiom that means to receive a reward from him. Alternate translation: “do not let them receive your righteous reward” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	69	28	qt7j	figs-metonymy		0	Let them be blotted out of	Here “them” refers to the names of the enemies. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Wipe out their names in” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	69	28	el1y	figs-ellipsis		0	not be written down	It is inferred that “let them” is understood. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “do not write down their names” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	69	29	k8wx	figs-abstractnouns		0	let your salvation, God, set me up on high	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with the verb “save.” Here “on high” refers to a place of safety.” Alternate translation: “God, save me and put me in a safe place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	69	30	m7bv	figs-metonymy		0	the name of God	Here “name” refers to God himself. Alternate translation: “God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	69	30	bl7i	figs-abstractnouns		0	with thanksgiving	This abstract noun can be stated with the verb “thank.” Alternate translation: “by thanking him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	69	31	q988	figs-explicit		0	better than an ox or a bull	It is understood that the ox and the bull are to be offered to God as sacrifices. Alternate translation: “better than sacrificing an ox or sacrificing a bull” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	69	31	axd8	figs-distinguish		0	a bull that has horns and hooves	This phrase distinguishes the full grown bulls from other younger cows. Alternate translation: “a bull that is full grown with horns and hooves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
PSA	69	32	b8xa	figs-nominaladj		0	The meek	This refers to meek people in general. Alternate translation: “Meek people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	69	32	ky6t	figs-metaphor		0	you who seek after God	Seeking **God** could mean: (1) asking God for help or (2) thinking about God and obeying him. Alternate translation: “you who ask God for help” or “you who think about God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	69	32	i99y	figs-synecdoche		0	let your hearts live	Here “hearts” refer to the people. Here “live” is an idiom that means to be encouraged. Alternate translation: “may you be encouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
PSA	69	33	arn6	figs-metonymy		0	Yahweh hears	Here “hears” means to respond. Alternate translation: “Yahweh answers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	69	33	ij3h	figs-nominaladj		0	the needy	This refers to needy people in general. Alternate translation: “needy people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	69	33	eag2			0	his prisoners	Alternate translation: “those who have suffered for him”
PSA	69	34	k14w	figs-personification		0	Let heaven and earth praise him … the seas	Here heaven and earth and the seas are spoken of as if they are people who are able to praise God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	69	34	p3qb	figs-ellipsis		0	the seas and everything that moves in them	It is implied that “Let … praise him” should be understood here. Alternate translation: “let he seas and everything that moves in them praise him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	69	35	m398	figs-metonymy		0	God will save Zion	Here “Zion” refers to the people in Zion. Alternate translation: “God will save the people of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	69	35	w8jf			0	have it as a possession	The word “it” refers to the land of Judah.
PSA	69	36	s9pk	figs-metonymy		0	who love his name	Here “name” refers to God himself. Alternate translation: “who love God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	70	intro	qdg2			0		# Psalm 070 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 70 is a psalm of deliverance. The psalmist asks God to deliver him from his enemies.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Help<br><br>The author needs help and needs it immediately.<br><br>### Psalm 40<br><br>This psalm is an almost exact duplicate of Psalm 40:13-17.
PSA	70	1	eg6f	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	70	1	m2am			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship”
PSA	70	1	f84m			0	A psalm of David	This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms.
PSA	70	2	f38b			0	those who	Alternate translation: “the people who”
PSA	70	2	t9us	figs-idiom		0	take my life	This idiom means “kill me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	70	2	l7y2	figs-activepassive		0	be ashamed and humiliated	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “may God put them to shame and bring disgrace upon them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	70	2	sxa6	figs-activepassive		0	let them be turned back and brought to dishonor	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “may God turn them around and make them ashamed for what they have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	70	2	g5lq	figs-metaphor		0	turned back	To be stopped or thwarted is spoken of as being turned back from their attack. Alternate translation: “stopped” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	70	3	b66b			0	those who say, “Aha, aha.”	This is an expression of mocking laughter. You may replace “Aha, aha” with whatever laughing sounds like in your language. Alternate translation: “those who mock and laugh at me”
PSA	70	4	hi48	figs-metaphor		0	seek you	Seeking **God** could mean: (1) asking God for help or (2) thinking about God and obeying him. Alternate translation: “ask you for help” or “think about you and obey you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	70	4	fiv4	figs-doublet		0	rejoice and be glad	These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of gladness. Alternate translation: “rejoice greatly” or “be very glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	70	4	k76h	figs-abstractnouns		0	love your salvation	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “love you because you saved them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	70	4	ymr2	figs-hyperbole		0	always say	This exaggeration emphasizes that it is important to praise God often. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
PSA	70	4	xit2	figs-activepassive		0	May God be praised	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Let everyone praise God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	70	5	k146	figs-doublet		0	poor and needy	Here the words “poor” and “needy” mean basically the same thing and emphasize that he is unable to help himself. Alternate translation: “very needy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	70	5	s6qa	figs-metaphor		0	hurry to me	The writer speaks of God as if he were running to the writer in order to help him. Alternate translation: “come quickly to help me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	70	5	r77i	figs-parallelism		0	you are my help and you rescue me	Here the phrase “you rescue me” explains how God is his “help.” Alternate translation: “you help me by rescuing me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	70	5	ww8h	figs-litotes		0	do not delay	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “please come quickly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
PSA	71	intro	r8sf			0		# Psalm 071 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 71 is a psalm of deliverance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s help<br><br>God has helped the psalmist all his life. Now that he is old, his enemy thinks that God has abandoned him; but the psalmist trusts in God and will praise Yahweh with songs of praise. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])
PSA	71	1	b9md	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	This psalm is a prayer for help. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	71	1	lb3w	figs-metaphor		0	In you, Yahweh, I take refuge	Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to you, Yahweh, for protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	71	1	ew7k	figs-activepassive		0	let me never be put to shame	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. See how “do not let me be humiliated” is translated in [Psalms 25:2](../025/002.md). Alternate translation: “never let my enemies put me to shame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	71	2	xl47	figs-idiom		0	make me safe in your righteousness	This could mean: (1) “make me safe because you always do what is right” or (2) “make me safe as I do what you want me to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	71	2	q2dk	figs-metonymy		0	turn your ear to me	Here “your ear” refers to God’s willingness to hear someone who prays to him. See how this is translated in [Psalms 17:6](../017/006.md). Alternate translation: “pay attention to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	71	2	qwt1			0	save me	Alternate translation: “keep me safe”
PSA	71	3	a39u	figs-metaphor		0	Be to me a rock for refuge	The psalmist requests that Yahweh make him as safe as he would be if he were hiding in a large rock or cliff where his enemies could not find him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	71	3	w8pz			0	rock … rock	These are hills or mountains, not rocks one can hold in one’s hand.
PSA	71	3	usz4			0	you have given a command	Alternate translation: “you have commanded your angels”
PSA	71	3	xd9e	figs-metaphor		0	you are my rock and my fortress	The psalmist believes that Yahweh will protect him and make him as safe as if he were hiding on top of a large mountain or inside a man-made fortress. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	71	4	p4mg	figs-metonymy		0	out of the hand of the wicked, out of the hand of the unrighteous	This could mean: (1) the word “hand” is a metonym for power. Alternate translation: “from the power of the wicked, from the power of the unrighteous” or (2) “hand” refers to the person himself. Alternate translation: “from wicked people, from unrighteous … people” or “so that wicked people and unrighteous … people cannot harm me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	71	4	pb9a	figs-ellipsis		0	wicked, out of the hand of the unrighteous	“wicked; rescue me out of the hand of the unrighteous.” You can make clear the understood information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	71	4	pdn5	figs-nominaladj		0	wicked … unrighteous … cruel	These adjectives can be translated as noun phrases. Alternate translation: “wicked people … unrighteous people … cruel people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	71	5	tph7	figs-metonymy		0	you are my hope	Here “hope” is a metonym for the one in whom the psalmist hopes. Alternate translation: “you are the one whom I confidently expect to help me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	71	6	rmx7	figs-activepassive		0	By you I have been supported from the womb	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You have supported me from the womb” or “You have taken care of me ever since I came out of my mother’s womb” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	71	6	h427			0	you are he	Alternate translation: “you are the one”
PSA	71	7	cq9t			0	I am an example to many people	Alternate translation: “Many people see how I live and want to live as I do”
PSA	71	8	di1q	figs-synecdoche		0	My mouth will be filled with your praise … with your honor	The psalmist speaks of his desire to praise and honor Yahweh with the words he speaks as if his mouth were full of words the way it can be full of food. Alternate translation: “My mouth will be filled with words that praise you … that honor you” or “I will always praise you … will always honor you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	71	8	vh1s	figs-metonymy		0	your praise	Here “praise” refer to the words that he will use to praise Yahweh. Alternate translation: “words that tell people how great you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	71	8	dq42	figs-metonymy		0	your honor	Here “honor” refer to the words that he will use to honor Yahweh. Alternate translation: “words that cause people to honor you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	71	8	z7sk			0	all the day	Alternate translation: “all day long” or “at all times”
PSA	71	9	hwz9	figs-parallelism		0	Do not throw me away … do not abandon me	These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	71	9	ve6g	figs-metaphor		0	Do not throw me away	“Do not force me to go away from you.” For God to reject him is spoken of as God forcing him to go away. See how this is translated in [Psalms 51:11](../051/011.md). Alternate translation: “do not reject me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	71	9	l9jz			0	do not abandon me	Alternate translation: “do not leave me forever”
PSA	71	10	wp8v	figs-explicit		0	watch for my life	It is implied that they are watching for an opportunity to take his life. The euphemism “to take a life” means to kill. Alternate translation: “watch for an opportunity to take my life” or “wait for an opportunity to kill me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
PSA	71	11	kar6	figs-explicit		0	They say	This can be translated to make explicit that they are talking about him. Alternate translation: “They say about me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	71	11	fv3j			0	pursue and take him	Alternate translation: “follow him when he runs away, and kill him”
PSA	71	12	acn7	figs-metaphor		0	do not be far from me	Because Yahweh has not yet answered the writer’s request, he speaks of Yahweh as if Yahweh were standing far away from the writer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	71	12	eu8k			0	hurry to help me	Alternate translation: “help me soon”
PSA	71	13	fkp7			0	Let them be put to shame and destroyed, those who are hostile to my life	Alternate translation: “Let those who are hostile to my life be put to shame and destroyed”
PSA	71	13	zj77	figs-activepassive		0	Let them be put to shame and destroyed	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Put them to shame and destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	71	13	m9nd	figs-synecdoche		0	those who are hostile to my life	The words “my life” represent the person. The idiom “hostile to my life” means that these are people who try to harm him by accusing him of wrongdoing. Alternate translation: “those who accuse me of doing wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	71	13	jq5a			0	let them be covered with rebuke and dishonor, those who seek my hurt	Alternate translation: “let those who seek my hurt be covered with rebuke and dishonor”
PSA	71	13	bfc1	figs-activepassive		0	let them be covered with rebuke and dishonor	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The abstract nouns “rebuke” and “dishonor” can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: “may everyone rebuke them, and may no one honor them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	71	13	i5m7	figs-abstractnouns		0	those who seek my hurt	The noun “hurt” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “those who are looking for ways to harm me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	71	14	ew9i			0	more and more	Alternate translation: “more all the time” or “always more than I have before”
PSA	71	15	ukx5			0	My mouth will tell about your righteousness and your salvation all the day, although I cannot understand it	Alternate translation: “I do not completely understand your righteousness and your salvation, but my mouth will tell about them all the day”
PSA	71	15	r4ct	figs-synecdoche		0	My mouth will tell	The mouth is synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will tell” or “I will speak with my mouth and tell” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	71	15	diu6	figs-abstractnouns		0	your righteousness	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word ****, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “how righteous you are” or “all the good things you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	71	15	hjv1	figs-abstractnouns		0	your salvation	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “how you have saved me” or “how you save people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	71	16	mem9	figs-go		0	I will come	This could mean: (1) “I will go to where people worship Yahweh” or (2) “I will go to my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
PSA	71	16	ntp3			0	with the mighty acts of the Lord Yahweh	This could mean: (1) “I will tell them of the mighty deeds the Lord Yahweh has done” or (2) “because the Lord Yahweh has given me strength to do mighty acts.”
PSA	71	16	xcy8			0	will make mention of	Alternate translation: “will talk about”
PSA	71	17	af7a	figs-explicit		0	taught me	The implied information may be stated clearly. “taught me many things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	71	18	u6gc			0	God, do not forsake me	Alternate translation: “God, please do not forsake me”
PSA	71	18	u45h	figs-abstractnouns		0	I have been declaring your strength	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **strength**, you could express the same idea with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “I have been telling how strong you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	71	18	bs2s			0	to the next generation	Alternate translation: “to those who are children today”
PSA	71	18	k6sb	figs-ellipsis		0	your power to everyone who is to come	The omitted information may be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “and as I declare your power to everyone who is to come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	71	18	x4ym	figs-hyperbole		0	everyone who is to come	This exaggeration refers to everyone the writer can speak to. Alternate translation: “so as many people as I can tell will know” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
PSA	71	19	mu1p	figs-metaphor		0	Your righteousness also, God, is very high	The psalmist speaks of the good things God has done as though they were put together as a high building or a mountain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	71	19	a913	figs-rquestion		0	who is like you?	If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “there is no one like you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	71	20	wi74			0	revive	strengthen or make lively again
PSA	71	20	sf33	figs-metaphor		0	from the depths of the earth	“The depths of the earth” here is a metaphor for where people go when they die. The psalmist had not already died, but in this exaggeration he speaks as if he had. Alternate translation: “when we are near death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
PSA	71	21	b5t3			0	May you increase … turn again and comfort	Some translations read, “You will increase … you will turn again and comfort.” Alternate translation: “I want you to increase … I want you to turn again and comfort”
PSA	71	21	e1ew	figs-hendiadys		0	turn again and comfort me	This describes one action through two phrases. Alternate translation: “comfort me again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
PSA	71	22	ix4p			0	to you I will sing praises with the harp, Holy One of Israel	Alternate translation: “to you, who is the Holy One of Israel, I will sing praises while I play the harp”
PSA	71	23	aku6	figs-synecdoche		0	My lips will shout for joy	“Lips” represent the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will shout for joy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	71	23	we4f	figs-ellipsis		0	even my soul, which you have redeemed	The words the psalmist has omitted can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “and my soul, which you have redeemed, will sing praises” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	71	23	ijs7	figs-synecdoche		0	my soul	Here “soul” refers to the whole person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	71	24	wy5p	figs-synecdoche		0	My tongue will also talk	Here “tongue” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will also talk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	71	24	mf6u			0	they have been put to shame and are confused, those who sought my hurt	Alternate translation: “those who sought my hurt have been put to shame and are confused”
PSA	71	24	h4mq	figs-activepassive		0	for they have been put to shame and are confused	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “for God has put to shame and confused them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	71	24	kz4y			0	those who sought my hurt	This refers to the enemies of the writer. ([Psalms 71:10](../071/010.md)). See how “those who seek my hurt” is translated in [Psalms 71:13](./013.md).
PSA	72	intro	h1hi			0		# Psalm 072 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 72 is a psalm for the king when he begins to be the king. David wrote it as a blessing on his son, Solomon. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Blessings for the king<br><br>May the king be honored throughout the world. May he help the poor. May there be prosperity while he is king.<br><br>### Close of Book Two<br><br>The whole collection of Psalms has been divided into several “books.” This is the last psalm of the second book. It is attributed to Solomon, the son of David.
PSA	72	1	u47g	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. Possible meanings for the header **a psalm of Solomon** are: (1) David wrote this psalm about Solomon (“the king’s son”) or (2) Solomon (who, as David’s son, was “the king’s son”) wrote this psalm as a prayer about himself or (3) another king wrote it about his son in the style of Solomon. People in those days would often speak of themselves as if they were someone else. However, it would be best to translate this as though the psalmist is speaking of someone else, not of himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
PSA	72	1	sep9	figs-123person		0	Give the king your righteous decrees, God, your righteousness to the king’s son	This could mean: (1) “Give me, the king, your righteous decrees, God, your righteousness to my son” or (2) “Give me, the king, your righteous decrees, God, your righteousness to me, the king’s son.” People in those days would often speak of themselves as if they were someone else. However, it would be best to translate this as though the psalmist is speaking of someone else, not of himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
PSA	72	1	vw1m			0	Give the king your righteous decrees	Alternate translation: “Enable the king to judge rightly”
PSA	72	1	p2xg	figs-ellipsis		0	your righteousness to the king’s son	The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Here the word “righteousness” refers to making righteous decisions. Alternate translation: “give your righteousness to the king’s son” or “enable the king’s son to rule with righteousness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	72	2	d3dt			0	May he judge	If David wrote this, he is talking about his son, “the king’s son,” he is speaking of the time when his son will be king. If Solomon wrote it, even though he is writing about himself, it would be best to translate as though he were writing about someone else. Either way, “May the king judge” is the best translation.
PSA	72	2	d51c			0	your people … your poor	The psalmist is speaking to God.
PSA	72	2	faw9	figs-ellipsis		0	your poor	The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. The adjective “poor” refers to poor people. Alternate translation: “may he judge your poor people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	72	3	fx1z	figs-metonymy		0	May the mountains produce peace … may the hills produce righteousness	The psalmist speaks of the people of Israel as if they were the mountains and hills on which they live. He speaks of the mountains and the hills as if they were the entire land of Israel, as if that land were a garden that produces fruit, and of peace and righteousness as if they are that fruit. Alternate translation: “May the people of the land live in peace … may they do everything in a righteous way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	72	4	ln6a			0	he … he	These refer to the one who will “judge” ([Psalms 72:2](../072/002.md)).
PSA	72	4	lx1g	figs-metaphor		0	break in pieces the oppressor	The writer speaks of the king defeating or punishing people who oppress others as if those people were objects that the king would break into pieces. Alternate translation: “punish the person who oppresses others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	72	5	qf1t	figs-metonymy		0	while the sun endures, and as long as the moon lasts	The sun and the moon are metonyms for the day and the night, which together are a merism for all time. Alternate translation: “forever, and without ending” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
PSA	72	6	fay4	figs-simile		0	May he come down like rain on the mown grass	The king will be good, and he will do good things for his people as if he were rain doing good for freshly cut grass. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	72	6	bsl9			0	May he come	Alternate translation: “I desire that he come”
PSA	72	6	v3st	figs-ellipsis		0	like showers that water	“May he come down like showers that water.” The king will be good, and he will do good things for his people as if he were rain doing good for the ground. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	72	7	ch52	figs-nominaladj		0	the righteous	The adjective “righteous” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	72	7	pqr9			0	in his days	This could mean: (1) “while the king rules” or (2) “as long as the righteous person lives” or “as long as the righteous people live.”
PSA	72	7	r4e2	figs-metaphor		0	may there be an abundance of peace	The psalmist speaks as if peace were a physical object like food. An “abundance” is when there is much of something. This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns “abundance” and “peace.” Alternate translation: “may righteous people live peacefully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	72	7	m2kd	figs-idiom		0	till the moon is no more	“as long as the moon shines” or “forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	72	8	mm24			0	May he have dominion	Alternate translation: “May the king have dominion”
PSA	72	8	vh7b	figs-merism		0	from sea to sea, and from the River to the ends of the earth	Both of these expressions are merisms and refer to the whole earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
PSA	72	8	v5fy			0	from sea to sea	from the Dead Sea and the Sea of Kinnereth in the east to the Mediterranean Sea in the west.
PSA	72	8	m3b5			0	the River	“the Euphrates River,” which the Israelites would travel to on land by going north
PSA	72	8	dxj8	figs-metaphor		0	the ends of the earth	as far as people could travel on land by different routes to the south. The Israelites spoke of the earth as if it were a flat surface with ends. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	72	9	c1h1	figs-metaphor		0	lick the dust	This is a metaphor for extreme humiliation. Alternate translation: “do everything they can so he will allow them to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	72	10	ds5s	translate-names		0	Tarshish	This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
PSA	72	10	jht5			0	render	pay
PSA	72	10	h88r			0	offer gifts	Alternate translation: “give gifts”
PSA	72	10	pg7c	translate-names		0	Seba	This is the name of a country. It is not the same country as Sheba. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
PSA	72	11	j7ze			0	fall down before him	Alternate translation: “bow down before him” or “honor him as their king”
PSA	72	11	ivl3	figs-metonymy		0	all nations	Here the word “nations” represents the people who live in the nations. Alternate translation: “the people who live in every nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	72	12	cj1a			0	no other helper	Alternate translation: “no one else to help him”
PSA	72	13	w2hi			0	He has pity on the poor and needy	Alternate translation: “He wants to stop the poor and needy from suffering”
PSA	72	13	dra6	figs-doublet		0	the poor and needy	Here the nominal adjectives “poor” and “needy” mean basically the same thing and emphasize that they are unable to help themselves. Alternate translation: “those who are poor and those who are needy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	72	14	iey7	figs-synecdoche		0	redeems their lives	Here “lives” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “redeems them” or “saves them” or “rescues them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	72	14	a1wj	figs-doublet		0	oppression and violence	These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize how badly the needy suffer. These abstract nouns can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: “those who oppress them and hurt them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	72	14	gq3a	figs-metonymy		0	their blood is precious in his sight	Here “their blood” is a metonym for their well-being. The sight of Yahweh represents his judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “their well-being is very important to him” or “he wants them to live well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	72	14	u32y			0	in his sight	See how this phrase is translated in [Psalms 19:14](../019/014.md).
PSA	72	15	e29x	figs-idiom		0	May he live!	This saying was used to honor the king by expressing a desire to have him live a long time. Alternate translation: “May the king live a long time!” or “I desire that the king live a long time!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	72	15	gew3	figs-activepassive		0	May the gold of Sheba be given to him	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “May they give him the gold of Sheba” or “May he receive the gold of Sheba” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	72	15	zya3	figs-idiom		0	all day long	This idiom means “continually” and does not refer only to one day. Alternate translation: “continually” or “all the time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	72	16	d9j4	figs-abstractnouns		0	abundance of grain	An “abundance” is when there is much of something. This abstract noun can be stated as “much” or “plenty” Alternate translation: “much grain” or “plenty of grain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	72	16	nb8u			0	crops	plants that people grow for food
PSA	72	16	d8rg			0	wave	Use the word for what long grass does when a gentle wind blows on it and it moves slowly back and forth.
PSA	72	16	p8u5	figs-simile		0	like Lebanon	“like the cedar trees in Lebanon.” These trees were beautiful and had wood that was good for building. The meaning of this can be made clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	72	16	rl8f	figs-simile		0	the people flourish in the cities like the grass of the field	The prosperity of the people in the cities is spoken of as if they were grass that grows abundantly in the fields. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	72	17	d3jj	figs-idiom		0	May his name endure forever	This saying is used to honor God by expressing the desire for people to always remember him. Alternate translation: “May people always know about him” or “May people never forget who he is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	72	17	ly6h	figs-metonymy		0	his name	Here “his name” refers to God’s reputation. Alternate translation: “the king’s name” or “the king’s reputation” or “the king’s fame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	72	17	ys89	figs-ellipsis		0	as long as the sun	The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “as long as the sun endures” or “as long as the sun shines” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	72	17	dq84	figs-activepassive		0	may people be blessed in him	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “may God cause him to do good things for people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	72	17	ru3v			0	call him blessed	Alternate translation: “recognize that God has blessed them”
PSA	72	18	ti3p			0	General Information:	These verses are more than the end of this psalm. It is the closing statement for all of Book 2 of the Psalms, which starts at Psalm 42 and ends with Psalm 72.
PSA	72	18	j629	figs-activepassive		0	May Yahweh God, the God of Israel, be blessed	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “May people bless Yahweh God, the God of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	72	19	nw8m	figs-activepassive		0	May his glorious name be blessed forever	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “May people bless his glorious name forever” or, treating “name” as a metonym for Yahweh himself, “May people forever know how glorious he is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	72	19	s32j			0	his glorious name be blessed	Alternate translation: “he, who is glorious, be blessed”
PSA	72	19	qe7e	figs-activepassive		0	may the whole earth be filled with his glory	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “may his glory fill the whole earth” or “may he fill the whole earth with his glory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	72	19	q3wa			0	Amen and Amen	The word “Amen” is repeated to emphasize approval of what has been said. See how you translated this in [Psalms 41:13](../041/013.md). Alternate translation: “May it certainly be so”
PSA	72	20	ktc5	figs-activepassive		0	The prayers of David son of Jesse are finished	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “David, the son of Jesse has finished his prayers” or “This is the last prayer of the David the son of Jesse” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	73	intro	t2n1			0		# Psalm 073 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 73 is a wisdom psalm. It explains the problem of wicked people who seem to prosper. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Evil people<br><br>Sometimes it seems that wicked people have no problems and everything works for them. Despite this, they will be destroyed. In contrast, the righteous always have God to help them through problems. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])<br><br>### Psalms by Asaph<br><br>There are twelve psalms attributed to Asaph; the first one is Psalm 50, which is in Book Two, and the other eleven (Psalm 73–83) are at the beginning of Book Three.
PSA	73	1	p92k	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	73	2	bq59	figs-metaphor		0	my feet almost slipped; my feet almost slipped out from under me	The psalmist speaks of being unable to trust God and wanting to sin as if he had almost fallen while walking on a slippery path. Alternate translation: “I almost stopped trusting in God; I was almost guilty of committing a great sin against him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	73	3	eb9z			0	I was envious of the arrogant	Alternate translation: “I envied the arrogant” or “I did not want arrogant people to have the good things that they had”
PSA	73	3	jit7	figs-nominaladj		0	the arrogant	The adjective “arrogant” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “arrogant people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	73	3	k8tb	figs-abstractnouns		0	the prosperity of the wicked	The word “prosperity” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “how the wicked have so many good things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	73	3	tu1r	figs-nominaladj		0	the wicked	The adjective “wicked” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	73	4	b59h			0	General Information:	Asaph begins to describe how he sometimes wants to complain to God about those who are “arrogant” and “wicked” ([Psalms 73:3](../073/003.md)).
PSA	73	5	uzu7	figs-metonymy		0	the burdens of other men	The words “burdens” is a metonym for the struggles of daily life (need for food, shelter, clothing, and health). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	73	5	t5qn			0	they are not afflicted like other men	Alternate translation: “they do not suffer the way other people do”
PSA	73	6	r8m8	figs-simile		0	Pride adorns them like a necklace around their neck; violence clothes them like a robe	This means the wicked show everyone how proud and violent they are as if they were wearing a necklace or beautiful robe. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	73	6	c2uh			0	necklace … robe	This refers to things that rich and important people wear.
PSA	73	6	fyb1			0	necklace	a chain usually made of gold or jewels that goes around the neck
PSA	73	7	ttd1	figs-metaphor		0	Out of such blindness comes sin	Because they are like blind people who cannot see where they are going, they sin without knowing it. Being blind is a metaphor for a person being unable to see how wicked he is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	73	7	l8fr	figs-metaphor		0	evil thoughts pass through their hearts	Here the psalmist describes people’s thoughts as if they were people. He also describes the inner beings of wicked people as if they were a building in which those people could walk. Alternate translation: “in their inner beings they are always thinking about more evil things to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	73	8	fmq4	figs-explicit		0	They mock	Whom they mock can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “They mock God and his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	73	9	b91p	figs-metonymy		0	They set their mouth against the heavens	Here “their mouth” is a metonym for their speech, and “heavens” is a metonym for God, who lives in the heavens. Alternate translation: “They speak against God, who is in the heavens” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	73	9	cln7	figs-synecdoche		0	their tongues march through the earth	The word “tongues” represents the people themselves. This could mean: (1) “they go through the earth saying bad things about God” or (2) “they go everywhere and boast about themselves.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	73	10	ack4			0	his people turn to them	This could mean: (1) “God’s people love the wicked people” or (2) “the wicked people return to this place”
PSA	73	10	k4em			0	abundant waters are drained out	This could mean: (1) “God’s people listen gladly to the words of the wicked people” or (2) “the wicked people have plenty of food to eat and wine to drink”
PSA	73	11	k4v1			0	They say	the wicked people say
PSA	73	11	iqv8	figs-rquestion		0	How does God know? Is there knowledge with the Most High?	These rhetorical questions are to show contempt for God. If your readers would misunderstand these questions, you can express them as statements. Alternate translation: “Surely God does not know what we are doing. The Most High has no knowledge of it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	73	13	m4jl			0	I have	The word “I” refers to Asaph.
PSA	73	13	l9bt	figs-metaphor		0	guarded my heart	Asaph speaks of guarding his heart as if he were guarding a city or building against enemies. Alternate translation: “I have kept my thoughts pure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	73	13	v713	figs-metaphor		0	washed my hands in innocence	The writer speaks of his purity as if he had washed his hands with innocence instead of with water. See how you translated this in [Psalms 26:6](../026/006.md). Alternate translation: “my actions have remained pure” or “I have washed my hands to show that I am innocent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	73	14	svu5			0	all the day long	Alternate translation: “always” or “every day”
PSA	73	14	gtr9			0	I have been afflicted	“You have made me suffer.” See how “they are not afflicted” is translated in [Psalms 73:5](../073/005.md).
PSA	73	14	c72g			0	I have been … disciplined	Alternate translation: “I have been … punished”
PSA	73	15	c23c	figs-hypo		0	If I had said, “I will say these things,” then I would have betrayed this generation of your children	This hypothetical situation did not happen. Alternate translation: “I never said, ‘I will say these things,’ so I did not betray this generation of your children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
PSA	73	16	z5qd			0	these things	The good things that happen to “the wicked” ([Psalms 73:4](../073/004.md)-[Psalms 12](./010.md)).
PSA	73	17	r3rj			0	their fate	Alternate translation: “what happens to wicked people when they die” or “how wicked people die”
PSA	73	18	n9na			0	put them	The word “them” refers to the wicked.
PSA	73	18	pt49			0	slippery places	“unsafe or unstable ground.” See how “slipped” is translated in [Psalms 73:2](../073/002.md).
PSA	73	19	b63l	figs-metaphor		0	How they become a wilderness in a moment	The word “wilderness” is a metaphor for a person who has lost everything good. Alternate translation: “How quickly they are destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	73	20	d2qf	figs-simile		0	like a dream after one wakes up	The wicked will last no longer than what a person sees in a dream. It disappears as soon as the person wakes up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	73	21	dz6z	figs-synecdoche		0	my heart was grieved	The word “heart” represents the person emphasizing their thoughts and feelings. Alternate translation: “I was very sad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	73	21	r3jv	figs-metaphor		0	I was deeply wounded	The psalmist speaks of emotional pain as if it were physical pain by being pierced with a knife or arrow. Alternate translation: “I felt like someone had wounded me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	73	22	ei39	figs-doublet		0	ignorant and lacked insight	These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize how little he knew. Alternate translation: “very ignorant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	73	22	sb92			0	lacked insight	Alternate translation: “understood nothing”
PSA	73	22	xw9q			0	you	This “you” refers to God.
PSA	73	23	v8cf			0	I am always with you	The word “I” here represents Asaph. The word “you” here represents God.
PSA	73	23	mif5	figs-synecdoche		0	you hold my right hand	The person’s “right hand” refers to the whole person. This shows an intimate relationship with God that offers stability and security. Alternate translation: “You hold me close” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	73	24	yt7j			0	receive me to glory	This could mean: (1) “put me where people will honor me” or (2) “honor me by taking me to where you are.” See how “receive me” is translated in [Psalms 49:15](../049/015.md).
PSA	73	25	l5a5	figs-rquestion		0	Whom have I in heaven but you?	You can translate this as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is no one for me in heaven but you!” or “You are the only one I have in heaven!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	73	25	p7l4			0	in heaven	Alternate translation: “among the gods” or “among the supernatural beings”
PSA	73	26	u7tm	figs-doublet		0	My flesh and my heart	These two phrases share similar meanings. Together they represent the whole person. Alternate translation: “My body and my mind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
PSA	73	27	i4nr	figs-metaphor		0	Those who are far from you	Here the idea of staying far from God is compared to being unwilling to obey him. Alternate translation: “Those who do not want to obey you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	73	28	s5pl	figs-metaphor		0	my refuge	The writer speaks of Yahweh as if he were a place to which a person could flee for safety. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	74	intro	nd5v			0		# Psalm 074 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 74 is a psalm of deliverance. The people have been completely conquered and they pray for God to deliver them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### God’s power<br><br>The enemies have destroyed God’s temple and are insulting the people. God is powerful. He made everything and he chose Israel for his people. He should avenge himself on these enemies that have burnt his temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]])<br><br>### Superscription<br><br>This is called a “Maschil.” The word in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm.
PSA	74	1	vy9v	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	74	1	k7ui			0	A maschil	This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md).
PSA	74	1	c2uv	figs-rquestion		0	God, why have you rejected us forever?	If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “God, we have done nothing wrong, but you have rejected us forever!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	74	1	nb2u	figs-rquestion		0	Why does your anger burn against the sheep of your pasture?	If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “We are the ones you have promised to care for, and we have done nothing wrong, but now you are angry with us!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	74	1	ap93	figs-metaphor		0	the sheep of your pasture	Asaph speaks of the people of Israel as if they were sheep. Alternate translation: “against Israel, who are like the sheep whom you feed in your pasture” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	74	2	wr2p			0	Call to mind	“Pay attention to.” God has not forgotten his people, but he does not seem to be thinking about them.
PSA	74	2	n7ia			0	your own heritage	Alternate translation: “yours forever”
PSA	74	3	i8hy			0	General Information:	These verses describe an actual event, a physical attack on the temple of Israel in Jerusalem.
PSA	74	3	vn6h			0	Come look	Asaph is addressing God, asking him to come look at the destruction.
PSA	74	4	df7h			0	roared	The adversaries were shouting loudly with a great cry of victory.
PSA	74	6	sqm2			0	engravings	This refers to carvings on wood, metal, or stone in the temple.
PSA	74	7	h8rv			0	They … they	Here “they” refers to the adversaries mentioned in [Psalms 74:4](../074/004.md).
PSA	74	8	dt7g			0	They … They	Here “they” refers to the adversaries mentioned in [Psalms 74:4](../074/004.md).
PSA	74	8	aq36	figs-idiom		0	They said in their hearts	This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “They said to themselves” or “They thought to themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	74	9	c4rh			0	General Information:	Asaph is addressing God about the destruction he sees.
PSA	74	9	y2uq	figs-metaphor		0	We do not see any more signs	This could mean: (1) “We do not see any more miraculous signs from God” or (2) “All our sacred symbols are gone” or (3) the “signs” are the flags and symbols of an army representing the army itself. Alternate translation: “They have completely destroyed our army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	74	10	d7ac	figs-rquestion		0	How long, God, will the enemy throw insults at you?	If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “God, the enemy has been throwing insults at you for too long!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	74	10	qxe3	figs-rquestion		0	Will the enemy blaspheme your name forever?	If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “It seems as if you will never stop the enemy from blaspheming your name!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	74	10	nv8x	figs-metonymy		0	blaspheme your name	The word “name” is a metonym for God himself. Alternate translation: “say that you are bad” or “insult you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	74	11	mc4f	figs-rquestion		0	Why do you hold back your hand, your right hand?	The psalmist speaks of God as if he had a physical body. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Stop holding back your hand, your right hand!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	74	11	m38y	figs-metonymy		0	hold back your hand	Here the word “hand” is a metonym for power. Alternate translation: “not show your power” or “not use your power to destroy your enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	74	11	hk11			0	your right hand	Alternate translation: “your strongest hand”
PSA	74	11	nc4l	figs-metonymy		0	Take your right hand from your garment	The psalmist speaks of God as if he had a physical body. “Stop hiding your power and take action” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	74	12	n2ul			0	General Information:	This begins a new theme: Asaph is proclaiming God’s mighty deeds in the history of his people.
PSA	74	12	r8vz			0	God has been my king from ancient times	This could mean: (1) Asaph is speaking as Israel’s representative, “God has been our king since we Israelites first became a nation” or (2) “God, my king, was alive even in ancient times.”
PSA	74	12	tqm1	figs-abstractnouns		0	bringing salvation	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “to save.” Here Yahweh saving people is spoken of as if salvation were an object that he brings with him. Alternate translation: “saving people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	74	13	gap9	figs-explicit		0	You divided … in the waters	Asaph is probably speaking of the time God brought Israel out of Egypt, divided the Sea of Reeds, led Israel through it on dry land, then drowned Pharaoh’s army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	74	13	ag39	figs-personification		0	You divided the sea by your strength	Asaph is speaking of God as if God had a physical body. “You are so strong you were able to make dry land in the middle of the sea.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	74	13	r6uh			0	the sea	Alternate translation: “the great water”
PSA	74	13	f387	figs-metaphor		0	you smashed the heads of the sea monsters in the waters	Asaph is probably speaking of Pharaoh and his army as if they were sea monsters. If possible, translate these words literally. Alternate translation: “when you killed Pharaoh’s army, it was as if you smashed the heads of sea monsters in the waters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	74	14	dzv3	figs-metaphor		0	leviathan	Leviathan is a sea monster. It represents a cruel enemy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	74	15	dqs2	figs-metaphor		0	You broke open springs and streams	Yahweh causing springs and streams to flow out of the ground as if he broke open the ground so that they could flow. Alternate translation: “You caused springs and streams to flow out of the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	74	17	h3n1			0	the borders of the earth	Alternate translation: “the boundaries of the land and the sea”
PSA	74	18	c6xs			0	General Information:	Asaph is pleading for God’s help.
PSA	74	18	g7dq	figs-idiom		0	Call to mind	“Pay attention to.” See how this is translated in [Psalms 74:2](../074/002.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	74	18	x7xk	figs-metaphor		0	the enemy hurled insults at you	Asaph speaks of insulting words as if they were physical objects, like stones, which the enemy was throwing at Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the enemy insulted you many times” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	74	19	x5rc	figs-metaphor		0	the life of your dove	Asaph speaks of himself as if he were a dove, a defenseless bird. This phrase may also be a metaphor for the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “me, your dove” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	74	19	zrd5			0	dove	A small, defenseless bird often kept as a pet.
PSA	74	19	tp9a	figs-metaphor		0	a wild animal	This phrase may be a metaphor for the enemies of Israel. Alternate translation: “a savage enemy that is like a wild animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	74	19	rgi5	figs-litotes		0	Do not forget forever the life of your oppressed people	“Do not continue forever to do nothing to help your oppressed people.” This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Come soon to help your oppressed people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
PSA	74	20	x6j9	figs-metaphor		0	the dark regions of the land are full of places of violence	Asaph speaks of “regions” as if they were containers in which one could put “places of violence.” Alternate translation: “violent people do evil deeds in dark places in the land wherever they can” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	74	20	ul6r	figs-metaphor		0	the dark regions of the land	The word “dark” is probably a metaphor for a place where bad things happen or for the lands to which the Israelites had been sent in exile, but these words should be translated literally if possible. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	74	21	b3w6			0	Do not let the oppressed be turned back in shame	Alternate translation: “Do not let wicked people defeat the oppressed and make them ashamed”
PSA	74	21	l26m			0	the oppressed	These are people who are treated cruelly by powerful people.
PSA	74	21	z7yj	figs-doublet		0	the poor and oppressed	The words “poor” and “oppressed” mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh saves many who need his help. See how these words are translated in [Psalms 35:10](../035/010.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	74	22	be6c			0	defend your own honor	Alternate translation: “show everyone that you are right”
PSA	74	22	a6kn			0	call to mind	“Pay attention to.” God has not forgotten how fools insult him, but he does not seem to be thinking about it. See how this is translated in verse [Psalms 2](./001.md).
PSA	74	23	c7dc	figs-metonymy		0	the voice of your adversaries	The word “voice” is a metonym for the words people use when they speak. Alternate translation: “what your adversaries are saying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	74	23	n9n5	figs-ellipsis		0	or the uproar of those who continually defy you	The psalmist speaks of the words of those who defy God as if they were the loud sound of animals or non-living objects like water or the wind. Alternate translation: “and pay attention to the loud and meaningless words of those who continually defy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	74	23	cyg8			0	defy	boldly oppose
PSA	75	intro	rtb1			0		# Psalm 075 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 75 is a wisdom psalm; teaching what will happen to evil people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Punishment<br><br>God has warned the evil people that they will be punished. He will strengthen the good people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]])
PSA	75	1	nc37	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	The people of God are speaking in 75:1, and God speaks in 75:2-3. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	75	1	isd5			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship”
PSA	75	1	wue5			0	set to Al Tashheth	This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 57:1](../057/001.md).
PSA	75	1	tu5l			0	A psalm of Asaph	“This is a psalm that Asaph wrote.” See how this is translated in [Psalms Psalm 53](../053/001.md).
PSA	75	3	a6n9			0	all the inhabitants	Alternate translation: “all the people who live on it”
PSA	75	3	xv9l	figs-metaphor		0	make steady the earth’s pillars	“keep the earth from being destroyed” or Alternate translation: “keep my people safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	75	4	ix6p	figs-nominaladj		0	I said to the arrogant … and to the wicked	The words “the arrogant” and “the wicked” are nominal adjectives that can be translated with nouns. The verb for the second phrase may be supplied from the first. Alternate translation: “I said to the arrogant people … and I said to the wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	75	4	wl2r			0	I said	This could mean: (1) God is speaking or (2) Asaph is speaking.
PSA	75	4	yz7y	figs-pronouns		0	Do not be arrogant … Do not lift	The speaker is speaking to many wicked people, so these forms are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
PSA	75	4	wg7k	figs-metaphor		0	Do not lift up the horn	Asaph speaks of wicked people as if they were animals with horns on their heads, stretching their necks and holding their heads high to frighten other animals. Alternate translation: “Do not be confident” or “Do not boast about how strong you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	75	5	zai8	figs-pronouns		0	Do not lift up your … do not speak	The speaker is speaking to many wicked people, so these forms are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
PSA	75	5	dl75	figs-metaphor		0	Do not lift up your horn to the heights	Asaph speaks of wicked people as if they were animals with horns on their heads, stretching their necks and holding their heads as high as they can to frighten other animals. Alternate translation: “Be especially sure not to boast that you are greater than God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	75	5	cfl3	figs-idiom		0	with an insolent neck	Asaph speaks of wicked people who defy or challenge God as if they were animals with horns on their heads, stretching their necks and holding their heads high to frighten other animals. Alternate translation: “arrogantly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	75	6	eqm6	figs-metonymy		0	It is not from the east … that lifting up comes	Asaph speaks of the one who lifts up as if he were the action of lifting up. He also speaks of God giving strength and honor to a person as if God were physically lifting that person up. Alternate translation: “The one who will lift you up will not be someone who comes from the east” or “The one who will make you strong and have people honor you will not be someone who comes from the east” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	75	7	h39y			0	General Information:	Asaph speaks about God.
PSA	75	7	ii5h	figs-explicit		0	he brings down and he lifts up	The objects of the verbs can be stated clearly: “he brings some people down and he lifts other people up.” The words “brings down” and “raises up” are metaphors for God making people powerful and taking away their power. Alternate translation: “he makes one man king in place of another man” or “he takes away one man’s power and gives power to another man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	75	8	hs8p	figs-metaphor		0	a cup of foaming wine … mixed with spices	When Yahweh punishes the people they will be like people who have drunk strong wine and become ill. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	75	8	w9az	figs-metaphor		0	foaming wine	The foam is a metaphor for the power of the wine to make people drunk, Alternate translation: “strong wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	75	8	gn3y			0	spices	dried leaves or ground seeds
PSA	75	8	i928			0	pours it out	pours it from a large container into the cups that the people will drink from
PSA	75	8	x1zf			0	drink it to the last drop	Alternate translation: “drink every drop of it”
PSA	75	10	vl5i			0	He says	God says
PSA	75	10	eip6	figs-metaphor		0	cut off all the horns of	The horns of an animal are a metaphor for the power of a person. Alternate translation: “take away all power from” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	75	10	qr6b	figs-metaphor		0	the horns of the righteous will be raised up	The horns of an animal are a metaphor for the power of a person. This can be translated as a statement in active form. Alternate translation: “I will raise up the horns of the righteous” or “I will make the righteous powerful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	76	intro	ml6q			0		# Psalm 076 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 76 is a worship psalm.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s greatness<br><br>God is great. He has conquered all the nations surrounding Israel. Everyone should bring him gifts.
PSA	76	1	qjr7	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	76	1	ps6c			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship”
PSA	76	1	ec3c			0	on stringed instruments	Alternate translation: “people should play stringed instruments with this song.”
PSA	76	1	a8wr			0	A psalm of Asaph	“This is a psalm that Asaph wrote” See how this is translated in [Psalms 53:1](../053/001.md).
PSA	76	1	l846			0	made himself known in Judah	Alternate translation: “caused the people of Judah to know who he is” or “made himself famous in Judah”
PSA	76	1	mmj6	figs-metonymy		0	his name is great in Israel	The words “his name” are a metonym for his reputation. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel consider him good and powerful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	76	2	z5vd			0	his dwelling place	Alternate translation: “the place where he has chosen to live”
PSA	76	3	e4xp	figs-metaphor		0	There he broke the arrows of the bow, the shield, the sword, and the other weapons of war	These words are probably a metaphor for God causing the people of Judah to live in peace without being afraid of enemies making war on them, but the words should be translated literally. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	76	4	z2fb			0	General Information:	Asaph speaks of God as if God was a soldier returning from a mountain after winning a great battle.
PSA	76	4	h3jm	figs-doublet		0	You shine brightly and reveal your glory	The second phrase strengthens the first phrase in that Yahweh’s glory relates to Yahweh shining brightly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	76	4	zyy2	figs-metaphor		0	You shine brightly	The words “shine brightly” are a metaphor for being great. Alternate translation: “You show how extremely great you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	76	5	at6f	figs-activepassive		0	The bravehearted were plundered	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Your people killed the brave soldiers of their enemies and then took all their possessions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	76	5	xyy9	figs-euphemism		0	fell asleep	Here “fell asleep” is a euphemism for died. Alternate translation: “died” or “fell down dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
PSA	76	6	zz9f	figs-abstractnouns		0	At your rebuke	Here, **rebuke** refers to saying something in an angry or critical way. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **rebuke**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “When you rebuked them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	76	6	uud7	figs-euphemism		0	fell asleep	This phrase is a polite way to say that they died. Alternate translation: “died” or “fell down dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
PSA	76	7	tzq2	figs-rquestion		0	who can stand in your sight when you are angry?	If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one can stand in your sight when you are angry.” or “You can destroy anyone at whom you are angry.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	76	8	gys7			0	you made your judgment heard	Alternate translation: “you pronounced judgment” or “you announced how you were going to punish wicked people”
PSA	76	8	ls8s	figs-metonymy		0	the earth was	Here “the earth” is a metonym for the people living on the earth. Alternate translation: “the people of the earth were” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	76	9	rt43			0	execute judgment	Alternate translation: “carry out judgment” or “punish wicked people”
PSA	76	10	ylu2			0	Surely your angry judgment	Alternate translation: “It is certain that your angry judgment”
PSA	76	10	wqa6			0	your angry judgment against humanity will bring you praise	This could mean: (1) “people will praise you because you are angry at the wicked and judge them” or (2) “people who are angry with you will do things that cause people to praise you.”
PSA	76	10	f4xe	figs-metaphor		0	you gird yourself with what is left of your anger	Yahweh’s anger is spoken of as something that he can tie around himself like a belt. Alternate translation: “you tie your remaining anger around you like a belt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	76	11	kw7a			0	him who is to be feared	Alternate translation: “Yahweh, whom they should fear”
PSA	76	12	vwa6	figs-idiom		0	He cuts off the spirit of the princes	The phrase “He cuts off the spirit” is an idiom that means He breaks the spirit or He humbles. Alternate translation: “He humbles the princes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	76	12	qgb5	figs-activepassive		0	he is feared by the kings of the earth	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the kings of the earth fear him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	77	intro	ks6q			0		# Psalm 077 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>The author felt abandoned by God. This is a psalm of lament. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lament]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Lament<br><br>God used to be close to the psalmist, but now it seems that God has completely abandoned him. Long ago, God took care of Israel and brought the people safely through the sea.
PSA	77	1	r8dd	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	77	1	t66u			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship”
PSA	77	1	cek3	translate-names		0	Jeduthun	One of David’s chief musicians had this same name. This may refer to him. See how you translated this in [Psalms 39:1](../039/001.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
PSA	77	2	hz8d			0	I stretched my hands out	Alternate translation: “I prayed with my arms extended”
PSA	77	2	a5dd	figs-synecdoche		0	My soul refused to be comforted	The “soul” represents the person. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I would not allow anyone to try to comfort me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	77	3	kq82	figs-parallelism		0	I thought of God as I groaned; I thought about him as I grew faint	These two phrases share similar meanings and are combined for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	77	3	cc7s			0	as I grew faint	Alternate translation: “as my spirit grew faint” or “as my spirit was overwhelmed”
PSA	77	4	lga2			0	General Information:	After speaking about God, Asaph speaks to God in verse 4 and then returns to speaking about God.
PSA	77	4	kc23			0	You held my eyes open	Alternate translation: “I said to God, ‘You held my eyes open.’”
PSA	77	4	bfk2	figs-metonymy		0	held my eyes open	Open eyes is a metonym for being unable to sleep. Alternate translation: “kept me from sleeping” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	77	5	u2n5	figs-parallelism		0	the days of old, about times long past	If necessary, “days of old” and “times long past” can be combined. Alternate translation: “about things that happened a very long time ago” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	77	6	i4r9	figs-idiom		0	I called to mind	This is an idiom for remembering. Alternate translation: “I remembered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	77	6	kh2e			0	what had happened	Another possible meaning is “what was happening.”
PSA	77	7	ie4q	figs-doublet		0	Will the Lord reject me forever? Will he never again show me favor?	These two phrases express feeling rejection from the Lord. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	77	7	gat1			0	show me favor	Alternate translation: “do things that show that he is pleased with me”
PSA	77	8	ydt2			0	General Information:	Because Asaph was not sure of the answer to these questions, they are probably literal questions and should be translated literally.
PSA	77	8	d9gm	figs-abstractnouns		0	Was his covenant faithfulness gone forever?	Asaph speaks of Yahweh no longer acting faithfully to his covenant as if Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness had gone away. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Has he stopped being faithful to his covenant forever?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	77	9	q3fw	figs-doublet		0	Had God forgotten to be gracious? Had his anger shut off his compassion?	These are two expressions stating similar concept of God not showing compassion. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	77	9	qup5	figs-personification		0	Had his anger shut off his compassion	Asaph speaks of anger as if it were a person shutting a door to keep another person, compassion, from coming out, Alternate translation: “Had God stopped showing us compassion because he was angry with us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	77	10	v28j			0	I said	This could mean: (1) the psalmist was speaking to himself or (2) the psalmist was speaking to Yahweh.
PSA	77	10	m81u	figs-metonymy		0	the changing of the right hand of the Most High toward us	The “right hand” is a metonym for power, authority or strength. Alternate translation: “the Most High no longer uses his power to help us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	77	11	xb3t			0	General Information:	The writer begins to speak to Yahweh.
PSA	77	11	esp5	figs-idiom		0	call to mind	“remember” See how this is translated in [Psalms 74:2](../074/002.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	77	11	ul2k			0	your wonderful deeds of old	Alternate translation: “the wonderful things you did long ago”
PSA	77	12	br6v	figs-doublet		0	I will ponder all your deeds and will reflect on them.	These two phrases express the concept of meditating on what Yahweh has done. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	77	12	vsp7			0	ponder	think deeply about
PSA	77	12	ju2f			0	reflect on them	Alternate translation: “think of what they mean”
PSA	77	13	tr7z	figs-rquestion		0	what god compares to our great God?	If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “no god compares to our great God.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	77	14	vh9m	figs-abstractnouns		0	revealed your strength among the peoples	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **strength**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “shown people from many people groups how strong you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	77	15	nc87			0	gave your people victory … the descendants	Alternate translation: “gave us, your people, victory … us who are the descendants”
PSA	77	15	cz77	figs-abstractnouns		0	gave your people victory	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **victory**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “caused your people to be victorious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	77	15	ani3			0	the descendants of Jacob and Joseph	This refers to the entire nation of Israel.
PSA	77	16	ms5u	figs-personification		0	The waters saw you … they were afraid … the depths trembled	Asaph speaks of the water as if it were a person who saw something that terrified him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	77	16	a22h	figs-doublet		0	the waters saw you, and they were afraid; the depths trembled	“water” and “depth” refers to large bodies of water such as the sea or ocean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	77	16	yh2l			0	depths	deepest waters
PSA	77	17	cbk2	figs-personification		0	The clouds poured down water	Asaph speaks of the clouds as if they were people pouring water out of containers. Alternate translation: “Much rain fell” or “It rained very hard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	77	17	cil6	figs-metaphor		0	your arrows flew about	This is a metaphor that describes lightning as God’s arrows. Alternate translation: “the lightning you made flashed like arrows” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	77	17	x29a			0	flew	Use your language’s word for what an arrow does after someone shoots it.
PSA	77	18	ks1j	figs-personification		0	thunderous voice	This is personification, referring to the thunder as the voice of God. Alternate translation: “voice, which was as loud as thunder” or “very loud voice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	77	18	nr2p	figs-hyperbole		0	lightning lit up the world	This is an exaggeration to emphasize that the lightning lit up everything the writer could see. Alternate translation: “lightning lit up everything as far as you could see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
PSA	77	19	mc1k	figs-doublet		0	Your path … your way	These two phrases have similar meanings and are combined for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	77	19	xj78	figs-personification		0	your footprints	Asaph is speaking of Yahweh as if Yahweh was a person with feet. While this is personification, it should be translated literally, if possible. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	77	19	k4y3	figs-activepassive		0	your footprints were not seen	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one saw your footprints” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	77	20	iq66	figs-simile		0	You led your people like a flock	This simile compares God’s people to a flock of animals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	77	20	w73a			0	by the hand of	The phrase “by the hand of” here means “by the action of” or “through the action of.”
PSA	77	20	m5wn	figs-synecdoche		0	hand	Here “hand” is synechdoche for the whole person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	78	intro	grf1			0		# Psalm 078 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 78 is a wisdom psalm using Israel’s history. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Israel’s complaining<br><br>Although God did one miracle after the other, the people of Israel still complained and failed to believe Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]])<br><br>### Superscription<br><br>This is called a “Maschil.” The word in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm.
PSA	78	1	w9rf	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	78	1	n8s4			0	A maschil	This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md).
PSA	78	1	d6i3	figs-abstractnouns		0	Hear my teaching	The noun “teaching” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “Hear what I teach” or “Hear me as I teach you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	78	1	eqz7	figs-synecdoche		0	the words of my mouth	The word “mouth” represents the person. Alternate translation: “my words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	78	2	h2db	figs-idiom		0	open my mouth in parables	The idiom “open my mouth” means to speak. Alternate translation: “speak in parables” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	78	2	z2j2			0	sing about	“tell.” See how “pours out” is translated in [Psalms 19:2](../019/002.md).
PSA	78	2	wp1x			0	hidden things	If your language has a word for sayings that are purposely difficult to understand, you might use it here.
PSA	78	4	ypn2			0	We will not keep them from their descendants	This can be written in positive form. Alternate translation: “We will certainly tell our descendants about them”
PSA	78	4	n25r			0	the praiseworthy deeds of Yahweh	Alternate translation: “the things we praise Yahweh for”
PSA	78	5	py7k			0	he established	Alternate translation: “Yahweh established”
PSA	78	5	vj5d			0	covenant decrees	Other possible meanings are “testimonies” or “laws.”
PSA	78	7	mlc7			0	General Information:	The writer speaks of the “children” of [Psalms 78:5-6](./005.md).
PSA	78	9	m1ru			0	The Ephraimites … day of battle	This is possibly a metaphor for not keeping the covenant (verse 10), but it is best to translate literally.
PSA	78	9	xu77			0	The Ephraimites	Alternate translation: “The Ephraimite soldiers”
PSA	78	9	v8af	figs-explicit		0	were armed with bows	The soldiers probably also had arrows. Alternate translation: “had bows and arrows for weapons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	78	12	yx1l	translate-names		0	land of Zoan	This refers to the area around the city of Zoan, which was in Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
PSA	78	15	era1			0	He split	Alternate translation: “God split”
PSA	78	15	c2kx	figs-hyperbole		0	enough to fill the depths of the sea	This is probably hyperbole. Alternate translation: “more water than they could possibly drink” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
PSA	78	16	sa5m			0	streams	small rivers
PSA	78	18	tv84			0	They challenged God	They wanted God to prove that he could do what he said he would do before they would believe him.
PSA	78	18	ms11			0	in their hearts	Alternate translation: “with their whole hearts”
PSA	78	18	x27j			0	to satisfy their appetites	Alternate translation: “so they could eat as much as they desired”
PSA	78	19	di5n			0	They spoke	the Israelites spoke
PSA	78	19	gpm7	figs-rquestion		0	Can God really lay out a table for us in the wilderness?	If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “We do not believe that God can really lay out a table for us in the wilderness!” or “God, prove to us that you can really lay out a table for us in the wilderness!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	78	19	ui27	figs-idiom		0	lay out a table	The idiom “lay out a table” means to prepare a table for a meal. Here the word “table” is a metonym for the food on the table. Alternate translation: “provide us with food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	78	20	xnn4			0	waters gushed out	much water came out quickly
PSA	78	20	pe8w	figs-rquestion		0	But can he give bread also? Will he provide meat for his people?	The people are laughing at God to insult him with these questions. Alternate translation: “But we will not believe that he can give us bread also or provide meat for his people until we see him do it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	78	20	crp3	figs-rquestion		0	bread … meat	food from plants or food from animals. Though this is a merism for all kinds of food, it is best to translate it literally if possible. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	78	21	fd1k	figs-metaphor		0	his fire burned against Jacob	The writer speaks of Yahweh’s anger as if it were a fire, and of Yahweh acting in anger against Jacob as if that fire burned Jacob. Alternate translation: “his anger was like a fire that burned Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	78	21	wp71			0	Jacob	This refers to the nation of Israel
PSA	78	21	k1pp	figs-personification		0	his anger attacked Israel	The writer speaks of Yahweh punishing Israel when he was angry as if his anger were a person who attacked Israel. Alternate translation: “because he was angry, he attacked Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	78	22	ze3v			0	did not trust in his salvation	Alternate translation: “did not trust him to save them”
PSA	78	23	er7j	figs-personification		0	he commanded the skies	Asaph speaks of the skies as if they were a person who could hear and obey God’s commands. Alternate translation: “he spoke to the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	78	23	bs7u			0	skies	This could mean: (1) “sky” or (2) “clouds.”
PSA	78	23	wx6j	figs-metaphor		0	opened the doors of the sky	Asaph speaks of the sky as if it were a storeroom with doors. Alternate translation: “opened the sky as if it were a storeroom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	78	24	mrr5			0	He rained down manna for them to eat, and gave them the grain from heaven	These two lines speak of the same event.
PSA	78	24	u9dw			0	He rained down manna	Alternate translation: “He caused manna to fall from the sky like rain”
PSA	78	25	l158	figs-synecdoche		0	the bread of angels	This refers to the manna that God provided for the people. The word “bread” represents food in general. Alternate translation: “the same kind of food that angels eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	78	25	a5x1	figs-abstractnouns		0	food in abundance	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **abundance**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “abundant food” or “a large amount of food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	78	26	t8wt			0	He caused	Alternate translation: “God caused”
PSA	78	27	f33h	figs-metaphor		0	He rained down meat on them like dust	The writer speaks of Yahweh causing birds to fall from the sky as if the birds were rain that Yahweh caused to fall. He compares the large amount of birds to dust. Alternate translation: “He caused meat to fall from the sky like rain, and there was so much of it that it covered the ground like dust” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	78	27	x2ac			0	meat	birds
PSA	78	27	mw2h	figs-hyperbole		0	as numerous as the sands of the sea	No one can count the grains of sand. There were more birds than anyone could count, but this is an exaggeration: there were probably not literally the same number of birds as grains of sand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
PSA	78	29	uu98			0	craved	strongly desired
PSA	78	31	sne1			0	Then	while the food was still in their mouths ([Psalms 78:31](../078/031.md))
PSA	78	31	pz58	figs-personification		0	God’s anger attacked them	“God was angry and attacked them.” See how “his anger attacked Israel” is translated in [Psalms 78:21](../078/021.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	78	31	qn52	figs-euphemism		0	brought down	This is a euphemism that means he caused them to die. Alternate translation: “killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
PSA	78	32	lg44	figs-metonymy		0	did not believe his wonderful deeds	The word “deeds” is a metonym for God, who did the deeds. What they did not believe can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “did not believe that he would take care of them even though he had done such wonderful deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	78	33	k4p9	figs-euphemism		0	cut short their days	Here the word “days” refers to a lifetime. The idiom “to cut short … days” means to cause someone to die before they have lived a long life. Alternate translation: “killed them while they were still young” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
PSA	78	33	b6nk	figs-metaphor		0	their years were filled with terror	Asaph speaks of years as if they were containers. Alternate translation: “year after year they were afraid all the time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	78	34	njc9	figs-idiom		0	to seek him	to ask him what they needed to do so he would protect them (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	78	34	y7s9			0	afflicted them, they would … they would return and look	These are different people from those whose days God “cut short.” When some of them died, others would “start to seek” God.
PSA	78	34	kt48			0	would return	Alternate translation: “would repent” or “would be truly sorry for their sins”
PSA	78	34	ut52			0	look earnestly	Alternate translation: “look urgently” or “look as best they could”
PSA	78	35	nd5q			0	General Information:	The tells of what the Israelites did.
PSA	78	35	g7l1			0	call to mind	“remember.” See how this is translated in [Psalms 20:3](../020/003.md).
PSA	78	35	lz71	figs-metaphor		0	God was their rock	The writer speaks about God as if he were a hill or mountain where people could go to be safe from their enemies. Alternate translation: “God was the one who protected them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	78	35	xc3l			0	their rescuer	Alternate translation: “the one who rescued them”
PSA	78	36	bh83			0	flatter him	Alternate translation: “tell him he was wonderful when they did not believe it”
PSA	78	36	u1ms	figs-metonymy		0	with their mouth	The word “mouth” is a metonym for the words they spoke using their mouths. Alternate translation: “by saying what they said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	78	37	dml1	figs-idiom		0	their hearts were not firmly fixed on him	Here “hearts” is a metonym for their thoughts. To be loyal to him is spoken of as being solidly attached to him. Alternate translation: “their thoughts were not focused on him” or “they were not loyal to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	78	38	zr2s			0	forgave their iniquity	Alternate translation: “forgave them even though they had done evil deeds”
PSA	78	38	x9x1	figs-metaphor		0	held back his anger	Asaph speaks of God’s anger as if it were an angry person whom God held onto to keep him from attacking the one who had made him angry. Alternate translation: “did not punish them even though he was angry with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	78	38	n79l	figs-metaphor		0	did not stir up all his wrath	Asaph speaks of God’s wrath as if it were a sleeping person whom God allowed to sleep and did not awaken. Alternate translation: “did not allow himself to become fully angry with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	78	39	uw3m	figs-idiom		0	called to mind	“remembered.” See how “call to mind” is translated in [Psalms 20:3](../020/003.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	78	39	kj81	figs-metonymy		0	they were made of flesh	The word “flesh,” which is weak and then dies, is a metonym for human weakness and death. Alternate translation: “the Israelites were weak and would someday die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	78	40	pfz7			0	the barren regions	Alternate translation: “places where nothing grows”
PSA	78	41	e1t4			0	they challenged God	They wanted God to prove that he could do what he said he would do before they would believe him. See how you translated this in [Psalms 78:18](../078/018.md).
PSA	78	42	hig2			0	General Information:	The writer speaks of how God had rescued the Israelites.
PSA	78	43	m414	translate-names		0	Zoan	a city in Egypt (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
PSA	78	44	f9kn			0	General Information:	The writer describes what God did.
PSA	78	45	k7ba			0	swarms of flies	so many flies that it looked like a cloud
PSA	78	45	iz2f	figs-metaphor		0	that devoured them	The flies made the Egyptians almost as unhappy as they would have if they had eaten the Egyptians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
PSA	78	45	bl66			0	overran their land	Alternate translation: “went everywhere in their land”
PSA	78	46	ze3g			0	gave their crops to the grasshopper and their labor to the locust	Alternate translation: “allowed the grasshoppers to eat all their crops and allowed the locusts to eat everything they had worked hard to produce”
PSA	78	46	wy2b			0	grasshopper	a plant-eating insect with long legs used for jumping
PSA	78	46	w8fu	figs-metaphor		0	He gave their crops to the grasshopper	Asaph speaks of the crops as a gift that God gave to the grasshoppers. Alternate translation: “He allowed the grasshopper to eat their crops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	78	46	n1cm	figs-metaphor		0	their labor to the locust	“he gave their labor to the locust.” Asaph speaks of the people’s labor as if it were a gift that God gave to the grasshoppers. The word “labor” is a metonym for the crops that their labor had produced. Alternate translation: “he allowed the locusts to eat the crops they had worked so hard to produce” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	78	47	kzp7			0	sycamore	a tree that gives fruit
PSA	78	48	m24k			0	lightning bolts	lightning that makes loud thunder
PSA	78	48	w4nt			0	He rained hail	Alternate translation: “He brought hail” or “He caused hail to fall”
PSA	78	49	jlg2	figs-personification		0	The fierceness of his anger lashed out against them	Asaph speaks of God’s fierceness as if it were a person who could attack another person. Alternate translation: “He was angry with them, so he suddenly and fiercely attacked them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	78	49	f8zm			0	The fierceness of his anger	Alternate translation: “His fierce anger”
PSA	78	49	qct3			0	lashed out against them	Alternate translation: “attacked them when they were not expecting anything to happen”
PSA	78	49	eh6a	figs-personification		0	He sent wrath, fury, and trouble like agents who bring disaster	Asaph speaks of wrath, fury, and trouble as though they are people God can send to do his work for him. Alternate translation: “He was so angry that he wanted to harm the Egyptians, so he made trouble for them and brought them to disaster” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	78	49	p12j			0	fury	anger that makes someone want to harm others
PSA	78	50	fr3i	figs-metaphor		0	He leveled a path for his anger	The psalmist speaks of anger as if it were a person who could walk Yahweh getting ready to punish the people as if he were making a smooth road for a person to walk on. Alternate translation: “He was so angry that he did everything he could to harm them” or “It was as if his anger was an army and he made a smooth road for it to march on” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	78	50	p57t			0	he did not spare them from death	Alternate translation: “he did not keep the Egyptians from dying” or “he did not permit the Egyptians to live”
PSA	78	50	d3e4	figs-metaphor		0	gave them over to the plague	Asaph speaks of the plague as if it were a person who was going to harm the Egyptians. Alternate translation: “he made them all very ill with the plague” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	78	51	kng7	figs-idiom		0	the firstborn of their strength	This phrase refers to the firstborn males of each family. Alternate translation: “the firstborn males” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	78	51	a3cw	figs-metonymy		0	in the tents of Ham	Here the word “tents” is a metonym for families. The word “Ham” refers to Egypt by the name of their ancestor. Alternate translation: “among the families of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	78	52	bep8	figs-simile		0	like sheep … like a flock	The writer speaks about the Israelites as if they were sheep. This means God cared for and protected the people like a shepherd does his sheep. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	78	53	fxw6			0	overwhelmed	completely covered
PSA	78	54	bzp1	figs-metonymy		0	his right hand acquired	The words “right hand” are a metonym for power. Alternate translation: “he won for himself using his own power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	78	55	er9f			0	assigned them their inheritance	This could mean: (1) God assigned the Israelites their inheritance in the land in which the other nations had once lived or (2) God assigned to the nations he had driven out an inheritance somewhere else. “gave them land that would always be theirs”
PSA	78	55	ph3l	figs-idiom		0	in their tents	This could mean: (1) he settled Israel in their own tents in the land or (2) he settled Israel in the tents from which he had driven the other nations. Most of these “tents” were actually houses, both when the other nations lived in them and when the Israelites lived in them. Alternate translation: “in their homes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	78	56	be26	figs-doublet		0	challenged and defied	These words mean almost the same thing. The writer uses them both to emphasize that the Israelites did not believe that God would either provide for them or punish evil as he had said he would. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	78	56	n34f			0	challenged	They wanted God to prove that he could do what he said he would do before they would believe him. See how you translated this idea in [Psalms 78:18](../078/018.md).
PSA	78	56	wzz7			0	defied	refused to obey
PSA	78	57	dcj9	figs-doublet		0	were unfaithful and acted treacherously	These words mean almost the same thing. The writer uses them both to emphasize that the Israelites did not do for God what they had said they would do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	78	58	um4c	figs-parallelism		0	made him angry with their high places and provoked him to jealous anger with their idols	These two phrases are in parallel and have similar meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	78	61	l5jm	figs-metonymy		0	He allowed his strength to be captured and gave his glory into the enemy’s hand	Asaph speaks of God’s strength and glory as if they were physical objects that people could capture and hold. The words “strength” and “glory” are probably mentonyms for the ark of the covenant. The word “hand” is a metonym for the enemy’s power. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “He allowed his enemies to capture the glorious ark of his covenant; he simply gave it to them so they could do whatever they wanted with it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	78	62	j359	figs-metaphor		0	He handed his people over to the sword	Asaph speaks of God’s people as if they were a small object God would give as a gift, and of the sword, a metonym for death in war, as if it were a person who could receive a gift. Alternate translation: “He allowed people to kill all his people in war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	78	62	tj9q			0	he was angry with his heritage	Alternate translation: “he was angry with the people he had said would be his forever”
PSA	78	63	zrz5	figs-metaphor		0	Fire devoured their young men	This could mean: (1) “The enemy used fire to kill all their young men” or (2) “Their young men died quickly in battle like a fire burns dry grass.” Do not communicate that these people used guns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	78	63	fil5			0	devoured	To “devour” is to eat everything very quickly.
PSA	78	63	l8nc			0	wedding	the celebration when people marry
PSA	78	64	t7aj	figs-metonymy		0	Their priests fell by the sword	Here the word “sword” represents soldiers who fought with swords. The phrase “fell by the sword” is an idiom that means to die in battle. Alternate translation: “Their priests died in battle” or “Enemies killed their priests with swords” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	78	64	zgw6			0	their widows could not weep	This could mean: (1) someone forced the widows not to weep or (2) so many priests died that there was no time for proper funerals.
PSA	78	64	cve4			0	widows	women whose husbands have died
PSA	78	65	p4ds	figs-metaphor		0	the Lord awakened as one from sleep	The Lord not acting for a period of time is spoken of as if he were asleep, and his beginning to act is spoken of as if he awakened. Alternate translation: “the Lord began to act as if he had awakened from sleep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	78	65	ny1d			0	like a warrior who shouts because of wine	This could mean: (1) like a warrior who had drunk too much wine and has become angry because he was awakened and so wants to fight or (2) like a warrior who drank much wine but is now able to think and fight well because he has slept.
PSA	78	67	rr45	figs-metonymy		0	the tent of Joseph	Here the word “tent” is a metonym for a family. In this phrase it refers to the descendants of Joseph. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Joseph” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	78	67	fzh7			0	Joseph … Ephraim	Ephraim was Joseph’s son.
PSA	78	68	as8e			0	Judah … Mount Zion	Mount Zion was in the land where the tribe of Judah lived.
PSA	78	69	dkr9	figs-simile		0	He built his sanctuary like the heavens	This simile could mean: (1) Yahweh has made his sanctuary as high as the heavens. Alternate translation: “He built his sanctuary high, like the heavens” or (2) Yahweh has made his sanctuary as permanent as the heavens. Alternate translation: “He built his sanctuary to last permanently, like the heavens last forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	78	69	bq5q	figs-ellipsis		0	like the earth	The verb may be supplied from the previous line. The writer compares the permanence of Yahweh’s sanctuary to the permanence of the earth. Alternate translation: “He built his sanctuary to last permanently, like the earth lasts permanently” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	78	70	c6qm	figs-explicit		0	from the sheepfolds	“from where he was working in the sheepfolds” [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]
PSA	78	70	c6y9			0	sheepfolds	spaces with walls around them where sheep are kept safe
PSA	78	71	x189	figs-metaphor		0	to be shepherd of Jacob, his people, and of Israel, his heritage	The word “shepherd” is a metaphor for one who leads and protects other people. Alternate translation: “to lead and protect the descendants of Jacob, his people, and of Israel, his heritage” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	78	71	f6sh			0	his heritage	“the ones he had chosen to be his forever” See how this is translated in [Psalms 78:62](../078/062.md).
PSA	78	72	q2pe	figs-metaphor		0	David shepherded them	The word “shepherded” is a metaphor for leading and protecting. Alternate translation: “David led them and protected them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	79	intro	k1lh			0		# Psalm 079 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 79 is a deliverance psalm and a prayer for revenge against their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Destruction<br><br>Jerusalem has been destroyed and its people killed. God should destroy these enemy nations who do not pray to him.
PSA	79	1	q2wf	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	79	1	yd8b			0	your inheritance	“the land that was to be yours forever” See how this is translated in [Psalms 68:9](../068/009.md).
PSA	79	3	da6v	figs-metonymy		0	They have shed their blood like water	The word “blood” is a metonym for innocent life. To shed blood is to kill innocent people. Most people saw water every day, so for blood to be as common as water, many innocent people would have to die. Alternate translation: “They have killed so many innocent people that the blood is everywhere, like water after it rains” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	79	4	ab9w	figs-metonymy		0	We have become a reproach for our neighbors, mocking and derision to those who are around us	The words “reproach,” “mocking,” and “derision” are metonyms for those whom others reproach, mock, and deride. Alternate translation: “We have become people whom our neighbors reproach; those around us mock and deride us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	79	4	kc2x			0	We have become	The pronoun “We” refers to God’s people.
PSA	79	4	beg9			0	derision	strong laughter to shame a person
PSA	79	5	us3y	figs-rquestion		0	How long will your jealous anger burn like fire?	If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “It seems as though your jealous anger will never stop burning like fire.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	79	5	fx6v	figs-abstractnouns		0	will your jealous anger burn	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **anger**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “angry.” Alternate translation: “will you be jealous and angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	79	5	g11j	figs-simile		0	burn like fire	This simile compares the expression of God’s anger to a fire that destroys things. Alternate translation: “destroy us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	79	6	dj2l	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	These two pairs of phrases each share similar meanings and are combined for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	79	6	ez9d	figs-metaphor		0	Pour out your wrath on the nations	Asaph speaks of God’s wrath as if it were a liquid. Alternate translation: “Since you are angry, punish the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	79	6	b6qd	figs-metonymy		0	do not call upon your name	The word “name” is a metonym for the person’s power and authority. Alternate translation: “do not belong to you” or “do not ask you to help them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	79	7	wy1b	figs-metonymy		0	they have devoured Jacob	The word “Jacob” is a mentonym for his descendants, the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “they have completely destroyed the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	79	8	l3hg			0	Do not hold the sins of our forefathers against us	Alternate translation: “Do not continue to remember the sins of our forefathers and punish us for them” or “Forgive us for the sins of our forefathers”
PSA	79	8	wp6e	figs-metaphor		0	we are very low	The writer speaks of the people being weak and discouraged as if they were in a low position. Alternate translation: “we are very weak” or “we are very discouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	79	9	el14	figs-abstractnouns		0	God of our salvation	The word “salvation” can be translated with the verb “save”: “God who saves us.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	79	9	bk3k	figs-metonymy		0	for the sake of the glory of your name	The word “name” is a metonym for his reputation, for what people know about him. Alternate translation: “so that people will know about your glory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	79	9	m8z9	figs-metonymy		0	for your name’s sake	God’s name here represents his whole being and the honor that he deserves. Alternate translation: “so that people will honor you” or “for your own sake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	79	10	pgc2	figs-rquestion		0	Why should the nations say, “Where is their God?”	If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “The nations should not be able to say, ‘Where is their God?’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	79	10	q444	figs-rquestion		0	Where is their God?	This taunt can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Their God cannot do anything!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	79	10	syh5	figs-metonymy		0	May the blood of your servants that was shed be avenged on the nations before our eyes	To shed blood is a metonym for killing innocent people. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Avenge your innocent servants whom the nations killed where we can see you do it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	79	10	b56d			0	before our eyes	Alternate translation: “in our sight” or “while we are present”
PSA	79	11	ppy3	figs-metaphor		0	May the groans of the prisoners come before you	Asaph speaks of the sound made by prisoners in pain and sorrow as if it were a person who appears before a king. Alternate translation: “Listen carefully to the groans of the prisoners and help them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	79	11	ggp2	figs-idiom		0	children of death	This is an idiom that refers to people who are condemned to death. Alternate translation: “those who are condemned to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	79	12	mm85	figs-metaphor		0	Pay back … the insults … Lord	Asaph speaks of the evil deeds that the neighboring countries did against Israel as “insults,” and as if they were physical items. He asks the Lord to count those deeds, and for every one that the neighboring countries committed, he asks the Lord to have someone do seven evil deeds to the neighboring countries. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	79	12	guy1			0	Pay back	Alternate translation: “Return” or “Give back”
PSA	79	12	v85q	figs-metaphor		0	into the laps	onto their knees and thighs as they are sitting. This is a metaphor for “directly and personally.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	79	13	uf6h	figs-metaphor		0	we your people and sheep of your pasture will give you thanks	The word “sheep” is a metaphor for helpless people whom a shepherd protects and leads. Alternate translation: “we who are your people, whom you protect and lead, will thank you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	79	13	qt1i			0	tell your praises to all generations	Alternate translation: “make sure that all generations to come know all the good things you have done”
PSA	79	13	y9ux	figs-metonymy		0	your praises	This represents the things that people will praise them the Lord for. Alternate translation: “continue to praise you for the things that you have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	80	intro	lis5			0		# Psalm 080 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 80 is a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s help<br><br>Israel’s enemies threaten them. The psalmist asks Yahweh to look down with joy on them, then they will be saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metaphor<br><br>The author uses an extended metaphor of Israel as a vine planted by God which is being uprooted. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	80	1	ijk8	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	80	1	lsl8			0	For the chief musician	“This is for the director of music to use in worship” See how this is translated in [Psalms 4:1](../004/001.md).
PSA	80	1	gk4a			0	set to the Shoshannim	This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 45:1](../045/001.md).
PSA	80	1	q2t5	figs-metaphor		0	Shepherd of Israel	Asaph is referring to God as the one who leads and protects Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	80	1	aa1a	figs-metaphor		0	you who lead Joseph like a flock	The word “Joseph” refers to the nation of Israel. Asaph speaks of the people as if they were a flock of sheep that Yahweh, who is the shepherd, leads. Alternate translation: “you who lead the descendants of Joseph as though they were a flock of sheep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	80	1	zxu9	figs-metonymy		0	Joseph	Here Joseph represents the nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	80	1	w585	figs-explicit		0	you who sit above the cherubim	You may need to make explicit that the cherubim are those on the lid of the ark of the covenant. The biblical writers often spoke of the ark of the covenant as if it were Yahweh’s footstool upon which he rested his feet as he sat on his throne in heaven above. Alternate translation: “you who sit on your throne above the cherubim on the ark of the covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	80	1	qzy5	figs-metaphor		0	shine on us	Asaph speaks of God as if he were the sun, giving light, a metaphor for moral goodness. Alternate translation: “give us light” or “show us the right way to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	80	2	k49s	figs-idiom		0	stir up your power	The phrase “stir up” means to “put into action.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	80	3	yn32	figs-metaphor		0	make your face shine on us	The writer speaks of Yahweh acting favorably towards them as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on them. Alternate translation: “act favorably towards us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	80	3	h5vg	figs-activepassive		0	and we will be saved	This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “and please save us” or “so that you can save us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	80	4	h8am			0	your people	Israel
PSA	80	5	xu1m	figs-metaphor		0	You have fed them with the bread of tears and given them tears to drink in great quantities	The words “bread of tears” and “tears to drink” are metaphors for continual sadness. Alternate translation: “You have made sure that they are very sad all the time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	80	7	m1s6	figs-metaphor		0	make your face shine on us	The writer speaks of Yahweh acting favorably towards them as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on them. See how you translated this in [Psalms 80:3](../080/003.md). Alternate translation: “act favorably towards us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	80	7	s2tp	figs-activepassive		0	we will be saved	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you will save us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	80	8	wf8l	figs-metaphor		0	You brought a vine out of Egypt	Asaph compares the nation of Israel to a vine made ready to transplant. Alternate translation: “You brought us, like a vine, out of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	80	8	bze6	figs-metaphor		0	you drove out nations and transplanted it	The psalmist speaks of his people as if they were a plant that Yahweh was transplanting. Alternate translation: “you drove out nations from their land and gave it to us, the vine, and planted us there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	80	9	da43			0	You cleared the land for it	Alternate translation: “You cleared the land for the vine”
PSA	80	9	z9lb			0	it took root	Alternate translation: “the vine took root” or “the vine began to grow”
PSA	80	9	g1jw			0	filled the land	Alternate translation: “its branches covered the land”
PSA	80	10	fi6a	figs-activepassive		0	The mountains were covered with its shade, the cedars of God by its branches	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Its shade covered the mountains, its branches the cedars of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	80	10	bmv4	figs-ellipsis		0	the cedars of God by its branches	“and the cedars of God were covered by its branches,” which copies the verb from the previous sentence. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and its branches covered the cedars of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	80	10	rx8y			0	cedars of God	This could mean: (1) “the highest cedar trees,” the cedar trees that grew on the “mountains” in the land of Lebanon north of Israel, or (2) “God’s own cedar trees.”
PSA	80	11	x87h			0	the sea	the Mediterranean Sea to the west of Israel
PSA	80	11	rmb1			0	shoots	the parts of new plants that are just starting to grow above the ground
PSA	80	12	fi84			0	its walls	walls of stone, not of wood
PSA	80	13	pyu2	translate-unknown		0	boars	wild pigs that ruin gardens and farms and attack people. If your readers do not know what these are, use the word for a wild animal that ruins gardens and farms and attacks people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
PSA	80	13	l9qw			0	forest	land where there are many trees
PSA	80	13	sl1n			0	beasts	wild animals of any kind
PSA	80	13	q1bx			0	field	land where there are many plants but no trees
PSA	80	14	fln7			0	General Information:	Asaph finishes speaking of Israel in their land as if Israel were a grapevine in a vineyard.
PSA	80	14	ifq4	figs-explicit		0	Turn back	The writer wants God to turn back in order to help them. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “Turn back to us” or “Come and help us again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	80	14	z9yp			0	take notice	Alternate translation: “look at”
PSA	80	14	n1vp	figs-metaphor		0	this vine	The writer continues comparing the nation of Israel to the vine. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	80	15	am7w	figs-metonymy		0	This is the root that your right hand planted	The right hand represents the Yahweh’s power and control. Alternate translation: “This is the root that you, Yahweh, planted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	80	15	zd8b			0	shoot	the part of a new plant that is just starting to grow above the ground. See how you translated this in [Psalms 80:11](../080/011.md).
PSA	80	16	k41m			0	down; they perish because of your rebuke	This could mean: (1) “down; your people perish because of your rebuke.” or (2) “down. May your enemies perish because of your rebuke!”
PSA	80	17	rs8s	figs-metonymy		0	your hand	This refers to Yahweh’s power and control. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	80	17	t6vz	figs-synecdoche		0	the man of your right hand	the nation of Israel, which Yahweh has chosen as his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	80	17	pxv7	figs-idiom		0	right hand	When a man in Israel wanted to honor another man, he would have that other man stand at his right side, close to his right hand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	80	18	hml7	figs-metaphor		0	we will not turn away from you	Here “turn away” is a metaphor for rejecting someone. This can also be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “we will not stop worshiping and obeying you” or “we will always worship and obey you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	80	19	sz4h	figs-metaphor		0	shine on us	The writer speaks of Yahweh acting favorably towards them as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on them. See how you translated this in [Psalms 80:3](../080/003.md). Alternate translation: “act favorably towards us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	80	19	q2fl	figs-activepassive		0	we will be saved	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you will save us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	81	intro	dvt7			0		# Psalm 081 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 81 is a wisdom psalm. It is meant to be sung at “new moon” and “full moon” ceremonies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Obedience<br><br>If Israel would obey and worship God, he would destroy their enemies.
PSA	81	1	m6jf	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	81	1	v66t			0	A psalm of Asaph	A psalm that Asaph wrote.
PSA	81	1	f39e			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship;”
PSA	81	1	mdg7			0	set to the Gittith	This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 8:1](../008/001.md).
PSA	81	1	thx5	figs-abstractnouns		0	God our strength	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **strength**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “strong.” Alternate translation: “God who causes us to be strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	81	1	e6id	figs-synecdoche		0	the God of Jacob	Here “Jacob” represents all of his descendants. Alternate translation: “the God of Israel, the nation of Jacob’s descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	81	2	ft8a			0	play the tambourine, the pleasant lyre with the harp	These are musical instruments.
PSA	81	2	cm4s	translate-unknown		0	tambourine	a musical instrument with a head like a drum that can be hit and with pieces of metal around the side that sound when the instrument is shaken (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
PSA	81	3	rlg9			0	the new moon	This is the beginning of the lunar month.
PSA	81	3	d9nm			0	the day of the full moon	This is the middle of the lunar month.
PSA	81	3	k5wx			0	when our feast day begins	Alternate translation: “and on the days when our feasts begin”
PSA	81	4	aq4w			0	For it	Here “it” refers to the feast day.
PSA	81	4	q9gy	figs-activepassive		0	a decree given by the God of Jacob	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the God of Jacob decreed it” or “the God of Jacob commanded it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	81	4	pf9k	figs-synecdoche		0	the God of Jacob	Here “Jacob” represents all of his descendants. Alternate translation: “the God of Israel, the nation of Jacob’s descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	81	5	n95q			0	issued it as a regulation	Alternate translation: “gave it as a law”
PSA	81	5	l2yn	figs-synecdoche		0	in Joseph	Here “Joseph” represents all of the Israelites. Alternate translation: “to the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	81	5	qm81	figs-explicit		0	when he went against the land of Egypt	This refers to the historical events in Egypt when the people of Israel were enslaved and God rescued them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	81	5	i688	figs-metonymy		0	the land of Egypt	Here “land” represents the people. Alternate translation: “the people of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	81	6	j91r			0	General Information:	Here God begins speaking.
PSA	81	6	wgu2	figs-synecdoche		0	removed the burden from his shoulder	Here “the burden from his shoulder” represents the forced labor the Israelites had to do as slaves in Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	81	6	r64s	figs-synecdoche		0	his hands were freed from holding the basket	Here “holding the basket” represents the forced labor the Israelites had to do as slaves in Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	81	7	hx7m			0	In your distress	Alternate translation: “In your great suffering”
PSA	81	7	wi77	figs-explicit		0	I answered you from a dark thundercloud	When God came to the Israelites, he hid the fullness of his presence and glory in a dark and threatening cloud. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	81	7	u6w7	figs-explicit		0	I tested you at the waters of Meribah	God tested the children of Israel to see if they would trust him to supply water in the desert of Meribah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	81	8	d1bd			0	General Information:	Yahweh reminds the people what he said while they were in the desert.
PSA	81	8	nrg3			0	for I will warn you	Alternate translation: “because I am giving you a warning”
PSA	81	8	eir9	figs-metonymy		0	Israel	Here “Israel” represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Israelites” or “people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	81	8	p48d			0	if you would only listen to me!	Alternate translation: “how I wish you would listen to me” or “but you must start listening to me!”
PSA	81	10	pl1b	figs-metaphor		0	Open your mouth wide, and I will fill it	God taking care of all the needs of the people is spoken of as if he were a mother bird feeding her baby birds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	81	11	e2fa			0	General Information:	Now Yahweh tells what actually happened after he warned the people.
PSA	81	11	h3st			0	to my words	Alternate translation: “to what I said” or “to me”
PSA	81	12	h3uc	figs-metaphor		0	So I gave them over to their own stubborn way	God allowing the people to remain stubborn is spoken of as if God were giving them over to an enemy to let the enemy harm them. Alternate translation: “Therefore, I let them be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	81	13	ttu3	figs-metaphor		0	oh, that my people would walk in my paths	God wanting the people to obey him is spoken of as if he wanted the people to walk on his paths or roads. Alternate translation: “I wish that they would obey my laws” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	81	14	ex41	figs-metonymy		0	turn my hand against	Here “hand” represents Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “I would destroy” or “I would defeat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	81	15	xkc3	figs-123person		0	who hate Yahweh … before him	Yahweh is speaking about himself in the third person. Alternate translation: “who hate me … before me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
PSA	81	15	yp2m			0	cringe in fear	Alternate translation: “bow down in fear” or “fall down in fear”
PSA	81	15	pck7	figs-activepassive		0	May they be humiliated forever	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I would humiliate them forever” or “I will punish them forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	81	16	q9k3	figs-metaphor		0	I would feed Israel with the finest wheat	God causing the best wheat to grow in Israel is spoken of as if he would literally feed the wheat to the people. Alternate translation: “I would allow the Israelites to eat the finest wheat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	81	16	ix1f			0	feed Israel … satisfy you	Both “Israel” and “you” refer to the Israelites.
PSA	81	16	vv42	figs-explicit		0	honey out of the rock	This refers to wild honey. Bees would build hives in the holes in rocks and make the honey there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	82	intro	a4le			0		# Psalm 082 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 82 is a psalm of judgment against the leaders of the other nations. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Favoritism<br><br>The leaders of the nations need to protect the poor and needy and not to favor the evil rich people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metonymy<br><br>The leaders of the nations are represented by their gods. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])
PSA	82	1	why9	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	82	1	c9rs			0	the divine assembly	Alternate translation: “the heavenly council” or “the meeting in heaven”
PSA	82	1	xb2b	figs-abstractnouns		0	he renders judgment	“he gives judgment.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **judgment**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “he judges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	82	1	x4p7			0	the gods	This could mean: (1) these are other spiritual beings who dwell in heaven. Alternate translation: “the divine beings” or “the heavenly judges” or (2) these are human judges that God has appointed. Either way, it does not mean they are gods like Yahweh is god. It means God has given them great power and authority. Alternate translation: “the rulers”
PSA	82	2	h4lp	figs-rquestion		0	How long will you judge unjustly and show favoritism to the wicked?	Yahweh uses a question to rebuke the gods for not judging people fairly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	82	3	k9hy	figs-nominaladj		0	poor … fatherless … afflicted … destitute	These words are nominal adjectives. They can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “those who are poor … those who are fatherless … those who are afflicted … those who are destitute” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	82	3	a8r9			0	maintain the rights of the	Alternate translation: “do what is right for the”
PSA	82	4	f1ay	figs-nominaladj		0	poor … needy … wicked	These are all nominal adjectives. They can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “those who are poor … those who are needy … those who are wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	82	4	x9up	figs-metonymy		0	take them out of the hand of the wicked	Here the word “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “stop the wicked people from harming them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	82	5	c2bz			0	They neither	This could mean: (1) “they” refers to the gods or (2) “they” refers to the wicked people.
PSA	82	5	ar42	figs-metaphor		0	they wander around in the darkness	Doing what is evil is spoken of as if they were walking in a very dark place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	82	5	r4ui	figs-metaphor		0	all the foundations of the earth crumble	The gods corrupting the moral order that Yahweh established is spoken of as if the gods were shaking the earth and making it fall apart. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	82	5	l1x8			0	crumble	fall apart
PSA	82	6	ie8b			0	You are gods, and all of you sons of the Most High	Here “gods” refers to the same group as in [Psalms 82:1](../082/001.md). Whether this refers to spiritual beings or human beings, they are not gods like Yahweh is God, and they are not literally his sons. By calling them “gods” and “sons of the Most High,” Yahweh is acknowledging that he has given them great power and authority.
PSA	82	6	nch3	figs-123person		0	sons of the Most High	Yahweh is speaking about himself as “the Most High.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
PSA	82	7	b7ra			0	Nevertheless you	Alternate translation: “However you”
PSA	82	7	h2cu	figs-idiom		0	and fall	This is a way of speaking of a person dying. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	82	8	rpl1			0	General Information:	The writer is speaking again.
PSA	82	8	acl5	figs-metonymy		0	judge the earth	Here “earth” represents the people. Alternate translation: “judge the people of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	82	8	lz8v	figs-metaphor		0	for you have an inheritance in all the nations	“for all the nations are your inheritance.” Yahweh taking all the people as his own and ruling over them is spoken of as if the nations were a possession that he inherited. Alternate translation: “for you rule over all the people of every nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	82	8	j3wm	figs-metonymy		0	all the nations	Here “nations” represents the people of the nations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	83	intro	kij7			0		# Psalm 083 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 83 is a deliverance psalm. It is a prayer for deliverance from the many nations allied against Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Destruction<br><br>God should destroy these enemy nations like he destroyed Israel’s enemies during the time of the Judges.
PSA	83	1	iiq7	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	83	1	c7u9			0	remain unmoved	Alternate translation: “do nothing to help us”
PSA	83	2	rq2g			0	Look, your enemies are making a commotion	Here “making a commotion” means they are rioting and rebelling. Alternate translation: “Look, your enemies are rebelling against you”
PSA	83	2	bzq3	figs-idiom		0	those who hate you have raised their heads	The phrase “raised their heads” is way of saying they are rebelling against God. Alternate translation: “those who hate you are defying you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	83	3	h1c2			0	your protected ones	“those whom you protect.” This refers to the Israelites.
PSA	83	4	fk1e	figs-metonymy		0	the name of Israel will no longer be remembered	Here “name” represents a reputation or the memory of someone. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one will ever remember the Israelites existed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	83	5	ygx6			0	They schemed together with one strategy	Alternate translation: “Your enemies have agreed together with one plan”
PSA	83	5	nn8v			0	they made an alliance against you	Alternate translation: “they have joined together against you”
PSA	83	6	nv9e	figs-metonymy		0	the tents of Edom	This refers to the people of Edom who lived in tents. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	83	6	mn94	translate-names		0	Hagrites	This is the name of a people group that lived on the east side of the Jordan River. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
PSA	83	7	sfe5	figs-metonymy		0	Gebal, Ammon, Amalek … Philistia	These all represent the people of each area or tribe. Alternate translation: “the people of Gebal, the Ammonites, the Amalekites … the Philistines” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	83	7	t9lx	translate-names		0	Gebal	This is the name of a region south of the Dead Sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
PSA	83	8	fx46	figs-metonymy		0	Assyria	This represents the people of Assyria. Alternate translation: “the people of Assyria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	83	8	h5ji	figs-metonymy		0	they have become an arm for the descendants of Lot	Here “arm” is a metonym that represents “help.” Alternate translation: “they have become a help for the descendants of Lot” or “they are helping the descendants of Lot” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	83	8	tdc2	figs-explicit		0	the descendants of Lot	This refers to the people of the nations of Moab and Ammon. You can make clear the understood information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	83	9	urp2	figs-explicit		0	Do to them as you did to Midian … Sisera and to Jabin	The writer is asking God to defeat Israel’s enemies as he has done in the past. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	83	9	htz5	figs-metonymy		0	did to Midian	Here “Midian” represents the people of Midian. Alternate translation: “did to the Midianites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	83	9	ic8x	translate-names		0	Sisera … Jabin	These are names of men. Jabin was king of Hazor. Sisera was the commander of Jabin’s army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
PSA	83	9	ed1d	translate-names		0	Kishon River	This is the name of a river in northern Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
PSA	83	10	m286	translate-names		0	Endor	This is the name of a town in northern Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
PSA	83	10	brp3	figs-simile		0	became like manure for the earth	This means the bodies of Sisera and Jabin were not buried but were left to rot. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	83	11	d9z1	translate-names		0	Oreb … Zeeb … Zebah … Zalmunna	These are all names of kings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
PSA	83	12	iu21			0	They said	Here “They” refers to Oreb, Zeeb, Zebah and Zalmunna.
PSA	83	12	umg2	figs-metaphor		0	the pastures of God	This speaks about the land of Israel as if it were land for sheep to graze and God were the shepherd watching over it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	83	13	uun3	figs-simile		0	General Information:	The writer uses similes to describe God’s total destruction of Israel’s enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	83	13	f5ey	figs-simile		0	make them like the whirling dust, like chaff before the wind	Both statements speak of God destroying his enemies as if he were a strong wind easily blowing them away. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	83	14	j9u1	figs-simile		0	like the fire that burns the forest, and like the flame that sets the mountains on fire	Both statements speak of God’s punishment as if it were a fire, and the enemies of God are things that burn in the fire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	83	15	ax1z	figs-simile		0	Chase them with your strong wind, and terrify them with your windstorm	Both statements ask God to destroy the enemies with storms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	83	16	c54c	figs-synecdoche		0	Fill their faces with shame	Here “faces” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “Make them very ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	83	16	q834	figs-metonymy		0	they might seek your name	Here “name” represents God’s power. God’s enemies acknowledging that God is powerful is spoken of as if they are seeking to find Yahweh. Alternate translation: “they might acknowledge that you are powerful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	83	16	rq63			0	seek your name	This could mean: (1) God’s enemies admit that God is powerful or (2) God’s enemies are asking God for help or (3) God’s enemies start to worship and obey him.
PSA	83	17	q6j1	figs-activepassive		0	May they be put to shame and be terrified forever	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Make them ashamed and terrified forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	83	17	l9px			0	may they perish in disgrace	Alternate translation: “may they die while they are ashamed”
PSA	83	18	y45v			0	Then they will know	This can also be stated as the writer making a request to God. Alternate translation: “Cause them to know”
PSA	83	18	tw1g	figs-metaphor		0	are the Most High over all the earth	God ruling over everything in the earth is spoken of as if he were elevated higher than everything else. Alternate translation: “are supreme, and you rule all things on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	84	intro	mf13			0		# Psalm 084 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 84 is a worship psalm.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Obedience<br><br>God blesses all who want to obey him. Praising God in his temple is better than anything else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])<br><br>### Similarity to Psalm 42-43<br><br>There are many similarities between these psalms and some scholars suggest they were written by the same people.
PSA	84	1	mkj6	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	84	1	wu9e			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship”
PSA	84	1	yxs9			0	set to the Gittith	This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 8:1](../008/001.md).
PSA	84	1	yte3			0	How lovely	Alternate translation: “How beautiful”
PSA	84	2	ueb8			0	I long for the courts of Yahweh	Alternate translation: “I really want to be in the courts of Yahweh”
PSA	84	2	fp2u	figs-synecdoche		0	the courts of Yahweh	Here “courts” represent the temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	84	2	dw38			0	my desire for it has made me exhausted	Alternate translation: “my desire has exhausted me” or “I am tired because I want it so much”
PSA	84	2	jf7p	figs-synecdoche		0	My heart and all of my being call out	Here “heart” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I call out with all of my being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	84	2	ctf7			0	the living God	This means God is living and he also has the power to cause other things to live.
PSA	84	3	c9d8	translate-unknown		0	sparrow … swallow	These are types of birds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
PSA	84	3	y2c8			0	found her a house	Alternate translation: “found her a home” or “made her a home”
PSA	84	3	pqi7	figs-ellipsis		0	the swallow a nest	Here the words “has found” or “has made” are understood. Alternate translation: “the swallow has found a nest” or “the swallow has made a nest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	84	3	xwe2			0	where she may lay her young	Alternate translation: “where she may lay her eggs and care for her babies”
PSA	84	4	c9r1			0	they who live in your house	This could mean: (1) “they” refers to the priests who permanently serve at the temple or (2) “they” refers to people in general who come and worship at the temple.
PSA	84	4	rs8w			0	praise you continually	Alternate translation: “keep praising you again and again”
PSA	84	5	nkn2	figs-genericnoun		0	Blessed is the man	Here “man” refers to people in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
PSA	84	5	pd3t	figs-metaphor		0	whose strength is in you	God is spoken of as if strength was actually found in him. Alternate translation: “whom you strengthen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	84	5	kb9x	figs-metaphor		0	in whose heart are the highways up to Zion	This expression is about heart-felt desire. Alternate translation: “Who love to go up to Zion” or “Who earnestly wish go up to Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	84	5	lwg6			0	highways	roads built higher than the surrounding ground
PSA	84	5	spb2			0	up to Zion	The temple was in Jerusalem on the top of the highest hill, called Mount Zion.
PSA	84	6	jep9			0	the Valley of Tears	This refers to a dry, arid place. Some Bible versions have “the Valley of Baca.” The word “Baca” means “weeping.”
PSA	84	6	p6ml			0	The early rains	This means the rain that falls in autumn before the cold season. This is during the months of October and November on Western calendars.
PSA	84	6	hln3	figs-metonymy		0	blessings	Here the word “blessings” is a metonym for the pools of water that make people who live in dry lands happy. Alternate translation: “pools of water that make them happy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	84	7	w1gb	figs-idiom		0	They go from strength to strength	This is a way of saying they get stronger. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	84	7	jnf4			0	They go	Here “They” refers to those who strongly desire to go to the temple to worship God.
PSA	84	9	jrd6	figs-metaphor		0	God, watch over our shield	The king who protects his people is spoken of as if he were a shield. Alternate translation: “God, watch over our king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	84	10	r2ll	figs-ellipsis		0	For one day in your courts is better than a thousand elsewhere	This can be stated with the understood information. Alternate translation: “I would rather be in your courts for one day than to be somewhere else for a thousand days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	84	10	k1rk	translate-numbers		0	a thousand	“1,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
PSA	84	10	ih7r			0	be a doorkeeper	Alternate translation: “be a guard at the door” or “stand at the door”
PSA	84	10	rz91	figs-nominaladj		0	the wicked	This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “wicked people” or “those who are wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	84	11	d9l1	figs-metaphor		0	For Yahweh God is our sun and shield	Yahweh who guides and protects his people is spoken of as if he were the sun and a shield. Alternate translation: “For Yahweh God guides us like the light from the sun, and he protects us like a shield” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	84	11	ge8a	figs-abstractnouns		0	Yahweh will give grace and glory	The abstract nouns “grace” and “glory” can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will be kind to us and honor us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	84	11	tv3q			0	who walk in integrity	The way a person conducts their lives or behaves is spoken of as if the person were walking. Alternate translation: “who live honestly” or “who are honest”
PSA	84	12	tfi5	figs-genericnoun		0	blessed is the man	Here “man” means people in general. Alternate translation: “blessed are those” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
PSA	85	intro	vtd4			0		# Psalm 085 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 85 is a worship psalm.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Blessings<br><br>God has given so many blessings. If the people stop their sinning, then the land will be filled by the glory of God and his blessings. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]])<br><br>### Group Prayer<br><br>Note how this psalm uses the plural to show that it is a group praying.
PSA	85	1	d8a7	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	85	1	h493			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.”
PSA	85	1	iym4	figs-metonymy		0	you have showed favor to your land	Here “land” represents the nation and people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	85	1	p2e2			0	well-being	This refers to a person being happy, healthy and prosperous.
PSA	85	1	hjx5	figs-synecdoche		0	of Jacob	Here “Jacob” represents Jacob’s descendents, the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	85	2	bm36	figs-metaphor		0	you have covered all their sin	Here sin that is forgiven is spoken of as if it were covered so that it can not be seen. Alternate translation: “you have deliberately forgotten their sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	85	2	zdx5			0	their sin	This writer thought of himself as belonging to God’s people. Alternate translation: “our sin”
PSA	85	3	n2va	figs-metaphor		0	You have withdrawn all your wrath	God no longer punishing the Israelites is spoken of as if wrath were an object that Yahweh could take away from the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	85	3	eh2w	figs-metaphor		0	you have turned back from your hot anger	God no longer being angry with the Israelites is spoken of as if anger were a fire that God from which God turned away. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	85	4	r347	figs-abstractnouns		0	God of our salvation	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “God who saves us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	85	4	u4ty	figs-metaphor		0	let go of your displeasure with us	Asking God to stop being angry with the Israelites is spoken of as if displeasure were an object the writer wants God to let go of. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	85	5	b6ih	figs-rquestion		0	Will you be angry with us forever? Will you remain angry throughout future generations?	The writer uses these questions to emphasize that he is requesting God to stop being angry with them. These rhetorical questions can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Please do not stay angry at us forever.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	85	6	fc4x	figs-rquestion		0	Will you not revive us again?	The writer uses a question to emphasize his request to God to make the people of Israel prosper and happy again. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Please make us prosper again.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	85	7	am5x	figs-abstractnouns		0	Show us your covenant faithfulness	If the sentence is rearranged, the ideas in If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **covenant faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with the phrase “faithful to your covenant.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	85	7	u94q	figs-abstractnouns		0	grant us your salvation	This is how the writer wants God to show his faithfulness to his people. If the sentence is rearranged, the ideas in If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “and save us” or “by saving us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	85	8	f1q2			0	make peace with his people	Alternate translation: “have a peaceful relationship with his people” or “bring peace to his people”
PSA	85	8	mt5f	figs-metaphor		0	Yet they must not turn again to foolish ways	A person changing the way he behaves is spoken of as if he were physically turning to a different direction. Alternate translation: “Yet they must not start doing foolish things again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	85	9	q85w	figs-metaphor		0	Surely his salvation is near to those	God being ready to save someone is spoken of as if salvation were an object that God has placed near someone. Alternate translation: “Surely God is ready to save those” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	85	9	w9na	figs-metonymy		0	then glory will remain in our land	Here “glory” represents God’s presence. Alternate translation: “then his glorious presence will remain in our land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	85	10	r9mp	figs-abstractnouns		0	Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness have met together	The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” are spoken of as if they were persons who meet together. This could mean: (1) God has been faithful because of his covenant and has done what he promised to do. Alternate translation: “God has been faithful to his covenant and has proven that he is worthy of people trusting him” or (2) God has been faithful because of his covenant and the people have responded by being faithful to him. Alternate translation: “God has been faithful to his covenant and people have responded by trusting him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	85	10	vxd4			0	have met together … have kissed each other	Most likely the speaker is describing a time in the future when God causes the people to prosper again. Alternate translation: “will meet together … will kiss each other”
PSA	85	10	ilq2	figs-abstractnouns		0	righteousness and peace have kissed each other	This could mean: (1) the people will do what is right and God will cause the people to live in peace or (2) God will do what is right and will cause the people to live in peace. Either way righteousness and peace are abstract nouns and are spoken of as if they were persons who kiss each other. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	85	10	pbn4			0	kissed each other	This was a common way for friends to greet each other.
PSA	85	11	y3gv	figs-metaphor		0	Trustworthiness springs up from the ground	The people on earth being faithful to God is spoken of as if trustworthiness were a plant growing out of the ground. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **trustworthiness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “loyal.” Alternate translation: “Here on earth, we will be loyal to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	85	11	uw31	figs-abstractnouns		0	righteousness looks down from the sky	The word “righteousness” is an abstract noun, and it is spoken of as a person looking down as God does. Alternate translation: “God will look on us from heaven and will act justly towards us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	85	13	bxa8	figs-personification		0	Righteousness will go before him and make a way for his footsteps	God doing what is right everywhere he goes is spoken of as if righteousness were a person who goes ahead of God and prepares a path for God to walk. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	85	13	b458	figs-metonymy		0	his footsteps	Here “footsteps” represents where God walks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	86	intro	yms3			0		# Psalm 086 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 86 is a deliverance psalm. He is praying for deliverance from his many enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s help<br><br>God has blessed the psalmist and is so loving to him. He has been one of God’s servants. Now he needs God to save him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])
PSA	86	1	ss24	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	86	1	j7gt			0	poor and needy	Alternate translation: “weak and needy”
PSA	86	2	b1gx	figs-123person		0	save your servant	David refers to himself as “your servant,” that is, God’s servant. Alternate translation: “save me, your servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
PSA	86	3	xel4	figs-hyperbole		0	all day long	This is an exaggeration. David cries out continually, but not literally at all times from dawn to dusk. Alternate translation: “continually” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
PSA	86	4	fc6p	figs-123person		0	Make your servant glad	David refers to himself as “your servant,” that is, God’s servant. Alternate translation: “Make me, your servant” or “Make me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
PSA	86	7	mlm4			0	In the day of my trouble	Alternate translation: “During my times of difficulty”
PSA	86	7	xp82			0	I call on you	Alternate translation: “I pray to you”
PSA	86	8	ey46	figs-explicit		0	among the gods	The writer is not acknowledging these other gods exist. He is referring to false gods that people from other nations worship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	86	9	nvl8	figs-metonymy		0	All the nations	Here “the nations” represent the people. Alternate translation: “The people from all nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	86	9	hb9u	figs-metonymy		0	They will honor your name	Here “name” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “They will honor you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	86	10	ide9			0	wonderful things	Alternate translation: “very good things that amaze me”
PSA	86	10	qsw4			0	you only are God	Alternate translation: “you are the only God”
PSA	86	11	sa8a	figs-metaphor		0	Teach me your ways, Yahweh. Then I will walk in your truth	A person who obeys what God wants is spoken of as if he were walking on God’s way or road. Alternate translation: “Teach me your truth, Yahweh. Then I will obey what you say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	86	11	up7s	figs-metonymy		0	Unite my heart to reverence you	Here “heart” represents a person’s thoughts, emotions, and motives. Asking God to cause a person to respect him completely is spoken of as if the person’s heart were in many pieces and that God unites them together. Alternate translation: “Cause me to respect you sincerely with all my heart” or “Cause me to respect you sincerely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	86	12	ln3t	figs-metonymy		0	I will praise you with my whole heart	Here “heart” represents a person’s thoughts, emotions, and motives. Alternate translation: “I will praise you completely and sincerely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	86	12	r58p	figs-metonymy		0	I will glorify your name	Here “name” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will glorify you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	86	13	pa7h	figs-abstractnouns		0	For great is your covenant faithfulness toward me	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “For you are very faithful to me because of your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	86	13	m9g3			0	you have rescued my life from the depths of Sheol	This does not mean God brought him back to life after he died. It means God saved him when he was about to die.
PSA	86	14	dx52	figs-nominaladj		0	the arrogant	This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “arrogant people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	86	14	ih3b			0	have risen up against me	Alternate translation: “are coming together to harm me”
PSA	86	14	tb73	figs-idiom		0	seek my life	This is a way of saying they want to kill him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	86	15	l91z	figs-metaphor		0	and abundant in covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness	God constantly being faithful and trustworthy is spoken of as if faithfulness and trustworthiness were objects of which God has a large quantity. The two abstract nouns can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “always faithful to your covenant and very worthy of people trusting you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	86	16	rlz9	figs-metaphor		0	Turn toward me	Asking God to consider him is spoken of as if he wanted God to turn and look at him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	86	16	ha4f	figs-abstractnouns		0	give your strength to your servant	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **strength**, you could express the same idea with a verb or an adjective. Alternate translation: “strengthen your servant” or “make your servant strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	86	16	r4fq	figs-123person		0	your servant … the son of your servant woman	The writer is speaking about himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
PSA	86	17	ja63	figs-activepassive		0	be put to shame	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they will be ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	87	intro	l8z3			0		# Psalm 087 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 87 is a psalm about Jerusalem.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Pride<br><br>People will be proud to have been born in Jerusalem.<br><br>### Psalms about Jerusalem<br><br>Psalm 46, 48, and 76 are part of a group of psalms that celebrate Jerusalem.
PSA	87	1	pr6p	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	87	2	mz5w	figs-synecdoche		0	gates of Zion	Here “gates of Zion” represents the entire city of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “city of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	87	2	tah3	figs-metonymy		0	all the tents of Jacob	The people lived in tents while they wandered in the desert. Here the writer uses “tents of Jacob” to represent where the Israelites live now. Alternate translation: “any of the other dwelling places of the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	87	3	hrr7	figs-apostrophe		0	Glorious things are said of you, city of God	The writer speaks to the city of Jerusalem as if it were listening to him. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You people in Jerusalem, other people say wonderful things about your city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	87	4	mkk9			0	I mention	“I tell about.” Here “I” refers to Yahweh.
PSA	87	4	x63j	figs-metonymy		0	Rahab and Babylon	Here “Rahab” is a poetic way of referring to Egypt. Both “Rahab” and “Babylon” represent the people. Alternate translation: “the people of Egypt and Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
PSA	87	4	x7tc			0	to my followers	Alternate translation: “to those who worship me”
PSA	87	4	qzf2	figs-metaphor		0	This one was born there	“This one” refers to the people from the nations that the writer mentions. Although they were not physically born in Zion, those who follow God are natives of Jerusalem spiritually. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	87	5	uer3	figs-activepassive		0	Of Zion it will be said	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People will say about Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	87	5	bqs5	figs-metaphor		0	Each of these was born in her	People from other nations that worship Yahweh are spoken of as if they were born in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “It is as though all of these people were born in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	87	5	qxn4			0	in her	It was common to refer to cities as “her.” Alternate translation: “in Jerusalem” or “in Zion”
PSA	87	5	zdf6	figs-rpronouns		0	the Most High himself	The writer uses the reflexive pronoun “himself” to emphasize that it is the Most High who is doing this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
PSA	87	5	mx5t			0	will establish her	Alternate translation: “will make Jerusalem strong”
PSA	87	6	p3jr	figs-metaphor		0	Yahweh writes in the census book of the nations	Yahweh acknowledging that the people from other nations belong to him is spoken of as if he were a king writing down the names of the people who live in his city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	87	6	wgv4	figs-metaphor		0	This one was born there	“This one” refers to the people from the nations that the writer mentions. Although they were not physically born in Zion, those who follow God are natives of Jerusalem spiritually. See how you translated this in [Psalms 87:4](../087/004.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	87	7	q7a8	figs-metaphor		0	All my fountains are in you	Jerusalem being a place where people receive all their blessings is spoken of as if Jerusalem were a spring that provided water to the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	88	intro	w2mk			0		# Psalm 088 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 88 is a psalm of deliverance from sickness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Abandon<br><br>Ever since he was a child, the psalmist has been sick, and now all his friends have abandoned him. If he dies he cannot testify about God’s healing.
PSA	88	1	vi6i	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	88	1	d8eg			0	A song, a psalm of the sons of Korah	Alternate translation: “This is a psalm that the sons of Korah wrote”
PSA	88	1	qm8l			0	for the chief musician	Alternate translation: “this is for the director of music to use in worship”
PSA	88	1	f9te	translate-transliterate		0	set to the Mahalath Leannoth style	This may refer to a style of music. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
PSA	88	1	i9mw			0	A maschil	This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md).
PSA	88	1	l37h	translate-names		0	Heman	This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
PSA	88	1	w1cg	figs-abstractnouns		0	God of my salvation	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “you are the one who saves me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	88	1	hj2g	figs-merism		0	day and night	The writer uses these words with opposite meanings to say that he cries out continually. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
PSA	88	3	j9c1	figs-metaphor		0	For I am filled with troubles	The writer speaks of himself as if he were a container and troubles are the contents that fill the container. Alternate translation: “For I am very troubled” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	88	3	tee7	figs-metonymy		0	my life has reached Sheol	Here “life” represents the writer. And “Sheol” represents death. The writer speaks about himself possibly dying soon as if Sheol were a place and he has arrived at that place. Alternate translation: “I am about to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	88	4	xl1m	figs-metonymy		0	People treat me like those who go down into the pit	The word “pit” means the same as “Sheol.” The phrase “go down into the pit” represents dying. Alternate translation: “people treat me like I have already died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	88	5	yvx8	figs-metaphor		0	I am abandoned among the dead	People treating the writer as if he were already dead is spoken of as if he were a corpse that they left unburied. Alternate translation: I am left alone as if I were dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	88	5	yw6f	figs-simile		0	I am like the dead who lie in the grave	The writer feeling like people and God have abandoned him speaks about himself as if he were already a dead person lying in a grave. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	88	5	hf3g	figs-nominaladj		0	the dead who lie	The nominal adjective “the dead” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “a dead person who lies” or “dead people who lie” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	88	5	khp3			0	about whom you care no more	Alternate translation: “who no longer receive your care” or “people you have stopped caring about”
PSA	88	5	wf13	figs-metaphor		0	they are cut off from your power	God no longer using his power to help dead people is spoken of as if God literally cut him off or removed him from his power. Alternate translation: “you no longer use your power to help them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	88	6	z7j5	figs-metaphor		0	You place me in the lowest part of the pit, in the dark and deep places	The writer feeling like God has abandoned him speaks about himself as if God has put the him in the deepest and darkest grave. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	88	7	b6u3	figs-metaphor		0	Your wrath lies heavy on me	This speaks about God being very angry with the writer as if God’s wrath were a heavy object lying on top of the writer. Alternate translation: “I feel your great anger” or “I feel how very angry you are with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	88	7	te8c	figs-metaphor		0	all your waves crash over me	This speaks about God being very angry with the writer as if God’s anger were large waves rising up from the sea then landing on the writer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	88	8	vss9			0	my acquaintances	Alternate translation: “those who know me”
PSA	88	8	vb5j			0	You have made me a shocking sight to them	Alternate translation: “You have made me a disgusting sight to them” or “Because of you, they are shocked when they see me”
PSA	88	8	ezj9	figs-metaphor		0	I am hemmed in	The writer’s physical condition that makes him repulsive to his friends is spoken of as if he were in closed into a confining space. Alternate translation: “It is as though I were in a prison” or “I am trapped” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	88	9	k5hb	figs-metonymy		0	My eyes grow weary from trouble	Here “eyes” represents a person’s ability to see. For his eyes to grow weary from trouble is a way of saying that he his troubles cause him to cry so much that it is hard for him to see. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	88	9	af1k	translate-symaction		0	I spread out my hands to you	“I lift up my hands to you.” This is an action that shows that he totally depends on God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
PSA	88	10	q775	figs-rquestion		0	Will you do wonders for the dead?	The writer uses a question to emphasize that if God lets him die then God will no longer be able to do wonderful things for him. Alternate translation: “You do not do wonders for dead people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	88	10	nv8l	figs-rquestion		0	Will those who have died rise and praise you?	The writer uses a question to emphasize that if God lets him die then he will not be able to praise God any longer. Alternate translation: “You know that those who have died will not stand up and praise you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	88	11	a7rt	figs-parallelism		0	Will your covenant faithfulness be proclaimed in the grave, your loyalty in the place of the dead?	Both questions mean the same thing. The writer uses questions to emphasize that a dead person is not able to praise God’s faithfulness. The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “loyalty” can be translated as adjectives. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Nobody will proclaim your covenant faithfulness or loyalty from the grave.” or “Nobody will proclaim from the grave that you are faithful to your covenant and loyal to your people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	88	11	pt2z			0	the grave … the place of the dead	These represent the place where people go after they die.
PSA	88	11	vbv3	figs-ellipsis		0	your loyalty in the place of the dead?	This can be translated as a separate sentence. Alternate translation: “Will your loyalty be proclaimed in the place of the dead?” or “Those who are dead will not proclaim your loyalty.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	88	12	ec9z			0	in the darkness … the place of forgetfulness	These represent the place where people go after they die.
PSA	88	12	lf46	figs-parallelism		0	Will your wonderful deeds be known in the darkness, or your righteousness in the place of forgetfulness?	Both questions mean the same thing. The writer uses questions to emphasize that those who are dead are not able to experience or proclaim the great things God does. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People will not talk about your wonderful deeds and righteousness in the dark place of the forgotten dead.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	88	12	u1h9	figs-ellipsis		0	or your righteousness in the place of forgetfulness?	This can be translated as a separate sentence. Alternate translation: “Will your righteousness be known in the place of forgetfulness?” or “Those who are in the place of forgetfulness will not know about the righteous things you do.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	88	13	tle5	figs-metaphor		0	my prayer comes before you	The writer praying to Yahweh is spoken of as if the prayer itself goes to speak with Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	88	14	wg44	figs-metaphor		0	Why do you hide your face from me?	This speaks of the writer feeling like God has rejected or abandoned him as if God were hiding his face or physically turning away from the writer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	88	16	q3hi	figs-metaphor		0	Your angry actions have passed over me	This speaks of God punishing the writer as if God’s actions are a large wave rising out of the sea that fall on and crush the writer. Alternate translation: “It is as if your angry actions crush me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	88	16	e9zd	figs-hyperbole		0	your terrifying deeds have annihilated me	This exaggeration speaks about God punishing the writer as if God has completely destroyed the writer. Alternate translation: “the terrifying things you do have destroyed me” or “the terrifying things you do have almost destroyed me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
PSA	88	17	z4t8	figs-simile		0	They surround me like water all the day long	The writer compares God’s “angry actions” and “terrifying deeds” to a flood of water. Alternate translation: “All day long they threaten to destroy me like a flood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	88	17	e9s9			0	They	The word “They” refers to God’s “angry actions” and “terrifying deeds” from the previous verse.
PSA	88	17	qva9	figs-metaphor		0	they have all encircled me	The writer speaks of God’s “angry actions” and “terrifying deeds” as if they were enemies who were trying to capture and kill him. Alternate translation: “they have surrounded me like enemy soldiers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	88	18	x6gd			0	every friend and acquaintance	Alternate translation: “every person I love and know”
PSA	88	18	pnc1	figs-personification		0	My only acquaintance is the darkness	This speaks about darkness as if it were a person that could be friends with someone else. The writer is emphasizing that he feels completely alone. Alternate translation: “Everywhere I go it is dark” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	89	intro	aw17			0		# Psalm 089 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 89 is a worship and a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s promises<br><br>God is mighty and has promised David an eternal kingdom. But now that kingdom is being destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])<br><br>### Parallelism<br><br>This psalm exhibits the kind of parallelism where the second line often emphasizes the first line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	89	1	knd1	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	89	1	mu2k			0	A maschil	This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md).
PSA	89	1	dqe7	translate-names		0	Ethan	This is the name of the writer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
PSA	89	1	sv5i	figs-abstractnouns		0	acts of covenant faithfulness	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “faithful acts” or “loving acts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	89	2	pbm7	figs-metaphor		0	Covenant faithfulness has been established forever	God always doing what he promised to do is spoken of as if his faithfulness were a building that God has built and made firm. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You will always be faithful because of your covenant with us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	89	2	hn1i	figs-metaphor		0	your truthfulness you have established in the heavens	God always doing what he promised to do is spoken of as if his faithfulness were a building that God has built and made firm. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	89	2	l9ik			0	in the heavens	This could mean: (1) this refers to God’s dwelling place. This would mean God rules from heaven and he always does what he promises or (2) this refers to the sky. This would mean that God’s promises are as constant and permanent as the sky .
PSA	89	3	d13j	figs-explicit		0	I have made a covenant with my chosen one	You can make explicit that “chosen one” refers to David. Alternate translation: “I made a promise to David, the one I chose” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	89	3	y54c			0	I have made	Yahweh is speaking in 89:3-4.
PSA	89	4	yr1g	figs-metaphor		0	I will establish your descendants forever	Yahweh always causing one of David’s descendants to be king is spoken of as if David’s descendants are a building that Yahweh will build and make firm. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	89	4	p2z4	figs-metonymy		0	I will establish your throne through all generations	Here “throne” represents the power to rule as king. The psalmist speaks of God promising that one of David’s descendants will always rule as king as if God will build David’s throne and make it firm. Alternate translation: “I will make sure that one of your descendants will rule as king over every generation of my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	89	5	m81y	figs-metonymy		0	The heavens praise	Here “heavens” represents those who are in heaven. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	89	5	e553			0	praise your wonders, Yahweh	Alternate translation: “praise you, Yahweh, because of the wonderful things you do”
PSA	89	5	gs3g	figs-activepassive		0	your truthfulness is praised in the assembly of the holy ones	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **truthfulness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “you always do what you promise to do.” This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The assembly of the holy ones praises you because you always do what you promise to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	89	5	g9qz			0	the assembly of the holy ones	This refers to the angels in heaven.
PSA	89	6	c358	figs-parallelism		0	For who in the skies can be compared to Yahweh? Who among the sons of the gods is like Yahweh?	Both questions mean the same thing. The writer is using question to emphasize that there in no one in heaven like Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	89	6	vj1k	figs-idiom		0	sons of the gods	Here “sons of” means having the characteristics of. This is a way of referring to other spiritual beings that live in heaven. Alternate translation: “angels” or “divine beings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	89	7	rgy8	figs-activepassive		0	He is a God who is greatly honored in the council of the holy ones	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The council of the holy ones greatly honors God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	89	7	vtz8			0	the council of the holy ones	Alternate translation: “the gathering of heavenly beings” or “the gathering of angels”
PSA	89	8	cs88	figs-rquestion		0	who is strong like you, Yahweh?	The writer asks the question to emphasize there is no one as strong as Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	89	8	niz2	figs-metaphor		0	Your truthfulness surrounds you	Yahweh always dong what he promises to do is spoken of as if his truthfulness were a cloak or garment that wraps around him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	89	9	t34l			0	You rule the raging sea	Alternate translation: “You control the raging sea”
PSA	89	10	q99x	figs-explicit		0	You crushed Rahab as one who is killed	The word “Rahab” here refers to a monster of the sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
PSA	89	10	uhp9	figs-metonymy		0	with your strong arm	Here “arm” represents power. Alternate translation: “with your great power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	89	12	di8b	figs-merism		0	the north and the south	The writer uses the words “north” and “south” together to mean that God created everything everywhere. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
PSA	89	12	y2hj	figs-personification		0	Tabor and Hermon rejoice in your name	Tabor is a mountain southwest of the sea of Galilee and Hermon is a mountain northeast of the sea of Galilee. The writer describes these mountains as if they were persons who could rejoice. Alternate translation: “It is as if Mount Tabor and Mount Hermon were rejoicing in your name” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
PSA	89	12	b76n	figs-metonymy		0	in your name	Here “name” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “in you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	89	13	j9ue	figs-metonymy		0	You have a mighty arm and a strong hand, and your right hand is high	The words “mighty arm,” “strong hand,” and “right hand” all represent God’s power. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	89	13	ldw5	translate-symaction		0	right hand is high	To raise the right hand high into the air is a gesture that indicates power. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
PSA	89	14	hyu5	figs-metaphor		0	Righteousness and justice are the foundation of your throne	God ruling as king and doing what is right and just is spoken of as if God’s throne were a building, and righteousness and justice were its foundation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	89	14	w4d5	figs-metonymy		0	your throne	The throne represents God’s rule as king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	89	14	x3in	figs-metaphor		0	Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness come before you	God always being faithful and doing what he promises to do is spoken of as if covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness come and meet with God. The abstract nouns can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “You are always faithful to your covenant and are worthy of people trusting you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	89	15	a8ms	figs-explicit		0	who worship you	Here the word “worship” implies shouting and blowing horns. These were common acts of worship during Israelite festivals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	89	15	p2gi	figs-metaphor		0	they walk	Here people living their lives is spoken of as if they were walking. Alternate translation: “they live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	89	15	v1rr	figs-metaphor		0	in the light of your face	The writer speaks of Yahweh acting favorably towards them as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on them. Alternate translation: “knowing that you act favorably towards them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	89	16	j2hd	figs-metonymy		0	in your name	Here “name” represents the person. Alternate translation: “in you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	89	16	uz6z	figs-abstractnouns		0	in your righteousness they exalt you	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **righteousness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “they exalt you because you always do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	89	17	f1h8	figs-abstractnouns		0	You are their majestic strength	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **strength**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “You make them wonderfully strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	89	17	w9hu	figs-explicit		0	You are their	Here “their” refers to the Israelites. The writer would have included himself as a member of the Israelites. Alternate translation: “You are our” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	89	17	t45a	figs-exclusive		0	we are victorious	Here “we” refers to the writer and the Israelites but not to Yahweh, to whom he speaks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
PSA	89	18	nu6c	figs-metaphor		0	For our shield belongs to Yahweh	The king who protects his people and whom Yahweh chose is spoken of as if he were a shield that belongs to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	89	19	e2wr	figs-explicit		0	General Information:	The writer assumes that the reader knows the history of how David became the chosen king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	89	19	erw7	translate-symaction		0	I have set a crown on a mighty one	To place a crown on a person’s head is a sign of making him king. Alternate translation: “I have made a mighty man king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
PSA	89	19	fxq4			0	set a crown on a mighty one	Some Bible translations have “given strength to a mighty one” or “helped a mighty one.”
PSA	89	19	ss27	figs-idiom		0	I have raised up one chosen from among the people	Here “raised up” means appointed. It is implied that God chose this person to be king. Alternate translation: “I have chosen one from among the people to be king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	89	20	nkd2	translate-symaction		0	with my holy oil have I anointed him	Here to pour oil on someone’s head is a sign that God is appointing the person to be king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
PSA	89	21	u6uc	figs-metonymy		0	My hand will support him; my arm will strengthen him	Here “hand” and “arm” both means the power and control of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I will support him and make him strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	89	22	h3tn	figs-metonymy		0	son of wickedness	The writer refers to those who have the nature or character of wickedness as “sons of wickedness.” Alternate translation: “wicked person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	89	24	x8f4			0	Connecting Statement:	Yahweh continues speaking about David.
PSA	89	24	v3cj	figs-metaphor		0	My truth and my covenant faithfulness will be with him	God always being loyal and doing what he promises for David is spoken of as if truth and faithfulness were objects that would be with David. The abstract nouns “truth” and “faithfulness” can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “I will always be truthful with him and I will always act faithfully towards him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	89	24	q652	figs-metonymy		0	by my name he will be victorious	Here “name” represents God’ power. Alternate translation: “I, God, will cause him to be victorious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	89	25	k7aa	figs-metonymy		0	I will place his hand over the sea and his right hand over the rivers	Here “hand” and “right hand” represent power and authority. Here “the sea” seems to refer to the Mediterranean Sea west of Israel, and “rivers” refers to the Euphrates river in the east. This means David will have authority over everything from the sea to the river. Alternate translation: “I will give him authority over everything from the Mediterranean sea to the Euphrates river” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
PSA	89	26	hc3j	figs-quotesinquotes		0	He will call out to me, ‘You are my Father, my God, and the rock of my salvation.’	This has a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “He will say that I am his Father, his God, and the rock of his salvation.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
PSA	89	26	ue8t	figs-metaphor		0	the rock of my salvation	Yahweh protecting and saving David is spoken of as if Yahweh were a high rock that David could stand on top of for protection from enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	89	27	m5u8			0	Connecting Statement:	Yahweh continues speaking about David.
PSA	89	27	i4nj	figs-metaphor		0	I also will place him as my firstborn son	Yahweh giving David special rank and privileges over all other people is spoken of as if David would be Yahweh’s firstborn son. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	89	28	zs6u	figs-metaphor		0	I will extend my covenant faithfulness to him forever	Yahweh speaks of continuing to act faithfully towards David is spoken of as if Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness were an object that he extends or makes longer. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adverb. Alternate translation: “I will continue to act faithfully towards him forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	89	29	nlx7	figs-simile		0	his throne as enduring as the skies above	Someone from David’s family always ruling as king is spoken of as if his throne would last as long as the sky will last. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	89	29	k6mi	figs-metonymy		0	his throne	Here “throne” represents the power to rule as king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	89	30	zb7x			0	his children	Alternate translation: “David’s descendants”
PSA	89	32	s8vu	figs-metaphor		0	punish their rebellion with a rod	God punishing David’s descendants is spoken of as if he would hit them with a rod. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **rebellion**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “punish them for rebelling against me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	89	32	fq8i	figs-metaphor		0	their iniquity with blows	God punishing David’s descendants is spoken of as if God would literally hit them. This can be stated as a complete sentence. Alternate translation: “I will punish them because they sinned against me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	89	33	k75f	figs-litotes		0	I will not remove my steadfast love from him or be unfaithful to my promise	This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I will always love David, and I will do what I promised to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
PSA	89	34	m6m3	figs-synecdoche		0	the words of my lips	Here “lips” represent the whole mouth and the person speaking. Alternate translation: “what I said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	89	36	by6y	figs-ellipsis		0	his throne as long as the sun before me	The words “will continue” are understood. Alternate translation: “his throne will continue as long as the sun before me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	89	36	tm79	figs-metonymy		0	his throne	Here “throne” represents the power to rule as king. God is promising that one of David’s descendants will always be king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	89	36	w6yh	figs-simile		0	as long as the sun before me	God compares David’s rule as king to the sun to emphasize that someone from David’s descendants will always rule as king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	89	37	mwr5	figs-activepassive		0	It will be established forever	Here “It” stands for David’s throne or power to rule as king. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will cause it to last forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	89	37	je44	figs-simile		0	forever like the moon	God compares David’s rule as king to the moon to emphasize that someone from David’s descendants will always rule as king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	89	37	gb6v	figs-personification		0	the moon, the faithful witness in the sky	The moon is spoken of as if it were a person who witnesses God making this promise to David. Alternate translation: “the moon, which is like a faithful witness in the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	89	38	exj7	figs-ellipsis		0	you have refused and rejected	The words “the king” are understood. Alternate translation: “you have refused and rejected the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	89	38	qnj2			0	with your anointed king	Alternate translation: “with the king you chose”
PSA	89	39	c1wc			0	You have renounced the covenant	Alternate translation: “You have rejected the covenant”
PSA	89	39	prp1	translate-symaction		0	You have desecrated his crown on the ground	To push down into the ground or dust is a sign of great humiliation. Alternate translation: “You have defiled his crown on the ground” or “You have caused his crown to fall into the dirt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
PSA	89	39	tbi4	figs-metonymy		0	his crown	This represents the king’s power as king and his right to rule. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	89	40	lz6r	figs-explicit		0	You have broken down all his walls. You have ruined his strongholds	This implies that God allowed enemies to destroy the defenses at Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “You have allowed enemies to break down his walls and ruin his strongholds in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	89	41	ed5r			0	to his neighbors	Here “neighbors” means people of nearby nations.
PSA	89	42	i7mp	figs-metonymy		0	raised the right hand of his enemies	Here “right hand” represents power. To “raise the right hand” means that Yahweh has made his enemies strong enough to defeat God’s chosen king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
PSA	89	43	g8dt	figs-metonymy		0	turn back the edge of his sword	Here “sword” represents the king’s power in battle. To turn the sword back represents making the king unable to win in battle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	89	43	c3fd	figs-synecdoche		0	the edge of his sword	Here “edge” represents the whole sword. Alternate translation: “his sword” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	89	43	w77q	figs-metonymy		0	have not made him stand when in battle	Here “stand” represents being victorious in battle. Alternate translation: “You have not helped him to be victorious in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	89	44	g7kf	figs-metonymy		0	you have brought down his throne to the ground	Here “throne” represents the power to rule as king. Alternate translation: “you, Yahweh, have ended his reign as king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	89	45	hg97	figs-idiom		0	You have shortened the days of his youth	This is a way of saying God made the king seem old even while he was still young. Alternate translation: “Even while he is young you have made him weak like an old man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	89	45	b231	figs-metaphor		0	covered him with shame	Yahweh completely humiliating the king is spoken of as if shame were a garment that God used to cover the king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	89	46	r3l1	figs-rquestion		0	How long, Yahweh? Will you hide yourself, forever?	The writer uses these questions to emphasize that he does not want God to continue to refuse the king. Alternate translation: “Please, Yahweh, do not refuse to help the king forever.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	89	46	mu5e	figs-metaphor		0	Will you hide yourself	God not helping the king is spoken of as if God were hiding from him. Alternate translation: “Will you refuse to help the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	89	46	q873	figs-rquestion		0	How long will your anger burn like fire?	The writer uses a question to emphasize that he does not want God to remain angry. Alternate translation: “Please do not continue being angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	89	46	y4fv	figs-simile		0	your anger burn like fire	God being very angry is spoken of as if his anger were a hot fire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	89	47	ajl2	figs-abstractnouns		0	for what uselessness you have created all the children of mankind	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **uselessness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “uselessly.” Alternate translation: “that you have created all people to die uselessly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	89	47	fe7m	figs-gendernotations		0	the children of mankind	This refers to humans in general. Alternate translation: “humans” or “people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
PSA	89	48	er51	figs-rquestion		0	Who can live and not die, or rescue his own life from the hand of Sheol?	The writer uses these questions to emphasize that all people will die. Alternate translation: “No one can live forever or bring himself back to life after dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	89	48	gg9s	figs-metonymy		0	rescue his own life from the hand of Sheol	Here “hand” refers to power. The writer speaks of Sheol as if it were a person who has power over those who die. This could mean: (1) a person cannot bring himself back to life after dying or (2) a person cannot keep himself from dying. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	89	49	hvz7	figs-rquestion		0	Lord, where are your former acts of covenant faithfulness that you swore to David in your truthfulness?	The writer uses a question to request the Lord to be faithful to his covenant with David. Alternate translation: “Lord, be faithful to your covenant with David as you have been in the past” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	89	49	b6dc	figs-abstractnouns		0	your former acts of covenant faithfulness	The abstract nouns “acts” and “faithfulness” can be translated with a verb and an adverb. Alternate translation: “the things that you did before that showed that you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	89	50	v1jl	figs-idiom		0	Call to mind	The writer asks Yahweh to bring this up in his memory. Alternate translation: “Remember” or “Consider” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	89	50	r6c3			0	the mocking directed against your servants	Here “your servants” refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “how they mock us, your servants”
PSA	89	50	iq2x	figs-metonymy		0	how I bear in my heart so many insults from the nations	Here “heart” represents the person’s emotions. Alternate translation: “I endure so many insults from the people of the nations” or “I suffer because the people from the nations insult me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	89	50	rn7t	figs-metonymy		0	from the nations	Here “nations” represents the people of the nations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	89	51	fjd4	figs-metaphor		0	Your enemies hurl insults	The enemies shouting insults at the king is spoken of as if insults were an object that the enemies throw violently at the king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	89	51	vq6j	figs-metonymy		0	they mock the footsteps of your anointed one	Here “footsteps” represents where the king goes. Alternate translation: “they mock your anointed one wherever he goes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	89	52	hvn5			0	General Information:	This verse is more than the end of this psalm. It is the closing statement for all of Book 3 of the Psalms, which starts at Psalm 73 and ends with Psalm 89.
PSA	89	52	fig1	figs-activepassive		0	Blessed be Yahweh forever	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “May people praise Yahweh forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	89	52	h8fn			0	Amen and Amen	The word “Amen” is repeated to emphasize approval of what has been said. See how you translated this in [Psalms 41:13](../041/013.md).
PSA	90	intro	gmu6			0		# Psalm 090 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm is a wisdom psalm. God is eternal but a human’s life is short. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Life’s shortness<br><br>Because life is so short, people need to spend it as God wants them to spend it.
PSA	90	1	jue7	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	90	1	n3vq	figs-metaphor		0	Lord, you have been our refuge	God protecting his people is spoken of as if God were a refuge or shelter. Alternate translation: “Lord, you have been like a shelter for us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	90	1	ykl6			0	throughout all generations	Alternate translation: “always”
PSA	90	2	i1f4	figs-activepassive		0	Before the mountains were formed	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Before you formed the mountains” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	90	2	b7ju			0	were formed	Alternate translation: “were created” or “were shaped”
PSA	90	2	mz45	figs-metonymy		0	the world	This represents everything that is in the world. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	90	2	x21e			0	from everlasting to everlasting	This phrase represents all time past, present, and future.
PSA	90	3	spk9	figs-explicit		0	You return man to dust	This implies that just as God created the first man, Adam, from the soil, God will cause people’s bodies to turn back into soil after they die. Alternate translation: “You return people to dust when they die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	90	3	yjk2	figs-gendernotations		0	return man	Here “man” means people in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
PSA	90	3	j396	figs-ellipsis		0	Return, you descendants	The words “to dust” or “to soil” are understood. Alternate translation: “Return to dust, you descendants” or “Return to soil, you descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	90	3	ijh1	figs-idiom		0	you descendants of mankind	This is a way of referring to humans in general. Alternate translation: “you humans” or “you people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	90	4	zt2t	figs-simile		0	For a thousand years in your sight are as yesterday when it is past, and as a watch in the night	The writer means that a long period of time seems like a short period of time to God. Alternate translation: “You consider a thousand years the same as one day in the past, or as a few short hours in the night” or “Even a thousand years is not a long time to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	90	4	b3xf	translate-numbers		0	a thousand years	“1,000 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
PSA	90	4	qd6k	figs-metaphor		0	in your sight	Here sight represents judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	90	5	prp6	figs-metaphor		0	You sweep them away as with a flood and they sleep	God causing people to die suddenly is spoken of as if he swept them away with a broom. This sweeping is also spoken of as if it were a flood that carried people away. Alternate translation: “Lord, you destroy the people as with a flood and they die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	90	5	wws1	figs-euphemism		0	they sleep	This is a polite way of speaking of people dying. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
PSA	90	6	k25r	figs-doublet		0	it blooms and grows up	Both of these phrases refer to how the grass grows. Alternate translation: “it begins to grow and develop” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	90	6	udh3	figs-doublet		0	it withers and dries up	Both of these phrases refer to how the grass dies. Alternate translation: “it fades and dries up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	90	7	vhb5	figs-metaphor		0	we are consumed in your anger	God destroying people in his anger is spoken of as if God’s anger were a fire that completely burns up the people. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You destroy us in your anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	90	7	qp5h			0	in your wrath we are terrified	Alternate translation: “when you are angry we are greatly afraid”
PSA	90	8	fbk1	figs-metaphor		0	You have set our iniquities before you, our hidden sins in the light of your presence	God considering people’s sins is spoken of as if sins were an objects he could place in front of himself and look at them. Alternate translation: “You see every sinful thing we do, even the sinful things we do in secret” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	90	9	tw9c	grammar-connect-words-phrases		0	Our life passes away under your wrath	The word “because” can be used to make clear that God’s wrath causes human life to end. Alternate translation: “Our lives come to an end because of your wrath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
PSA	90	9	z6eu	figs-simile		0	like a sigh	The writer compares human life to a sigh to emphasize that life is very brief. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	90	10	bb7z	translate-numbers		0	seventy	“70” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
PSA	90	10	f12z	translate-numbers		0	eighty	“80” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
PSA	90	10	ydb3	figs-activepassive		0	even our best years are marked by trouble and sorrow	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Even in our best years we experience trouble and sorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	90	10	cun8	figs-euphemism		0	we fly away	This is a polite way of referring to people dying. Alternate translation: “we die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
PSA	90	11	xl7b	figs-rquestion		0	Who knows the intensity of your anger, and your wrath that is equal to the fear of you?	The writer uses a question to emphasize that no one has fully experienced God anger. Therefore no one truly reveres God and fears his anger when people sin. Alternate translation: “No one knows the intensity of your anger. Therefore no one fears your wrath when they sin.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	90	13	lcn8	figs-metaphor		0	Turn back, Yahweh! How long will it be?	Asking Yahweh to no longer be angry is spoken of as if the writer wants God to turn physically away from his anger. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, please do not be angry any longer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	90	13	e9p1	figs-rquestion		0	How long will it be?	The writer uses a question to state that he wants God to stop being angry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	90	13	zs74			0	Have pity on your servants	Here “your servants” refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Be merciful to us, your servants”
PSA	90	14	p6kf			0	Satisfy us in the morning	Alternate translation: “Satisfy us every morning”
PSA	90	14	k6eg	figs-abstractnouns		0	with your covenant faithfulness	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “by being faithful because of your covenant with us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	90	15	z79l	figs-parallelism		0	in proportion to the days you afflicted us and to the years we have experienced trouble	Both of these phrases mean the same thing. The writer is asking Yahweh to make them happy for the same amount of time he punished them. Alternate translation: “for the same amount of time that you afflicted us and caused us to suffer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	90	16	tb62	figs-explicit		0	Let your servants	Here “your servants” refer to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Let us, your servants” or “Let us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	90	16	g2qt			0	let our children	Here “children” means children and descendants.
PSA	90	16	sjz5	figs-abstractnouns		0	see your majesty	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **majesty**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “great things.” Alternate translation: “see the great things you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	90	17	at2j	figs-abstractnouns		0	May the favor of the Lord our God be ours	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **favor**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “be kind.” Alternate translation: “May the Lord our God be kind to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	90	17	ye67	figs-synecdoche		0	prosper the work of our hands	Here “hands” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “cause us to be successful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	91	intro	ye5h			0		# Psalm 091 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 91 is a wisdom psalm. Those who depend on God are protected by him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Fear<br><br>No matter what dangers befall a person, they do not need to fear. God is protecting them from all harm.
PSA	91	1	xv6f	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	91	1	g3bv	figs-metaphor		0	He who lives … will stay … of the Almighty	Because “live” and “stay” mean almost the same thing, as do “shelter” and “shadow,” which are both metaphors for protection, you may need to combine the two lines into one. Alternate translation: “The Most High, the Almighty, will care for all those who live where he can protect them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	91	1	lc6j	figs-metaphor		0	who lives in the shelter of the Most High	The word “shelter” is a metaphor for protection. Alternate translation: “who lives where the Most High protects him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	91	1	jl84			0	the Most High	The words “the Most High” refer to Yahweh. See how this is translated in [Psalms 18:13](../018/013.md).
PSA	91	1	qi6d	figs-metaphor		0	will stay in the shadow of the Almighty	The word “shadow” here is a metaphor for protection. Alternate translation: “will stay where the Almighty can protect him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	91	1	jmc8			0	the Almighty	the one who has power and control over everything. See how this was translated in [Psalms 68:14](../068/014.md)
PSA	91	2	kwv7			0	I will say of Yahweh	Alternate translation: “I will say about Yahweh”
PSA	91	2	d5cu	figs-metaphor		0	my refuge and my fortress	A “refuge” is any place a person can go and have someone or something protect him. A “fortress” is something that people make so they can protect themselves and their property. Asaph uses them here as metaphors for protection. Alternate translation: “the one to whom I can go and he will protect me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	91	3	ss8i	figs-ellipsis		0	For he will rescue you from the snare of the hunter and from the deadly plague	The words that have been left out can be put in. Alternate translation: “For God will rescue you from the snare of the hunter and he will rescue you from the plagues that can kill” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	91	3	laj3			0	the snare of the hunter	Alternate translation: “from the snare that the hunter has set to catch you”
PSA	91	4	k4cn	figs-metaphor		0	He will cover you with his wings, and under his wings you will find refuge	God’s protection is here referred to as “wings” which a bird uses to cover its’ young from danger. “Cover you with his wings” and “under his wings” mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “He will keep you safe and protect you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	91	4	j3p2	figs-metaphor		0	His trustworthiness is a shield and protection	God’s trustworthiness is here referred to as a “shield” which can protect people who rely on him. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **trustworthiness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “trust.” Alternate translation: “You can trust him to protect you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	91	4	f8d9			0	protection	No one knows for sure what this word means. This could mean: (1) a small shield strapped to the forearm that soldiers used to defend themselves against arrows and swords or (2) a wall of stones set in a circle inside which soldiers could hide and shoot arrows.
PSA	91	5	yp8k	figs-metonymy		0	terror in the night	The psalmist speaks of “terror” as if it were a spirit or fierce animal that could attack at night and so terrify people. Alternate translation: “things attacking you at night” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	91	5	g6en	figs-merism		0	in the night … by day	These two phrases taken together refer to all possible times of night and day. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
PSA	91	5	b8kc	figs-metonymy		0	the arrow that flies by day	“Arrow” here is a metonym for the people who shoot the arrows. Alternate translation: “people attacking you with arrows during the day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	91	6	c6xg	figs-personification		0	or of the plague that roams	The psalmist speaks of illness as if it were a person who went about at night killing other people. Alternate translation: “You will not be afraid of dying from illness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	91	6	gba8			0	roams	goes wherever he wants to go at any time
PSA	91	6	y6eu	figs-merism		0	in the darkness … at noontime	These two phrases taken together refer to all possible times of night and day. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
PSA	91	6	t9ab			0	disease	an illness that makes many people ill at the same time
PSA	91	7	c8n1			0	A thousand may fall at your side and ten thousand at your right hand	“Many people may fall all around you.” If translating the exact numbers confuses the readers, you may omit them.
PSA	91	7	z1e3			0	it will not reach you	Alternate translation: “the evil will not harm you”
PSA	91	8	ad8c			0	You will only observe and see	Alternate translation: “You yourself will not suffer, but you will watch carefully, and you will see”
PSA	91	8	dv9f	figs-abstractnouns		0	the punishment of the wicked	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **punishment**, you could express the same idea with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “how God punishes the wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	91	9	yz6c	figs-metaphor		0	Yahweh is my refuge	The writer speaks of Yahweh protecting him as if Yahweh were a safe place for him to find protection from his enemies. Alternate translation: “Yahweh protects me, like a person finds protection in a place of refuge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	91	9	k71v			0	Make the Most High your refuge also	“You should make the Most High your refuge also.” The psalmist stops speaking to God and speaks to the reader.
PSA	91	10	ey4g	figs-metaphor		0	No evil will overtake you	The writer speaks of a person experiencing bad or evil things as if evil were a person who overtakes another person. Alternate translation: “Nothing evil will happen to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	91	10	emx9	figs-personification		0	no affliction will come near your home	The psalmist speaks of people who afflict others as though they were the harm they cause. Alternate translation: “no one will be able to harm your family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	91	11	pe5b			0	For he will direct	Alternate translation: “Yahweh will command”
PSA	91	11	gjx8	figs-metaphor		0	in all your ways	The psalmist speaks of the way a person lives his life as if it were a path down which the person walked. Alternate translation: “in everything you do” or “at all times” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	91	12	v8h1			0	They will lift you	Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s angels will lift you”
PSA	91	12	dkd1	figs-hyperbole		0	you will not hit your foot on a stone	The angels will protect not only the reader’s foot but the rest of his body as well. The words “not … hit your foot on a stone” is an exaggerated metonym to say that not even small bad things will happen. This should probably not be taken as a promise that no bad things will ever happen again. Alternate translation: “you will not even hit your foot on a stone” or “not even the smallest bad thing will happen to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	91	13	bq3y	figs-metaphor		0	You will crush lions and adders under your feet; you will trample on young lions and serpents	Where “hit your foot on a stone” is a minor problem, lions and snake are examples of great dangers. The psalmist speaks of lions and snakes as if they were small enough to be crushed under a person’s foot. Alternate translation: “You will be able kill lions and adders as if they were small animals you could crush under your feet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	91	13	sw74			0	adders	types of poisonous snake.
PSA	91	13	qme2			0	trample	crush by walking heavily on
PSA	91	14	hzl3			0	Because he is devoted to me	Alternate translation: “Because he loves me”
PSA	91	15	cwn1	figs-explicit		0	I will be with him in trouble	This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “I will be with him when he is in trouble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	91	15	am3h	figs-abstractnouns		0	I will give him victory	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **victory**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “I will cause him to be victorious” or “I will enable him to defeat his enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	91	16	jc9f	figs-idiom		0	will satisfy him with the length of his days	The idiom “the length of his days” here refers to the duration of his life. It may imply a long life. Alternate translation: “I will satisfy him by giving him a long life” or “I will make him happy by letting him live a very long time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	91	16	xnz9	figs-metaphor		0	and show him my salvation	“and I will show him my salvation.” The psalmist speaks of the work God does to save people as if it were a physical object. Alternate translation: “I will save him so that he knows I am the one who saved him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	92	intro	cs72			0		# Psalm 092 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 92 is a psalm of praise for God’s kindness and faithfulness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Justice<br><br>God causes evil people to be destroyed and good people to be happy and useful, even after they grow old. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])
PSA	92	1	bx9h	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	92	1	fur9	figs-metonymy		0	to sing praises to your name	The words “your name” are a metonym for “you.” Alternate translation: “to sing praises to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	92	2	b75i	figs-abstractnouns		0	proclaim your covenant faithfulness in the morning	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “faithful.” Alternate translation: “proclaim in the morning that you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	92	2	s7d2	figs-ellipsis		0	your truthfulness every night	The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **truthfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “true.” Alternate translation: “proclaim every night that everything you say is true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	92	4	mn13			0	glad	happy
PSA	92	4	m1f8	figs-abstractnouns		0	through your deeds	The abstract noun phrase “your deeds” can be translated with the relative clause “what you have done.” Alternate translation: “by what you have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	92	4	if93	figs-abstractnouns		0	the deeds of your hands	The abstract noun phrase “the deeds of your hands” can be translated with the relative clause “what your hands have done.” The word “hands” is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “What you have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	92	4	ke7g	figs-abstractnouns		0	your deeds	The abstract noun phrase “your deeds” can be translated with a relative clause. Alternate translation: “what you have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	92	5	j4cz			0	Your thoughts are very deep	Alternate translation: “We cannot understand what you plan to do until you do it”
PSA	92	5	syp5	figs-abstractnouns		0	Your thoughts	The abstract noun phrase “your thoughts” can be translated with a relative clause. Alternate translation: “What you think” or “What you plan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	92	6	j8wu			0	brutish	animal-like
PSA	92	7	a97q	figs-simile		0	When the wicked sprout like the grass	This compares evil people to grass, which grows quickly and in many places. Alternate translation: “When evil people appear quickly and seem to be everywhere, like grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	92	7	w41d	figs-activepassive		0	they are doomed to eternal destruction	This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “God has decided that he will destroy them completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	92	9	cb78			0	Indeed, look at your enemies, Yahweh	Many texts do not have these words.
PSA	92	9	u85w			0	They will perish	Alternate translation: “They will die” or “You will kill them”
PSA	92	9	dk5v	figs-activepassive		0	All those who do evil will be scattered	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you will scatter all those who do evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	92	9	l7k2			0	will be scattered	Many texts read, “have been scattered.”
PSA	92	9	g3wa			0	be scattered	Alternate translation: “driven away”
PSA	92	10	e26g	figs-metonymy		0	You have lifted up my horn like the horn of the wild ox	The psalmist speaks of God as if he had made him as strong as a wild animal. Here his “horn” represents his strength. Alternate translation: “You have made me as strong as a wild ox” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	92	10	gid3	figs-metaphor		0	I am anointed with fresh oil	Possible meanings are that the oil that God has put on the psalmist is a metaphor for God: (1) making him happy “you have made me very happy” or (2) making him strong, “you have made me strong” or (3) enabling him to defeat his enemies, “you have enabled me to defeat my enemies.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	92	11	kpw5	figs-synecdoche		0	My eyes have seen the downfall of my enemies; my ears have heard of the doom of my evil foes	The words “eyes” and “ears” are synecdoches for the person who sees and hears. The lines may be combined. Alternate translation: “I have seen and heard of the defeat of my evil enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	92	12	q7cc	figs-simile		0	The righteous will flourish like the palm tree	Possible meanings are that righteous people will be like a healthy palm tree because they will: (1) be strong or (2) live for long time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	92	12	dyq1	figs-simile		0	they will grow like a cedar in Lebanon	Possible meanings are that righteous people will be like a healthy cedar tree growing in the land of Lebanon because: (1) they will be strong or (2) people will honor them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	92	13	lk33	figs-activepassive		0	They are planted	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has planted them” or “Yahweh takes care of them as if they were trees he had planted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	92	13	sh46	figs-metaphor		0	in the house of Yahweh … in the courts of our God	The psalmist speaks of people who truly worship God as if they were trees growing in Yahweh’s house. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	92	13	g7gv	figs-metaphor		0	they flourish	The psalmist speaks of righteous people as if they were healthy trees. Alternate translation: “they are growing well” or “they are very strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	92	13	rg5j			0	in the courts of our God	in the courtyard of the temple in Jerusalem.
PSA	92	14	pf43	figs-metaphor		0	They bear fruit	The psalmist speaks of righteous people as if they were trees that produce food. Alternate translation: “They please God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	92	14	m2x1	figs-metaphor		0	they stay fresh and green	The psalmist speaks of righteous people as if they were trees. Alternate translation: “they remain strong and healthy” or “they always do what pleases God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	92	15	sev8			0	to proclaim that	These words continue the thought begun by the words “they stay fresh and green” in ([Psalms 92:14](../092/014.md)). This could mean: (1) “they stay fresh and green, so that they can proclaim” or (2) “they stay fresh and green. This shows that.”
PSA	92	15	fh1p	figs-metaphor		0	He is my rock	“Yahweh is the one who protects me.” The psalmist speaks of Yahweh as if he were a rock that would protect him. See how this is translated in [Psalms 18:2](../018/002.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	93	intro	r2fh			0		# Psalm 093 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 93 is a worship psalm about the power of Yahweh.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s power<br><br>Yahweh is all powerful; He even controls the ocean.
PSA	93	1	gs1h	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	93	1	cif2	figs-metaphor		0	he is robed in majesty; Yahweh has clothed and girded himself with strength	The psalmist speaks of Yahweh’s strength and majesty as if they were things Yahweh wears. Alternate translation: “he shows everyone that he is a powerful king” or “his majesty is there for all to see, like the robe a king wears; everything about Yahweh shows that he is strong and he is ready to do great work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	93	1	g76j			0	majesty	the power of a king and the way a king acts
PSA	93	1	y5ut			0	girded himself	put on a belt—a band of leather or another material that a person wears around his waist—to prepare for work or battle
PSA	93	1	nv27	figs-activepassive		0	The world is firmly established	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You have firmly established the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	93	1	m76h	figs-activepassive		0	it cannot be moved	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one will ever move it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	93	2	q45b	figs-activepassive		0	Your throne is established from ancient times	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You established your throne in ancient times” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	93	2	vq1t			0	you are from everlasting	Alternate translation: “you have always existed”
PSA	93	3	u6dq			0	oceans … oceans’	Some versions read “floods … floods’.” The word often refers to a river (See: “the River” in [Psalms 72:8](../072/008.md)), but “oceans … oceans’” has been chosen here because oceans, not rivers, have “waves” that “crash and roar.”
PSA	93	3	qkw5	figs-personification		0	have lifted up their voice; the oceans’ waves crash and roar	The psalmist speaks of the ocean as if it were a person who could speak. Alternate translation: “have made a mighty noise because their waves crash and roar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	93	3	kli1			0	roar	make a long, loud sound.
PSA	93	4	bv4p	figs-doublet		0	Above the crashing of many waves, the mighty breakers of the sea	The phrase “the mighty breakers of the sea” means basically the same thing as “many waves” and emphasizes how great these waves are. Alternate translation: “Above the crashing of all of the very great waves of the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	93	4	x149			0	breakers	large waves coming to land
PSA	93	4	z182	figs-metaphor		0	on high	The psalmist speaks of where God lives as if it were high above the earth. Alternate translation: “in heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	93	5	g6vn			0	solemn	very serious
PSA	93	5	s6rb			0	are very trustworthy	Alternate translation: “always stay the same” or “never change”
PSA	93	5	f31y	figs-metaphor		0	holiness adorns your house	The psalmist speaks of Yahweh’s house as if it were a woman wearing beautiful clothing or jewelry and of Yahweh’s holiness as the beautiful clothing or jewelry. Alternate translation: “your house is beautiful because you are holy” or “your holiness makes your house beautiful the way beautiful clothes and jewelry make a woman more beautiful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	93	5	a9yi			0	adorns	makes beautiful
PSA	93	5	xku4			0	your house	This refers to the temple in Jerusalem.
PSA	93	5	lsy7	figs-idiom		0	for the length of your days	This idiom refers to the duration of God’s life. Since God lives forever, it can also be translated as forever. Alternate translation: “for as long as you live” or “forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	94	intro	afb5			0		# Psalm 094 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 94 is a prayer requesting that evil people be punished. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Justice<br><br>Evil people expect God to ignore their injustices. But God knows what they are doing and will punish them for their evil deeds. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]])
PSA	94	1	ns8u	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	94	1	h3e7	figs-metaphor		0	shine over us	Here “shine” is a metaphor for God revealing himself. Alternate translation: “show yourself” or “reveal your glory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	94	2	i9f5			0	Rise up, judge of the earth, give to the proud what they deserve	Alternate translation: “Come, judge of the earth, and punish the proud”
PSA	94	2	sjp9	figs-metonymy		0	Rise up	The psalmist speaks of starting to do something as getting up. If your language has a word for beginning to act, use it here. Alternate translation: “Take action” or “Do something” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	94	3	dx87	figs-rquestion		0	How long will the wicked, Yahweh, how long will the wicked rejoice?	The psalmist repeats the question to show that he is unhappy with how long Yahweh has allowed the wicked to rejoice. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “You have waited too long Yahweh; you have waited too long to stop the wicked from rejoicing.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	94	3	nve7	figs-explicit		0	will the wicked rejoice	Why the wicked rejoice can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “will the wicked rejoice because you never punish them for the evil deeds they do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	94	4	h71p			0	They pour out	Alternate translation: “All those who do evil pour out”
PSA	94	4	ks4b	figs-metaphor		0	They pour out their arrogant words	The psalmist writes of the wicked speaking as if their words were a liquid being poured out. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	94	4	dri9	figs-explicit		0	all those who do evil boast	The translation can make explicit that these people boast about their evil actions. Alternate translation: “all those who do evil boast about their evil deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	94	5	ifj9	figs-metonymy		0	afflict the nation	Here the metonym “nation” refers to the people of the nation. Alternate translation: “afflict the people of the nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	94	5	l8he	figs-metaphor		0	They crush	The psalmist speaks of powerful people treating powerless people badly as if it were crushing them or breaking them in pieces. See how “break in pieces” is translated in [Psalms 72:4](../072/004.md). Alternate translation: “They completely destroy” or “They greatly harm” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	94	6	fk7f			0	the widow	Alternate translation: “women whose husbands have died”
PSA	94	6	wei8			0	the fatherless	Alternate translation: “children without fathers”
PSA	94	7	rs53			0	the God of Jacob does not take notice of it	Alternate translation: “the God of Israel does not see what we do”
PSA	94	8	iz57			0	General Information:	The writer now instructs the wicked people.
PSA	94	8	ybz4	figs-rquestion		0	when will you ever learn?	This rhetorical question emphasizes the anger of the writer with the wicked people he is speaking to. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “stop your foolish ways!” or “learn from your mistakes!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	94	9	b851	figs-rquestion		0	He who made the ear, does he not hear? He who formed the eye, does he not see?	These rhetorical questions can be translated as statements or commands. Alternate translation: “God made ears, so he can hear. God made eyes, so he can see.” or “God made ears, so stop acting as if he does not hear. God made eyes, so stop acting as if he does not see.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	94	10	ig2v	figs-rquestion		0	He who disciplines the nations, does he not correct?	If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. It is implied that Yahweh corrects his people. Alternate translation: “You know that Yahweh corrects the nations, so you can be sure that he will correct his people!” or “he will punish his people!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	94	10	ex2w	figs-litotes		0	does he not correct	This can be stated in positive form. This could mean: (1) God corrects. Alternate translation: “he corrects” or (2) God punishes. “he punishes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
PSA	94	11	s3c6	figs-metaphor		0	that they are vapor	Here the thoughts of men are compared to vapor or steam that disappears into the air. This metaphor shows how unimportant and useless they are. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	94	11	z81z			0	vapor	“mist.” See how this word is translated in [Psalms 39:11](../039/011.md)
PSA	94	12	dl5m			0	General Information:	Now the writer again talks to Yahweh.
PSA	94	13	y3g3	figs-activepassive		0	until a pit is dug for the wicked	The psalmist speaks of Yahweh’s punishing the wicked as if Yahweh were trapping an animal in a pit. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “until you dig a pit for the wicked” or “until you destroy the wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	94	14	gwf5			0	his inheritance	Alternate translation: “those whom he has chosen to be with him forever”
PSA	94	15	m8cb	figs-metonymy		0	judgment will again be righteous	The psalmist speaks of those who judge as if they were the decisions they make. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **judgment**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “judge.” Alternate translation: “judges will again judge righteously” or “judges will again make righteous decisions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	94	15	l96i	figs-nominaladj		0	the upright in heart	The adjective phrase “upright in heart” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “those whose hearts are right with God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	94	15	h275			0	will follow it	Alternate translation: “will want the judges to judge righteously”
PSA	94	16	h7cv	figs-rquestion		0	Who will rise up to defend me against the evildoers? Who will stand up for me against the wicked?	If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one will defend me against the evildoers. No one will help me fight against the wicked.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	94	16	x3ap	figs-nominaladj		0	the wicked	The adjective “wicked” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	94	17	pgd7	figs-hypo		0	Unless Yahweh had been my help … silence	This is a hypothetical situation. Yahweh did help him, so he was not lying in the place of silence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
PSA	94	17	ecb1	figs-abstractnouns		0	Unless Yahweh had been my help	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **help**, you could express the same idea with a verb. Alternate translation: “If Yahweh had not helped me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	94	17	zjq1	figs-euphemism		0	I would soon be lying down in the place of silence	Here “would be lying down” refers to “death” and “in the place of silence” refers to the grave.” Alternate translation: “in a short time, I would be dead, lying in a silent grave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
PSA	94	18	gqn7	figs-abstractnouns		0	Your covenant faithfulness, Yahweh, held me up	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “You, Yahweh, held me up because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	94	19	f9kp	figs-abstractnouns		0	When cares within me are many, your consolations make me happy	The psalmist speaks of care as if he could count separate cares. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **consolations**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “console” or “comfort.” Alternate translation: “When I have been worried about many things, you have comforted me and made me happy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	94	20	uc2u	figs-rquestion		0	Can a throne of destruction be allied with you, one who creates injustice by statute?	This rhetorical question is used to make a point. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “A wicked ruler who makes unjust laws is not your friend” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	94	20	w3hm	figs-metonymy		0	a throne of destruction	Here the metonym “throne” refers to a king or ruler. Alternate translation: “a wicked ruler” or “corrupt judge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	94	21	z1ls			0	conspire	secretly plan with a person something harmful or illegal
PSA	94	21	rnk5	figs-idiom		0	take the life of	This is an idiom which means to kill someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	94	22	k9hg	figs-metaphor		0	Yahweh has been my high tower	Here “tower” is a metaphor for protection. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has protected me from my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	94	22	r48i	figs-metaphor		0	God has been the rock of my refuge	The psalmist speaks of having God protect him as if God were a place where the psalmist could go to be safe. See how “rock” and “refuge” are translated in [Psalms 62:7](../062/007.md). Alternate translation: “I have asked God to protect me, and he has kept me safe by his power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	94	23	fx4p			0	will bring on them their own iniquity	This could mean: (1) “will do to them the evil things they have done to others” or (2) “will punish them for all the evil things he has done to others.”
PSA	94	23	qc5b	figs-idiom		0	cut them off	This is an idiom which means “kill them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	94	23	i6z5			0	in their own wickedness	This could mean: (1) “while they are doing wicked things” or (2) “because they have done wicked things.”
PSA	95	intro	e91f			0		# Psalm 095 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 95 is the first in a series of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100).<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### God’s care<br><br>God made everything and takes good care of people. People should not be stubborn like the Israelites were in the days of Moses. The Israelites with Moses wandered in the desert for forty years.
PSA	95	1	qaf5	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	95	1	gv24	figs-metaphor		0	the rock of our salvation	The psalmist speaks of Yahweh as if Yahweh were a mountain the people could climb so they would be safe. See how “rock” and “of my salvation” are translated in [Psalms 18:46](../018/046.md). Alternate translation: “the rock where we can go and God will save us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	95	2	q5qb	figs-metaphor		0	enter his presence	The psalmist speaks as if he is telling the readers to go into the throne room of a king. Alternate translation: “go to where he is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	95	2	g5i4			0	with thanksgiving	Alternate translation: “thanking him as we enter his presence”
PSA	95	3	ufc9			0	superior to all gods	Possible meanings are that Yahweh is a great king: (1) “who rules over all other gods,” or (2) “who is much better than all gods.”
PSA	95	4	j19t	figs-idiom		0	In his hand	This is an idiom which means “in his control” or “he is responsible for.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	95	4	gf4l			0	depths	deep places
PSA	95	4	bx51			0	heights	high places
PSA	95	5	xy9q	figs-synecdoche		0	his hands formed	The word “hands” is a metonym for Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “he himself formed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	95	6	ab7h	translate-symaction		0	kneel	put both knees on the ground, often to show submission (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
PSA	95	7	cey6	figs-metonymy		0	the people of his pasture	The word “pasture” is a metonym for the food that animals eat in the pasture, which in turn is a synecdoche for everything that Yahweh provides for his people. Alternate translation: “we are the people whose needs he meets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	95	7	kr47			0	pasture	an area where animals find grass to eat
PSA	95	7	f66d	figs-metaphor		0	the sheep of his hand	The word “hand” here refers to how Yahweh protects his people the way a shepherd protects his sheep. Alternate translation: “the people whom he protects like a shepherd protects his sheep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	95	7	l8vp			0	Today—oh, that you would hear his voice!	“Oh, that you would hear his voice today!” The psalmist purposely interrupts what he is saying.
PSA	95	7	qm6r	figs-metonymy		0	hear his voice	Here “his voice” represents God speaking or what he says. Alternate translation: “listen to God speak” or “hear what God says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	95	8	jf37			0	General Information:	Now the writer writes the words that Yahweh spoke.
PSA	95	8	g9zt			0	harden your heart	Alternate translation: “become stubborn”
PSA	95	8	a62x	translate-names		0	Meribah,…Massah	These are places in the desert that Moses named because the Israelites rebelled against God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	95	9	z4ax	figs-metaphor		0	tested me … tried me	These two phrases are both metaphors for the people seeing how much evil they could do before Yahweh would punish them. The phrases say basically the same thing and can be combined. Alternate translation: “tested me” or “wanted to see if they could do evil things without my punishing them … tested whether I would continue to be patient with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	95	9	tdc4			0	my deeds	Alternate translation: “the amazing things I had done”
PSA	95	10	ms7t	translate-numbers		0	forty years	“40 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
PSA	95	10	mu82			0	that generation	Alternate translation: “all of those people” or “that entire generation of people”
PSA	95	10	ejg1	figs-metaphor		0	wander astray	God speaks of the people as if they were sheep, which will go wherever they want to and not stay near their shepherd. Alternate translation: “move away from me” or “go their own way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	95	10	b41a	figs-metaphor		0	they have not known my ways	Yahweh’s commands are spoken of as if they were paths on which the people should walk. The people not obeying Yahweh’s commands is spoken of as if they did not know these paths. Alternate translation: “they have not obeyed my commands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	95	11	l98t			0	my resting place	Alternate translation: “the place where I would have allowed them to rest”
PSA	96	intro	hdp3			0		# Psalm 096 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 96 is one of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100).<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh, the king<br><br>Yahweh is king over all the earth and is worthy of all praise.
PSA	96	1	i5dj	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	96	1	sm6u			0	a new song	a song no one has ever sung before
PSA	96	1	mlu3	figs-metonymy		0	all the earth	This refers to the people of the earth. Alternate translation: “all you people who live on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	96	2	e8ws	figs-metonymy		0	bless his name	The word “name” is a metonym for Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “bless Yahweh” or “do what makes Yahweh happy” See how “may his glorious name be blessed” is translated in [Psalms 72:19](../072/019.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	96	2	m2w2	figs-abstractnouns		0	announce his salvation	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “save.” Alternate translation: “announce that he has saved us” or “tell people that he is the one who saves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	96	3	w4ht			0	Declare his glory among the nations	Alternate translation: “Tell all the people in every nation about his great glory”
PSA	96	4	t9di	figs-activepassive		0	Yahweh is great and is to be praised greatly	This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is great. Praise him greatly” or “Yahweh is great, and people should praise him greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	96	4	lx5h	figs-activepassive		0	He is to be feared above all other gods	This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Fear him above all other gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	96	6	x8v4			0	in his presence	Alternate translation: “where he is”
PSA	96	6	c8fx	figs-personification		0	Splendor and majesty are in his presence	The psalmist speaks as if splendor and majesty are people who can stand before a king. Alternate translation: “Everyone knows of his splendor and majesty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	96	6	geu8	figs-metonymy		0	Strength and beauty are in his sanctuary	The words “strength” and “beauty” are metonyms for the ark of the covenant decrees, which is found in the sanctuary. Alternate translation: “It is his sanctuary that contains the ark of the covenant decrees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	96	7	pq3m	figs-abstractnouns		0	Ascribe to Yahweh … ascribe praise to Yahweh for his glory and strength	This can be restated to removed the abstract nouns “praise,” “glory,” and “strength.” See how these words are translated in [Psalms 29:1](../029/001.md). Alternate translation: “Praise Yahweh … praise Yahweh because he is glorious and strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	96	8	y25v	figs-abstractnouns		0	Give to Yahweh the glory that his name deserves	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **glory**, you could express the same idea with a verb or adjective. See how these words are translated in [Psalms 29:2](../029/002.md). Alternate translation: “Honor Yahweh just as his name deserves” or “Proclaim that Yahweh is glorious just as his name deserves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	96	8	mvb8	figs-metonymy		0	his name deserves	Here “name” refers to the person of God. Alternate translation: “he deserves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	96	8	pw15			0	his courts	the temple courtyard where the priests sacrificed animals to Yahweh
PSA	96	9	z4rm	figs-explicit		0	Bow down to Yahweh	The implied information is that the people were to bow down in worship. Alternate translation: “Bow down to worship Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
PSA	96	9	hjw3	figs-abstractnouns		0	in the splendor of holiness	The abstract nouns “splendor” and “holiness” can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “because he is gloriously beautiful and holy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	96	9	pb7y			0	tremble	to shake because of fear
PSA	96	9	ud6d	figs-metonymy		0	all the earth	Here “earth” represents the people. Alternate translation: “all the people of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	96	10	hsr2	figs-activepassive		0	The world also is established	This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “He also established the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	96	10	yhs7	figs-activepassive		0	it cannot be shaken	This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “nothing can shake it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	96	11	p26n	figs-personification		0	Let the heavens be glad, and let the earth rejoice	This could mean: (1) the heavens and the earth are spoken of as if they have emotions like people. Alternate translation: “Let it be as if the heavens are glad and the earth rejoices” or (2) “the heavens” and “the earth” are metonyms for those who dwell in those places. Alternate translation: “Let those who live in the heavens be glad and let those who live on the earth rejoice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	96	11	v2y3	figs-explicit		0	that which fills it shout with joy	The implied information is that this refers to all the creatures living in the sea. They are spoken of as if they should shout with joy like people might do. Alternate translation: “the sea creatures shout joyfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	96	12	ms99	figs-personification		0	Let the fields rejoice and all that is in them	“Let the fields and all that is in them rejoice.” The psalmist speaks as if “the fields” and the animals that live in them have emotions like people. Alternate translation: “Let it be as if the fields themselves and all the animals that live in them are rejoicing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	96	12	j65h	figs-personification		0	let all the trees in the forest shout for joy	This speaks about the trees as if they were people who could shout for joy. Alternate translation: “let it be as if all the trees in the forest shout for joy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	96	13	gp2k	figs-parallelism		0	He is coming to judge the earth. He will judge the world … and the peoples	The three phrase have similar meanings; the last two phases are used to strengthen the first. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	96	13	jp59			0	to judge … will judge	Another possible meaning is “to rule … will rule.”
PSA	96	13	yk8h	figs-metonymy		0	He will judge the world with righteousness	Here “the world” is a metonym for all the people in the world. See how these words are translated in [Psalms 9:8](../009/008.md). Alternate translation: “He will judge all the people of the world righteously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	96	13	yn8l	figs-ellipsis		0	the peoples with his faithfulness	The words “he will judge” are understood. Alternate translation: “he will judge the peoples with his faithfulness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	96	13	z7r2	figs-abstractnouns		0	with his faithfulness	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. This could mean: (1) Alternate translation: “fairly, according to what he knows is true” or (2) Alternate translation: “using the same standard for all people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	97	intro	ydx4			0		# Psalm 097 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 97 is one of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100)<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s authority<br><br>All people who worship idols are disgraced because Yahweh rules over all the world.
PSA	97	1	myd1	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	97	1	aa9a	figs-personification		0	let the earth rejoice; let the many coastlands be glad	The earth and the coastlands are said to have emotions like people. Alternate translation: “Rejoice and be glad every person on the earth and near the seas” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	97	1	n5lw			0	coastlands	This could mean: (1) “lands near the seas” or (2) “islands.”
PSA	97	2	rl3n			0	Clouds and darkness surround him	Alternate translation: “We cannot see him; it is as if he were sitting in the dark with clouds all around him”
PSA	97	2	h2md	figs-metonymy		0	Righteousness and justice are the foundation of his throne	The word “throne” is a metonym for the deeds and words of the one who sits on it. The psalmist speaks as if righteousness and justice were physical objects that made the throne secure. Alternate translation: “He is righteous and just in everything he does” or “He is able to rule because he rules righteously and justly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	97	2	tat1	figs-metonymy		0	the foundation of his throne	Here “the foundation of his throne” refers to how Yahweh rules his kingdom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	97	3	e96v	figs-personification		0	Fire goes before him	The psalmist speaks as if fire were a person walking before King Yahweh and telling people that the king was coming. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	97	3	nz83			0	consumes his adversaries	Alternate translation: “burns up his enemies”
PSA	97	4	th94	figs-personification		0	the earth sees and trembles	The writer speaks of the earth as if it were a person who sees what Yahweh does and trembles in fear. Alternate translation: “like a person, the earth sees and trembles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	97	4	c2ef			0	trembles	shakes with fear
PSA	97	5	r8fc	figs-simile		0	The mountains melt like wax before Yahweh	The writer speaks of the mountains crumbling before Yahweh as if they were wax that was exposed to a fire. Alternate translation: “The mountains are unable to stand as Yahweh comes near” or “The mountains crumble in Yahweh’s presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	97	6	t73s	figs-personification		0	The skies declare his justice	This could mean: (1) the psalmist speaks as if the skies are Yahweh’s messengers who declare that Yahweh is just. Alternate translation: “Everyone can see that God is just, the same way that everyone can see the skies” or (2) the skies refer to the beings that live in the heavens. Alternate translation: “All those who live in heaven declare that Yahweh is just” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	97	8	t6tg	figs-metonymy		0	Zion heard … the towns of Judah	This refers to the people who live in these lands. Alternate translation: “The people of Zion heard … the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	97	9	fh9w	figs-metaphor		0	are most high above all	The psalmist speaks as if those who were strong enough to rule were the physically higher than others. Alternate translation: “rule over all the people who live on” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	97	9	etq9	figs-metaphor		0	You are exalted far	The psalmist speaks as if those who were strong enough to rule were the physically higher than others. Alternate translation: “You are high, far” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	97	10	v6ge	figs-metonymy		0	he takes them out of the hand of the wicked	Here the word “hand” represents power. Yahweh rescuing people from the power of wicked people is spoken of as if he took them out of their hands. Alternate translation: “he rescues them from the power of the wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	97	11	zi9a	figs-parallelism		0	Light is sown for … and gladness for	These two phrases have similar meanings and are used together for emphasis. Alternate translation: “Yahweh sows light for those who do right, and he sows gladness for those with honest hearts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	97	11	c84h	figs-metaphor		0	Light is sown for the righteous	The word “sown” is a metaphor for actions with future results. “Light” is a metaphor for good things. Alternate translation: “Yahweh plans for good things to happen to the righteous in the future” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	97	11	s7rl	figs-nominaladj		0	the righteous	The adjective “righteous” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	97	11	a81f	figs-ellipsis		0	gladness for those with honest hearts	The words “is sown” are understood. The word “sown” is a metaphor for actions with future results. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **gladness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “happy.” Alternate translation: “gladness is sown for those with honest hearts” or “Yahweh plans for people with honest hearts to be happy in the future” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	97	11	tqu7	figs-synecdoche		0	those with honest hearts	The heart is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “honest people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	97	12	bkn2			0	General Information:	This verse has a command followed by the reason for the command. If your language requires the reason to precede the command: “Because of what Yahweh has done for you, you righteous people, be glad and give thanks when you remember his holiness.”
PSA	97	12	h6wc	figs-idiom		0	Be glad in Yahweh	This idiom means to be glad because of what Yahweh has done. Alternate translation: “Be glad because of what Yahweh has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	97	12	df6i	figs-metonymy		0	when you remember his holiness	This could mean: (1) “when you remember how holy he is” or (2) “to his holy name,” a metonym for “to him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	98	intro	rt9w			0		# Psalm 098 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 98 is one of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100).<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Praise<br><br>Everyone and every thing should sing praises to Yahweh because he is worthy of all praise.
PSA	98	1	p45q	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	98	1	p2zl			0	a new song	a song no one has ever sung before. See how this is translated in [Psalms 96:1](../096/001.md).
PSA	98	1	diq2	figs-metonymy		0	his right hand and his holy arm have	The words “right hand” and “holy arm” refer to Yahweh’s strength. Together they emphasize how great his strength is. Alternate translation: “his very great power has” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	98	1	wsb2			0	right hand	the more powerful and skilled hand
PSA	98	1	q78c	figs-metonymy		0	holy arm	Here “arm” is a metonym for power. Alternate translation: “the power that is his alone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	98	1	q2q6	figs-abstractnouns		0	have given him victory	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word ****, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “have enabled him to be victorious over his enemies” or “has enabled him to defeat his enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	98	2	e23q	figs-abstractnouns		0	made known his salvation	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “save.” Alternate translation: “showed people that he saves his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	98	2	r9rs	figs-abstractnouns		0	showed his justice to all the nations	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **justice**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “just.” The word “nations” is a metonym for “the people who live in all the nations.” Alternate translation: “showed the people who live in all the nations that he is just” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	98	3	p5wz	figs-idiom		0	calls to mind	“remembers.” See how “call to mind” is translated in [Psalms 20:3](../020/003.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	98	3	k1dm	figs-metonymy		0	all the ends of the earth	This is a metonym for the people of the earth. Alternate translation: “people from all over the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	98	3	g1bq	figs-abstractnouns		0	will see the victory of our God	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **victory**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “defeat.” Alternate translation: “will see our God defeat his enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	98	4	qdk5	figs-metonymy		0	all the earth	This is a metonym for the people of the earth. Alternate translation: “all people in the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	98	4	l8fc			0	burst into song	Alternate translation: “suddenly begin singing happily”
PSA	98	4	p9j9			0	sing for joy	Alternate translation: “sing because you are happy”
PSA	98	4	si76			0	sing praises	Alternate translation: “sing praises to God”
PSA	98	5	mn38			0	melodious	delightful or pleasing musical sound
PSA	98	6	q5hb			0	the horn	an animal horn used as a musical instrument
PSA	98	6	ulk2			0	make a joyful noise	“raise a shout.” See how “shout” is translated in [Psalms 47:1](../047/001.md).
PSA	98	7	cyl7	figs-personification		0	Let the sea shout and everything in it	The psalmist speaks as if the sea were a person who could shout to God. Alternate translation: “Let it be as if the sea and everything in it were shouting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	98	7	gsp5	figs-ellipsis		0	the world and those who live in it	The psalmist speaks as if the world were a person. Alternate translation: “and let it be as if the world and those who live in it were shouting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	98	7	wcf2	figs-metonymy		0	the world	This is a metonym for the people who live in the world. Alternate translation: “the people in the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	98	8	t1an	figs-personification		0	Let the rivers clap their hands, and let the mountains shout for joy	The psalmist speaks as if the rivers and mountains were people who could clap and shout. Alternate translation: “Let it be as though the rivers are clapping their hands and mountains were shouting for joy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	98	9	r45f	figs-ellipsis		0	the nations with fairness	The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “he will judge the nations with fairness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	98	9	qd66	figs-metonymy		0	the nations	This is a metonym for “the people who live in the nations.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	98	9	lp38			0	with fairness	Alternate translation: “honestly” or “using the same standard for everyone”
PSA	99	intro	wma5			0		# Psalm 099 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 99 is one of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100).<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s justice<br><br>God is just and fair. Moses, Aaron and Samuel each prayed to him and obeyed him and he answered their prayers. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])
PSA	99	1	k3aw	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	99	1	gp6t	figs-metonymy		0	the nations	This refers to the people of all nations. Alternate translation: “the people of all nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	99	1	mf5d			0	tremble	shake with fear
PSA	99	1	rm8y	figs-explicit		0	He sits enthroned above the cherubim	You may need to make explicit that the cherubim are those on the lid of the ark of the covenant. The biblical writers often spoke of the ark of the covenant as if it were Yahweh’s footstool upon which he rested his feet as he sat on his throne in heaven above. Alternate translation: “He sits on his throne above the cherubim on the ark of the covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	99	1	i5p3			0	quakes	shakes
PSA	99	2	w3l7			0	Yahweh is great in Zion; he is exalted above all the nations	Alternate translation: “Not only is Yahweh great in Zion, he is exalted above all the nations” or “Not only does Yahweh rule in Zion, he rules over all the nations”
PSA	99	2	e9l4	figs-activepassive		0	he is exalted above all the nations	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people in all the nations exalt him” or “people in all nations praise him greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	99	3	r44j			0	Let them praise your great and awesome name	Here the author shifts from speaking about God, to speaking to God. After this phrase though, he shifts back to speaking about God.
PSA	99	4	c51t	figs-abstractnouns		0	he loves justice	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **justice**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “what is just.” Alternate translation: “he loves doing what is just” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	99	4	f41e	figs-abstractnouns		0	You have established fairness	Here, **fairness** is a metonym for the laws that are fair. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **fairness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “The laws you have established are fair” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	99	5	j6yj	figs-explicit		0	worship at his footstool	Here the word “footstool” likely refers to the ark of the covenant, which the biblical writers often spoke of as if it were Yahweh’s footstool upon which he rested his feet as he sat on his throne in heaven above. The translation can make explicit that the people are to worship Yahweh. Alternate translation: “worship Yahweh at his footstool” or “worship Yahweh before his throne in the temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	99	7	cv85			0	solemn	important, given seriously
PSA	99	8	v1qa			0	You answered them	Alternate translation: “You answered your people”
PSA	99	9	lw8c			0	his holy hill	Alternate translation: “Mount Zion”
PSA	100	intro	n9yp			0		# Psalm 10 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 100 is the last of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100).<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s care for his creation<br><br>God made mankind and takes good care of people.
PSA	100	1	m9ga	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	100	1	xue7			0	Shout joyfully to Yahweh	“Raise a shout to Yahweh.” See how “shout” is translated in [Psalms 47:1](../047/001.md).
PSA	100	1	szl7	figs-metonymy		0	all the earth	This refers to all the people of the earth. Alternate translation: “everyone on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	100	2	kub7	figs-metaphor		0	come before his presence	The psalmist speaks as if he is telling the readers to go into the throne room of a king. Alternate translation: “go to where he is with joyful singing” or “he can hear you, so sing joyfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	100	3	uxa7	figs-metaphor		0	the sheep of his pasture	God’s people are like his sheep. Alternate translation: “the people God provides for and protects” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	100	3	z4at			0	pasture	a grassy area for feeding animals
PSA	100	4	tb64			0	with thanksgiving	Alternate translation: “while thanking him” or “while giving thanks to him”
PSA	100	4	zt85	figs-metonymy		0	bless his name	The word “name” is a metonym for Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “bless Yahweh” or “do what makes Yahweh happy” See how “may his glorious name be blessed” is translated in [Psalms 72:19](../072/019.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	100	5	qn11	figs-abstractnouns		0	his covenant faithfulness endures forever	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “he is faithful to his covenant forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	100	5	e52y	figs-ellipsis		0	his truthfulness through all generations	The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **truthfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “his truthfulness endures through all generations” or “he is truthful through all generations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	100	5	nly8			0	through all generations	“generation after generation.” See how this is translated in [Psalms 89:4](../089/004.md).
PSA	101	intro	vhm3			0		# Psalm 11 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 101 is a psalm asking God’s help in living as a person should.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Encouragement<br><br>The psalmist wanted to encourage all the good people in the land restrain all the evil people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])
PSA	101	1	icq7	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	101	1	lx29	figs-abstractnouns		0	I will sing of covenant faithfulness and justice	The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “justice” can be translated with adjectives. Alternate translation: “I will sing that you are faithful to your covenant and that you are just” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	101	2	v15m	figs-metaphor		0	I will walk in the way of integrity	Here David speaks about “living” as if it were “walking.” Alternate translation: “I will live in a way that is honest and right” or “I will live a life full of integrity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	101	2	x9km	figs-metaphor		0	I will walk with integrity within my house	Here David speaks about “living” as if it were walking.” Also, David speaks of overseeing his house with integrity, as if integrity were a physical object residing in his house. Alternate translation: “I will oversee my house with integrity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	101	3	ebd9	figs-abstractnouns		0	I will not put wrongdoing before my eyes	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word ****, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. The idiom, “put evil before my eyes,” means to approve of it. Alternate translation: “I will not approve of anyone doing anything that is wrong in my presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	101	3	l5pl	figs-personification		0	it will not cling to me	David describes “evil” as if it were something unable to cling to him. This means that he would avoid evil things and people doing evil things. Alternate translation: “I will completely avoid evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	101	3	cx52			0	cling	hold on to something or someone very tightly
PSA	101	4	v5jw			0	to evil	Alternate translation: “to anything that is evil”
PSA	101	5	f3b9	figs-doublet		0	a proud demeanor and an arrogant attitude	These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize how prideful such people are. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	101	5	nsy2			0	a proud demeanor	“a proud outward appearance.”” This refers to a person being so proud that anyone who looks at him can see how proud he is.
PSA	101	6	p6qp	figs-idiom		0	I will look to the faithful of the land to sit at my side	This means that David would allow those people to be around him and live with him. Alternate translation: “I will allow the faithful of the land to live with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	101	6	ph2r	figs-nominaladj		0	the faithful	This refers to the people who are faithful to God. Alternate translation: “the faithful people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	101	6	qs64	figs-metaphor		0	walk in the way of integrity	Here David speaks about “living” as if it were “walking.” Alternate translation: “live in a way that is honest and right” or “live lives full of integrity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	101	7	n792	figs-parallelism		0	Deceitful people will not … liars will not	These two phrases have the same idea and are used together to emphasize how David will not tolerate deceitful people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	101	7	pag2	figs-activepassive		0	liars will not be welcome	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will not welcome liars” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	101	7	hk5x	figs-synecdoche		0	before my eyes	Here “my eyes” refers to David himself. Alternate translation: “before me” or “in my presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	101	8	xql1			0	Morning by morning	Alternate translation: “Every day”
PSA	101	8	e3n4	figs-nominaladj		0	the wicked	This refers to wicked people. Alternate translation: “the wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	101	8	nwb7	figs-explicit		0	from the city of Yahweh	David is referring to the city that he is in as “the city of Yahweh.” This can be made clear. Alternate translation: “from this city, which is Yahweh’s city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	102	intro	ew2b			0		# Psalm 12 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 102 is a psalm of deliverance from sickness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Salvation<br><br>The author does not want to die young. He also wants to see Jerusalem saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])
PSA	102	1	p5kd	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	102	1	g5ux	figs-nominaladj		0	the afflicted	This refers to a man who is afflicted. Alternate translation: “the afflicted man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	102	3	z22d	figs-simile		0	my days pass away like smoke	Here “my days” refers to the author’s life and the idea of “smoke” is something that quickly disappears. Alternate translation: “my life passes away quickly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	102	3	uzi1	figs-synecdoche		0	my bones burn like fire	Here the author refers to his “body” as his “bones.” Alternate translation: “my body feels like it is burning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	102	4	c6kx	figs-synecdoche		0	My heart is crushed	Here the author refers to himself as his “heart.” If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I am in despair” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	102	4	g6gz	figs-simile		0	I am like grass that has withered	This is another way to describe his despair. Alternate translation: “I feel like I am drying up like withered grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	102	6	lb9r	figs-simile		0	I am like a pelican of the wilderness	He compares his loneliness to that of a pelican, which is often seem alone instead of with other birds. Alternate translation: “I am lonely and despised like a pelican in the wilderness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	102	6	e6su			0	a pelican	a large fish-eating bird
PSA	102	6	mja3	figs-simile		0	I have become like an owl in the ruins	The author continues to describe loneliness by comparing himself to an owl in abandoned ruins. Alternate translation: “I have become alone like an owl in abandoned ruins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	102	6	z5z7			0	an owl	This is a bird that is awake at night. Alternate translation: “a night bird”
PSA	102	7	g7mv	figs-simile		0	I lie awake like a solitary bird	The writer compares himself to a bird to emphasize his feeling of loneliness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	102	9	w9f3	figs-simile		0	I eat ashes like bread	David would have sat in ashes as an act of mourning, therefore ashes would have fallen on his food. Alternate translation: “I eat ashes like I eat bread” or “As I mourn, ashes fall on the bread that I eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	102	9	x9c8	figs-explicit		0	mix my drink with tears	David did not purposefully mix his drink with tears; rather his tear would have fallen into his cup while he mourned and wept. Alternate translation: “my tears fall into the cup that I drink” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	102	10	n1sq	figs-metaphor		0	you have lifted me up to throw me down	God has not literally lifted and thrown David’s body to the ground; rather David says this to describe what he is feeling and experiencing. Alternate translation: “it is like you have lifted me up to throw me down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	102	11	p3fu	figs-simile		0	My days are like a shadow that fades	David compares his time left to live on earth to a fading shadow. Alternate translation: “My time to remain alive is short like an evening shadow that will soon be gone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	102	11	i6b5	figs-simile		0	I have withered like grass	As David’s body becomes weak and he is nearing the end of his life, he compares himself to withering grass. Alternate translation: “my body has become weak like withered grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	102	11	zgl8			0	withered	dry and wrinkled
PSA	102	12	u198			0	your fame is for all generations	Alternate translation: “you will be recognized for all generations to come”
PSA	102	12	ge7b			0	fame	being known by many people
PSA	102	13	xp79	figs-metonymy		0	have mercy on Zion	Here “Zion” refers to the people who live in Zion. Alternate translation: “have mercy on the people of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	102	13	rn9d			0	upon her	The word “her” refers to Zion.
PSA	102	14	ew61	figs-explicit		0	hold her stones dear	The “stones” refer to the stones that were part of the city walls before they were destroyed. Alternate translation: “still love the stones that were formerly in the city walls” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	102	15	h2k3	figs-metonymy		0	your name	Here “your name” refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	102	15	n7ut	figs-synecdoche		0	will honor your glory	The people will honor Yahweh because of his glory. Here Yahweh is referred to by his glory. Alternate translation: “will honor you because you are glorious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	102	16	p45x			0	will appear in his glory	Alternate translation: “will be seen as glorious” or “people will see his glory”
PSA	102	17	c68k	figs-nominaladj		0	the destitute	This refers to destitute people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	102	17	l5ly	figs-doublenegatives		0	he will not reject their prayer	This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will accept their prayers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
PSA	102	18	ex9t	figs-activepassive		0	This will be written for future generations	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will write this for future generations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	102	19	p7h3	figs-parallelism		0	For he has looked down from the holy heights; from heaven Yahweh has viewed	These two phrases have similar meaning and are used together for emphasize how God looks down from heaven. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	102	19	f2bl			0	the holy heights	Alternate translation: “his holy place high above the earth”
PSA	102	20	zeq6	figs-activepassive		0	those who were condemned to death	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “those whom the authorities had sentenced to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	102	21	jgk6	figs-parallelism		0	proclaim the name of Yahweh in Zion and his praise in Jerusalem	These two phrases have the same meaning and emphasize the idea of praising the name of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	102	23	vj74	figs-metaphor		0	taken away my strength	David describes God causing him to become weak as if his strength were a physical item that could be taken away from him. Alternate translation: “has caused me to become weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	102	23	bbe3	figs-metaphor		0	my days	The word “days” here refers to his life. Alternate translation: “my life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	102	24	zb7q	figs-metaphor		0	do not take me away	David is asking God to not let him die. Alternate translation: “do not take me away from the earth” or “do not let me die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	102	24	tyv4			0	you are here throughout all generations	Alternate translation: “you are present throughout all generations”
PSA	102	26	r72f			0	they will all grow old	The word “they” refers to “the earth” and “the heavens.”
PSA	102	27	fd7u	figs-metaphor		0	your years will have no end	Here David describes the length of time that God is alive as his “years.” This can be written in positive form. Alternate translation: “you will live forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
PSA	102	28	va7h			0	will live on	Alternate translation: “will continue to live”
PSA	102	28	nf8i	figs-metaphor		0	live in your presence	Here David describes the descendants being protected by Yahweh as being in his presence. Alternate translation: “be protected as they live in your presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	103	intro	b1ht			0		# Psalm 13 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 103 is the first in a series of five psalms of praise to God. (Psalm 103-107)<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s grace<br><br>God is good to us by forgiving our sins and not punishing us as much as we deserve. His loving-kindness goes on from generation to generation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
PSA	103	1	j269	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	103	1	dn28	figs-parallelism		0	I give praise to Yahweh with all my life, and with all that is within me, I give praise to his holy name	These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize how much he will praise Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I will praise Yahweh with all that I am” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	103	1	tv2n	figs-metonymy		0	give praise to his holy name	This refers to praising Yahweh’s name as Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	103	1	qlm6	figs-synecdoche		0	all that is within me	“all of me” or “all that I am.” David uses this phrase to refer to himself and to emphasize his devotion to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	103	3	ts4f			0	your … you	David is speaking to himself, so he uses the words “your” and “you” to refer to himself. Many translations express this with “my” and “me” as the UST does.
PSA	103	4	d9r5			0	your … you	David is speaking to himself, so he uses the words “your” and “you” to refer to himself. Many translations express this with “my” and “me” as the UST does.
PSA	103	4	ktm1	figs-metaphor		0	He redeems your life from destruction	This means that Yahweh keeps him alive. Alternate translation: “He saves me from dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	103	4	n5d6	figs-metaphor		0	he crowns you with covenant faithfulness and acts of tender mercy	Here blessing someone and treating them with great honor is described as if it were placing a crown on that person’s head. The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “mercy” can be translated with adverbs. Alternate translation: “he blesses you by acting faithfully and mercifully towards you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	103	5	u7y1	figs-metonymy		0	He satisfies your life with good things	The phrase “your life” refers to “you,” but it emphasizes that Yahweh gives blessings throughout life. Alternate translation: “He satisfies you with good things through your life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	103	5	ga8q	figs-simile		0	your youth is renewed like the eagle	Having your “youth renewed” means to feel young again. Here David compares this feeling of youth to the swiftness and strength of an eagle. Alternate translation: “you feel young and are strong like an eagle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	103	5	c2mk	figs-metonymy		0	your youth	The word “youth” refers to the strength one had as a young adult. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	103	6	g16e			0	does acts of justice for	Alternate translation: “causes justice to happen to”
PSA	103	6	d2hy	figs-explicit		0	all who are oppressed	Who is doing the oppressing can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “all who are oppressed by men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	103	7	b1ww	figs-ellipsis		0	his deeds to the descendants of Israel	The words “he made known” are understood from the previous phrase. They may be repeated here. Alternate translation: “he made known his deeds to the descendants of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	103	8	s8zz			0	has great covenant loyalty	Alternate translation: “is full of mercy and love”
PSA	103	9	whp1	figs-parallelism		0	He will not always discipline; he is not always angry	These two phrases have similar meanings. The second one strengthens the thought in the first. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	103	10	ma6v	figs-parallelism		0	He does not deal with us … or repay us	These two phrases are parallel and emphasize that God does not punish us as we deserve. Alternate translation: “He does not repay us with the punishment we deserve for our sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	103	10	e5pc			0	deal with us	Alternate translation: “punish us”
PSA	103	11	me8x	figs-simile		0	For as the skies are high … toward those who honor him	The simile compares the great distance between heaven and earth to the greatness of God’s love for his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	103	11	e326	figs-abstractnouns		0	so great is his covenant faithfulness	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “so he is very faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	103	12	tv54	figs-simile		0	As far as the east … removed the guilt of our sins from us	The distance between east and west is so far that it cannot be measured. In this simile, that distance is being compared to how far God moves our guilt away from us. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	103	13	yv8t	figs-simile		0	As a father has compassion … on those who honor him	Here the author compares a father’s compassion for his children to Yahweh’s compassion for those who honor him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	103	14	l1y7	figs-activepassive		0	how we are formed	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “what our bodies are like” or “how he formed our bodies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	103	14	pmk4	figs-explicit		0	he knows that we are dust	When Yahweh created Adam the first man he created him from dust. Alternate translation: “he remembers that he created us from dust” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	103	15	dwr3	figs-simile		0	As for man, his days are like grass	In this simile, the length of man’s life is being compared to the short length of time that grass grows before it dies. Alternate translation: “The length of man’s life is short like that of grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	103	15	zx2q	figs-simile		0	he flourishes like a flower in a field	In this simile, how man grows over time is compared to how a flower grows. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	103	15	p86d			0	flourishes	To “flourish” is to grow well or be healthy.
PSA	103	16	pk91	figs-simile		0	The wind blows over it, and it disappears … where it once grew	These phrases continue to talk about flowers and grass. They compare how flowers and grass die to how man dies. Alternate translation: “The wind blows over the flowers and grass and they disappear, and no one can tell where they once grew—it is the same way with man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	103	17	x8ia	figs-abstractnouns		0	the covenant faithfulness of Yahweh is	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	103	17	c87z	figs-merism		0	is from everlasting to everlasting	This means that Yahweh’s love continues forever. Alternate translation: “will continue forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
PSA	103	17	h9c9			0	their descendants	Alternate translation: “the descendants of those who honor him”
PSA	103	18	qg3h	figs-parallelism		0	They keep his covenant and remember to obey his instructions	These two phrases have similar meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	103	19	zz3l	figs-metonymy		0	Yahweh has established his throne in the heavens	Here Yahweh’s reign as king is referred to as his “throne.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh has taken his seat in the heavens where he rules as king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	103	19	wr38			0	has established	Alternate translation: “has made”
PSA	103	19	q47p	figs-metonymy		0	his kingdom rules	Here Yahweh is referred to by “his kingdom” to emphasize his authority as king. Alternate translation: “he rules” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	103	21	hie6	figs-idiom		0	carry out his will	This is an idiom meaning to “do his will.” Alternate translation: “do his will” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	103	22	kgz3			0	in all the places where he reigns	Alternate translation: “praise him in all the places where he reigns”
PSA	103	22	te1g	figs-metonymy		0	with all my life	This phrase means that he will praise Yahweh wholeheartedly and is used to emphasize his devotion to him. Alternate translation: “with all of me” or “with all my soul” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	104	intro	zu6w			0		# Psalm 14 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 104 is the second in the series of five psalms of praise to God. (Psalm 103-107)<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s creation<br><br>God has created everything good on earth, in the sky and in the sea.
PSA	104	1	n2h6	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. This psalm is a song of praise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	104	1	h3du	figs-metonymy		0	with all my life	This phrase means that he will praise Yahweh wholeheartedly and is used to emphasize his devotion to him. Alternate translation: “with all of me” or “with all my soul”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	104	1	pn87	figs-doublet		0	you are clothed with splendor and majesty	The words “splendor” and “majesty” have similar meanings and emphasize the greatness of Yahweh’s glory. They are described as clothing Yahweh like a garment. Alternate translation: “you have splendor and majesty all around you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	104	2	a2ha	figs-simile		0	You cover yourself with light as with a garment	Yahweh is described as being covered with light as if the light were a garment around him. Alternate translation: “You are covered in light” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	104	2	dy5x	figs-simile		0	you spread out the heavens like a tent curtain	Here God is described as spreading out the heavens like someone spreads out a tent when setting it up. Alternate translation: “you spread out the heavens like someone sets up a tent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	104	3	mw5b			0	You lay the beams of your chambers on the clouds	“You build your upper rooms in the heavens.” This is referring to his house is so tall that the upper floor extends into the clouds.
PSA	104	3	wvf4	figs-metaphor		0	you make the clouds your chariot	Here the clouds are described as carrying Yahweh as if they were a chariot. Alternate translation: “you make the clouds carry you like a chariot” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	104	3	cb6d	figs-metaphor		0	you walk on the wings of the wind	Here the blowing of the wind is described as wings on which Yahweh walks. Alternate translation: “you walk upon the wind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	104	4	h3wj	figs-personification		0	He makes the winds his messengers	This could mean: (1) he causes the wind to be able to carry a message like a messenger, “He makes the winds to be like his messengers” or (2) “He makes his messengers swift like the wind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	104	4	hx2d	figs-personification		0	flames of fire his servants	This could mean: (1) “he causes flames of fire to be like his servants.” He causes fire to serve him like a servant would or (2) “he makes his servants to be like flames of fire”and (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	104	4	m17r	figs-ellipsis		0	flames of fire his servants	This can be stated with the implied information from the previous line. Alternate translation: “He makes the flames of fire his servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	104	5	slc5	figs-idiom		0	He laid the foundations of the earth	Here the phrase “laid the foundations” means “created.” Alternate translation: “He created the whole earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	104	6	uvx2	figs-simile		0	You covered the earth with water like a garment	Here the water that covered the earth is being compared to how a large garment is able to completely cover something. Alternate translation: “You completely covered the earth with water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	104	7	cyi9	figs-parallelism		0	Your rebuke made the waters … they fled	These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together to emphasize how God spoke and the waters went away. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	104	7	xcn5			0	recede	move back, go down
PSA	104	7	e57p	figs-personification		0	they fled	Here the psalmist speaks about the waters receding as if they fled like an animal after hearing Yahweh’s voice. The word “fled” means to run away quickly. Alternate translation: “rushed away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	104	8	scr3	figs-personification		0	The mountains rose, and the valleys spread out	Here the psalmist speaks of God causing the mountains and valleys to move and change as if they chose to move themselves. They are described this way to emphasize God’s power. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	104	8	l42f			0	for them	The word “them” refers to the waters.
PSA	104	9	n9ik	figs-personification		0	a boundary for them that they will not cross	Here the psalmist speaks of God causing the waters not to cross the boundary that he created for them as if the waters themselves chose not to cross it. They are described this way to emphasize God’s authority over them. Alternate translation: “a boundary for them that they cannot cross” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	104	9	dvf6			0	boundary	border
PSA	104	10	iif6			0	streams	small rivers
PSA	104	11	lyg8	figs-explicit		0	the wild donkeys quench their thirst	It can be stated clearly that they quench their thirst by drinking the water. Alternate translation: “the wild donkeys drink the water to quench their thirst” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	104	12	agc8			0	riverbanks	the ground at the edges of a river
PSA	104	12	f9hd	figs-metaphor		0	they sing among the branches	Here David describes birds chirping as if they were singing. Alternate translation: “they chirp among the tree branches” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	104	13	t46e	figs-metaphor		0	He waters the mountains from his water chambers in the sky	This means that God causes it to rain. The waters are described as residing in chambers in the sky. Alternate translation: “He waters the mountains by causing the rains to fall from the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	104	13	umz5			0	the fruit of his labor	Alternate translation: “the many good things that you create”
PSA	104	14	e34g	figs-ellipsis		0	and plants for man to cultivate	The words “he makes” and “grow” are understood from the previous phrase, and can be repeated here. Alternate translation: “and he makes the plants grow for man to cultivate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	104	16	wk1s	figs-activepassive		0	The trees of Yahweh get plenty of rain	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh provides plenty of rain for his trees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	104	17	hms7	figs-explicit		0	There the birds make their nests	They makes their nests in the cedars. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “The birds make their nests in the cedars” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	104	17	hw3v			0	stork	This is a type of bird. Alternate translation: “bird”
PSA	104	18	k4ms			0	hyraxes	I hyrax is a small animal that looks like a large rodent. Alternate translation: “rock badger”
PSA	104	19	ph3b			0	seasons	This word refers to different weather changes through the year. Some places have rainy season and dry season, while others have spring, summer, fall, and winter.
PSA	104	19	e39s	figs-personification		0	the sun knows its time	Here David describes the sun as if it knows what time of day it is. Alternate translation: “he made the sun to set when it is time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	104	20	qx53			0	You make	“Yahweh, you make.” Here the authors switches from speaking about Yahweh to speaking to him.
PSA	104	21	lyz7			0	prey	an animal that is food for another animal
PSA	104	21	jb9f			0	and seek their food from God	Alternate translation: “but they rely on God to provide their food”
PSA	104	22	gx5s			0	retreat	go back to their dens
PSA	104	22	y9tf			0	dens	the homes of some mammals and small animals
PSA	104	24	z55t	figs-metaphor		0	overflows with your works	Here David describes the amount of things that Yahweh had created as if they were a liquid overflowing out of a container. Alternate translation: “is filled with your work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	104	25	ci1v	figs-doublet		0	deep and wide	“it is very deep and very wide.” The depth and width of the sea emphasizes how large it is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	104	25	px6m			0	teeming with innumerable creatures	Alternate translation: “having in them more creatures than anyone could count”
PSA	104	25	ury2			0	innumerable	more than anyone can count
PSA	104	25	qyy2	figs-merism		0	both small and great	This means creatures of all sizes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
PSA	104	26	hy31			0	The ships travel there	Alternate translation: “The ships travel on the sea”
PSA	104	27	f1i2			0	All these	Alternate translation: “All these creatures”
PSA	104	27	ty2m			0	give them their food on time	Alternate translation: “give them their food when they need it”
PSA	104	28	zi19	figs-explicit		0	When you give to them, they gather	It may be helpful to state that it is food that is given. Alternate translation: “When you give food to them, they gather it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	104	28	lri9			0	gather	collect
PSA	104	28	rs7m	figs-explicit		0	when you open your hand	This describes Yahweh as opening his hand to give food to the creatures. Alternate translation: “when you open your hand to feed them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	104	29	mel5	figs-explicit		0	hide your face	This means that Yahweh does not look at them or pay attention to them. Alternate translation: “when you do not look upon them” or “when you ignore them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	104	29	w8jz	figs-explicit		0	return to dust	This means that their bodies decay and are and become soil again. Alternate translation: “their bodies decay and return to the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	104	30	nc9i	figs-idiom		0	When you send out your Spirit	This refers to his Spirit being sent to give life to creatures. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	104	30	ufs8	figs-activepassive		0	they are created	It is Yahweh’s spirit that created them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	104	30	bvs4			0	you renew the countryside	Alternate translation: “you cause the land to be full of new life”
PSA	104	34	wqg4	figs-metaphor		0	my thoughts be sweet	He is comparing his thoughts to something that tastes sweet. Alternate translation: “my thoughts be pleasing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	104	35	j2if			0	vanish	disappear
PSA	104	35	d8e7	figs-nominaladj		0	let the wicked be no more	The phrase “the wicked” refers to wicked people. Alternate translation: “may wicked people disappear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	105	intro	lfu2			0		# Psalm 15 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 105 is the third in a series of five psalms of praise to God. (Psalm 103-107)<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s protection<br><br>God protected Abraham and Jacob. He worked throughout Israel’s history to bring Israel into the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])
PSA	105	1	zzf7	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	105	1	vd4n	figs-metonymy		0	call on his name	Here “name” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “call on him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	105	1	x3bs	figs-metonymy		0	the nations	This refers to the people in the nations. Alternate translation: “the people of the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	105	3	te1c	figs-metonymy		0	Boast in his holy name	Here “name” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Boast in Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	105	3	a47m	figs-synecdoche		0	let the heart of those who seek Yahweh rejoice	Here “the heart” represents the person who seeks Yahweh. Alternate translation: “let the people who seek Yahweh rejoice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	105	4	hn4w	figs-idiom		0	Seek Yahweh and his strength	To “seek Yahweh’s strength” means to ask him to strengthen you. Alternate translation: “Seek Yahweh and ask him to give you his strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	105	5	bp9g			0	Recall	remember and think about
PSA	105	5	d8xx	figs-ellipsis		0	his miracles and	The word “recall” is understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “recall his miracles and” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	105	5	mlf1	figs-metonymy		0	the decrees from his mouth	Here “mouth” refers to the things that he spoke. Alternate translation: “the decrees that he has spoken” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	105	6	h2s3			0	you descendants of Abraham … you people of Jacob	The author is speaking to the Israelites, calling them these names.
PSA	105	6	qt6k			0	Abraham his servant	Alternate translation: “Abraham, Yahweh’s servant”
PSA	105	8	dsi3	figs-parallelism		0	He keeps in mind … the word that he commanded	These two phrases share similar meanings and are used together for emphasis. The word “word” refers to the covenant. Alternate translation: “He keeps in mind his covenant forever, the promise he made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	105	8	jiu4	figs-idiom		0	keeps in mind	This means to remember and think about something. Alternate translation: “remembers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	105	8	myq8	translate-numbers		0	a thousand generations	“1,000 generations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
PSA	105	9	f63m	figs-idiom		0	He calls to mind	The phrase “call to mind” means to remember something. Alternate translation: “he remembers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	105	9	q6jd	figs-parallelism		0	the covenant that he made with Abraham … his oath to Isaac	Both of these phrases “the covenant” and “the oath” refer to the same promise that Yahweh made to his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	105	9	xgp2	figs-ellipsis		0	his oath to Isaac	The words “that he made” are undestood from the previous phrase. They can be repeated. Alternate translation: “his oath that he made to Isaac” or “his oath that he gave to Isaac” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	105	12	mm4y			0	Connecting Statement:	The psalmist is writing about Israel.
PSA	105	12	y52u			0	when they were only few in number	The word “they” refers to the Israelites.
PSA	105	12	xll7	figs-explicit		0	were strangers in the land	It is implied that “the land” refers to Canaan. Alternate translation: “were foreigners in the land of Canaan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	105	13	m9g6			0	They went from	Alternate translation: “They continued to wander”
PSA	105	13	zb22	figs-parallelism		0	from nation to nation and from one kingdom to another	These two phrases have similar meanings and are used together for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	105	14	y2y2			0	Connecting Statement:	The psalmist is writing about Israel.
PSA	105	14	zit6			0	for their sakes	“for their own well-being.” This is referring to Israel.
PSA	105	15	ex2x	figs-hyperbole		0	Do not touch my anointed ones	Here “touch” means to harm, it’s an exaggeration Yahweh used to strengthen his warning to not harm his people. Alternate translation: “Do not harm the people I have anointed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
PSA	105	16	yy95	figs-idiom		0	He called for	“He sent.” This means that caused a famine to happen in the land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	105	16	ih1i	figs-synecdoche		0	the whole supply of bread	Here “bread” refers to food in general. Alternate translation: “the whole supply of food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	105	17	w46a	figs-explicit		0	He sent a man ahead of them; Joseph	It may be helpful to state that he sent him ahead of them to Egypt. Alternate translation: “He sent a man ahead of them to Egypt; he sent Joseph who” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	105	17	a5yd	figs-activepassive		0	Joseph was sold as a servant	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Joseph’s brothers sold him as a slave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	105	18	y8ja			0	shackles	metal restraints used to fasten a prisoner’s wrists or ankles together
PSA	105	18	y4be	figs-activepassive		0	His feet were bound by shackles; on his neck was put an iron collar	These statements can be restated as active. Alternate translation: “The Egyptians bound his feet in shackles; they put an iron collar around his neck. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	105	19	d2i1			0	The word of Yahweh tested him	Alternate translation: “The message of Yahweh tested him”
PSA	105	20	t5jp	figs-parallelism		0	The king sent servants to release him; the ruler of the people set him free	These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together to emphasize that the king set Joseph free. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	105	23	cy4l	figs-explicit		0	Then Israel came into Egypt	Here “Israel” refers to Jacob. Jacob also brought his family with him. Alternate translation: “Then Israel and his family came into Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	105	24	dy5v	figs-metaphor		0	Yahweh made his people fruitful	The writer speaks of the increase of Israel as if they were a plant that produced a lot of fruit. “God increased the number of his people greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	105	25	dlg8			0	to hate his people, to mistreat his servants	Alternate translation: “to hate his people and to mistreat his servants”
PSA	105	27	m86t	figs-parallelism		0	They performed his signs among the Egyptians … his wonders in the land of Ham	These two phrases have basically the same meaning. Alternate translation: “Moses and Aaron performed God’s miracles in Egypt among the descendants of Ham” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	105	27	ejj7	figs-ellipsis		0	his wonders in the land of Ham	The words “they performed” are understood fromt the previous phrase. They may be repeated here. Alternate translation: “and they performed his wonders in the land of Ham” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	105	27	sf91	figs-explicit		0	the land of Ham	Ham was an ancestor of the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: “the land of Ham’s descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	105	28	x43u			0	made that land dark	Alternate translation: “made the sky dark”
PSA	105	30	l4fr			0	frogs	a small jumping reptile
PSA	105	30	svn6			0	even in the rooms of their rulers	Alternate translation: “they were even in the rooms of their rulers”
PSA	105	31	bg5e			0	Connecting Statement:	The psalmist continues to describe Yahweh’s judgment on Egypt.
PSA	105	31	xv9w			0	swarms	large flying groups
PSA	105	31	p85g			0	gnats	small flying insects like flies but smaller
PSA	105	32	xxb2			0	hail	ice that falls from the sky like rain
PSA	105	33	sa1j	figs-metonymy		0	He destroyed … he broke	God caused the hail, rain, and lightning to ruin the vines and trees. Alternate translation: “He caused it to destroy … and to break” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	105	34	pv2a			0	so many locusts	Alternate translation: “there were so many locusts”
PSA	105	35	ytq3	figs-parallelism		0	The locusts ate up all of the vegetation … They ate up all the crops of the ground	These two phrase have basically the same meaning and are used together for emphasis. Alternate translation: “The insects ate all the plants and all the crops in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	105	36	ur3w	figs-parallelism		0	He killed every firstborn in their land, the firstfruits of all their strength	Here the second phrase about the “firstfruits” is used to describe the “firstborn” in the first phrase. Alternate translation: “He killed every firstborn in their land, which were the firstfruits of all their strength” or “Then Yahweh killed the oldest son in every house of the people of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	105	37	p9rb	figs-explicit		0	He brought the Israelites out with silver and gold	When the Israelites left Egypt they took silver and gold with them. Alternate translation: “He brought the Isrealites out of Egypt with silver and gold in their possession” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	105	37	jug1	figs-doublenegatives		0	none of his tribes stumbled on the way	No one was left behind. This can be stated positively Alternate translation: “all of his tribes was able to make the journey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
PSA	105	38	b4ia	figs-metonymy		0	Egypt was glad	Here “Egypt” refers to the people who live in Egypt. Alternate translation: The people of Egypt were glad (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	105	39	z8gy	figs-metaphor		0	He spread a cloud for a covering	Here the psalmist describes Yahweh placing a cloud in the sky as if he were spreading out a garment. The cloud was a “covering” to protect them from the sun. Alternate translation: “He placed a cloud in the sky to protect them from the sun and heat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	105	39	tm1i	figs-explicit		0	made a fire to light up the night	Yahweh placed a pillar of fire in the sky to give light during the night. Alternate translation: “placed a fire it the sky to light up the night” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	105	40	ny85	figs-explicit		0	he brought quail	It may be helpful to make clear that quail are small birds Yahweh sent for them to eat. Alternate translation: “Yahweh sent small birds to eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	105	40	i82g	figs-explicit		0	with bread from heaven	Yahweh caused manna, a type of bread, to fall from the sky. Alternate translation: “with bread that fell from the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	105	41	kr8h			0	they flowed	Alternate translation: “the waters flowed”
PSA	105	42	p4um	figs-idiom		0	called to mind	This means to remember. Alternate translation: “remembered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	105	43	s27l	figs-parallelism		0	He led his people out … his chosen with shouts of triumph	These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together to emphasize that God’s people were joyful when he led them out of Egypt. The people were shouting joyfully. Alternate translation: “He led his chosen people out with shouts of joy and triumph” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	105	43	is64	figs-nominaladj		0	his chosen	Here “chosen” refers to Yahweh’s chosen people. Alternate translation: “his chosen people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	105	43	vc3k			0	shouts of triumph	the sound that people make when they are shouting with joy because they have defeated their enemies
PSA	105	45	x32z	figs-parallelism		0	keep his statutes and obey his laws	These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together for emphasis. “To keep” his statutes means to obey them. Alternate translation: “obey his laws and statutes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	106	intro	b2l3			0		# Psalm 16 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 106 is the fourth in a series of five psalms of praise to God. (Psalm 103-107)<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Israel’s sin<br><br>Although Israel continually sinned in the desert, God still took them to the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])
PSA	106	1	m751	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	106	1	n4rk	figs-abstractnouns		0	for his covenant faithfulness endures forever	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “for he remains faithful to his covenant forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	106	2	mp3f	figs-rquestion		0	Who can recount the mighty acts of Yahweh … deeds?	The author asks this question to praise God and does not expect an answer. Alternate translation: “No one can recount the mighty acts of Yahweh … deeds.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	106	2	gxs8			0	praiseworthy deeds	Alternate translation: “deeds that are worthy of praise”
PSA	106	4	hu15	figs-idiom		0	Call me to mind	The phrase “call to mind” means to remember something. Alternate translation: “remember me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	106	5	a4xh	figs-nominaladj		0	of your chosen	The word “chosen” refers to Yahweh’s chosen people. Alternate translation: “of your chosen people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	106	5	hyv2	figs-ellipsis		0	rejoice in the gladness … and glory	These are things that David says he will do, along with “seeing the prosperity of your chosen.” The words “I will” may be repeated here. Alternate translation: “I will rejoice in the gladness … and I will glory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	106	5	xr8z			0	gladness	joy, delight
PSA	106	5	upf7	figs-metonymy		0	glory with your inheritance	Here the phrase “your inheritance” refers to the Isrealites, who are Yahweh’s chosen people. Here “glory” means “to boast about” something; in this case they are boasting about Yahweh. Alternate translation: “boast of your greatness with your people” or “boast with your people about you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	106	7	f98d			0	did not appreciate your marvelous deeds	Alternate translation: “were not grateful for the marvelous deed you did”
PSA	106	7	ba4y	figs-abstractnouns		0	they ignored your many acts of covenant faithfulness	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “they ignored the many things that you did because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	106	7	i9mu			0	at the sea … the Sea of Reeds	These two phrases refer to the same sea. The second is the name of the sea.
PSA	106	8	gj3d			0	Nevertheless, he	Alternate translation: “Even though what I have just said is true, he”
PSA	106	8	cz9e	figs-metonymy		0	for his name’s sake	Here “his name” refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “for the sake of his own reputation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	106	9	f4nv	figs-simile		0	through the depths, as through a wilderness	Here David compares the way that Yahweh led the Isrealites through the Sea of Reeds to the way people can be led across the dry ground of a wilderness. “The depths” refers the riverbed that appeared after Yahweh parted the waters. Alternate translation: “through the Seas of Reeds on dry ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	106	10	tc7g	figs-parallelism		0	He saved them from the hand … and he rescued them from the hand	These two phrases mean basically the same thing and are used together to emphasize that Yahweh saved them from their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	106	10	hd8l	figs-metonymy		0	the hand of those who hated them	Here “hand” refers to power or control. Alternate translation: “the power of those who hated them” or “the control of those who hated them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	106	11	iwb8	figs-euphemism		0	covered their adversaries	This is a polite way to talk about them drowning. Alternate translation: “drowned their enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
PSA	106	12	z9pl			0	Then they believed his words	Here the word “they” refers to “their ancestors” and the word “his” refers to “Yahweh.”
PSA	106	13	k4qa	figs-explicit		0	they did not wait for his instructions	It is implied that they did things without waiting to find out what Yahweh wanted them to go. Alternate translation: “they did things without first waiting for Yahweh’s instructions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	106	14	hxm8			0	insatiable cravings	Alternate translation: “cravings that could not be satisfied”
PSA	106	14	ut7k			0	they challenged God	Alternate translation: “They rebelled against God”
PSA	106	15	p9dq	figs-metaphor		0	but he sent a horrible disease	Here David speaks about Yahweh causing the people to be afflicted by a disease as if Yahweh sent a disease to them in the same way that someone sends a person or a messenger. Alternate translation: “but he caused them to suffer from a horrible disease” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	106	15	cz4b			0	a horrible disease	a disease that caused people to slowly become weak and caused some of them to die
PSA	106	16	ymj2	figs-explicit		0	In the camp	This refers to the Israelites’ camp in the wilderness. Alternate translation: “In the camp in the wilderness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	106	17	rfy5	figs-personification		0	The earth opened and swallowed up	Here how the ground opens up and buries the people is being compared to how a creature swallows something. Alternate translation: “The earth opened and buried” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	106	17	n2we	translate-names		0	Dathan	This was an official who rebelled against Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
PSA	106	17	acj1	figs-ellipsis		0	covered the followers of Abiram	The followers of Abiram were also buried when the earth opened and buried Dathan. Alternate translation: “it also covered the followers of Abiram” or “it also buried the followers of Abiram” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	106	17	trp8	translate-names		0	Abiram	This was an official who rebelled against Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
PSA	106	18	k3ir	figs-parallelism		0	Fire broke out among them; the fire consumed the wicked	These two phrases mean the same things and are written together to emphasize how the wicked people were killed by the fire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	106	19	uq33	figs-explicit		0	They made a calf at Horeb and worshiped a cast metal figure	This information can be reordered so that it is clear that the calf was the cast metal figure. Alternate translation: “At Horeb, they made a cast metal figure of a calf and worshiped it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	106	20	em83	figs-explicit		0	They traded the glory of God for the image of a bull	This means that instead of worshiping God they worshiped the image of the bull. Alternate translation: “They traded worshiping the glory of God to worship the image of a bull” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	106	20	ke98	figs-metonymy		0	the glory of God	Here God is referred to by his glory. Alternate translation: “their glorious God” or “God who is glorious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	106	22	ej25	figs-possession		0	the land of Ham	This refers to the land where Ham’s descendants lived. Alternate translation: “the land where Ham’s descendant live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
PSA	106	22	s85r			0	mighty acts	Alternate translation: “awesome things”
PSA	106	23	s6ji	figs-metaphor		0	stood in the breach before him, to turn away his anger from destroying them	Here David speaks about Moses persuading Yahweh not to destroy the Israelites as intervening with him in the breach. Alternate translation: “stood between Yahweh and the Israelites and begged Yahweh to not destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	106	24	rv7l			0	his promise	This refers to Yahweh’s promise that he would allow them to take the land of Canaan as their possession.
PSA	106	25	g1re			0	grumbled	complained
PSA	106	26	rxu8			0	raised his hand	The word “his” refers to Yahweh. Also, it was custom to raise a hand when swearing an oath.
PSA	106	27	gk8t	figs-parallelism		0	scatter their descendants … in foreign lands	These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together for emphasis. Alternate translation: “and that he would make their descendants live in foreign lands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	106	27	yf1j			0	scatter	This means to disperse or spread out something.
PSA	106	28	ju2m	figs-activepassive		0	the sacrifices offered to the dead	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the sacrifices that they offered to the dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	106	28	sm42	figs-nominaladj		0	to the dead	“The dead” refers to the idols and gods that the Israelites were worshiping. Alternate translation: “to gods who are dead” or “to lifeless gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	106	29	fu7m			0	a plague broke out	Alternate translation: “a plague spread”
PSA	106	29	m7n8			0	provoked him to anger	Alternate translation: “angered him”
PSA	106	30	eqn8	figs-explicit		0	Then Phinehas rose to intervene	Phinehas intervened among the people, punishing them for their sin. This can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Then Phinehas rose to intervene among the people because of their sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	106	31	s4km	figs-activepassive		0	It was counted to him as a righteous deed	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People credited it to him as a righteous deed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	106	32	p4gw	translate-names		0	Meribah	This is a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
PSA	106	32	zj4e	figs-metonymy		0	suffered because of them	Moses suffered because of the peoples’ sin. Here the word “them” is a pronoun for the people and a metonym referring to their sin. Alternate translation: “suffered because of their actions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	106	35	kf8n	figs-metaphor		0	but they mingled with the nations	Hey David speaks of the people intermarrying with the women from other nations as “mingling” with them. Alternate translation: “but they mixed in marriage with the other nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	106	36	j9ws			0	which became a snare to them	The idols became a snare to them.
PSA	106	38	f98r	figs-euphemism		0	They shed innocent blood, the blood of their sons and of their daughters	The phrase “shedding blood” is a descriptive euphemism used for “killing.” Alternate translation: “They shed innocent blood when they killed their sons and daughters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
PSA	106	39	dy5f	figs-activepassive		0	They were defiled by their deeds	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Their deeds defiled them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	106	39	b2u2	figs-explicit		0	in their actions they were like prostitutes	Here David compares their unfaithfulness to Yahweh to the unfaithfulness of a prostitute. Alternate translation: “they were as unfaithful to Yahweh as prostitutes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	106	40	ef5t			0	So Yahweh was angry with his people … he despised his own people	Alternate translation: “So Yahweh was angry with his people and despised them”
PSA	106	41	wrc9	figs-metonymy		0	He gave them into the hand of the nations	Here “hand” refers to power or control. Alternate translation: “God allowed the nations to take control of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	106	41	ukn1			0	those who hated them	Alternate translation: “people who hated them”
PSA	106	42	q1ds	figs-activepassive		0	they were brought into subjection to their authority	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “their enemies caused them to be subject to their authority” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	106	43	k223	figs-idiom		0	were brought low by their own sin	Here the phrase “brought low” means to be destroyed. Also, If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “their sin ruined them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	106	44	mj3k			0	Nevertheless, he	“Even though what I have just said is true, he.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 106:8](../106/008.md).
PSA	106	44	ry5x			0	their distress	Alternate translation: “their affliction” or “their suffering”
PSA	106	45	try4	figs-idiom		0	called to mind	The phrase “call to mind” means to remember something. Alternate translation: “remembered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	106	45	fi1e			0	He … relented because of his steadfast love	Alternate translation: “He … decided that because he still loved them very much he would not punish them”
PSA	106	46	vqs1			0	their conquerers	“their captors.” This refers to the Isrealites’ enemies who had taken them captive.
PSA	106	46	i4vh			0	to have pity on them	Alternate translation: “to be compassionate on them”
PSA	106	47	p7rh			0	General Information:	Here 106:48 is more than the end of this psalm. It is the closing statement for all of Book 4 of the Psalms, which starts at Psalm 90 and ends with Psalm 106.
PSA	106	47	n47s	figs-metonymy		0	to your holy name	Here Yahweh is referred to by his “holy name.” Alternate translation: “to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	106	48	qmx9	figs-activepassive		0	May Yahweh, the God of Israel, be praised	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “May people praise Yahweh the God of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	106	48	qzy4	figs-merism		0	from everlasting to everlasting	This refers to two extremes and means for all time. See how you translated this in [Psalms 41:13](../041/013.md). Alternate translation: “for all eternity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
PSA	107	intro	j88n			0		# Psalm 17 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 107 is the last in a series of five psalms of praise to God (Psalm 103-107).<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Praise<br><br>The psalmist praises Yahweh for saving people lost in the desert, in prison, sick, in a storm at sea, homeless and oppressed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]])
PSA	107	1	h2en	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	107	1	he6p	figs-abstractnouns		0	his covenant faithfulness endures forever	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “he remains faithful to his covenant forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	107	2	p5ij	figs-nominaladj		0	the redeemed of Yahweh	“The redeemed” refers to the people whom Yahweh has saved. Alternate translation: “those whom Yahweh has saved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	107	2	j8q7	figs-idiom		0	speak out	This means to tell others about something. Alternate translation: “tell about what Yahweh has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	107	2	ftq5	figs-metonymy		0	from the hand of the enemy	Here “hand” refers to power. Alternate translation: “from the power of the enemy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	107	3	vj8x	figs-merism		0	from the east … and from the south	Here the four directions are given to emphasize that he gather them from everywhere. Alternate translation: “from every direction” or “from every part of the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
PSA	107	3	fu7j	figs-ellipsis		0	from the east and from the west, from the north and from the south	This describes the places that Yahweh gather his people from. Alternate translation: “he has gathered them from the east and from the west, from the north and from the south” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	107	4	un2c			0	They wandered	Alternate translation: “Some people wandered”
PSA	107	4	hnu5			0	on a desert road	Alternate translation: “on a road that was in the desert”
PSA	107	4	c3wb			0	in which to live	Alternate translation: “that they could live in”
PSA	107	6	j2tf	figs-explicit		0	Then they called out to Yahweh in their trouble	It is implied that they are praying to Yahweh so that he will help them. Alternate translation: “Then they prayed to Yahweh to help them in their trouble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	107	6	xe6n			0	their distress	Alternate translation: “their difficulties” or “their afflictions”
PSA	107	8	cw6e	figs-exclamations		0	Oh that people would praise Yahweh for his covenant faithfulness	Here the word “Oh” is used to convey a strong desire for people to praise Yahweh. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Let people praise Yahweh because he is faithful to his covenant” or “People should praise Yahweh because he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	107	8	a7ad			0	for humanity	Alternate translation: “for all people”
PSA	107	9	v9jj			0	For he satisfies the longings of those who are thirsty	Alternate translation: “For he gives water to those who desire it—to those who are thirsty”
PSA	107	9	pk1w			0	the desires of those who are hungry he fills up with good things	Alternate translation: “to those who are very hungry and desire food, he give them good things to eat”
PSA	107	10	d8zk	figs-explicit		0	Some sat	It is implied that these are people that Yahweh has rescued. Alternate translation: “Yahweh also rescued people who sat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	107	10	pb1i	figs-doublet		0	in darkness and in gloom	Both “darkness” and “gloom” have basically the same meaning and are used to emphasize how dark the prison was. Alternate translation: “in complete darkness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	107	11	hv2f	figs-parallelism		0	they had rebelled against God’s word … rejected the instruction of the Most High	These phrases have similar meanings and emphasize how much they had rebelled again God, which is why they had been imprisoned. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	107	12	n1vf	figs-synecdoche		0	He humbled their hearts through hardship	Here the heart represents a person, but specifically his will. Alternate translation: “He humbled them by allowing them to suffer hardship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	107	12	pw85			0	hardship	This could mean: (1) “trouble” or (2) “hard labor.”
PSA	107	12	rn21	figs-explicit		0	they stumbled and there was no one to help them up	The word “stumbled” refers to times when these people got into very difficult situations. Alternate translation: “they got into trouble and there was no one to help them out of it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	107	13	ee2r	figs-explicit		0	Then they called out to Yahweh in their trouble	It is implied that they are praying to Yahweh so that he will help them. See how you translated this in [Psalms 107:6](../107/006.md). Alternate translation: “Then they prayed to Yahweh to help them in their trouble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	107	13	w6na			0	their distress	“difficulties” or “afflictions.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 107:6](../107/006.md)
PSA	107	13	qk74	figs-metaphor		0	he brought	Here David describes Yahweh saving them from their distress as if their distress were a physical place that he was bringing them out of. Alternate translation: “he saved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	107	14	h4hv			0	He brought them	Alternate translation: “Yahweh brought those in prison”
PSA	107	14	ca58	figs-doublet		0	darkness and gloom	Both “darkness” and “gloom” have basically the same meaning and are used to emphasize how dark the prison was. See how you translated this in [Psalms 107:10](../107/010.md). Alternate translation: “complete darkness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	107	15	hl74	figs-exclamations		0	Oh that people would praise Yahweh for his covenant faithfulness	Here the word “Oh” is used to convey a strong desire for people to praise Yahweh. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. See how you translated this in [Psalms 107:8](../107/008.md). Alternate translation: “Let people praise Yahweh because he is faithful to his covenant” or “People should praise Yahweh because he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	107	16	xw9f			0	For he	Alternate translation: “because he”
PSA	107	16	a9c5	figs-parallelism		0	For he has broken the gates of bronze and cut through the bars of iron	Both of these phrases describe Yahweh freeing his people from prison and are used to emphasize that Yahweh truly freed them. Alternate translation: “He freed his people from prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	107	17	cg19			0	They were foolish in their rebellious ways	Alternate translation: “They were foolish in the way they rebelled against Yahweh”
PSA	107	17	w525	figs-explicit		0	and afflicted	“and they suffered.” Specifically they were afflicted by becoming sick. Alternate translation: “and they became sick” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	107	18	qkk6	figs-metaphor		0	they came close to the gates of death	Here the act of “dying” is described as a place, “the gates of death” Alternate translation: “they almost died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	107	19	h1yt	figs-explicit		0	Then they called out to Yahweh in their trouble	It is implied that they are praying to Yahweh so that he will help them. See how you translated this in [Psalms 107:6](../107/006.md). Alternate translation: “Then they prayed to Yahweh to help them in their trouble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	107	20	q29l	figs-personification		0	He sent his word and healed them	Here David describes Yahweh speaking as sending his words as if they were a messenger. This could mean: (1) “He commanded for them to be healed and they were healed” or (2) “He encouraged them and healed them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	107	21	b9jy	figs-exclamations		0	Oh that people would praise Yahweh for his covenant faithfulness	Here the word “Oh” is used to convey a strong desire for people to praise Yahweh. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. See how you translated this in [Psalms 107:8](../107/008.md). Alternate translation: “Let people praise Yahweh because he is faithful to his covenant” or “People should praise Yahweh because he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	107	22	qpm7			0	of thanksgiving	Alternate translation: “that show that they are thankful”
PSA	107	22	ct4t			0	in singing	Alternate translation: “by singing about them”
PSA	107	23	w4vq	figs-explicit		0	and do business overseas	They would sail to places and buy and sell things with the people there. Alternate translation: “selling things in cities far away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	107	25	h9pa			0	he commanded and aroused the windstorm that stirs up the seas	Alternate translation: “he commanded the wind and caused it become a great windstorm that stirred up the sea”
PSA	107	25	wyy3			0	windstorm	a strong wind, like the wind that accompanies a strong rain storm
PSA	107	25	j3g8	figs-metaphor		0	that stirs up the seas	Here David describes the winds causing the waves to become high as if the wind was an object fiercely stirring something. Alternate translation: “that caused the waves of the sea to become very high” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	107	26	y5x4	figs-hyperbole		0	They reached up to the sky; they went down to the depths	This describes the ships rising and falling with the waves. The extremes of rising to the sky and falling to the depths are an exaggeration to express how horrible the windstorm was and how large the waves were. Alternate translation: “their ships would rise very high on the waves and then they would fall very low between the waves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
PSA	107	26	jma2	figs-idiom		0	Their lives melted away in distress	This idiom describes the sailors’ great fear. Alternate translation: “The men were terrified and greatly distressed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	107	27	yjm2	figs-idiom		0	were at their wits’ end	The phrase “at their wit’s end” means that they did not know what to do. Alternate translation: “and they did not know what to do” or “they had no idea what to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	107	28	j371	figs-explicit		0	Then they called out to Yahweh in their trouble	It is implied that they are praying to Yahweh so that he will help them. See how you translated this in [Psalms 107:6](../107/006.md). Alternate translation: “Then they prayed to Yahweh to help them in their trouble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	107	28	i5p5			0	Then they	The word “they” refers to the sailors.
PSA	107	28	jw4k			0	he brought them	Alternate translation: “he guided them”
PSA	107	29	yp9j			0	He calmed the storm	Alternate translation: “He made the wind stop”
PSA	107	29	ca97	figs-activepassive		0	the waves were stilled	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he made the waves still” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	107	30	pch1			0	their desired harbor	Alternate translation: “to the harbor where they wanted to go”
PSA	107	31	bw2u	figs-exclamations		0	Oh that people would praise Yahweh for his covenant faithfulness	Here the word “Oh” is used to convey a strong desire for people to praise Yahweh. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. See how you translated this in [Psalms 107:8](../107/008.md). Alternate translation: “Let people praise Yahweh because he is faithful to his covenant” or “People should praise Yahweh because he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	107	32	r3mg			0	praise him in the council of the elders	“when the elders sit together.” The elders sat together to discuss issues in the community and to make decisions for the community.
PSA	107	33	ni1b			0	He turns	Alternate translation: “Yahweh makes”
PSA	107	34	d8df			0	because of the wickedness of its people	Alternate translation: “because the people that live there are wicked”
PSA	107	35	iw79	figs-parallelism		0	He turns the wilderness into a pool of water and dry land into springs of water	Both of these phrases have similar meaning and emphasize how Yahweh makes water appear in the wilderness. Alternate translation: “He make springs and lakes in land that used to be desert” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	107	36	h54c	figs-nominaladj		0	He settles the hungry there	The word “there” refers to the places where Yahweh made springs and lakes appear. Also, the phrase “the hungry” refers to people who are hungry. Alternate translation: “Yahweh makes people who are hungry live there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	107	37	u1tb			0	to plant vineyards	Alternate translation: “to plant vineyards in”
PSA	107	37	bsi7			0	and to bring in an abundant harvest	Alternate translation: “so that they can produce a plentiful harvest”
PSA	107	38	rb6h			0	so they are very numerous	Alternate translation: “so that their people are very numerous”
PSA	107	38	ah11	figs-litotes		0	He does not let their cattle decrease in number	This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “He keeps their cattle very numerous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
PSA	107	39	aqn7			0	They	The word “They” refers to the people who were hungry that Yahweh had settled in the land. This sentence describes how they were before Yahweh settled them in the land.
PSA	107	39	x3qv	figs-activepassive		0	They were diminished and brought low	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Their leaders diminished their number and brought them low” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	107	39	sl5d			0	were diminished	Alternate translation: “became fewer in number”
PSA	107	39	fpr8	figs-idiom		0	brought low	This means to be humiliated. Alternate translation: “humiliated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	107	40	k39h	figs-metaphor		0	pours contempt on	Here David speaks of Yahweh showing contempt for the leaders as if contempt were a liquid he poured out on them. Alternate translation: “shows contempt for” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	107	40	i78e	figs-explicit		0	the leaders	“the nobles.” This refers to the leaders who oppressed the people. Alternate translation: “the leaders who oppressed them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	107	40	b5e5			0	where there are no roads	Alternate translation: “where people never go”
PSA	107	41	eaq2			0	But he	Alternate translation: “But Yahweh”
PSA	107	41	a9fb	figs-nominaladj		0	the needy	This refers to needy people. Alternate translation: “needy people” or “poor people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	107	41	n1pw	figs-simile		0	cares for his families like a flock	Here David compares how Yahweh cares for his people to how a shepherd cares for his sheep. This could mean: (1) “makes the number of people in their families increase like flocks” or (2) “takes care of them like a shepherd cares for his sheep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	107	42	j8l2	figs-nominaladj		0	The upright	This refers to people who live in an upright way. Alternate translation: “Upright people” or “People who do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	107	42	pa98	figs-metonymy		0	all wickedness	Here wicked people are referred to as “wickedness.” Alternate translation: “all wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	107	42	s6wb	figs-idiom		0	shuts its mouth	This means to not say anything in response. Alternate translation: “has nothing to say against Yahweh in reply” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	107	43	fk8h	figs-idiom		0	take note of these things	This means to think about these things. Alternate translation: “think about these things” or “remember these things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	107	43	u9kq	figs-abstractnouns		0	meditate on Yahweh’s acts of covenant faithfulness	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “meditate on the things that Yahweh has done that show that he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	108	intro	vpj5			0		# Psalm 18 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 108 is a psalm of war.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Victory<br><br>God promised success to the psalmist, but Yahweh failed to help him conquer the country of Edom. He needed God to give him victory over Edom.
PSA	108	1	lxd7	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	108	1	c1mr	figs-synecdoche		0	My heart is fixed, God	Here David is referring to himself by his heart. Also, the word “fixed” means to trust completely. Alternate translation: “My heart is fixed on you, God” or “I am trusting completely in you, God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	108	1	tuz7	figs-synecdoche		0	I will sing praises also with my honored heart	Here David is represented by his “heart.” David refers to himself as having the honor of praising God. Alternate translation: “You honor me by allowing me to sing praises to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	108	2	gl6h	figs-personification		0	Wake up, lute and harp	Here David describes playing his instruments as waking them up from sleep. Alternate translation: “I will praise you by playing the lute and the harp” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	108	2	dnf4	figs-personification		0	I will wake up the dawn	Here David is describing the dawn waking up like a person waking up in the morning. Alternate translation: “I will be praising you when the dawn comes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	108	2	yj5i			0	dawn	when the sun rises
PSA	108	4	ce4i	figs-parallelism		0	your covenant faithfulness is great above the heavens; and your trustworthiness reaches to the skies	These two phrases have similar meanings. They speak of the greatness of Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness as if they were objects that were tall enough to reach up to the sky. The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “For your covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness are greater than the distance between heaven and earth” or “For you are more faithful to your covenant and more worthy of people trusting you than the sky is higher than the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	108	5	y6qh	figs-metaphor		0	Be exalted, God, above the heavens	The psalmist is asking God to show that he is exalted. Being exalted above the heavens represents being great. Alternate translation: “God, show that you are exalted above the heavens” or “God, show that you are great in the heavens” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	108	5	v9cz	figs-metonymy		0	may your glory be exalted	Here Yahweh is referred to by his “glory.” Alternate translation: “may you be exalted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	108	6	ewv5	figs-activepassive		0	So that those you love may be rescued	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: Because those you love need rescuing” or “Rescue those you love” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	108	6	yda2	figs-metonymy		0	with your right hand	Here Yahweh’s “right hand” refers to his power. Alternate translation: “by your power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	108	6	m9rg	figs-metonymy		0	answer me	Answering here represents responding to his request. Alternate translation: “respond to my request” or “answer my prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	108	7	e11p			0	General Information:	This verse is the same as [Psalms 60:6](../060/006.md).
PSA	108	7	j6ax	figs-metaphor		0	God has spoken in his holiness	Here David describes God speaking something because he is holy as speaking “in his holiness,” as if his holiness were something that he was physically inside of. Alternate translation: “God, because he is holy, has said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	108	7	vkv8			0	I will divide Shechem and apportion out the Valley of Succoth	Here God is speaking about dividing the land of Shechem and the Valley of Succoth.
PSA	108	7	mr5j			0	apportion	to divide into portions
PSA	108	8	tt4v			0	General Information:	This verse is the same as [Psalms 60:7](../060/007.md).
PSA	108	8	acw8	figs-metaphor		0	Ephraim also is my helmet	God speaks of the tribe of Ephraim as if it were his army. The helmet symbolizes equipment for war. Alternate translation: “Ephraim is like a helmet I have chosen” or “The tribe of Ephraim is my army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	108	8	sj9d			0	helmet	a hard hat that soldiers wear to protect their heads from injury
PSA	108	8	yz46	figs-metaphor		0	Judah is my scepter	God chose men from the tribe of Judah to be the kings of his people, and he speaks of that tribe as if it were his scepter. Alternate translation: “The tribe of Judah is like my scepter” or “Judah is the tribe through whom I rule my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	108	9	db77			0	General Information:	This verse is the same as [Psalms 60:8](../060/008.md).
PSA	108	9	xz1w	figs-metaphor		0	Moab is my washbasin	God speaks of Moab being unimportant as if Moab were a washbasin or a lowly servant. Alternate translation: “Moab is like a bowl that I use for washing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	108	9	n1ym	figs-metaphor		0	over Edom I will throw my shoe	God was probably speaking of taking ownership of Edom as if he were symbolically throwing his shoe onto that land to show that he owns it. However some versions have other interpretations. Alternate translation: “I take ownership of the land of Edom” or “I throw my shoe onto the land of Edom to show that it is mine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
PSA	108	10	ian9			0	General Information:	This verse is the same as [Psalms 60:9](../060/009.md).
PSA	108	11	f164			0	General Information:	This verse is almost the same as [Psalms 60:10](../060/010.md).
PSA	108	11	htl8	figs-rquestion		0	God, have you not rejected us?	The psalmist uses this question to express his sadness that it seems that God has rejected them. Alternate translation: “It seems like you have rejected us!” or “God, you seem to have abandoned us!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	108	11	mze2	figs-metaphor		0	You do not go into battle with our army	The psalmist speaks of God helping their army as if God were to go and fight with them. Alternate translation: “you do not help our army when we go into battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	108	12	h6li			0	General Information:	This verse is the same as [Psalms 60:11](../060/011.md).
PSA	108	12	va87			0	is futile	Alternate translation: “is worthless”
PSA	108	13	vs71			0	General Information:	This verse is the same as [Psalms 60:12](../060/012.md).
PSA	108	13	wk3a			0	will triumph	Alternate translation: “will defeat our enemies”
PSA	108	13	a18r	figs-metaphor		0	he will trample down our enemies	The psalmist speaks of God helping their army defeat their enemies as if God were to trample down the enemies. Alternate translation: “he will enable us to trample down our enemies” or “he will make us able to defeat our enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	109	intro	r1w7			0		# Psalm 19 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 109 is a psalm of vengeance against an enemy who has lied about him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Enemies destroyed<br><br>This enemy lied about the psalmist. So he asked God to completely destroy his enemy and his enemy’s family.
PSA	109	1	w5rb	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	109	1	ka6w			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.”
PSA	109	2	tj2t	figs-nominaladj		0	For the wicked and deceitful	The words “wicked” and “deceitful” refer to people. They have similar meanings and emphasize how bad these people are. Alternate translation: “For wicked and deceitful men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	109	4	e77p			0	In return for my love	Alternate translation: “Although I loved them”
PSA	109	4	p5ny			0	my love	Alternate translation: “my love for them”
PSA	109	4	lek5	figs-explicit		0	they accuse me	The word “they” refers to the people who are wicked and deceitful. You may need to make explicit that those who accuse the psalmist do so falsely. Alternate translation: “they accuse me falsely” or “they slander me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	109	6	p353	figs-parallelism		0	Appoint a wicked man … appoint an accuser	These two phrases are parallel and the phrases “a wicked man” and “an accuser” refer to the same person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	109	6	axd7			0	at his right hand	Alternate translation: “at my enemy’s right hand”
PSA	109	7	li65	figs-activepassive		0	When he is judged, may he be found guilty	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “When he is on trial, may the judge find him guilty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	109	7	sfk3	figs-activepassive		0	may his prayer be considered sinful	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “consider his prayer sinful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	109	8	s7dn	figs-idiom		0	May his days be few	The phrase “his days” refers to the length of his life. Alternate translation: “May he not live a long time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	109	8	nt3y			0	his office	Alternate translation: “his position of authority”
PSA	109	10	d7fa			0	handouts	food or money given to beggars
PSA	109	10	ba23			0	their ruined home	Alternate translation: “their destroyed homes”
PSA	109	11	s52u			0	the creditor	someone who lends money to another person but expects that the person will pay the money back
PSA	109	11	f7aq			0	plunder	steal by force
PSA	109	13	i5qb	figs-parallelism		0	May his children be cut off; may their name be blotted out	These two phrases have similar meanings and emphasize his children being destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	109	13	hn3g	figs-activepassive		0	May his children be cut off	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Cause his children to be cut off” or “Cause his children to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	109	13	i4f9	figs-metaphor		0	may their name be blotted out in the next generation	Here the idea of there being no one to carry on the family name is spoke of as “their name being blotted out.” Alternate translation: “may there be no one to carry on his name” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	109	14	k5nj	figs-activepassive		0	May his ancestors’ sins be mentioned to Yahweh	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “May you remember the sins of his ancestors, Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	109	14	hen7	figs-activepassive		0	may the sin of his mother not be forgotten	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “May you not forget the sins that his mother committed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	109	15	bg71	figs-metaphor		0	May their guilt always be before Yahweh	Here David speaks about Yahweh thinking about their guilt as if their guilt is something physically present before him. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh continually think about their sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	109	15	g7c5	figs-metonymy		0	may Yahweh cut off their memory from the earth	David uses the word “earth” to refer to all the people that live on the earth. Also, the phrase “their memory” refers to people remembering them after they have died. Alternate translation: “may Yahweh make it so that no one on earth remembers them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	109	16	yx2x	figs-explicit		0	this man never bothered to show any covenant faithfulness	This refers to him showing covenant faithfulness to people. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “this man never bothered to show any covenant faithfulness to people” or “this man never did anything to show that he was faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	109	16	x4b8	figs-nominaladj		0	the oppressed, the needy	This refers to oppressed and needy people. Alternate translation: “oppressed people, needy people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	109	16	ju66	figs-nominaladj		0	the disheartened	This refers to people who are disheartened. Alternate translation: “disheartened people” or “people who have lost hope” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	109	16	qim3			0	to death	“until they died.” This means that he harassed them until they died.
PSA	109	17	va8l			0	may it come back upon him	Alternate translation: “may his curses come upon him”
PSA	109	18	msj4	figs-metaphor		0	He clothed himself with cursing as his garment	David speaks of the wicked person’s behavior as if it were his clothing. Alternate translation: “He cursed other people as often as he wore clothing” or “He cursed people all the time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	109	18	dq39			0	as his garment	Alternate translation: “as if they were his clothing”
PSA	109	18	h86c	figs-metaphor		0	his curse came into his inner being like water, like oil into his bones	Possible meanings are: (1) He spoke curses so often that they became a part of his identity. “the curses that he speaks are part of who he is” or (2) the curse that he spoke happened to him. “his whole being was cursed by the curse he spoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	109	18	h7bb	figs-explicit		0	like water	This refers to how a person drinks water. Alternate translation: “like water a person drinks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	109	18	bkc9	figs-explicit		0	like oil into his bones	This refers to how oil soaks into bones when rubbed on the skin. Alternate translation: “like olive oil soaks into a person’s bones when it is rubbed on his skin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	109	19	u676	figs-simile		0	May his curses be to him like the clothes he wears to cover himself	People wore their clothes everyday. David speaks of a wicked person always being cursed as if his curses always covered him as his clothing does. Alternate translation: “Let his curses be on him every day like the garment he wears” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	109	19	j7lw	figs-ellipsis		0	like the belt he always wears	The words “may his curses be to him” are understood from the previous phrase. They may be repeated here. Alternate translation: “may his curses be to him like the belt he always wears” or “and let his curses always be on him like the belt he always wears” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	109	20	l5zl			0	May this be the reward	Alternate translation: “May these curses be the reward”
PSA	109	21	a7fj	figs-idiom		0	deal kindly with me	This is a request for Yahweh to treat him kindly. Alternate translation: “treat me kindly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	109	21	zbn1			0	your name’s sake	Alternate translation: “the sake of your reputation”
PSA	109	21	qx2e	figs-abstractnouns		0	Because your covenant faithfulness is good	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Because you are good and are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	109	22	c385	figs-doublet		0	oppressed and needy	These two words have similar meanings and emphasize that he is unable to help himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	109	22	b3t9	figs-metaphor		0	my heart is wounded within me	Here David speaks of being in great despair as his heart being wounded. Alternate translation: “I am full of grief and despair” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	109	23	gx1w	figs-metaphor		0	I am fading away like the shadow … like a locust	David feels like he is going to die soon and describes this feeling by comparing himself to a fading shadow and to how the wind blows away locust. Alternate translation: “I feel like I am about to die, like an evening shadow that will soon disappear, like a locust is easily blown away by the wind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	109	24	b9m1	figs-explicit		0	My knees are weak	This means that he is weak and it is difficult for him to stand. Alternate translation: “I have difficulty standing” or “My body is weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	109	24	v9cy			0	from fasting	Alternate translation: “because I am not eating any food”
PSA	109	24	i7xf	figs-idiom		0	I am turning to skin and bones	This means that he has lost a lot of weight. Alternate translation: “my body has become very thin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	109	25	li9g	figs-activepassive		0	I am disdained by my accusers	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “My accusers ridicule me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	109	25	qvc7			0	shake their heads	This is an act of disapproval.
PSA	109	26	u86i	figs-abstractnouns		0	save me by your covenant faithfulness	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “save me because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	109	27	hv1a			0	May they know	The word “they” refers to David’s accusers and the people who say bad things about him.
PSA	109	27	j58d			0	have done this	Alternate translation: “have saved me”
PSA	109	28	acp8			0	Though they curse me	The word “they” refers to the people who accuse David and say bad things about him.
PSA	109	28	ryv7	figs-activepassive		0	may they be put to shame	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “may they be ashamed” or “let them be ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	109	28	u9an			0	but may your servant rejoice	“but may I, your servant, rejoice” or “I am your servant, let me rejoice.” David uses the phrase “your servant” to refer to himself.
PSA	109	29	mfp7	figs-parallelism		0	May my adversaries be clothed … may they wear	These two phrase have them same meaning and are used together for emphasize how greatly he wishes for them to be ashamed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	109	29	qa66	figs-metaphor		0	be clothed with shame	Here David speaks of them being ashamed as if were clothing they wore. Alternate translation: “be very ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	109	29	xhb9	figs-simile		0	may they wear their shame like a robe	David speaks of them being ashamed as if it were a robe that they wore. Alternate translation: “may their shame cover them just like their robe is wrapped around them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	109	30	d8ig	figs-idiom		0	With my mouth I give	This means that he will speak. Alternate translation: “I will speak and give” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	109	31	pa49	figs-idiom		0	will stand at the right hand of the one who is needy	This means that he will help and defend the poor person. Alternate translation: “will defend the one who is needy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	110	intro	h1ti			0		# Psalm 110 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 110 is a psalm honoring the king as he becomes king and also a prophecy about Christ. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### King<br><br>The king will be able to conquer his enemies. Christ is seen as both high priest and king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/highpriest]])
PSA	110	1	u94e	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	110	1	xte6	figs-idiom		0	Sit at my right hand	The phrase “my right hand” refers to the place of honor. Alternate translation: “Sit at the place of honor which I have for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	110	1	ke66	figs-metaphor		0	make your enemies your footstool	Here David describes Yahweh placing his master’s enemies under his power and control as putting them under his feet like a footstool. Alternate translation: “put your enemies under your power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	110	2	pjk3	figs-explicit		0	Yahweh will hold out the scepter of your strength	Here David speaks of Yahweh extending the area that the king rules as holding out his scepter. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will extend the area over which you powerfully rule” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	110	2	s6mj			0	rule among your enemies	“King, rule among your enemies.” This is spoken to the king as a command.
PSA	110	3	v9sn			0	of their own free will	“by their own choice.” This means that they will chose to follow the king.
PSA	110	3	m1bp	figs-explicit		0	on the day of your power	This refers to the day that the king will lead his armies into battle. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “on the day that you lead your armies into battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	110	3	nr17	figs-personification		0	from the womb of the dawn … like the dew	David describes the dew as a baby to whom the dawn gives birth. Alternate translation: “in the morning … like the dew” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	110	3	t8fr	figs-metaphor		0	from the womb of the dawn your youth will be to you like the dew	David is telling the king that he will have youthful strength each morning by comparing it to how the dew appears early each morning. Alternate translation: “each morning you will be filled with youthful strength to sustain you just like each morning the dew appears to water and sustain the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	110	4	ng77			0	You are	Yahweh is speaking to the lord, the one David calls “my master” in [Psalms 110:1](../110/001.md).
PSA	110	4	c4te	figs-explicit		0	will not change	This means that he will not change what he has said. Alternate translation: “will not change his mind” or “will not change what he has said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	110	4	qp9v	figs-ellipsis		0	after the manner of Melchizedek	The idea of being priest is understood from the previous phrase. It can be stated clearly here. Alternate translation: “after the manner that Melchizedek was priest” or “in the same way that Melchizedek was priest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	110	5	icc3	figs-idiom		0	The Lord is at your right hand	When the lord goes to battle, Yahweh stands at his right hand in order to help him. Alternate translation: “The Lord helps you in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	110	5	e4t4			0	The Lord	The word “Lord” refers to Yahweh.
PSA	110	5	ij3w	figs-metonymy		0	He will kill	The word “He” refers to Yahweh. He will cause the kings to be defeated and die, but he will allow the king’s armies to kill the enemy kings. Alternate translation: “He will cause the kings to die” or “He will allow your armies to kill the kings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	110	5	d7kw	figs-explicit		0	kings	This refers to his enemies. Alternate translation: “enemy kings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	110	5	zlj4	figs-explicit		0	on the day of his anger	Here David speaks of the day when Yahweh will become angry and defeat the kings as “the day of his anger.” Alternate translation: “on the day of judgment when his patience turns to anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	110	6	zrf1	figs-metonymy		0	he will fill the battlegrounds with dead bodies	This means that Yahweh will cause this to happen, not that he will personally kill all of the people who die on the battleground. Alternate translation: “he will cause the battlegrounds to be filled with death bodies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	110	6	sc5q	figs-metonymy		0	he will kill the leaders in many countries	This means that Yahweh will cause this to happen, not that he will personally kill the leaders. Alternate translation: “he will cause the leaders in many countries to be killed” or “he will allow the leaders in many countries to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	110	7	uw7e	figs-explicit		0	He will drink of the brook along the road	The king only stops briefly for a drink and then he continues the pursuit of his enemies. Alternate translation: “As he pursues his enemies, he will only stop to drink quickly from a brook” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	110	7	mb7t	figs-synecdoche		0	of the brook	This means the he will drink water from the brook. A brook is a small stream. Alternate translation: “he will drink water from the brook” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	110	7	hi2c			0	and then	Alternate translation: “and so” or “therefore”
PSA	110	7	qf91			0	he will lift his head	This could mean: (1) the king lifts up his own head or (2) Yahweh lifts up the head of the king.
PSA	110	7	c1xr	figs-idiom		0	he will lift his head up high after victory	People raised their heads when they are victorious, confident, and joyful. Alternate translation: “he will confidently lift his head after victory” or “he will be victorious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	111	intro	mk5d			0		# Psalm 111 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 111 is a psalm of praise to God for his miracles and care. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s character<br><br>God is great. He has given his people food and a land always keeps his promises to his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])
PSA	111	1	gj78	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	111	1	ydq8	figs-metonymy		0	with my whole heart	Here the word “heart” represents the person’s entire inner being and emotions. Alternate translation: “with all that I am” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	111	1	wk3i	figs-doublet		0	in the assembly of the upright, in their gathering	These two phrases mean that same thing and may be combined if necessary. Alternate translation: “in the gathering of upright people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	111	2	t1nm	figs-activepassive		0	eagerly awaited by all those who desire them	The word “them” refers to the “works of Yahweh.” If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “all those who desire the works of Yahweh eagerly await them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	111	2	hfu9			0	eagerly awaited	This could mean: (1) “sought after” or (2) “studied.”
PSA	111	4	iu4t	figs-activepassive		0	that will be remembered	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that people will always remember” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	111	5	b5ar	figs-idiom		0	call to mind	This is an idiom that means to remember. Alternate translation: “remember” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	111	6	xr2m			0	his powerful works	Alternate translation: “his works that demonstrated his power”
PSA	111	6	v69n	figs-metaphor		0	the inheritance of the nations	The writer speaks of the land that belonged to the nations in Canaan as if it were their inheritance. Alternate translation: “the land that belonged to other nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	111	7	t14c	figs-synecdoche		0	The works of his hands	Here the word “hands” refers to Yahweh, himself. Alternate translation: “The works that he does” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	111	8	aj31	figs-activepassive		0	They are established forever	This means that Yahweh’s instructions are unchangeable and will last forever. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “He has established them forever” or “They will last forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	111	8	shk9	figs-activepassive		0	to be observed faithfully and properly	This could mean: (1) Yahweh has given his instructions in a faithful and proper manner or (2) his people are to observe Yahweh’s instructions in a faithful and proper manner. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “for his people to observe them faithfully and properly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	111	9	e4zm	figs-metonymy		0	holy and awesome is his name	Here the word “name” refers to Yahweh, himself. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is holy and awesome” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	111	10	x95h	figs-abstractnouns		0	the beginning of wisdom	The word “wisdom” can be translated as “wise.” Alternate translation: “the first step to becoming wise” or “the most important thing to become wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	111	10	rv8i			0	those who carry out his instructions	Alternate translation: “those who obey his instructions”
PSA	111	10	vh6q	figs-abstractnouns		0	His praise endures forever	The word “praise” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “People will praise him forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	112	intro	s165			0		# Psalm 112 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 112 is a wisdom psalm teaching the value of a righteous life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Righteous people<br><br>The righteous people will be well-known for their generosity and they will not have to worry about bad news because God is taking care of them.
PSA	112	1	m17p	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	112	1	s1nc			0	greatly delights	Alternate translation: “takes great pleasure”
PSA	112	2	yd3e	figs-activepassive		0	the descendants of the godly man will be blessed	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bless the descendants of the godly man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	112	3	uu3p	figs-metonymy		0	Wealth and riches are in his house	Here the word “house” represents the family. The words “Wealth” and “riches” mean basically the same thing and indicate an abundance of wealth. Alternate translation: “His family is very wealthy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	112	4	kw55	figs-metaphor		0	Light shines in the darkness for the godly person	The writer speaks of God blessing the godly person in difficult times as if it were a light shining in darkness. Alternate translation: “The blessings that a godly person receives from God are like a light that shines in the darkness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	112	5	q9qm	figs-ellipsis		0	lends money	The understood information can be made clear. Alternate translation: “lends his money to other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	112	6	vvk4	figs-activepassive		0	For he will never be moved	he will not be troubled or overwhelmed by circumstances for his trust is in Yahweh? If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “For nothing will ever move him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	112	6	d3ji	figs-activepassive		0	the righteous person will be remembered forever	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will remember the righteous person forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	112	8	b8q2	figs-synecdoche		0	His heart is tranquil	“His heart is supported.” Here the word “heart” refers to the person. This could mean: (1) “He is at peace” or (2) “He is confident” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	112	9	yw9m			0	his righteousness endures forever	“his righteous deeds will endure forever.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 112:3](../112/003.md).
PSA	112	9	d44a	figs-activepassive		0	he will be exalted with honor	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will exalt him by giving him honor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	112	10	rn5k			0	will see this	“will see that things go well for the godly person.” The word “this” refers to everything good that the writer has described in the previous verses about the godly person.
PSA	112	10	c3ev	translate-symaction		0	he will grind his teeth in rage	The grinding of teeth is an expression of extreme anger. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Psalms 35:16](../035/016.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
PSA	112	10	xx9c	figs-metaphor		0	melt away	The writer speaks of the wicked person’s eventual death as if that person were something, such as ice, that can melt. Alternate translation: “eventually die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	112	10	ig26	figs-metonymy		0	the desire of the wicked people will perish	Here, **desire** could mean: (1) the emotional desire that wicked people have. Alternate translation: “the things that wicked people want to do will never happen” or (2) it is a metonym for the things that wicked people have desired. Alternate translation: “wicked people will lose the things that they desired” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	113	intro	p4uj			0		# Psalm 113 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 113 is a psalm of praise to God for his goodness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s help<br><br>God helps the poor and gives children to the wife who cannot conceive children.
PSA	113	1	qx3m	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	113	1	pvw9	figs-metonymy		0	the name of Yahweh	Here the word “name” represents Yahweh, himself. Alternate translation: “Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	113	3	fc3w	figs-merism		0	From the rising of the sun to its setting	This phrase refers to the directions east, where the sun rises, and west, where the sun sets. The writer uses these two extremes to represent everywhere on earth. See how you translated this in [Psalms 50:1](../050/001.md). Alternate translation: “Everywhere on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
PSA	113	3	l5e2	figs-metonymy		0	Yahweh’s name should be praised	Here the word “name” represents Yahweh, himself. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people should praise Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	113	4	s2f9	figs-metaphor		0	his glory reaches above the skies	The glory of God is spoken of as if it was very high. Alternate translation: “his glory is higher than the skies” or “his glory is enormously great” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	113	5	wih3	figs-rquestion		0	Who is like Yahweh our God, who has his seat on high	This is the first part of a rhetorical question that the writer asks to emphasize that there is no one like Yahweh. It may be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is no one like Yahweh our God, who has his seat on high” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	113	5	q76s			0	who has his seat on high	Alternate translation: “who is enthroned on high” or “who rules in the highest position”
PSA	113	6	ig92	figs-rquestion		0	who looks down at the sky and at the earth	This is the second part of a rhetorical question that the writer asks to emphasize that there is no one like Yahweh. It may be translated as a statement that begins a new sentence. Alternate translation: “There is no one like Yahweh our God, who looks down at the sky and at the earth.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	113	7	d8bp	figs-parallelism		0	He raises up the poor … from the ash heap	These two phrases are parallel. The writer speaks of Yahweh helping and honoring people who are poor as if Yahweh caused them to stand up from sitting in dirt and ashes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	113	7	rib6	translate-symaction		0	out of the dirt … from the ash heap	Sitting in dirt and ashes represents either poverty or despair. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
PSA	113	8	ztn3	figs-parallelism		0	so that he may seat him with princes, with the princes of his people	Here the second phrase clarifies that the first phrase refers to the princes of Yahweh’s people. These two statements can be combined. Alternate translation: “so that Yahweh may seat him next to rulers of his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	113	9	c3e3	figs-metonymy		0	He gives a home to the barren woman of the house	Here “home” refers to the children that live in a home. Alternate translation: “He gives children to the woman who had none” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	114	intro	vu9f			0		# Psalm 114 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 114 is a psalm of praise to God for his miracles in bringing the people of Israel to the promised land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Praise<br><br>The psalmist praised God for opening up the Red Sea for the people to cross, for providing the earthquake that stopped the Jordan River so the people could cross and providing water from a rock for the people to drink.
PSA	114	1	eph8	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	114	1	d4dj	figs-parallelism		0	When Israel left Egypt, the house of Jacob from a people who spoke a foreign language	These two lines are parallel, with “Israel” and “the house of Jacob” meaning the same thing and “Egypt” and “that foreign people” referring to the same people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	114	1	trv6	figs-metonymy		0	the house of Jacob from a people who spoke a foreign language	The word “house” here represents the family or descendents. The verb may be supplied to this phrase. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Jacob left people who spoke a language that the descendants of Jacob did not understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	114	2	rxv7	figs-metonymy		0	Judah became his holy place, Israel his kingdom	Possible meanings for **Judah** and **Israel** are: (1) they refer to the land. Alternate translation: “The land of Judah became Yahweh’s holy place, the land of Israel became his kingdom” or (2) they are metonyms for the people of Judah and Israel. Alternate translation: “The people of Judah became those among whom Yahweh lived, the people of Israel became those over whom he ruled” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	114	3	pq6x	figs-personification		0	The sea looked and fled	The writer speaks of the Sea of Reeds as if it were a person who fled away as Yahweh led the people of Israel through on dry ground. Alternate translation: “It was as though the sea looked and fled” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	114	3	wht9	figs-personification		0	the Jordan turned back	The writer speaks of the Jordan River as if it were a person who retreated as Yahweh led the people of Israel through on dry ground. Alternate translation: “it was as though the Jordan retreated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	114	4	hr5q	figs-personification		0	The mountains skipped like rams, the hills skipped like lambs	The writer speaks of the mountains and hills as if they are alive. He is probably speaking of an earthquake when he describes their fear at the presence of Yahweh as if they were jumping like rams and lambs. Alternate translation: “It was as if the mountains shook like jumping rams and the hills shook like jumping lambs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	114	5	a5rh	figs-rquestion		0	General Information:	Verses 5-6 contain four rhetorical questions. The expected answer to each question is found in verse 7, “because of the presence of the Lord.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	114	6	m256	figs-personification		0	skip like rams … skip like lambs	The writer speaks of the mountains and hills as if they are alive. He is probably speaking of an earthquake when he describes their fear at the presence of Yahweh as if they were jumping like rams and lambs. See how you translated similar phrases in [Psalms 114:4](./004.md). Alternate translation: “shake like jumping rams … shake like jumping lambs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	114	7	xi33	figs-parallelism		0	Tremble, earth, before the Lord, at the presence of the God of Jacob	The last two phrases are parallel. The verb may be supplied in the second line. Alternate translation: “Tremble, earth, before the Lord, tremble at the presence of the God of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	114	7	k6tn	figs-personification		0	Tremble, earth	This could mean: (1) the writer is speaking to the earth as if it were a person and commands it to tremble with fear before God or (2) the word “earth” is a metonym for those who live on the earth. Alternate translation: “Tremble, everyone one earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	114	8	u6n5	figs-parallelism		0	He turned the rock into a pool of water, the hard rock into a spring of water	These two phrases are parallel. The writer describes Yahweh causing water to flow from the rock as if he turned the rock into water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	114	8	ca4j	figs-ellipsis		0	the hard rock into a spring of water	The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “He turned the hard rock into a spring of water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	115	intro	it4i			0		# Psalm 115 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 115 is a psalm of praise.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s power<br><br>God is in heaven and is able to do whatever he wants. Idols can not do anything. Therefore, people and priests should trust God for their protection. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])
PSA	115	1	i2ig	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	115	1	l7ze	figs-doublet		0	Not to us, Yahweh, not to us	The writer repeats the phrase “Not to us” in order to emphasize that they are not worthy to receive the honor that is due only to Yahweh. If necessary, a verbal phrase may be supplied here. Alternate translation: “Do not bring honor to us, Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	115	1	a1ln			0	to us	The word “us” refers to the people of Israel.
PSA	115	1	xrr8	figs-metonymy		0	but to your name bring honor	Here the word “name” represents Yahweh, himself. Alternate translation: “but bring honor to yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	115	1	ckd9	figs-abstractnouns		0	for your covenant faithfulness and for your trustworthiness	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **trustworthiness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “because you are faithful to your covenant and you are worthy of people trusting you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	115	2	frw2	figs-rquestion		0	Why should the nations say, “Where is their God?”	This rhetorical question emphasizes that there should be no reason for the nations to say what they say. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “The people of the nations should not be able to say, ‘Where is their God?’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	115	2	ya4w	figs-rquestion		0	Where is their God?	The people of other nations use this question to mock the people of Israel and to express that they do not see Yahweh helping them. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Your God is not here to help you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	115	4	ums8	figs-synecdoche		0	the work of men’s hands	Here the word “hands” represents the people who made the idols. Alternate translation: “things which men have made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	115	5	p4em	figs-explicit		0	Those idols have mouths	The idols do not have real mouths, eyes, ears, or noses. Rather, people made them with the likeness of mouths, eyes, ears, and noses. The writer is emphasizing that these idols are not really alive. You can make clear the implied information. Alternate translation: “People have given mouths to those idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	115	7	n3bn	figs-explicit		0	Those idols have hands	The idols do not have real hands, feet, or mouths. Rather, people made them with the likeness of hands, feet, and mouths. The writer is emphasizing that these idols are not really alive. You can make this implicit information clear. Alternate translation: “People have given hands to those idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	115	7	ak88			0	but do not feel	Alternate translation: “but those hands do not feel”
PSA	115	8	x5i2	figs-explicit		0	Those who make them are like them, as is everyone who trusts in them	Those who make and worship idols become lifeless and powerless, just like those idols. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Those who make them become lifeless like they are, as does everyone who trusts in them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	115	9	tqr6	figs-metonymy		0	Israel, trust in Yahweh	The word “Israel” represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “People of Israel, trust in Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	115	9	l1tq	figs-metaphor		0	your help and shield	The writer speaks of Yahweh as if he were a shield because he protects his people as a shield would protect them from harm. Alternate translation: “the one who helps you and protects you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	115	10	fa9s	figs-metonymy		0	House of Aaron	Here the word “House” represents the family or descendants. This phrase refers to the priests, who were descendants of Aaron. Alternate translation: “Descendants of Aaron” or “Priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	115	12	sbd2			0	takes notice of us	Alternate translation: “has paid attention to us”
PSA	115	12	bns5	figs-metonymy		0	the family of Israel	This refers to the people of Israel, who are descendants of Jacob, who also called Israel. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	115	12	bu8h	figs-metonymy		0	the family of Aaron	This refers to the priests, who are descendants of Aaron. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Aaron” or “the priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	115	13	j4vy	figs-merism		0	both young and old	“both small and great.” Possible meanings are that this refers: (1) to social status or (2) to age. In either case, the two extremes represent every person, regardless of age or social status. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
PSA	115	14	fg71	figs-explicit		0	May Yahweh increase your numbers more and more	The writer is speaking of the number of children that the people of Israel would have. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh increase the number of your children more and more” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	115	14	ezp4			0	yours and your descendants’	“both your children and your descendants’ children.” The writer clarifies that his request for more children applies not only to the present generation, but to their descendants, as well.
PSA	115	15	psd5	figs-activepassive		0	May you be blessed by Yahweh, who made heaven and earth	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh, who made heaven and earth, bless you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	115	16	qu64			0	the earth he has given to mankind	This does not mean that the earth does not belong to Yahweh, but that has given the earth to mankind as a dwelling place.
PSA	115	17	n4er	figs-nominaladj		0	The dead	The adjective “dead” may be translated with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “People who are dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	115	17	m2zu	figs-ellipsis		0	nor do any who go down into silence	This parallel phrase has a similar meaning to phrase before it. The verb may be supplied from that previous phrase to make the meaning clear. Alternate translation: “nor do any who go down into silence praise Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	115	17	hd34	figs-metaphor		0	nor do any who go down into silence	The writer speaks of the grave or the place of the dead as a place of silence where no one can speak. This is a euphemism for death. Alternate translation: “nor do any who go to the place of the dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
PSA	115	18	m43y			0	But we	The word “we” refers to the people of Israel who are still alive.
PSA	116	intro	r7gl			0		# Psalm 116 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 116 is a psalm of praise for saving the psalmist’s life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Healing<br><br>The author was very sick and expected to die but God healed him. So he will pay his vow and sacrifice an offering of thanks. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]])
PSA	116	1	y25k	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	116	1	w8ar	figs-synecdoche		0	he hears my voice and my pleas for mercy	Here the word “voice” represents the person who is speaking. The abstract nouns “pleas” and “mercy” can be stated as “plead” and “merciful.” Alternate translation: “he hears me when I plead for him to be merciful to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	116	3	mte5	figs-personification		0	The cords of death surrounded me	The writer speaks of death as if it were a person who could capture him and bind him with ropes. See how you translated this in [Psalms 18:4](../018/004.md). Alternate translation: “I felt like I was about to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	116	3	w8sp	figs-personification		0	the snares of Sheol confronted me	The writer speaks of “Sheol,” the place of the dead, as if it were a person who could trap him with snares. Alternate translation: “I felt as if I were ready to enter the grave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	116	4	sp5a	figs-metonymy		0	called on the name of Yahweh	Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “called out to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	116	4	uq14	figs-synecdoche		0	rescue my life	Here the word “life” represents the person. Alternate translation: “rescue me” or “keep me from dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	116	6	wd2c	figs-nominaladj		0	the naive	This refers to people who are inexperienced or who cannot care for themselves. The adjective can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “those who are naive” or “those who are helpless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	116	6	ll37	figs-metaphor		0	I was brought low	The writer speaks of being humbled as in being in a lower position. Alternate translation: “I was helpless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	116	7	sc4h	figs-metaphor		0	My soul can return to its resting place	The writer speaks of having peace and confidence as if it were a place where his soul can rest. The word “soul” represents the person. Alternate translation: “I can rest in peace again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	116	8	x6na	figs-metonymy		0	you rescued my life from death	Here the word “you” refers to Yahweh. The word “life” represents the person. Alternate translation: “you have saved me from death” or “you have kept me from dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	116	8	i9p2	figs-ellipsis		0	my eyes from tears	The verbal phrase may be supplied from the previous phrase to make the meaning clear. Alternate translation: “you have rescued my eyes from tears” or “you have kept me from crying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	116	8	b6lj	figs-synecdoche		0	my feet from stumbling	The verbal phrase may be supplied from the previous phrase to make the meaning clear. The feet here represent the person. Stumbling here probably represents being killed by his enemies. Alternate translation: “you have rescued me from stumbling” or “you have kept me from being killed by my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	116	9	nz3e			0	in the land of the living	“in this world where people are alive.” This is in contrast to the place of the dead.
PSA	116	10	v8l2	figs-activepassive		0	I am greatly afflicted	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I suffer greatly” or “People afflict me very much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	116	11	i5hw			0	In my confusion I said	Alternate translation: “I said too quickly” or “I said without considering”
PSA	116	11	m4td			0	All men are liars	Alternate translation: “Every person is a liar” or “All people are liars”
PSA	116	12	vxb4	figs-rquestion		0	How can I repay Yahweh … to me?	The writer asks this leading question to introduce how he will respond to what Yahweh has done for him. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “This is how I will repay Yahweh … to me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	116	13	s8vs	figs-explicit		0	I will raise the cup of salvation	This is probably a reference to a drink offering, which was a sacrifice that involved pouring wine on the altar, and which the writer will offer in response to Yahweh saving him. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “I will present a drink offering to Yahweh because he saved me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	116	13	fa8n	figs-metonymy		0	call on the name of Yahweh	Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “call on Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	116	15	brj4	figs-explicit		0	Precious in the sight of Yahweh is the death of his faithful ones	The word “Precious” here does not imply that Yahweh values the death of his saints, but that the death of his saints is costly to him and grieves him. Here sight represents judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “Yahweh considers the death of his saints to be a costly thing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	116	16	xp66	figs-explicit		0	the son of your servant woman	This is likely a reference to the writer’s mother and indicates that she faithfully worshiped Yahweh. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “as my mother was” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	116	16	r6jc	figs-metaphor		0	you have taken away my bonds	The writer speaks of being in danger of dying as if he had been chained in prison. Alternate translation: “you have saved me from death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	116	17	nqi1			0	the sacrifice of thanksgiving	Alternate translation: “a sacrifice to express my thankfulness”
PSA	116	17	qr1l	figs-metonymy		0	will call on the name of Yahweh	Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “will call on Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	116	18	ttr5			0	I will fulfill … all his people	See how you translated [Psalms 116:14](../116/014.md).
PSA	116	19	u16b	figs-metonymy		0	in the courts of Yahweh’s house	The word “house” refers to Yahweh’s temple. Alternate translation: “in the courtyards of Yahweh’s temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	116	19	hv6v	figs-personification		0	in your midst, Jerusalem	The writer speaks to Jerusalem as though it were a person. Alternate translation: “in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
PSA	117	intro	kfu1			0		# Psalm 117 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 117 is a psalm of praise.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Praise<br><br>Everyone should praise God for his love and unending faithfulness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])
PSA	117	1	wmd2	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	117	2	ce43			0	For his	Alternate translation: “Because his”
PSA	117	2	t4z5	figs-abstractnouns		0	his covenant faithfulness is great toward us	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “he does great things for us because he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	117	2	uht9	figs-abstractnouns		0	the trustworthiness of Yahweh endures forever	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **trustworthiness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective or a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “Yahweh remains trustworthy forever” or “Yahweh will forever be worthy of people trusting him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	118	intro	z9au			0		# Psalm 118 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 118 is a psalm of war and is about Christ. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Rejected stone<br><br>The author praised Yahweh for his rescuing him. God enabled him to overpower his enemies. The new Testament, and even Jesus himself, saw the rejected stone as a reference to the Messiah’s rejection by the Jewish leaders. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])
PSA	118	1	g414	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	118	1	af6g			0	Give thanks to Yahweh, for he is good	Alternate translation: “Thank Yahweh because of the good things he does”
PSA	118	1	qcw2	figs-abstractnouns		0	his covenant faithfulness endures forever	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “he remains faithful to his covenant forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	118	2	zs4m	figs-metonymy		0	Let Israel say	The word “Israel” represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Let the people of Israel say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	118	3	cy9b	figs-metonymy		0	Let the house of Aaron say	Here the word “house” represents the family and descendants of a person. This phrase refers to the priests, who were descendants of Aaron. Alternate translation: “Let the descendants of Aaron say” or “Let the priests say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	118	3	iu6a	figs-abstractnouns		0	His covenant faithfulness endures forever	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. See how you translated this in [Psalms 118:1-2](./001.md). Alternate translation: “He remains faithful to his covenant forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	118	4	e43s			0	the loyal followers of Yahweh	Alternate translation: “those who fear Yahweh” or “those who worship Yahweh”
PSA	118	5	j39j	figs-metaphor		0	set me free	The writer speaks of Yahweh saving him from distress as if Yahweh had taken him from a place of confinement to a wide open space where he could move about freely. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	118	6	eux4	figs-rquestion		0	what can man do to me?	The writer asks this rhetorical question to emphasize that there is nothing that man can do to hurt him since Yahweh is with him. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “people cannot do anything to harm me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	118	7	j4le	figs-idiom		0	Yahweh is on my side as my helper	To be on one’s side is an idiomatic expression that indicates that that person approves of and will help another. Alternate translation: “Yahweh approves of me and will help me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	118	7	k4dj	figs-explicit		0	I will look in triumph on those who hate me	It is implied that Yahweh is the one who will defeat the writer’s enemies, while the writer looks on. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “I will see Yahweh defeating all those who hate me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	118	8	c7t1	figs-metaphor		0	to take shelter in Yahweh	God is spoken of as if he were a shelter, a place where people can be protected. Alternate translation: “to seek protection from Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	118	9	rm2b	figs-metaphor		0	to take refuge in Yahweh	This verse is parallel to the one preceding it. God is spoken of as if he were a refuge, a place where people can be protected. Alternate translation: “to seek protection from Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	118	10	f41h	figs-metonymy		0	All the nations	Here the word “nations” represents the armies of those nations. The writer uses hyperbole to emphasize the great number of armies that surrounded him. Alternate translation: “The armies of many nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
PSA	118	10	hvq8	figs-metonymy		0	in Yahweh’s name	Here the word “name” represents Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “by Yahweh’s power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	118	10	tc44	figs-metaphor		0	I cut them off	The writer speaks of defeating the enemy armies as if he were cutting them off like a person would cut a branch off of a plant. Alternate translation: “I defeated them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	118	12	j3q1	figs-simile		0	They surrounded me like bees	The writer compares the enemy armies to a swarm of bees. Alternate translation: “They surrounded me like a swarm of bees would surround a person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	118	12	j2cs	figs-simile		0	they disappeared as quickly as fire among thorns	Just like dry thorns burn out quickly, the attack of the enemy armies was quickly over. Alternate translation: “their attack lasted only a short time, as a fire that consumes thorns quickly dies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	118	13	y5sd	figs-metaphor		0	to knock me down	The writer speaks of the enemy armies trying to defeat him as if they were trying to push him down onto the ground. Alternate translation: “in order to defeat me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	118	14	r27j			0	Yahweh is my strength and joy	Alternate translation: “Yahweh gives me strength and joy”
PSA	118	15	y8x1	figs-activepassive		0	The joyful shout of victory is heard in the tents of the righteous	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People hear the joyful shout of victory in the tents of the righteous” or “The righteous shout joyfully for victory in their tents” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	118	15	yq3x	figs-metonymy		0	the right hand of Yahweh conquers	Here the word “hand” represents Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has conquered by his great strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	118	16	p8gg	translate-symaction		0	The right hand of Yahweh is exalted	Here, to raise one’s hand is a gesture of victory. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has exalted his right hand” or “Yahweh has raised his right hand in victory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	118	17	t6ql	figs-doublet		0	I will not die, but live	The writer states the same idea both negatively and positively to emphasize that he will certainly live. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	118	18	ta77			0	Yahweh has punished me	Alternate translation: “Yahweh has disciplined me”
PSA	118	18	f92a	figs-personification		0	he has not handed me over to death	The writer speaks of death as if it were a person under whose power Yahweh could place the writer. Alternate translation: “he has not allowed me to die” or “he has not allowed my enemies to kill me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	118	19	h3z5	figs-explicit		0	Open to me the gates of righteousness	“Open to me the gates through which the righteous people enter.” This is a reference to the gates of the temple, and the writer is addressing the gatekeepers. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Open for me the temple gates” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	118	20	auq4			0	the gate of Yahweh	Alternate translation: “the gate that leads to Yahweh’s presence” or “Yahweh’s gate”
PSA	118	21	u256			0	I will give thanks to you	Here the writer begins to speak to Yahweh.
PSA	118	21	dqj9	figs-abstractnouns		0	you have become my salvation	The word “salvation” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “you have saved me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	118	22	kk3n	writing-proverbs		0	The stone that the builders rejected has become the cornerstone	This is likely a proverb that the writer has used to describe either the king or the nation of Israel. That which others have considered worthless, Yahweh has made to be the most important. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]])
PSA	118	23	ta5n	figs-idiom		0	it is marvelous in our eyes	This could mean: (1) “it is a marvelous thing for us to see” or (2) “we consider it to be a marvelous thing.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	118	24	k6jd	figs-doublet		0	rejoice and be glad	These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of joy. Alternate translation: “be very glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	118	26	wj3i			0	Blessed is he who comes in the name of Yahweh	Here the priests begin to address the king.
PSA	118	26	iq2u	figs-metonymy		0	he who comes in the name of Yahweh	Here the word “name” represents Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “the one who comes in the power of the Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	118	26	eh79			0	we bless you from the house of Yahweh	Here the priests address the people.
PSA	118	26	lp9e	figs-metonymy		0	the house of Yahweh	The word “house” refers to the temple. Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	118	27	l5mq	figs-metaphor		0	he has given us light	The writer speaks of Yahweh blessing his people as if Yahweh were shining a light on them. Alternate translation: “he has blessed us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	118	27	r4wh			0	bind the sacrifice with cords	Alternate translation: “tie the sacrifice with rope”
PSA	118	28	rb4j			0	You are my God	Here the writer begins to speak again and addresses Yahweh directly.
PSA	118	29	b2wp	figs-exclamations		0	Oh	This is an exclamation that should be translated with whatever exclamation of emphasis you have in your language to make it sound natural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
PSA	118	29	vx5j			0	give thanks to Yahweh; for he is good	“thank Yahweh because of the good things he does.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 118:1](../118/001.md).
PSA	118	29	k1qj	figs-abstractnouns		0	his covenant faithfulness endures forever	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. See how you translated this in [Psalms 118:1-2](./001.md). Alternate translation: “he remains faithful to his covenant forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	119	intro	yf89			0		# Psalm 119 General Notes<br><br>## Formatting in this chapter<br><br>This is an alphabetic psalm with twenty-two groups of eight verses each all beginning with the same letter of the alphabet in the alphabetical order of the Hebrew alphabet.<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 119 is a wisdom psalm about the Law of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### The Law<br><br>The author loved the law of God and was blessed by obeying it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])
PSA	119	1	ipj6	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	119	1	r86i			0	Blessed are those	Alternate translation: “How good it is for those”
PSA	119	1	a56q	figs-metaphor		0	those whose ways are blameless	How a person behaves is spoken of as “ways” or “paths.” Alternate translation: “those whose behavior is blameless” or “those whom no one can blame for doing wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	1	sjt3	figs-metaphor		0	who walk in the law of Yahweh	The way a person lives or behaves is spoken of as walking. Alternate translation: “who live according to the law of Yahweh” or “who obey the law of Yahweh.” This phrase clarifies the meaning of “whose ways are blameless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	2	wxv2			0	who seek him with all their heart	To “seek” God means to want to know him.
PSA	119	2	r3jr	figs-idiom		0	with all their heart	This is an idiom which means intensely or sincerely. Alternate translation: “with all their being” or “with everything in them” or “sincerely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	119	3	c892			0	General Information:	Most of this psalm is addressed to God, and the words “you” and “your” almost always refer to him.
PSA	119	3	f4is			0	They do no wrong	They do not disobey Yahweh.
PSA	119	3	rps7			0	they walk in his ways	Here their behavior is spoken of as “walking,” and the way God wants them to behave is spoken of as “his ways.” Alternate translation: “they behave as Yahweh wants them to”
PSA	119	4	a6ze			0	keep your instructions	Alternate translation: “obey all the things that you have declared that we should do”
PSA	119	4	w8v4			0	carefully observe them	This is to carefully know and understand the commandments and to obey those commandments.
PSA	119	5	gu12	figs-metaphor		0	I would be firmly established	The writer speaks of being established in God’s commandments as if no one could physically make him move. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	5	eqk4			0	observance of your statutes	Alternate translation: “in obeying your statutes”
PSA	119	6	v2e6			0	I would not be put to shame	The writer does not want to be ashamed when he is in God’s presence.
PSA	119	6	ecl7			0	all your commandments	Alternate translation: “all that you have commanded us”
PSA	119	7	hd5j	figs-idiom		0	an upright heart	“a sincere heart.” A person who is sincere will do what is right. The heart refers to the center of emotions in a person. See how you translated “uprightness” in [Psalms 25:21](../025/021.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	119	8	v49a			0	your statutes	“Statutes” refers to God’s laws or commands.
PSA	119	9	lp29	figs-rquestion		0	How can a young person keep his path pure?	This question is used to introduce a new value to the word of God. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “This is how a young person can keep his path pure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	119	9	gm1y	figs-metaphor		0	keep his path pure	The writer compares living according to God’s law as a path kept clear of obstructions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	10	h5t8	figs-idiom		0	With my whole heart	This is an idiom. The heart refers to all of one’s emotions, feelings, desires, and will. Alternate translation: “with all my being” or “with everything in me” or “sincerely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	119	10	kqg2	figs-metaphor		0	Do not let me stray from your commandments	Here to disobey God’s commandments is described as straying off a path. Alternate translation: “Do not let me disobey your commandments” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	11	f3ke	figs-metaphor		0	I have stored up your word in my heart	“I have put your words in my heart.” This is a metaphor that means “I have memorized your word.” The heart is pictured as a container that can hold what people think. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	14	ktv7			0	more than in all riches	Alternate translation: “more than all the wealth”
PSA	119	15	e5hd	figs-parallelism		0	I will meditate … and pay attention	These are parallel thoughts that have similar meanings, which are repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	119	15	v9ru			0	meditate on your instructions	Alternate translation: “think carefully about what you have instructed us”
PSA	119	15	rb5a	figs-idiom		0	pay attention	This idiom refers to thinking clearly about what is being discussed. Alternate translation: “give careful thought” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	119	16	il7r			0	I delight	to take pleasure
PSA	119	17	fr7n			0	your servant	The writer called himself “your servant” to show his humility.
PSA	119	18	jpj2	figs-metaphor		0	Open my eyes so that I may see	The author speaks of gaining understanding, knowledge and wisdom as being able to see. Alternate translation: Help me to understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	18	d25d	figs-metaphor		0	marvelous things in your law	The author speaks of insight into the law as objects to marvel at. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	18	a35a			0	in your law	Alternate translation: “in your instructions” or “in your commands”
PSA	119	19	att5	figs-metaphor		0	I am a foreigner in the land	This could mean: (1) the writers speaks of his short life on earth as if he were a foreigner who would not stay long in the land. Alternate translation: “I am like a foreigner living a short time in the land” or (2) the writer’s ignorance of God’s law as if he were a foreigner who did not know the laws of the land. Alternate translation: “I am ignorant like a foreigner in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	20	y84c	figs-metaphor		0	My desires are crushed by the longing	The writer speaks of his desires being very strong as if they were in pain. Alternate translation: “My inner being strongly desires to know” or “My soul aches because I want so much to know” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	21	r8y6			0	who are cursed	This could mean: (1) God will curse them or (2) they deserve God’s punishment. Alternate translation: “who deserve your punishment”
PSA	119	21	k8t4	figs-metaphor		0	who wander from your commandments	The writer speaks of disobeying God’s commandments as if they were a path that can be wandered off from. Alternate translation: “who go away from the path of your commandments” or “who disobey your commandments” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	22	nqp7			0	Spare me from	Alternate translation: “Keep me from” or “Rescue me from”
PSA	119	23	z9ci			0	Though rulers plot and slander me	Alternate translation: “Though rulers make plans to harm me and say bad things about me”
PSA	119	24	pb1g			0	Your covenant decrees are my delight	Alternate translation: “Your covenant decrees make me very happy.”
PSA	119	24	rta6	figs-personification		0	they are my counselors	God’s decrees are spoken of as if they were people. Alternate translation: “they are like wise counselors to me” or “they give me wise counsel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	119	25	v3c7	figs-idiom		0	My life clings to the dust	This is an idiom. Possible meanings are that: (1) he thought that he would die soon, or (2) he lay in the dust because he was very sad, or (3) he realized that he desired the worthless things of the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	119	25	cn62	figs-idiom		0	Give me life by your word	This is an idiom. Here “life” refers to purpose and significance, not just biological life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	119	25	ks95			0	by your word	Alternate translation: “according to your promise”
PSA	119	26	u8j6	figs-metaphor		0	my ways	What a person does or how he behaves is spoken of as if it were a road or way. Alternate translation: “what I have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	27	x7qh			0	wondrous teachings	Alternate translation: “amazing teachings”
PSA	119	28	n45q			0	with grief	Alternate translation: “because I am so sad”
PSA	119	28	n4h6			0	Strengthen me	“Make me strong.” This may refer to physical strength or spiritual strength.
PSA	119	29	n1pn	figs-metaphor		0	Turn from me the path of deceit	The word “path” here refers to a way of behaving. Alternate translation: “Keep me from following the path of deceit” or “Prevent me from being deceptive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	29	p23d			0	deceit	This could mean: (1) “lying” or (2) “believing lies” or “following lies.”
PSA	119	30	u8gw	figs-metaphor		0	the way of faithfulness	How a person behaves or acts is spoken as if it were a road or way. Alternate translation: “to be faithful to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	31	hf1b	figs-metaphor		0	I cling to your covenant decrees	Holding tightly to them refers to being committed to obeying them. Alternate translation: “I hold tightly to your covenant decrees” or “I am committed to obeying your covenant decrees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	31	zc7g			0	covenant decrees	This refers to the law of Moses.
PSA	119	32	zq4i	figs-metaphor		0	I will run in the path of your commandments	The writer speaks of being focused or committed to obeying God’s commands as if one is running on a path. Alternate translation: “I will be committed to obey your commands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	32	fzh3	figs-idiom		0	you enlarge my heart	This is an idiom. This could mean: (1) “you help me gain greater understanding of your commands” or (2) “you give me greater desire to obey your commands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	119	33	eg16			0	your statutes	This is another way of describing the law of Moses.
PSA	119	33	j4dt			0	to the end	This could mean: (1) “completely” or (2) “to the end of my life” or (3) “to the end of time.”
PSA	119	34	uwv4			0	keep your law	Alternate translation: “obey your law”
PSA	119	34	r2ux			0	I will observe it with all my heart	Alternate translation: “I will surely observe your law” or “I am completely committed to doing what it says”
PSA	119	34	ij5y	figs-idiom		0	with all my heart	This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “with all my being” or “with everything in me” or “sincerely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	119	35	bh21	figs-metaphor		0	Guide me in the path of your commandments	“Guide me according to your commandments” or “Teach me to obey your commandments.” God’s commandments are compared to a path that a person walks in obedience to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	36	uc28	figs-idiom		0	Direct my heart toward	This is an idiom. The “heart” here refers to the will, desires, and choices that directs one’s life. Alternate translation: “Make me want” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	119	36	vct5			0	your covenant decrees	“to obey your covenant decrees.” This is referring to obeying the law of Moses.
PSA	119	36	ah76			0	unrighteous gain	“the desire for riches.” This is referring to wealth gained by illegal methods or wrongdoing towards others.
PSA	119	37	t9za	figs-metaphor		0	Turn my eyes from looking at worthless things	This is a metaphor that refers to one desiring things that have no eternal value. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	37	vdd9			0	revive me in your ways	Alternate translation: “make me able to live as you wish me to live”
PSA	119	37	xeu1			0	revive me	Alternate translation: “make my life strong” or “give me strength”
PSA	119	38	yk2j			0	Carry out for your servant your promise that you made to those who honor you	Alternate translation: “Do for your servant what you promised to do for those who honor you”
PSA	119	38	x2tw	figs-explicit		0	your servant	The writer referred to himself as God’s servant to show his humility. Alternate translation: “me, your servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	119	39	yau8			0	I dread	Alternate translation: “I am very afraid of”
PSA	119	39	mk9g	figs-abstractnouns		0	your righteous judgments are good	God judges rightly and his decisions are good. Alternate translation: “Your judgments are righteous and good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	119	40	yl75			0	See	This refers to being aware of the situation. The focus is on knowledge or understanding, rather than just observing.
PSA	119	40	d8v4			0	I have longed for your instructions	This could mean: (1) “I want very much to know your instructions” or (2) “I want very much to obey what you teach us to do.”
PSA	119	40	pr5m	figs-abstractnouns		0	revive me in your righteousness	The word “righteousness” is an abstract noun and refers to being righteous. Alternate translation: “revive me because you are righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	119	40	ci53			0	revive me	This could mean: (1) “Keep me alive” or (2) “Make me strong.”
PSA	119	41	fa7w	figs-ellipsis		0	your salvation	You may make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “give me your salvation” or “save me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	119	42	vms5			0	a reply	Alternate translation: “an answer” or “a response”
PSA	119	43	j9dg			0	Do not take the word of truth from my mouth	Here the writer is represented by his “mouth.” This could mean: (1) “never prevent me from speaking the message about the truth” or (2) “never prevent me from speaking the true message.”
PSA	119	44	mp4n			0	I will observe	Alternate translation: “I will obey”
PSA	119	45	lq9x	figs-metaphor		0	I will walk securely	To walk securely is to live one’s life securely. Alternate translation: “I will live securely in God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	119	45	h23e	figs-idiom		0	I seek your instructions	To “seek” is to perceive, or gain understanding of God’s instructions as if one can see them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	119	46	uj95			0	solemn commands before kings	Alternate translation: “serious commands to kings” or “instructions to kings”
PSA	119	47	y49b			0	I delight in your commandments	This could mean: (1) “I find delight in studying your commandments” or (2) “I am delighted that I have the opportunity to study your commandments.”
PSA	119	48	v87b	figs-idiom		0	lift up my hands to	This is an idiom which means to honor, cherish or respect God’s commandments. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	119	49	gb3p			0	Call to mind your promise	“Remember your promise.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 20:3](../020/003.md)
PSA	119	50	mlp7	figs-sentences		0	This is my comfort in my affliction: that your promise has kept me alive	This clause can be restructured. Alternate translation: “The reason for my comfort is that your promise has kept me alive in my affliction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-sentences]])
PSA	119	51	n3rr	figs-nominaladj		0	The proud	This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “The proud people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	119	51	f89y			0	scoffed at	to mock someone or something that is looked down on, doubted, or not honored
PSA	119	52	nhe2	figs-explicit		0	from ancient times	This is a reference to when the decrees, the Law, were given to Moses many years before. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	119	53	x2f1	figs-idiom		0	Hot anger has taken hold of me	This is an idiom. Anger is expressed as if it is a person that can grab another person. Alternate translation: “I have become very angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	119	54	t7xf			0	Your statutes have been my songs	Alternate translation: “I have used your statutes as lyrics to my music” or “I have created songs from your statutes”
PSA	119	55	ntb8	figs-metonymy		0	I think about your name	Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “I think about you, Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	119	55	iwf2	figs-idiom		0	I keep your law	This is an idiom which means to obey the law. Alternate translation: “I obey your law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	119	56	ch5n			0	my practice	Alternate translation: “my habit”
PSA	119	56	ii8j	figs-idiom		0	I have observed your instructions	This is an idiom which means to follow or to obey those instructions. Alternate translation: “I have obeyed your instructions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	119	57	f7jf	figs-explicit		0	Yahweh is my portion	This means Yahweh is all he wants. Just as the Levites did not receive vast territories of land for the Lord was to be their portion so the writer claims Yahweh as the satisfier of his needs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	119	59	x88a	figs-synecdoche		0	turned my feet	Here “feet” represent the whole person. To repent and choose to obey God’s laws is like turning one’s feet on a path to head in another direction. Alternate translation: “changed my direction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	60	uuk4	figs-doublet		0	I hurry and do not delay	The writer expresses the same idea both positively and negatively in order to emphasize the urgency with which he obeys Yahweh’s commands. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	119	61	i6di	figs-metaphor		0	The cords of the wicked have ensnared me	In this metaphor, wicked or evil people tried to cause the writer to sin like a hunter seeking to catch an animal with a trap. Alternate translation: “My enemies have tried to catch me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	63	tvy5			0	I am a companion of all who honor you	Alternate translation: “I am a friend of all who honor you”
PSA	119	64	p7l3	figs-metaphor		0	The earth, Yahweh, is full of your covenant faithfulness	People everywhere in the world being able to see evidence of Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness is spoken of as if his covenant faithfulness filled the earth. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **covenant faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Psalms 33:5](../033/005.md). Alternate translation: “People everywhere on earth can see that you, Yahweh, are faithful to your covenant” or “Throughout the earth, there is evidence that you, Yahweh, are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	119	65	d39z	figs-123person		0	to your servant	The writer refers to himself as “your servant.” Alternate translation: “to me, your servant” or “to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
PSA	119	65	k4vq	figs-idiom		0	by means of your word	This is an idiom. “Your word” refers to the promises Yahweh has made to the writer. Alternate translation: “as you have promised” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	119	66	x5n2	figs-sentences		0	Teach me proper discernment and understanding, for I have believed in your commandments	Some languages may require change in logical progression. Alternate translation: “Since I have believed in your commandments, teach me proper discernment and understanding” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-sentences]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-intro]])
PSA	119	67	ln6x	figs-activepassive		0	Before I was afflicted	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Before you afflicted me” or “Before you punished me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	119	67	t586	figs-metaphor		0	I went astray	Disobeying God is spoken of as if the person walked on the wrong path. Alternate translation: “I disobeyed you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	67	qc4x	figs-metonymy		0	I observe your word	Here “word” represents commandments. Alternate translation: “I obey your commandments” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	119	69	f9re	figs-nominaladj		0	The arrogant	This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “Arrogant people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	119	69	g5zy	figs-metaphor		0	smeared me with lies	People telling many lies about a person is spoken of as if they made the person dirty by spreading lies over him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	69	ljt8	figs-metonymy		0	with my whole heart	Here “heart” represents a person’s will. Alternate translation: “with complete commitment” or “completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	119	70	kwi4	figs-metonymy		0	Their hearts are hardened	Here “hearts” represents the people’s wills. A person being stubborn is spoken of as if their hearts or wills were hard like a rock. Alternate translation: “They are stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	72	ll7t	figs-metonymy		0	Instruction from your mouth is	Here “mouth” represents what God says. Alternate translation: “The instructions you have spoken are” or “Your instructions are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	119	72	l1f9			0	than thousands of pieces of gold and silver	This can be stated more generally. Alternate translation: “than a large amount of money” or “than great wealth”
PSA	119	73	hf5d	figs-metaphor		0	Your hands have made and fashioned me	God creating a person is spoken of as if God used his hands to shape the person the way someone may shape clay into an object. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	73	wc9b	figs-metonymy		0	Your hands	Here “hands” represents God’s power or action. Alternate translation: “You” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	119	74	u7a8			0	because I find hope in your word	Alternate translation: “because I trust what you say” or “I confidently believe what you say”
PSA	119	75	zx24	figs-abstractnouns		0	in faithfulness you afflicted me	God promises to reward the righteous and punish wrongdoers, so he is faithful to do what he says he will. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “you punished me because you are faithful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	119	76	zzf3	figs-abstractnouns		0	Let your covenant faithfulness comfort me	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Comfort me by showing me that you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	119	76	k57e	figs-123person		0	your servant	The writer refers to himself as “your servant.” Alternate translation: “me, your servant” or “me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
PSA	119	78	j2en	figs-activepassive		0	Let the proud be put to shame	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Put the proud to shame” or “Cause those who are proud to be ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	119	78	l2cs	figs-nominaladj		0	the proud	This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “proud people” or “those who are proud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	119	79	i7zp	figs-metaphor		0	turn to me	People returning in friendship to the writer is spoken of as if they physically turn towards him. Alternate translation: “come to me” or “unite with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	79	u1zx	grammar-connect-words-phrases		0	those who know your covenant decrees	This could mean: (1) this further describes those who honor God or (2) this indicates the purpose for those who honor God to return to the writer. Alternate translation: “so that they may learn your covenant decrees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
PSA	119	80	b84y	figs-metonymy		0	May my heart be blameless	Here “heart” represents a person’s thoughts and motives. Alternate translation: “May I be blameless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	119	80	xg4u	figs-activepassive		0	I may not be put to shame	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I may not be ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	119	81	kx77			0	I hope in your word	Alternate translation: “I confidently trust in what you say”
PSA	119	82	vm5l	figs-synecdoche		0	My eyes long to see your promise	Here “eyes” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I wait and wait for you to do what you promised to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	119	83	pgx9	figs-simile		0	I have become like a wineskin in the smoke	A wineskin is ruined when it hangs for a long time in a smoke-filled place. The writer compares himself to a wineskin that has been ruined by smoke to emphasize that he feels useless. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	119	84	dl2z	figs-rquestion		0	How long must your servant endure this; when will you judge those who persecute me?	The writer uses a question to request God to punish those who persecute him. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Please do not make wait any longer. Punish those who persecute me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	119	84	jt81	figs-123person		0	must your servant	The writer refers to himself as “your servant.” Alternate translation: “must I, your servant” or “must I” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
PSA	119	85	j1jf	figs-metaphor		0	The proud have dug pits for me	The proud are seeking to capture the writer or cause him to do wrong. This is spoken of as if they were hunters digging holes to trap the writer like an animal. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	85	spv2	figs-nominaladj		0	The proud	This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “Proud people” or “Those who are proud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	119	87	pds6	figs-euphemism		0	They have almost made an end to me on earth	This is a polite way of speaking about someone killing someone else. Alternate translation: “They have almost killed me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
PSA	119	88	x4ml	figs-abstractnouns		0	By your steadfast love	“According to your steadfast love.” The phrase “steadfast love” or “faithfulness” can be stated as an adverb. Alternate translation: “because you faithfully love me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	119	89	sp49			0	your word stands forever	Alternate translation: “what you have said will be true forever”
PSA	119	89	t6jr	figs-metaphor		0	your word is established firmly in heaven	This speaks about what God has said as if it were an object that stands firmly upright. Alternate translation: “what you have said will be true in heaven forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	90	uer7	figs-idiom		0	for all generations	“for all future generations.” This is an idiom that means “forever.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	119	91	es2c	figs-personification		0	all things are your servants	All created things are spoken of as if they were persons who can serve God. Alternate translation: “all things serve you” or “all things obey your commands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	119	93	cck9	figs-litotes		0	I will never forget	This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I will always remember” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
PSA	119	93	n64v	figs-explicit		0	for through them you have kept me alive	It is implied that the writer obeys God’s instructions. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “for you have kept me alive because I obey them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	119	94	qu81	figs-metaphor		0	for I seek your instructions	Trying hard to obey God’s instructions is spoken of as if instructions were an object for which a person must search. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	95	d7bk			0	I will seek to understand	Alternate translation: “I will try hard to understand”
PSA	119	96	p32w			0	everything has its limits	Alternate translation: “all things have an end”
PSA	119	96	tr87	figs-metaphor		0	but your commandments are broad, beyond limits	God’s commandments always being true and perfect is spoken of as if God’s commandments were an object that is so wide that it never ends. Alternate translation: “but your commandments are without limits” or “but your commandments are eternal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	98	yp9t	figs-metaphor		0	your commandments are always with me	Constantly thinking about God’s commandments is spoken of as if the commandments were an object that the writer keeps with him always. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	101	m6vx	figs-metaphor		0	I have kept my feet back from every evil path	Avoiding doing what is evil is spoken of as if it were avoiding walking on paths that are evil. Alternate translation: “I have avoided doing what is evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	101	xel3	figs-synecdoche		0	kept my feet	Here “feet” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “kept myself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	119	101	cs59			0	observe your word	Alternate translation: “obey your word” or “observe your commands”
PSA	119	102	kf28	figs-metaphor		0	I have not turned aside from your righteous decrees	Continuing to obey God’s righteous decrees is spoken of as if the writer has not physically turned away from the righteous decrees. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I always obey your righteous decrees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
PSA	119	103	t4ms	figs-metaphor		0	How sweet are your words to my taste, yes, sweeter than honey to my mouth!	The writer delighting in what God says is spoken of as if God’s words were food that tasted sweet to the writer. Alternate translation: “Your words are good and delightful!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	104	bv6d	figs-abstractnouns		0	I gain discernment	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **discernment**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “I learn to discern what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	119	104	p647	figs-metaphor		0	therefore I hate every false way	Evil behavior is spoken of as if it were a false way or road. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	105	b1vw	figs-doublet		0	Your word is a lamp to my feet and a light for my path	These two phrases have similar meanings. They speak about God telling a person how to live as if the person were walking on a path and God’s words were a light that helps the person see where to go. Alternate translation: “Your words tell me how to live my life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	105	id73			0	Your word	Here “word” represents all that God communicates to people.
PSA	119	107	k2ca			0	as you have promised in your word	Alternate translation: “as you have promised to do”
PSA	119	108	de1m	figs-metaphor		0	freewill offerings of my mouth	The writer speaks of his prayer as if it were a sacrifice that he is offering to God. Alternate translation: “my prayer as a sacrifice to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	108	guc7	figs-synecdoche		0	of my mouth	Here “mouth” represents the whole person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	119	109	r1uz	figs-idiom		0	My life is always in my hand	This is an idiom that means the writer’s life is always in danger. Alternate translation: “My enemies are often trying to kill me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	119	109	p41n	figs-litotes		0	I do not forget your law	This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I always remember your laws” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
PSA	119	110	axl9	figs-metaphor		0	The wicked have set a snare for me	Wicked people trying to capture and kill the writer is spoken of as if they were hunters setting a trap to catch an animal. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	110	ike3	figs-nominaladj		0	The wicked	This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “Wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	119	110	n3qq	figs-metaphor		0	I have not strayed from your instructions	Not disobeying God’s instructions is spoken of as if the writer has not walked away from God’s instructions. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I obey your instructions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
PSA	119	111	ma4d	figs-metaphor		0	I claim your covenant decrees as my heritage forever	The writer always cherishing and obeying God’s decrees is spoken of as if the decrees are land or a possession that the writer will inherit. Alternate translation: “Your laws will belong to me forever” or “Your covenant decrees are like a heritage I will keep forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	111	p236	figs-synecdoche		0	they are the joy of my heart	Here “heart” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “they make me joyful” or “I delight in them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	119	112	yy19	figs-metonymy		0	My heart is set on obeying	Here “heart” represents the writer’s will. The phrase “heart is set” is an idiom. It is a way of saying the writer is determined. Alternate translation: “I am determined to obey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	119	112	a2c7			0	to the very end	This could mean: (1) “every one of them” (2) “to the very end of my life” or (3) “to the very end of time”
PSA	119	113	ewl3	figs-metaphor		0	who have a double mind	A person who is not sincere and not fully committed to obeying God is spoken of as if the person has two minds. Alternate translation: “who are not completely committed to obeying you” or “who are insincere” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	114	p5ix	figs-metaphor		0	my hiding place	God making the writer safe is spoken of as if God were a place where the writer could go and hide. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	114	pas2	figs-metaphor		0	my shield	God protecting the writer is spoken of as if God were the writer’s shield. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	114	wtx3			0	I hope in your word	Here “wait” means to wait expectantly. This has the idea of hope and trust. Alternate translation: “I trust in your word”
PSA	119	114	l68r			0	your word	Here “word” represents what God communicates to people.
PSA	119	116	f189			0	Sustain me by your word	Alternate translation: “Give me strength as you said you would” or “Enable me to be strong as you promised”
PSA	119	116	zw3z			0	and not be ashamed of my hope	Here “my hope” represents the writer’s trust in God and his promises. This can be stated as a complete sentence. Alternate translation: “Do not disappoint me” or “Do not cause me shame by not doing what you promised to do”
PSA	119	117	pq8s			0	Support me	Alternate translation: “Help me” or “Strengthen me”
PSA	119	118	kd3f			0	those people are deceptive and unreliable	This could mean: (1) “those people lie and no one can trust them” or (2) “those people make deceitful plans but they will fail”
PSA	119	119	tbp5	figs-simile		0	You remove all the wicked of the earth like slag	Slag is the waste or undesired leftovers in the process of refining gold or other metals. Yahweh removes the wicked people as if they were trash. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	119	119	z8fj	figs-nominaladj		0	the wicked	This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “the wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	119	119	e1lj			0	like slag	Alternate translation: “like trash” or “like waste”
PSA	119	120	p82w	figs-synecdoche		0	My body trembles in fear of you	Here “body” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I shake because I fear you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	119	120	n7mg	figs-explicit		0	I am afraid of your righteous decrees	It is implied that the writer is afraid of God’s righteous decrees because the writer knows that God punishes those who disobey his decrees. You can make the full meaning of this statement explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	119	121	du8n			0	do not abandon me to my oppressors	Alternate translation: “do not allow people to oppress me”
PSA	119	122	dv7q	figs-123person		0	Guarantee the welfare of your servant	The writer speaks about himself as “your servant.” Alternate translation: “Guarantee my welfare” or “Help and protect me, your servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
PSA	119	122	x86e	figs-nominaladj		0	the proud	This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “those who are proud” or “proud people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	119	123	r56e	figs-synecdoche		0	My eyes grow tired as I wait	Here “eyes” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I grow tired because I wait and wait” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	119	123	z4cn	figs-abstractnouns		0	for your salvation and for your righteous word	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “for you to save me as you promised to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	119	123	ptu5			0	your righteous word	Alternate translation: “your righteous promise”
PSA	119	124	k6pq	figs-123person		0	Show your servant	The writer speaks about himself as “your servant.” Alternate translation: “Show me” or “Show me, your servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
PSA	119	124	ygx1	figs-abstractnouns		0	your covenant faithfulness	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adverb or adjective. Alternate translation: “that you faithfully love me” or “that you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	119	125	van8	figs-abstractnouns		0	give me understanding	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **understanding**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “enable me to understand what you want me to know” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	119	126	g82b	figs-123person		0	It is time for Yahweh to act	The writer is speaking to Yahweh in the third person. This can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “It is time for you to act, Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
PSA	119	126	n98z	figs-idiom		0	people have broken your law	This is an idiom. Here “have broken” means “disobeyed.” This is a way of saying the people have disobeyed God’s law. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	119	128	z4ux	figs-metaphor		0	I carefully follow all your instructions	A person carefully obeying all of God’s instructions is spoken of as if as if the instructions were leading a person and that person follows behind. Alternate translation: I carefully obey all of your instructions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	128	p1py	figs-metaphor		0	every path of falsehood	People doing what is evil is spoken of as if they are walking on the wrong path. Alternate translation: “all the bad ways some people live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	130	m49k	figs-metaphor		0	The unfolding of your words gives light	The writer speaks of Yahweh’s words as if those words were fabric that is folded, and of the person who explains Yahweh’s words as if they are unfolding that fabric. Alternate translation: “The explanation of your words gives light” or “When someone explains your words, they give light” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	130	d6rx	figs-metaphor		0	The unfolding of your words gives light	The writer speaks of Yahweh’s words giving wisdom to a person as if his words were shining a light on them. Alternate translation: “The explanation of your words gives people wisdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	131	qm6c	figs-metaphor		0	I open my mouth and pant, for I long for your commandments	The writer speaks of his desire for Yahweh’s commandments as if he were a dog panting for water. Alternate translation: “I earnestly long for your commandments” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	132	jqh6	translate-symaction		0	Turn to me	To turn towards someone means to pay attention to that person. Alternate translation: “Pay attention to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
PSA	119	132	ar7k	figs-metonymy		0	love your name	Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “love you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	119	133	mja8	figs-synecdoche		0	Direct my footsteps	Here the word “footsteps” represents the writer as he is walking. He speaks of the way he lives, or his conduct, as if he were walking on a path. Alternate translation: “Direct me” or “Teach me how to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	133	y2w5	figs-personification		0	do not let any sin rule me	The writer speaks of sin as if it were a person who has authority over him. This could mean: (1) “do not let me habitually commit any sin” or (2) “do not let sinful men rule me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	119	134	a4a4	figs-abstractnouns		0	Redeem me from human oppression	The word “oppression” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “Save me from people who oppress others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	119	135	g736	figs-metaphor		0	Let your face shine on your servant	The writer speaks of Yahweh acting favorably towards him as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on him. Alternate translation: “Act favorably towards your servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	136	jv4q	figs-metaphor		0	Streams of tears	The writer speaks of his many tears as if they were streams of water. Alternate translation: “Many tears” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	136	sst5			0	observe your law	Alternate translation: “obey your law”
PSA	119	138	hus8			0	covenant decrees	Other possible meanings are “testimonies” or “laws.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 78:5](../078/005.md).
PSA	119	139	z79n	figs-idiom		0	Anger has destroyed me	This is an idiom. The phrase is an exaggeration for “I am extremely angry.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
PSA	119	140	r9cv	figs-activepassive		0	has been tested very much	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I have tested your word many times” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	119	140	q5x5	figs-pronouns		0	your servant loves	The writer speaks of himself as if he were another person. Alternate translation: “I, your servant, love” or “I love” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
PSA	119	141	x2xe	figs-activepassive		0	I am … despised	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People despise me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	119	143	q6qq	figs-personification		0	distress and anguish have found me	The psalmist speaks of distress and anguish as if they were people. Alternate translation: “I have become distressed and anguished” or “my body and my mind are suffering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	119	145	fux2	figs-synecdoche		0	with my whole heart	The psalmist speaks of his whole being as if it were only his heart. Alternate translation: “completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	119	146	g5gk			0	covenant decrees	Other possible meanings are “testimonies” or “laws.”See how you translated this in [Psalms 78:5](../078/005.md).
PSA	119	147	kg9u			0	dawn of the morning	Alternate translation: “before the sun first appears”
PSA	119	148	c1n8	figs-idiom		0	My eyes are open before the night watches change	This is an idiom. In Hebrew culture, the night was usually divided into three “watches” or periods. Alternate translation: “I am awake all night” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	119	149	uw93	figs-abstractnouns		0	in your covenant faithfulness	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	119	150	r7sh			0	they are far from your law	Alternate translation: “they have strayed from your law” or “they do not pay any attention to your laws”
PSA	119	151	l238			0	all your commandments are trustworthy	Alternate translation: “I can trust your commandments”
PSA	119	152	tc7x			0	covenant decrees	Other possible meanings are “testimonies” or “laws.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 78:5](../078/005.md)
PSA	119	152	zx3q	figs-metaphor		0	set them in place	The psalmist speaks of Yahweh’s commands as if they were posts set in the ground. Alternate translation: “given them for people to obey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	153	i4e7	figs-metaphor		0	Look on my affliction	The psalmist speaks of affliction as if it were an object that people could see. Alternate translation: “Look at how much I am suffering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	154	rqf5			0	Plead my cause	Alternate translation: “Defend me against those who accuse me”
PSA	119	154	l7lr			0	keep me	Alternate translation: “protect my life” or “give me life”
PSA	119	155	cc3z	figs-metaphor		0	Salvation is far from the wicked	God not saving a person is spoken of as if salvation were far from the person. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **Salvation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “save.” Alternate translation: “You will certainly not save the wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	119	156	r4u3			0	Great are your merciful actions	Here “great” means “many.” Alternate translation: “You have shown mercy to people many times” or “You have done many merciful things”
PSA	119	156	gus8			0	as you always do	Another possible meaning is “because you do what is just.”
PSA	119	157	a4rf			0	My persecutors	Alternate translation: “Those who persecute me”
PSA	119	157	x688	figs-idiom		0	I have not turned from	This is an idiom. “I have not stopped obeying” or “I have not stopped believing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	119	157	n1r7			0	covenant decrees	Other possible meanings are “testimonies” or “laws.” See how this is translated in [Psalms 78:5](../078/005.md).
PSA	119	158	keb9	figs-nominaladj		0	the treacherous	The adjective “treacherous” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “treacherous people” or “those who betray me” or “my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	119	158	fs8u			0	do not keep	Alternate translation: “do not obey”
PSA	119	159	rv26			0	See	Alternate translation: “Look at me so you can see”
PSA	119	159	r1n2	figs-abstractnouns		0	by your covenant faithfulness	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	119	160	iir8			0	The essence of your word is truth	Alternate translation: “Your word is completely true” or “Your word can be trusted”
PSA	119	161	tq5i	figs-synecdoche		0	my heart stands in awe of your word	The psalmist speaks of the heart as if it could be amazed. The heart is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “I am amazed at your word” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	119	162	n1dy			0	plunder	This could mean: (1) things that soldiers and robbers take from those they have defeated in battle or (2) things of great value or “treasure.”
PSA	119	163	jx6a	figs-doublet		0	hate and despise	These two words mean almost the same thing. Alternate translation: “hate very strongly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	119	163	ue4r	figs-metonymy		0	falsehood	Possible meanings are this is a metonym for: (1) “people who lie” or (2) “the false words that people say.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	119	165	fin9			0	nothing makes them stumble	This could mean: (1) “nothing makes them do wrong” or (2) “nothing causes them trouble.”
PSA	119	167	t7k7			0	I observe your solemn commands	Alternate translation: “I obey your solemn commands”
PSA	119	167	iqz6			0	solemn commands	Other possible meanings are “testimonies” or “laws.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 119:2](../119/002.md).
PSA	119	168	zj2b			0	I keep your instructions	Alternate translation: “I obey your instructions”
PSA	119	169	cgi3	figs-metaphor		0	give me understanding into your word	The psalmist speaks of the ability to understand as if it were a solid object. Alternate translation: “help me understand your word” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	170	r59u	figs-metaphor		0	May my plea come before you	The psalmist speaks of the words he says in prayer as if they were people who want to speak to a king. Alternate translation: “May you hear my prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	171	x454	figs-metaphor		0	May my lips pour out praise	The psalmist speaks of his lips as if they were a container and his praise a liquid that could be poured out. Here the word “lips” is a synecdoche which represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I desire to praise you much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	119	172	hk6w	figs-metaphor		0	my tongue sing	The psalmist speaks of his tongue either: (1) as if it were a person or (2) as a synecdoche for his whole being. Alternate translation: “me sing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	119	173	ui9f	figs-synecdoche		0	May your hand help me	The hand is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “Please help me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	119	173	vx9b			0	have chosen	Alternate translation: “have chosen to obey”
PSA	119	174	l3rh			0	for your rescue	Alternate translation: “you to rescue me”
PSA	119	174	wa6g	figs-abstractnouns		0	your law is my delight	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **delight**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. “I very much enjoy obeying your law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	119	175	z1ep	figs-metaphor		0	may your righteous decrees help me	The psalmist speaks of Yahweh’s decrees as if they were a person who could help him. Alternate translation: “may I listen to your righteous decrees and so become wise and strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	119	176	xw7j	figs-simile		0	I have wandered off like a lost sheep	The psalmist compares his disobedience to Yahweh to a sheep that has wandered away from the flock. Alternate translation: “I have left your way like a sheep that has left its flock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	119	176	ap6x			0	seek your servant	Alternate translation: “because I am your servant, come and search for me”
PSA	120	intro	x4aj			0		# Psalm 120 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 120 is a psalm of deliverance from liars. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Fighting<br><br>The author did not want to fight, but the people he lived with wanted to fight him.
PSA	120	1	xq2k	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	120	1	d8u6			0	In my distress	Alternate translation: “In my trouble” or “When I was in trouble”
PSA	120	2	a439	figs-metonymy		0	Rescue my life	Here the word “life” represents the person. Alternate translation: “Rescue me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	120	2	yy4j	figs-synecdoche		0	those who lie with their lips and deceive with their tongues	Here the phrases “their lips” and “their tongues” represent the people who speak lies and deceit. Alternate translation: “those who lie to me and try to deceive me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	120	3	rl7j	figs-rquestion		0	How will he punish you, and what more will he do to you, you who have a lying tongue?	The writer asks this as a leading question to explain what God will do to liars. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “This is how God will punish you, and this is what he will do to you, you who have a lying tongue.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	120	3	k1uu	figs-synecdoche		0	you who have a lying tongue	Here “a lying tongue” represents the person who speaks lies. Alternate translation: “you who tell lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	120	4	tp2n	figs-metaphor		0	He will punish you with the arrows of a warrior	The writer speaks of God severely punishing liars as if God were shooting them with arrows. Alternate translation: “He will punish you severely, as if he were shooting you with warrior’s arrows” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	120	4	gu1s	figs-activepassive		0	sharpened over burning coals of the broom tree	This refers to how people forged the tip of the arrow in a fire. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that he sharpened over burning coals of the broom tree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	120	5	mg3z	figs-metaphor		0	I temporarily live in Meshech; I lived previously among the tents of Kedar	These two places were far away from each other. The writer is likely using the names metaphorically to represent living among cruel and barbaric people. Alternate translation: “It is as if I live in Meshech or among the tents of Kedar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	120	5	qx4h	figs-metonymy		0	the tents of Kedar	This phrase represents the people of Kedar who live in those tents. Alternate translation: “the people who live in Kedar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	120	7	sf92			0	I am for peace	Alternate translation: “I want peace”
PSA	120	7	lr78			0	they are for war	Alternate translation: “they want war”
PSA	121	intro	n97g			0		# Psalm 121 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 121 is a worship psalm.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s protection<br><br>God always watches over those who believe in him and protects them from harm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]])
PSA	121	1	xgy7	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	121	1	cb45	figs-metonymy		0	lift up my eyes	This expression means “look at” or “focus my attention on.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	121	1	yb6k	figs-rquestion		0	From where will my help come?	The writer uses this question to focus attention on the source of his help. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “I will tell you from where my help comes.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	121	2	d3ip			0	My help comes from Yahweh	This is the answer to the previous question.
PSA	121	3	r43x	figs-123person		0	General Information:	There is a shift here to the second person. This could mean: (1) the writer begins speaking to the people of Israel or (2) the writer is quoting another person speaking to the writer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
PSA	121	3	uj6f	figs-metonymy		0	your foot to slip	The slipping of a foot is associated with falling. Alternate translation: “you to fall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	121	3	l1fp	figs-metonymy		0	he who protects you will not slumber	Here to “slumber” means he would stop protecting. The negative form strengthens the statement. Alternate translation: “God will not fall asleep and stop protecting you” or “God will always protect you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
PSA	121	3	j2nn			0	he who protects you	God
PSA	121	4	eq68			0	the guardian	God
PSA	121	4	b5yf			0	See	This word alerts us to pay attention to the important information that follows.
PSA	121	4	f8qt	figs-doublet		0	never slumbers or sleeps	These two words mean the same thing. Here to “slumber” means to stop protecting. The negative form strengthens the statement. Alternate translation: “will not sleep and stop protecting you” or “will always protect you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
PSA	121	5	sk2b	figs-metonymy		0	Yahweh is the shade at your right hand	Here “shade” refers to protection. Alternate translation: “God is beside you to protect you from things that would hurt you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	121	5	hq1i			0	at your right hand	Here this expression means to be beside or near to the writer.
PSA	121	6	p2y6	figs-merism		0	The sun will not harm you by day, nor the moon by night	The contrasting terms “day” and “night” refer to those extremes and everything in between. Alternate translation: “God protects you from the elements at all times” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
PSA	121	6	wzt9	figs-ellipsis		0	nor the moon by night	It is implies that “will not harm you” is implied here. The full meaning of this statement may be made clear. Alternate translation: “nor will the moon harm you by night” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	121	7	au24	figs-metonymy		0	your life	This refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	122	intro	x7wj			0		# Psalm 122 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 122 is a psalm about Jerusalem.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Jerusalem<br><br>Jerusalem is an important city, the center of government and religious activities; so the author prays for peace for the city.
PSA	122	1	lck5	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	122	1	x5k5			0	A song of ascents	This could mean: (1) “song people sang while going up to Jerusalem for a celebration” or (2) “song people sang while going up the steps into the temple” or (3) “song whose words are like steps.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 120:1](../120/001.md)
PSA	122	2	d2gp	figs-apostrophe		0	Jerusalem, our feet are standing within your gates!	The writer briefly stops speaking to his audience and speaks directly to the city of Jerusalem. Jerusalem is spoken to as if it was a person who could hear the writer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	122	2	gjq5	figs-synecdoche		0	our feet are standing	Here “feet” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “we are standing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	122	2	pe5k	figs-synecdoche		0	within your gates	Here “gates” refers to the city. Alternate translation: “inside you, Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	122	4	xbf5	figs-metonymy		0	the name of Yahweh	Here “name” refers to Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	122	5	xk6c	figs-metonymy		0	the house of David	Here “house” refers to the descendants of David. Alternate translation: “the descendants of David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	122	6	q9u2	figs-apostrophe		0	May those who love you have peace	This section states the content of the prayer that the writer wants his audience to pray. He asks them to speak directly to the city of Jerusalem, as if the city was a person who could hear them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	122	7	qxx3	figs-apostrophe		0		This verse finishes the prayer that the writer wants his audience to pray. He asks them to speak directly to the city of Jerusalem, as if the city was a person who could hear them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	122	7	exb9	figs-parallelism		0	May there be peace within … may they have peace within	These two phrases have the same meanings and are used together to strengthen each other. Alternate translation: “May the people in Jerusalem live in peace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	122	7	d4tc	figs-synecdoche		0	within the walls that defend you … within your fortresses	Here Jerusalem is referred to by the fortress walls that protects it. The terms “walls” and “fortress” refer to the same thing. Alternate translation: “within Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	122	8	hz78	figs-apostrophe		0	General Information:	In this section, the writer speaks directly to the city of Jerusalem, as if the city was a person who could hear them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	122	8	i3zr			0	For the sake	Alternate translation: “For the well-being”
PSA	122	8	b3mx			0	May there be peace within you	Alternate translation: “May the people in you live in peace”
PSA	122	9	nt39			0	I will seek good for you	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **good**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “I will pray that people treat you well”
PSA	123	intro	vet5			0		# Psalm 123 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 123 is a psalm asking for deliverance from the contempt of proud people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Trust<br><br>Just as a servant trusts his master to protect him, so the author is trusting God to stop proud people from insulting him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])
PSA	123	1	iym8	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	123	1	ja7b	figs-metonymy		0	I lift up my eyes	Here the author refers to his eyes because that is the part of the body used for seeing. Alternate translation: “I look to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	123	1	kx53			0	enthroned	sitting on a throne and ruling as king
PSA	123	2	kyd5	figs-parallelism		0	as the eyes of servants … as the eyes of a maid … so our eyes look	These three phrases have similar meanings. The third phrase, about the Israelites, is being compared to how the servants and maids look to their masters and mistresses for help. In each case “eyes” refers to the whole person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	123	2	xe43	figs-metonymy		0	master’s hand … mistress’s hand	Here “hand” refers to the provision for needs. Alternate translation: “master’s provision … mistress’s provision” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	123	2	av8s			0	maid	servant girl
PSA	123	2	cs6v			0	mistress	woman who has authority over servant girls
PSA	123	2	kj4j	figs-abstractnouns		0	has mercy on us	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **mercy**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “act mercifully toward us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	123	3	e5sh	figs-abstractnouns		0	Have mercy on us	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **mercy**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Psalms 123:2](../123/002.md). Alternate translation: “act mercifully toward us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	123	3	rn1x	figs-metaphor		0	we are filled with humiliation	Here humiliation is spoken of as if it were something that could be fill up a person. “we are very disgraced” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	123	4	h3h7	figs-idiom		0	We are more than full	This idiom means that the amount is excessive, in a negative sense. Alternate translation: “We have had too much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	123	4	fq81	figs-parallelism		0	of the scoffing … and with the contempt	There two phrases have very similar meanings and are used together to emphasize how much they have been mocked by the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	123	4	xq36			0	scoffing	Alternate translation: “mocking” or “insults”
PSA	123	4	gp8j	figs-nominaladj		0	the insolent	This refers to the insolent people. Alternate translation: “rude and arrogant people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	123	4	ugx5	figs-nominaladj		0	the proud	This refers to the proud people. Alternate translation: “the people who are proud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	124	intro	khc4			0		# Psalm 124 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 124 is a psalm of praise for God’s delivering the Israelites from their enemy’s attack. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh saves<br><br>God saved the Israelites from their enemy who wanted to completely destroy them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])
PSA	124	1	fes4	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	124	1	uf2u			0	song of ascents	This could mean: (1) “song people sang while going up to Jerusalem for a celebration” or (2) “song people sang while going up the steps into the temple” or (3) “song whose words are like steps.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 120:1](../120/001.md)
PSA	124	1	zqy6	figs-hypo		0	“If Yahweh had not been on our side	This is the beginning of a hypothetical statement about something that did not actually happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
PSA	124	2	qz9s	figs-hypo		0	if it had not been Yahweh who was on our side	This is the continuation of a hypothetical statement about something that did not actually happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
PSA	124	3	n3uw	figs-hypo		0	then they would have swallowed us up alive	This is the end of a hypothetical statement that begins with the words “If Yahweh had not been on our side” in [Psalms 124:1](../124/001.md) and continues with the words “if it had not been Yahweh who was on our side when men rose up against us” in [Psalms 124:2](./002.md). It describes a result that did not happen because Yahweh was actually on their side. “They were not able to swallow us up alive because Yahweh was on our side.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
PSA	124	3	g8z9	figs-metaphor		0	swallowed us up alive	This metaphor describes how the Israelites could have died to how a fierce animal would attack a smaller animal to eat. Alternate translation: “killed us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	124	3	tq3h	figs-metonymy		0	their anger raged against us	Here “their anger” refers to the enemies who were angry. Alternate translation: “they were very angry with us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	124	4	ca3n			0	General Information:	In these two verses the author compares the enemies of Israel to a flood of water.
PSA	124	4	hgr6	figs-hypo		0	The water would have swept us away; the torrent would have overwhelmed us	This is the end of a hypothetical statement that begins with the words “If Yahweh had not been on our side” in [Psalms 124:1](../124/001.md) and continues with the words “if it had not been Yahweh who was on our side when men rose up against us” in [Psalms 124:2](./002.md). It describes a result that did not happen because Yahweh was actually on their side. “The water did not sweep us away, and the torrent did not overwhelm us because Yahweh was on our side” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
PSA	124	4	x86j	figs-metaphor		0	The water would have swept us away	Here the enemies of the writer are spoken of as if they were a flood of water. Alternate translation: “Our enemies would have easily defeated us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	124	4	mkg4	figs-metaphor		0	the torrent would have overwhelmed us	Here the enemies of the writer are spoken of as if they were a flood of water that would have drowned the Israelites. Alternate translation: “our enemies would have overwhelmed us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	124	5	j6yh	figs-hypo		0	Then the raging waters would have drowned us	This is the end of a hypothetical statement that begins with the words “If Yahweh had not been on our side” in [Psalms 124:1](../124/001.md) and continues with the words “if it had not been Yahweh who was on our side when men rose up against us” in [Psalms 124:2](./002.md). It describes a result that did not happen because Yahweh was actually on their side. “The raging waters did not drown us because Yahweh was on our side” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
PSA	124	5	rxj3	figs-metaphor		0	the raging waters would have drowned us	Here the enemies of the writer are spoken of as if they were a raging river that would have drowned the Israelites. Alternate translation: “our enemies would have destroyed us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	124	6	thg5	figs-metaphor		0	torn by their teeth	The enemies are spoken of as if they were wild animals that would destroy the Israelites by eating them. Alternate translation: “destroyed as if we were eaten by wild animals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	124	7	fr8c	figs-metaphor		0	escaped like a bird out of the snare of the fowlers	The writer describes his escape from the enemies as if he was a bird that had escaped from the snare of the hunters. Alternate translation: “escaped from our enemies as a bird escapes from the trap that hunters have set” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	124	7	r8zv			0	snare	a small trap of string or wire made for catching small animals or birds
PSA	124	7	a4a8	figs-metaphor		0	the snare has been broken	The plot of the enemies to catch the writer failed as if it was a snare that had broken. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	125	intro	bc6u			0		# Psalm 125 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 125 is a psalm of praise.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s protection<br><br>God protects good people. He will not allow the evil people to rule over the good people because they might make them do evil. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])
PSA	125	1	d4h2	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	125	1	spt5	figs-simile		0	Those who trust in Yahweh are like Mount Zion, unshakable, forever enduring	People who trust in Yahweh are spoken of as if they were Mount Zion. Mountains are unable to be moved. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	125	2	t72p	figs-simile		0	As the mountains surround Jerusalem, so Yahweh surrounds his people	Yahweh’s protection is spoken of as if he was the mountains surrounding Jerusalem. Jerusalem was surrounded by several mountains, which protected it from attack. Alternate translation: “As the hills that surround Jerusalem protect it, so Yahweh protects his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	125	2	z93n	figs-merism		0	now and forever	Here, this phrase means “always.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
PSA	125	3	we9h	figs-metonymy		0	The scepter of wickedness	Here the scepter of wickedness represents the rule of wicked people. Alternate translation: “Wicked people” or “Wicked rulers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	125	4	m8s8			0	Do good, Yahweh	This is a request. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, please do good things” or “Yahweh, I beg you to do good things”
PSA	125	4	y93a	figs-metonymy		0	are upright in their hearts	Here, “hearts” refers to their desires. Alternate translation: “desire to do the right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	125	5	t4ae	figs-metaphor		0	turn aside	Refusing to obey Yahweh is spoken of as turning away from a good path. Alternate translation: “leave good and go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	125	5	daf6	figs-metaphor		0	their crooked ways	Here wicked ways are spoken of as if they were a path that is not straight. Alternate translation: “their wicked ways” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	125	5	ru69	figs-explicit		0	lead them away	People are lead away in order to punish them. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “lead them away to punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	126	intro	q9ig			0		# Psalm 126 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 126 is a psalm of praise for Yahweh bringing captives home.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Sorrow and joy<br><br>People may have sorrow now; but later it will turn into joy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/joy]])
PSA	126	1	h3wt	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	126	1	y7ss			0	restored the fortunes of Zion	Alternate translation: “made Zion prosperous again”
PSA	126	2	wxr3	figs-metaphor		0	our mouths were filled with laughter	Laughing is spoken of as if their mouths were a container and their laughter was in it. It can be made clear that this laughter was a response to their joy. Alternate translation: “we laughed for joy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	126	2	g1bj	figs-ellipsis		0	our tongues with singing	The verbs “were filled” can be stated clearly. Singing is spoken of as if their tongues were containers and singing was in them. Alternate translation: “our tongues were filled with singing” or “we sang songs of joy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	126	2	xir4			0	they said among the nations	“the people of the nations said among themselves.” The pronoun is used before introducing what it references. This is very unusual.
PSA	126	3	js5q			0	Yahweh did great things for us; how glad we were!	Alternate translation: “How glad we were, because Yahweh did these great things for us!”
PSA	126	5	i43v			0	Those who sow in tears	Alternate translation: “Those who weep as they sow”
PSA	127	intro	ipx7			0		# Psalm 127 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 127 is a wisdom psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Blessings<br><br>God wants his people to have rest. It is a blessing to have many children. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/rest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])
PSA	127	1	nt9a	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	127	1	m7vn			0	song of ascents	This could mean: (1) “song people sang while going up to Jerusalem for a celebration” or (2) “song people sang while going up the steps into the temple” or (3) “song whose words are like steps.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 120:1](../120/001.md)
PSA	127	2	qvi2			0	to rise up early, to come home late	A person who works hard often has to wake up earlier in the morning and return home late at night.
PSA	127	2	vc2y	figs-idiom		0	eat the bread of hard work	This is an idiom. Bread often represents the food a person needs every day in order to live. Alternate translation: “work hard for your daily needs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	127	3	qz98	figs-metaphor		0	heritage	property that a person can inherit from his ancestors. Children normally receive an inheritance from their parents. Inheritance goes from parents to children. This passage uses parents inheriting children from Yahweh as a metaphor for Yahweh being the only one who can give children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	127	4	iyl8	figs-simile		0	Like arrows in the hand of a warrior, so are the children of one’s youth	Arrows are very important to a warrior because they protect him in battle. Children are spoken of as if they are a warrior’s arrow. Alternate translation: “Having many children will help to protect you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	127	5	vf7l	figs-metaphor		0	his quiver full of them	A quiver is a container for arrows. Having many children is spoken of as if the children were arrows in a quiver. Alternate translation: “a home full of children” or “many children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	128	intro	f8w6			0		# Psalm 128 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 128 is a wisdom psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Respect<br><br>Those people who respect God will live well and have many children. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]])
PSA	128	1	xub9	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	128	1	h11n	figs-activepassive		0	Blessed is everyone who honors Yahweh	This phrase occurs in the passive voice to avoid implying that Yahweh is obligated to bless those who honor him. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bless everyone who honors him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	128	2	xw8w	figs-synecdoche		0	What your hands provide	A man can be referred to by his hands because that is the part of the body he works with. Alternate translation: “What you provide” or “What you work for” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	128	2	b9im	figs-doublet		0	you will be blessed and prosper	The words “be blessed” and “prosper” share similar meanings and emphasize God’s favor. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bless you and prosper you” or “Yahweh will make you blessed and prosperous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	128	3	x211	figs-simile		0	like a fruitful vine in your house	The wife is spoke of as a vine producing a lot of fruit. This implies that children are like fruit and the wife will have many children. Alternate translation: “very productive and give you many children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	128	3	mf2p	figs-simile		0	your children will be like olive plants	Children are compared to olive plants because of the way they grow to surround something. Children will surround the table and make it full. Alternate translation: “you will have many children who will grow and prosper” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	128	3	vlk1			0	around your table	This refers to the place where a family gathers to eat. Often, all those who eat a man’s table are under his authority or control.
PSA	128	4	v5em	figs-activepassive		0	the man will be blessed who honors Yahweh	This can be stated as an active verb. “Yahweh will bless the man who honors him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	128	5	iz4u			0	all the days of your life	Alternate translation: “throughout your lifetime”
PSA	128	6	cd66			0	May peace be on Israel	Alternate translation: “May Israel have peace”
PSA	129	intro	p9dv			0		# Psalm 129 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 129 is a psalm of deliverance from Israel’s many enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh saves<br><br>Israel’s enemies have always persecuted them but God has saved them from their enemies. He prays that this enemy will be destroyed with no one to wish them well. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])
PSA	129	1	ut36	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	129	3	wpl7	figs-metaphor		0	The plowers plowed on my back	The cuts from a whipping are spoken of as the plow of a plowman. A farmer plowed deep lines into a field. Alternate translation: “My enemies have cut me deeply on my back” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	129	3	nq4f	figs-metaphor		0	they made their furrows long	This is a continuation of the plowing metaphor. The “furrow” is the line the farmer plowed. Alternate translation: “they made their cuts long” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	129	4	yzu9	figs-metaphor		0	he has cut the ropes of the wicked	Israel is spoken of as being bound by evil people. Alternate translation: “he has freed us from our enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	129	5	z781	figs-activepassive		0	May they all be put to shame and turned back	Yahweh is not explicitly mentioned as the one who does these things. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh shame them and defeat them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	129	6	s2gl	figs-simile		0	May they be like the grass on the housetops that withers before it grows up	The psalmist speaks of his enemies dying and being few in number. He compares them to the little bit of grass that grows on the roof of a house and withers and is not enough to cut or bundle. Alternate translation: “May they die and may there be few of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	129	7	s57h	figs-simile		0	that cannot fill … together	These words finish the simile that begins in ([Psalms 129:6](../129/006.md)). The psalmist speaks of his enemies dying and being few in number. He compares them to the little bit of grass that grows on the roof of a house and withers and is not enough to cut or bundle. “May they be like the grass, which cannot fill … together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	129	8	pu7b			0	the blessing of Yahweh be on you	Alternate translation: “Yahweh bless you”
PSA	130	intro	c2ly			0		# Psalm 130 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 130 is a psalm of praise that God forgives sins. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Forgive<br><br>God forgives sin and helps the sinner. So Israel should trust in God for his forgiveness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])
PSA	130	1	f4r9	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	130	1	h3vi	figs-metaphor		0	Out of the depths I	The author’s sadness is spoken of as if it were a container. His sadness comes from the bottom of the container. Sadness is often spoken of as being a container that fills from the top to the bottom. Alternate translation: “Because I am very sad, I” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	130	2	i2dr	figs-synecdoche		0	let your ears be attentive	The ears represent Yahweh, but because the author knows that Yahweh hears everything, he is really asking for Yahweh to respond. Alternate translation: “please listen” or “please respond” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	130	2	cvz1	figs-abstractnouns		0	to my pleas for mercy	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **mercy**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “merciful.” Alternate translation: “to my pleas and be merciful to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	130	3	fu8l	figs-rquestion		0	who could stand?	The speaker uses this question to express the futility of thinking that anyone could stand in this situation. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “no one could stand.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	130	3	l8mj	figs-metonymy		0	who could stand	“Stand” often represents escaping or surviving when someone attacks. In this case, it would be to escape from being punished. Alternate translation: “no one could escape from your punishment” or “no one could survive your punishment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	130	6	lj6l	figs-synecdoche		0	My soul	“My soul” represents the psalmist. Alternate translation: “I” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	130	6	yb89	figs-metonymy		0	My soul waits	The psalmist is spoken of as if he were waiting on something with expectation. Alternate translation: “I hope” or “I trust” or “I desire for something” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	130	6	ge7s	figs-simile		0	My soul waits … more than watchmen wait for the morning	The psalmist speaks of his desire for the Lord to help him as being greater than the desire that those who work all night have for the morning to come. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	130	6	cx47			0	watchmen	These are men who guard towns or fields against enemies or robbers. Here it refers to men who have to stay awake at night doing this.
PSA	130	7	ua2z	figs-metaphor		0	Israel, hope in Yahweh	The people of Israel are spoken of as if they were a man. Alternate translation: “You people of Israel, hope in Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	130	8	i64f	figs-metaphor		0	who will redeem Israel from all his sins	The people of Israel are spoken of as if they were a man. Alternate translation: “who will redeem the people of Israel from all their sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	131	intro	ej7h			0		# Psalm 131 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 131 is a wisdom psalm teaching trust in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Trust<br><br>This psalm focuses on the concept of trust. A quiet trust in Yahweh is best.
PSA	131	1	ct5z	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	131	1	px11			0	song of ascents	This could mean: (1) “song people sang while going up to Jerusalem for a celebration” or (2) “song people sang while going up the steps into the temple” or (3) “song whose words are like steps.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 120:1](../120/001.md)
PSA	131	1	kgc5	figs-synecdoche		0	my heart is not proud or my eyes haughty	The heart and the eyes represent the person. Alternate translation: “I am not proud or haughty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	131	1	tz2s			0	I do not have great hopes for myself	Possible meanings are “I do not expect to do great things” or “I do not think I am great.”
PSA	131	1	xfb4	figs-metaphor		0	things that are beyond me	Things that are too hard for a person to understand are spoken of as if they are beyond the person or too far away from the person to be able to reach them. Alternate translation: “things that are too hard to understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	131	2	r92s	figs-synecdoche		0	I have stilled and quieted my soul	The soul represents the person or his emotions. Being calm and peaceful is spoken of has having making one’s soul still and quiet. Alternate translation: “I am calm and peaceful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	131	2	sep5	figs-metonymy		0	my soul within me	The soul represents the person or his emotions. Alternate translation: “I” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	131	2	sim5	figs-metaphor		0	a weaned child with his mother	The psalmist speaks of himself being content and resting as if he were a young child that no longer demands breast milk from his mother. Alternate translation: “content like a young child that no longer cries for breast milk but rests in his mother’s arms” or “content and resting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	132	intro	fp7w			0		# Psalm 132 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 132 is a royal psalm praising David. It might have been sung when David brought the ark to Jerusalem.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Ark<br><br>The Ark had been moved from one place to another several times. David wanted to make a permanent home for it. God had promised David that his son would be king after him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])
PSA	132	1	sq3d	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	132	1	lvf4			0	for David’s sake	Alternate translation: “because of what happened to David”
PSA	132	1	rsq8			0	call to mind	Alternate translation: “remember” or “think about”
PSA	132	2	v7zr			0	the Mighty One of Jacob	This refers to God.
PSA	132	3	qz8t			0	He said	Alternate translation: “King David said”
PSA	132	4	s5lw	figs-metaphor		0	I will not give sleep to my eyes or rest to my eyelids	Sleep and rest are spoken of as if they are things that can be given. Here eyes and eyelids represent the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will not allow my eyes to sleep or my eyelids to rest” or “I will not sleep or close my eyes and rest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	132	5	q4n7	figs-metonymy		0	until I find a place for Yahweh	Building a place for Yahweh is spoken of as finding a place for him. Alternate translation: “until I build a place for Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	132	5	ydb1			0	the Mighty One of Jacob	This refers to God.
PSA	132	6	ii2y	figs-explicit		0	we heard about it in Ephrathah	The word “it” probably refers to where God’s sacred chest was. The phrase “in Ephrathah” probably refers to where they were when they heard about it. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “we who were in Ephrathah heard about where the sacred chest was” or “we in Ephrathah heard that the holy box was in Jaar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	132	6	nbj6	translate-names		0	fields of Jaar	Jaar is probably another name for the city of Kiriath Jearim. This probably refers to the fields surrounding the city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
PSA	132	7	gcy9	figs-metaphor		0	we will worship at his footstool	Worshiping God at the covenant box is spoken of as bowing at the feet of the king who is sitting on his throne. This communicates humility and submission to God. Alternate translation: “we will go to God’s covenant box and worship him as king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	132	8	jkj6	figs-explicit		0	Arise, Yahweh, to your resting place	The verb “come” can be stated clearly. “Arise, Yahweh, and come to your resting place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	132	8	e7g1	figs-metaphor		0	your resting place	The place God chose for people to worship him is spoken of as if it were a place where he rests or lives eternally. Alternate translation: “the place where you stay” or “your tabernacle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	132	8	ktv8	figs-ellipsis		0	you and the ark of your strength!	This could mean: (1) “come to the ark of your strength” or (2) “come, and make the ark of your strength come.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	132	8	pg13			0	the ark of your strength	Alternate translation: “the ark that shows your great power”
PSA	132	9	y1an	figs-metaphor		0	May your priests be clothed with integrity	Integrity is spoken of as if it were clothing. Alternate translation: “May people recognize that your priests have integrity” or “I want people see how your priests always do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	132	10	zns5			0	For your servant David’s sake	“Because of what happened to your servant David.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Psalms 132:1](../132/001.md).
PSA	132	10	e268	figs-metaphor		0	do not turn away from your anointed king	Here “turning away” means to reject someone. Alternate translation: “do not abandon the king that you anointed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	132	11	l5l7	figs-metaphor		0	I will place one of your descendants on your throne	Making a king’s descendant become king in his place is spoken of as placing him on that king’s throne. AT “I will cause one of your descendants to rule Israel in your place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	132	12	ir7p	figs-metaphor		0	sit on your throne	Ruling as king is spoken of as sitting on the throne. Alternate translation: “rule as king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	132	12	ht92	figs-synecdoche		0	your sons	Here “your sons” represents the descendants of David that would become king. Alternate translation: “your descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	132	13	ym8p	figs-pronouns		0	General Information:	“He”, “my” and “I” refer to Yahweh and “her” refers to Zion. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
PSA	132	13	kw5c	figs-personification		0	Zion … her	The author writes as though the city of Zion were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	132	13	wvs3	figs-metonymy		0	he has desired her for his seat	“Yahweh has desired Zion for Yahweh’s seat.” Here, **seat** could mean: (1) his throne where he would rule, or (2) the place where he would stay. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	132	14	t9p9	figs-personification		0	her	The author writes as though the city of Zion ([Psalms 132:13](../132/013.md)) were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	132	14	y9cs	figs-metaphor		0	my resting place	The place God chose for people to worship him is spoken of as if it were a place where he rests or lives eternally. Alternate translation: “the place where I stay” or “my tabernacle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	132	15	afl2	figs-personification		0		God continues to speak about the city of Zion as if Zion was a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	132	15	gvy6			0	will abundantly bless her	Alternate translation: “will abundantly bless Zion”
PSA	132	15	md5k	figs-nominaladj		0	will satisfy her poor with bread	Here “poor” refers to the poor people in Zion and “bread” probably represents food in general. Alternate translation: “will satisfy the poor people in Zion with food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	132	16	w9cn	figs-metaphor		0	I will clothe her priests with salvation	Salvation is spoken of as if it is clothing. This could mean: (1) “I will cause the priests to behave in a manner worthy of ones whom I have saved” or (2) “I will save her priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	132	17	vls7	figs-metaphor		0	I will make a horn to sprout for David	God speaks of a powerful descendant of David as if he was the powerful horn of an animal. Alternate translation: “I will make a descendant of David become king after him” or “I will cause David to have a descendant who will be a powerful king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	132	17	yc3b	figs-metaphor		0	set up a lamp for my anointed one	God speaks of causing David’s descendants to continue to rule as king as if they were a lamp that would continue to shine. Alternate translation: “I will cause my anointed one’s descendants to continue to rule as king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	132	17	dms8			0	my anointed one	Alternate translation: “my chosen king” or “the king I have chosen”
PSA	132	18	gp1f	figs-metaphor		0	I will clothe his enemies with shame	Shame is spoken of as if it was clothing. This shame would result from losing in war. Alternate translation: “I will cause his enemies to be ashamed” or “I will cause his enemies to be defeated and ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	132	18	hdu2	figs-metonymy		0	his crown will shine	The crown represents his rule, and greatness is spoken of as shining. Alternate translation: “he will be a great king” or “his greatness will shine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	133	intro	lg1c			0		# Psalm 133 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 133 is a wisdom psalm about harmony. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Harmony<br><br>Harmony between relatives is refreshing and brings a blessings from God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])
PSA	133	1	s9bf	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	133	1	xwd2			0	song of ascents	This could mean: (1) “song people sang while going up to Jerusalem for a celebration” or (2) “song people sang while going up the steps into the temple” or (3) “song whose words are like steps.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 120:1](../120/001.md)
PSA	133	1	d9ck			0	Behold	This word is used to stress the importance of the statement that follows.
PSA	133	1	s8hv	figs-metaphor		0	for brothers to live together	The relationships among fellow God’s people is spoken of as if they were brothers. Alternate translation: “for God’s people to live together peacefully as brothers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	133	2	qj4c	figs-simile		0	It is like fine oil on the head	The goodness of unity among God’s people is spoken of as if it were like the fine oil that was poured on Aaron’s head. Alternate translation: “This unity is precious like the oil that was poured on Aaron’s head” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	133	3	r3pl	figs-simile		0	like the dew of Hermon	The goodness of unity among God’s people is spoken of as it if it were refreshing like dew. Alternate translation: “refreshing like the dew of Hermon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	133	3	q5fz			0	Hermon	This is a mountain in Israel that has snow on its peak year-round.
PSA	134	intro	az9r			0		# Psalm 134 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 134 is a temple psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Watchmen<br><br>The watchmen who work at night should praise God. Then he will bless them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])
PSA	134	1	x2de	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	134	1	y7mi			0	all you servants of Yahweh	Alternate translation: “all you who serve Yahweh”
PSA	134	2	fx9g	translate-symaction		0	Lift up your hands	This is how people prayed or praised God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
PSA	134	2	x39j			0	to the holy place	This could mean: (1) “to the temple” or (2) “to the holy place in the temple.”
PSA	134	3	d5zb	figs-merism		0	heaven and earth	The phrase “heaven and earth” here represents all things. Alternate translation: “everything in heaven and earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
PSA	135	intro	qzj7			0		# Psalm 135 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 135 is a worship psalm focusing on worshiping God because his greatness.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Praise<br><br>The people, priests and their helpers should praise God because he is so great. He defeated the Egyptians and led his people to the promise land. Idols have no power. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])
PSA	135	1	s987	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	135	1	q37i	figs-metonymy		0	Praise the name of Yahweh	Yahweh’s name represents him. “Praise Yahweh” or “Praise him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	135	2	hmn4	figs-metonymy		0	stand in Yahweh’s house	This represents serving Yahweh in his temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	135	2	acj2			0	our God	These words refer to Yahweh ([Psalms 135:1](../135/001.md)).
PSA	135	3	txp9			0	for it is pleasant to do so	Alternate translation: “because we get pleasure from praising his name”
PSA	135	4	e6pd	figs-metonymy		0	Yahweh has chosen Jacob	“Jacob” here refers to his descendants, the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has chosen Jacob’s descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	135	4	tbz4	figs-ellipsis		0	Israel as his possession	The beginning of the sentence can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “he has chosen Israel to be his possession” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	135	5	bu42	figs-metaphor		0	that our Lord is above all gods	“I know that our Lord is above all gods.” Being greater than something is spoken of as being above it. Alternate translation: “that our Lord is greater than all gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	135	7	g3hj	figs-metaphor		0	bringing the wind out of his storehouse	A storehouse is a place where things are kept for future use. This imagery shows God’s power to control the wind. Alternate translation: “causing the wind to blow by his power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	135	9	pln1	figs-doublet		0	signs and wonders	These two words mean basically the same thing and refer to the miraculous troubles that God had caused in Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	135	9	jjz5	figs-apostrophe		0	into your midst, Egypt	The psalmist speaks as if the people of Egypt were listening to him. Alternate translation: “among you people of Egypt” or “among the people of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
PSA	135	9	eb2x			0	against Pharaoh	Alternate translation: “to punish Pharaoh”
PSA	135	11	tnk3	translate-names		0	Sihon … Og	These are the names of two men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
PSA	135	12	xu2g	figs-metaphor		0	He gave us their land as an inheritance	God’s gift of the land to the Israelites is spoken of as if it were inheritance from father to son. Alternate translation: “He gave us their land to have forever” or “He gave us their land to be ours forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	135	13	z179	figs-metonymy		0	Your name	His name here represents his fame or reputation. Alternate translation: “Your fame” or “Your reputation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	135	18	wi2e	figs-simile		0	Those who make them are like them	Being ignorant and powerless is spoken of as being like idols, which cannot speak, see, hear, or breathe. Alternate translation: “Those who make them are stupid and powerless like their idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	135	18	z43m			0	as is everyone who trusts in them	Alternate translation: “and so are those who trust in the idols”
PSA	135	21	l26a	figs-metonymy		0	he who lives in Jerusalem	God is spoken of as if he lived in Jerusalem because the temple where the Israelites worshiped him was there. Alternate translation: “he whose temple is in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	136	intro	wah2			0		# Psalm 136 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 136 is a worship psalm. It was written to be sung by two parts of the choir. One part would sing the first part of each of the lines and then the other part of the choir would sing the repeated refrain.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Israel blessed<br><br>God has blessed Israel throughout its history and taken care of the needy people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])
PSA	136	1	my49	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	136	1	ra72	figs-exclamations		0	Oh	This is an exclamation that should be translated with whatever exclamation of emphasis you have in your language to make it sound natural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
PSA	136	1	f89e	figs-abstractnouns		0	for his covenant faithfulness endures forever	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “because he remains faithful to his covenant forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	136	2	f8xr	figs-idiom		0	the God of gods	the God who is greater than the gods that other people worship (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	136	5	f8eu			0	by wisdom	That is, because he is wise.
PSA	136	6	x27a			0	spread out the earth above the waters	The ancient Israelites thought that the earth’s dry land was on top of the sea. Alternate translation: “placed the earth over the waters”
PSA	136	7	wi2k			0	great lights	This is a reference to the sources of light for the earth, especially the sun and the moon. Alternate translation: “the sun and the moon and the stars”
PSA	136	8	f4vg	figs-metaphor		0	to rule by day	The sun is spoken of as if it were a king. Alternate translation: “to mark the time of day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	136	8	h1q9	figs-abstractnouns		0	for his covenant faithfulness endures forever	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. See how you translated this in [Psalms 136:1](../136/001.md). Alternate translation: “because he remains faithful to his covenant forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	136	9	m4de	figs-metaphor		0	to rule by night	The moon, and stars are spoken of as if they were kings. Alternate translation: “to mark the time of night” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	136	11	v395			0	from among them	Alternate translation: “from among the people of Egypt”
PSA	136	12	eaa4	figs-metaphor		0	with a strong hand and a raised arm	Here “hand” and “arm” represent power. Alternate translation: “with great power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	136	13	avd4			0	the Sea of Reeds	The soldiers of Pharaoh drowned in the Sea of Reeds.
PSA	136	15	a7s1	figs-metaphor		0	overthrew Pharaoh	Here defeat is spoken of as if it were tipping someone over. Alternate translation: “defeated Pharaoh” or “defeated the king of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	136	15	mi4b	figs-metonymy		0	Pharaoh	That is, the army of Pharaoh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	136	19	j4wg	translate-names		0	Sihon	a man’s name (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
PSA	136	20	r49c	translate-names		0	Og	a man’s name (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
PSA	136	23	q5t2			0	called us to mind	Alternate translation: “thought about us”
PSA	136	23	g78u	figs-metaphor		0	helped us in our humiliation	The condition of feeling shame is spoken of as if it were a place that the Israelites had been in. This is a reference to the many times when the Israelites’ enemies had defeated them in battle and shamed them. Alternate translation: “cared when we were shamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	136	24	zn74	figs-metaphor		0	has given us victory over our enemies	Causing people to be victorious and defeat their enemies is spoken of as giving them victory, as if victory were an object that can be given. Alternate translation: “has made us victorious over our enemies” or “has made us able to defeat our enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	136	26	vqb3			0	the God of heaven	Alternate translation: “the God who lives in heaven” or “the God whom the heavenly beings worship”
PSA	137	intro	syg4			0		# Psalm 137 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 137 is a psalm of mourning and vengeance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Songs of Zion<br><br>The captives are told to sing songs of Zion there in Babylon but they felt too unhappy to want to sing. The army from Babylon was cruel when it destroyed Jerusalem and the people of Edom encouraged them to destroy Jerusalem. They prayed that God will be cruel to the people of Edom and Babylon.
PSA	137	1	g7si	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	137	1	kt8v			0	By the rivers of Babylon	Alternate translation: “Next to one of the rivers near Babylon”
PSA	137	1	rih5	figs-exclusive		0	we sat … wept … we thought	The writer does not include the readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
PSA	137	2	j2py	figs-exclusive		0	we hung	The writer does not include the readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
PSA	137	2	xl9e	figs-metonymy		0	On the poplars there	Poplar trees do not grow in Israel. “Poplars” may here stand for all the trees in Babylon. Alternate translation: “On the trees in Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	137	3	sad7			0	our captors required songs from us	Alternate translation: “our captors required us to sing”
PSA	137	3	htl1			0	required us to be happy	Alternate translation: “made us pretend to be happy”
PSA	137	3	j7ws			0	one of the songs of Zion	This probably refers to songs that the Israelites had used in worship at the temple in Jerusalem.
PSA	137	5	s6nm	figs-personification		0	If I ignore the memory of you, Jerusalem	The writer speaks as if Jerusalem is listening to him. Alternate translation: “If I act as if I did not remember you, Jerusalem” or “If I try to forget you, Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
PSA	137	5	evg5			0	right hand	the hand most people use most often
PSA	137	7	fey4			0	Call to mind	Alternate translation: “Remember” or “Think about”
PSA	137	7	wp1j	figs-metonymy		0	Call to mind, Yahweh, what the Edomites did	Here remembering what the Edomites did represents punishing them for what they did. Alternate translation: “Punish the Edomites, Yahweh, for what they did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	137	7	fk91	figs-metaphor		0	the day Jerusalem fell	Jerusalem being captured by an enemy army is spoken of as if it had fallen. Who captured Jerusalem can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “the day Jerusalem was captured” or “the day the Babylonian army entered Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	137	8	vlj1	figs-apostrophe		0	General Information:	The psalmist addresses the people of Babylon as if they were there listening to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
PSA	137	8	c3dh	figs-metonymy		0	Daughter of Babylon	This represents the city of Babylon and its people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	137	8	w6kc	figs-activepassive		0	may the person be blessed	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “may God bless the person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	137	8	v1xl	figs-metaphor		0	pays you back for what you have done to us	The writer speaks of someone doing to others what they have done as if were payment. Alternate translation: “does to you what you did to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	137	9	v5tp			0	dashes your little ones against a rock	Alternate translation: “smashes your babies’ heads against rocks”
PSA	138	intro	lv6z			0		# Psalm 138 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm is a psalm of praise.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Answered prayers<br><br>God answers prayers and he protects the psalmist from his enemies.
PSA	138	1	uq65	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	138	1	hm3q	figs-metonymy		0	I will give you thanks with my whole heart	The heart here represents the emotions. Doing something sincerely or completely is spoken of as doing it with all one’s heart. Alternate translation: “I will sincerely thank you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	138	1	eq6r			0	before the gods	This could mean: (1) “in spite of the false idols that exist” or (2) “before the heavenly assembly,” which means “in the knowledge of the angels in heaven.”
PSA	138	2	bda1	translate-symaction		0	I will bow down	Bowing down is a symbolic action that represents worship and giving honor. Alternate translation: “I will worship you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
PSA	138	2	p2fj	figs-metonymy		0	give thanks to your name	Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “give thanks to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	138	2	t3ms	figs-abstractnouns		0	for your covenant faithfulness and for your trustworthiness	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **trustworthiness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “because you are faithful to your covenant and you are worthy of people trusting you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	138	2	wkx6			0	your word	Alternate translation: “what you have said” or “your commands and promises”
PSA	138	2	m6ju	figs-metonymy		0	your name	This could mean: (1) “yourself” or (2) “your fame.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	138	4	zpz8	figs-synecdoche		0	your mouth	This expression stands for God himself. Alternate translation: “you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	138	6	sg1t			0	Yahweh is high, yet he cares for the lowly	Yahweh is above all creation in power, position, and authority. Yet his interest is in those who are humble in spirit, servants to all. This is a simple contrast.
PSA	138	6	ly27	figs-metaphor		0	the proud he knows from far off	This expression probably means that God is not faithful to those who are proud. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	138	7	se2w			0	walk	live, exist
PSA	138	7	wu4n	figs-metaphor		0	in the middle of danger	Being in danger is spoken of as being in a physical place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	138	7	ez6k	figs-metaphor		0	you will reach out with your hand against the anger of my enemies	God is spoken of as if he will strike the enemies with his hand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	138	7	uh62	figs-abstractnouns		0	anger of my enemies	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **anger**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “angry.” Alternate translation: “my enemies, who are angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	138	8	uma6	figs-abstractnouns		0	your covenant faithfulness, Yahweh, endures forever	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “you, Yahweh, remain faithful to your covenant forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	138	8	hc8j			0	the ones whom your hands have made	This expression probably refers to the nation of Israel.
PSA	138	8	m81b	figs-metaphor		0	your hands have made	God is spoken of as if he had physically used hands to create. Alternate translation: “you have created” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	139	intro	spl6			0		# Psalm 139 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 139 is a psalm of praise.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### God’s care<br><br>God created the psalmist in his mother’s womb and has taken care of him all of his life. No matter where he goes, God is always with him.
PSA	139	1	f2ij	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	139	1	m5if			0	For the chief musician	Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.”
PSA	139	1	z372			0	have examined	Alternate translation: “have tested”
PSA	139	2	rgf9	figs-merism		0	when I sit down and when I get up	The psalmist uses these two actions to represent everything he does. Alternate translation: “everything I do” or “everything about me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
PSA	139	3	u269	figs-metaphor		0	my path and my lying down	Here “path” stands for one’s behavior. “My path and my lying down” together represent everything about the psalmist. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
PSA	139	4	i5s4	figs-metaphor		0	before there is a word on my tongue	Here “word on the tongue” represents speech. Alternate translation: “before I say anything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	139	5	q23v			0	Behind me and before me you surround me	This expression refers to God’s presence everywhere.
PSA	139	5	xr3g	figs-metaphor		0	place your hand upon me	This expression refers to guidance and help. Alternate translation: “you guide and help me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	139	6	yr6j			0	too much for me	Alternate translation: “too much for me to understand”
PSA	139	6	m18y	figs-metaphor		0	it is too high, and I cannot reach it	Being high and out of reach is an expression, in this case, about some knowledge that human beings cannot have. Alternate translation: “it is too difficult to understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	139	7	w65n	figs-rquestion		0	Where can I go from your Spirit?…Where can I flee from your presence?	These two questions are in parallel. The psalmist says that he cannot go away from God’s presence. Alternate translation: “I cannot escape from your Spirit.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	139	8	tdr8	figs-metaphor		0	if I make my bed in Sheol	“Making one’s bed” refers to staying somewhere. Alternate translation: “even if I stay in Sheol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	139	9	v6q9	figs-hyperbole		0	If I fly away on the wings of the morning and go to live in the uttermost parts across the sea	The author uses exaggeration to explain that wherever he is, God is there too. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
PSA	139	9	rt5q	figs-metaphor		0	If I fly away on the wings of the morning	In the ancient near east, the sun was often imagined as if it had wings which enabled it to fly across the sky. Alternate translation: “If the sun could carry me with itself across the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	139	9	iph4			0	in the uttermost parts across the sea	Alternate translation: “very far away to the west”
PSA	139	10	fx9r			0	will hold on to me	Alternate translation: “will help me”
PSA	139	11	z546	figs-metaphor		0	If I said, “Surely the darkness will cover me	The psalmist speaks of the night as if it were a blanket that could conceal him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	139	12	v3s8	figs-metaphor		0	The night would shine like the day	The night, which is dark, is spoken of as if it were bright with light. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	139	13	zvi1	figs-synecdoche		0	You formed my inner parts	“Inner parts” refers to the interior organs of a person, but here the expression probably stands for the entire body. Alternate translation: “You made my entire body (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	139	14	t36w	figs-metonymy		0	My soul knows this very well	Here “soul” probably refers to the psalmist’s innermost ability to be certain about God’s love and guidance. The translator may, however, treat “soul” here as metonymy for the psalmist’s mind and heart. Alternate translation: “I know this with all my heart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	139	15	wrz7			0	intricately made	Alternate translation: “made with great complexity”
PSA	139	15	r8mk	figs-metaphor		0	the depths of the earth	This is probably a way of speaking about a mother’s womb (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	139	16	i7h1			0	all the days assigned to me were recorded in your book even before the first one happened	This expression implies that ancient Israelites imagined that God wrote down his plans in a book.
PSA	139	17	e3mj			0	How precious are your thoughts to me	Alternate translation: “I consider your thoughts very important” or “Your thoughts are very valuable to me”
PSA	139	17	j6ja			0	How vast is their sum!	Alternate translation: “Your thoughts are so many.”
PSA	139	18	y1h1	figs-hyperbole		0	they would be more in number than the sand	This hyperbole means that the writer would be unable to count God’s thoughts. Alternate translation: “there would be more than I could count” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
PSA	139	19	g2az	figs-apostrophe		0	get away from me, you violent men	The psalmist is only pretending to speak directly to the violent men whom he has in mind. Translators may decide to express this command as a wish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
PSA	139	20	t47k			0	They rebel against you	Alternate translation: “They rebel against your authority, God”
PSA	139	20	lzi8			0	your enemies tell lies	Alternate translation: “your enemies lie about you”
PSA	139	21	f3gc	figs-parallelism		0	Do I not hate those, Yahweh, who hate you? Do I not despise those who rise up against you?	These two sentences have similar meanings. The second one strengthens the thought in the first. Both of these questions actually make statements. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, I hate those who hate you! I despise those who rise up against you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	139	21	s4kn			0	rise up against	rebel against
PSA	139	23	e3ka	figs-explicit		0	Examine me	This is a request for God to tell the psalmist about any sinful thoughts that he may have. Alternate translation: “Please search me” or “I beg you to search me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	139	23	s3gp	figs-parallelism		0	Examine me, God, and know my heart; test me and know my thoughts	These two sentences have similar meanings. The second one strengthens the thought in the first. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	139	24	r9qy	figs-metaphor		0	any wicked way	Here “way” stands for behavior. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	139	24	h9f8	figs-metaphor		0	the everlasting way	Here “way” refers to trust and obedience in God. Anyone who “walks” this way will have everlasting life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	140	intro	qi17			0		# Psalm 140 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 140 is a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s protection<br><br>He prayed that God would save him from his enemies who are lying about him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])
PSA	140	1	g538	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	140	1	gc5w			0	For the chief musician	This is for the director of music to use in worship.”
PSA	140	2	luc4			0	they cause battles	Here “battles” probably refers to conflict of any kind, including quarrels.
PSA	140	3	pz2s	figs-metaphor		0	Their tongues wound like serpents	People who cause conflict by what they say are spoken of as if they had tongues of serpents. Of course, snakes do not do damage with their tongues, but with their bites and especially with poison. Neither can a person make his tongue sharp. Instead, here the idea of a sharp tongue stands for speaking in a way to cause trouble. And the idea the snakes have sharp tongues stands for the fact that many of them have poison. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	140	4	b8fg	figs-metaphor		0	the hands of the wicked	That is, the power of the wicked (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	140	5	fa3u	figs-metaphor		0	have set a trap … have spread a net … have set a snare	The exact kinds of traps are less important than the idea that wicked and proud people are planning to make trouble for the psalmist. If your readers do not know much about different ways of trapping, you may need to reduce this to one line. Alternate translation: “have set a trap to catch me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	140	6	w5qu	figs-metonymy		0	listen to my cries	This is a call for help. Alternate translation: “listen to me as I call to you now for help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	140	7	c56x	figs-synecdoche		0	you shield my head in the day of battle	A person’s head is in great danger during battle. Protecting the person’s head represents protecting the whole person. Alternate translation: “you protect me when I go to war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	140	7	pz1z	figs-metaphor		0	battle	Here “battle” probably stands for any kind of severe trouble (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	140	8	c5jb			0	do not grant the desires of the wicked	Alternate translation: “please do not allow the wicked to have what they desire”
PSA	140	8	hdj3	figs-nominaladj		0	the wicked	The adjective “wicked” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	140	9	gn44	translate-symaction		0	raise their heads	This is a sign of being arrogant. Alternate translation: “are arrogant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
PSA	140	9	x51m			0	let the mischief of their own lips cover them	This is a prayer that God would make the evildoers suffer from the trouble that they caused by the things they said.
PSA	140	9	a8kq	figs-metaphor		0	the mischief of their own lips	The trouble that they themselves caused by what they said. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	140	9	tmk5	figs-metaphor		0	cover them	That is, stop them from causing any more trouble. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	140	10	yxz6	figs-metaphor		0	Let burning coals fall on them; throw them into the fire	Images of fire stand for severe punishment for the wicked. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	140	10	pqf9			0	bottomless pits	This is probably a reference to Sheol, the world of the dead.
PSA	140	11	sf31	figs-idiom		0	men of tongues	those who speak evil of others without cause (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	140	11	i174			0	secure on the earth	Alternate translation: “safe in this life”
PSA	140	11	k1fm	figs-personification		0	may evil hunt down the violent man	Here evil is spoken of as if it were someone taking revenge on another person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	140	12	em3r	figs-abstractnouns		0	he will give justice to the needy	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **justice**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “just.” Alternate translation: “He will act in a just manner to help the needy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	140	13	wfl7	figs-metonymy		0	to your name	This represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	141	intro	j6r9			0		# Psalm 141 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 141 is a psalm of deliverance from his enemies and from sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s correction<br><br>The author prayed that God would keep him from sinning. He is glad to be corrected by good people. He asked God to show that he is right by destroying the evil leaders of the people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])
PSA	141	1	f34t	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	141	1	gns6			0	crying out	Alternate translation: “asking you for help”
PSA	141	1	uq2e	figs-personification		0	come quickly to me	The psalmist speaks as if Yahweh were a person who needed to come from another place to help him. What the psalmist wanted Yahweh to do can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “come quickly to help me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	141	1	f66k			0	Listen to me when I call	Alternate translation: “Please hear me when I call” or “I beg you to hear me when I call”
PSA	141	2	d4jp	figs-simile		0	May my prayer be like incense	The psalmist asks Yahweh to accept and be pleased with his prayer the way he would accept and be pleased with incense. Alternate translation: “May the my prayer please you the way the sweet smell of incense pleases people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	141	2	vz6a	figs-metonymy		0	my prayer	The psalmist wants Yahweh to be pleased with him because he is praying and because of the words of his prayer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	141	2	f9h1			0	my lifted hands	“the hands that I have lifted up.” Lifted hands are a metonym for prayer. People lifted their hands when they prayed or praised Yahweh. See how you translated “lift up your hands” in [Psalms 134:2](../134/002.md).
PSA	141	2	vf7s	figs-simile		0	be like the evening sacrifice	The means to be like the animal that was burned on the altar in the evening. The psalmist speaks as if he wants Yahweh to be as pleased with him as he is with those who bring animals to sacrifice. He wants Yahweh to be pleased because the psalmist is praying or because of the words of his prayer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	141	3	kge1	figs-metaphor		0	place a guard over my mouth	The psalmist speaks as if evil words were prisoners trying to escape from his mouth. Alternate translation: “please help me not to say things that are evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	141	3	pt7y			0	place a guard over	Alternate translation: “tell someone to guard”
PSA	141	3	hf52	figs-metaphor		0	guard the door of my lips	The psalmist speaks as if evil words were prisoners trying to escape from his mouth. Alternate translation: “please help me not to say things when I should not” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	141	4	cg6p			0	participate in sinful activities	Alternate translation: “do sinful deeds”
PSA	141	4	ft7c			0	their delicacies	Alternate translation: “their special foods”
PSA	141	5	z9wf	figs-metaphor		0	hit me	The psalmist speaks as if giving a rebuke were physically hitting someone. Alternate translation: “rebuke me” or “hit me so I will listen when he corrects me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	141	5	d396	figs-abstractnouns		0	it will be a kindness to me	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **kindness**, you could express the same idea with an adverb. Alternate translation: “he will be acting kindly to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	141	5	vbt8	figs-simile		0	it will be like oil on my head	Possible meanings are that the psalmist speaks as if a person correcting him were putting oil on his head: (1) to honor him. Alternate translation: “when he corrects me, I will know that the one who corrects me is doing a good deed to me” or (2) to make his head feel better. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	141	5	sry9	figs-synecdoche		0	may my head not refuse to accept it	The head is a synecdoche for the person. The litotes can be translated as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “may I accept it gladly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
PSA	141	5	m2xw	figs-metonymy		0	my prayer is always against their wicked deeds	The words “wicked deeds” are a metonym for the people who do the wicked deeds. Alternate translation: “I always pray that Yahweh will stop wicked people from doing evil deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	141	6	k4ld	figs-activepassive		0	Their leaders will be thrown down	This could mean: (1) “Someone will throw their leaders down” or (2) “Their leaders will throw them down.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	141	6	fj6j			0	cliffs	ground that goes straight down a long way
PSA	141	7	b6wd			0	our bones have been scattered	This could mean: (1) “people have thrown our bones around in different directions” or (2) as a result of the fall from the cliffs (141:6) “our bodies are broken and our bones lie in disorder.”
PSA	141	8	cjd2	figs-synecdoche		0	my eyes are on you	The eyes are a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “I am looking to see what you will do” or “I expect you to help me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	141	8	wm6m	figs-metaphor		0	in you I take refuge	“I am asking you to protect me” See how “take refuge” is translated in [Psalms 118:9](../118/009.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	141	8	wls6	figs-synecdoche		0	my soul	The soul is a metonym for the whole person. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	141	9	q9db	figs-metaphor		0	the snares that they have laid for me	The psalmist speaks of deceiving a good man so the good man will sin or so that the evil people can defeat him as if it were laying a trap for an animal. The word “snares” is a metonym for the people themselves. Alternate translation: “people who are looking for ways to harm me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	141	9	y879			0	snares … traps	Bible experts disagree on the exact meanings of these words. It would be best either to translate one of them with the word for a net or cage that contains the prey and the other as a rope or vine that catches the prey by the leg or neck or to translate both with the general word for “traps.” See how these words are translated in [Psalms 140:5](../140/005.md).
PSA	141	9	g9xn	figs-ellipsis		0	from the traps of evildoers	The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “and protect me from the traps that those who do evil have set” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	141	10	zb2q			0	Let the wicked fall into their own nets	The psalmist speaks of evil people deceiving good people as if hunters were trapping animals. Alternate translation: “Let the wicked fall into the net traps they have made to trap other people” or “Let the bad things the wicked planned for the righteous happen to the wicked instead”
PSA	142	intro	psy6			0		# Psalm 142 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 142 is a psalm of deliverance from his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s help<br><br>The psalmist is alone, and has many enemies surrounding him. Despite this, Yahweh will help him. Then, good people will join the author. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]])
PSA	142	1	j93h	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	142	1	p2w2			0	A maschil	This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md).
PSA	142	1	bue5			0	cave	open place under the earth large enough for people to walk around in
PSA	142	1	e46x	figs-doublet		0	I cry out for help to Yahweh … I plead for Yahweh’s favor	If these two lines are so much the same that the reader will get the wrong meaning, you can translate them as one line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	142	1	gl9i			0	with my voice	“using my voice” -
PSA	142	2	e15u	figs-doublet		0	pour out my lament before him … I tell him my troubles	If these two lines are so much the same that the reader will get the wrong meaning, you can translate them as one line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	142	2	ay1f	figs-metaphor		0	pour out my lament before him	The psalmist speaks of telling Yahweh why he is sad as if he were pouring all of a liquid out of a container. Alternate translation: “I tell him all about why I am sad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	142	2	vh7u			0	tell him my troubles	Alternate translation: “tell him about everything that makes me worry”
PSA	142	3	aks7			0	my spirit is weak within me	Alternate translation: “I am weak” or “I am extremely discouraged”
PSA	142	3	j7ir	figs-explicit		0	you know my path	“you know the path I should take.” The psalmist speaks as if what a person does were a path that that person walked along. Alternate translation: “you know the way I should live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	142	3	qy2a	figs-metaphor		0	In the way that I walk they have hidden a trap for me	The psalmist speaks of people wanting to harm him as if they were trying to trap an animal. Alternate translation: “They are making plans so that whatever I do they can harm me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	142	4	e9h9	figs-metonymy		0	my life	This is a metonym for “me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	142	5	d83b	figs-metonymy		0	called out to you	This is a call for help. Alternate translation: “called to you now for help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	142	5	u3fb			0	my portion	This could mean: (1) “all I want” or (2) “all I need” or (3) “all I have.”
PSA	142	5	v2uk	figs-idiom		0	in the land of the living	This idiom refers to a person being alive, as opposed to a person who is dead and in the place of the dead. Alternate translation: “while I am living” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	142	6	t4vr	figs-metonymy		0	Listen to my call	This is a call for help. See how you translated this in [Psalms 5:1](../005/001.md). Alternate translation: “Listen to me as I call to you now for help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	142	6	y2xf			0	I have been brought very low	This could mean: (1) “I am very needy” and (2) “I am very weak.” See how “we are very low” is translated in [Psalms 78:8](../078/008.md).
PSA	142	7	va7w	figs-synecdoche		0	Bring my soul out of prison	This is a request. The “soul” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “bring me out of prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	142	7	w9yx	figs-metonymy		0	give thanks to your name	The word “name” is a metonym for the person. See how you translated this in [Psalms 5:11](../005/011.md). Alternate translation: “give thanks to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	143	intro	tm9v			0		# Psalm 143 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 143 is a deliverance psalm. The author prays for deliverance from his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s help<br><br>The author prayed for help from Yahweh against his enemies because he is God’s servant.
PSA	143	1	jk8k	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	143	1	c8pp	figs-metonymy		0	Hear my prayer	The words “my prayer” are a metonym for the person who is praying. See how these words are translated in [Psalms 39:12](../039/012.md). Alternate translation: “Listen to me as I pray to you” or “Be willing to do what I ask you to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	143	2	h1x7	figs-idiom		0	Do not enter into judgment	To “enter into judgment” is an idiom that means to pronounce judgment. Alternate translation: “Please do not judge” or “I beg you not to judge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PSA	143	2	ab38	figs-123person		0	your servant	The psalmist speaks of himself as if he were speaking of another person. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
PSA	143	2	u6lh	figs-metaphor		0	in your sight no one is righteous	Here sight represents judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “in your judgment no one is righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	143	3	p6sx	figs-synecdoche		0	pursued my soul	Here the word “soul” represents the person. Alternate translation: “pursued me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	143	3	u666	figs-metaphor		0	has crushed me to the ground	Defeating an enemy is spoken of as a heavy object crushing a lighter object on the ground. Alternate translation: “has completely defeated me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	143	4	j66k			0	My spirit is overwhelmed within me	Alternate translation: “I am weak” or “I am extremely discouraged”
PSA	143	4	yv4a			0	my heart despairs	Alternate translation: “I no longer have any hope”
PSA	143	5	nii3			0	call to mind	Alternate translation: “think about”
PSA	143	5	z21m			0	your accomplishments	Alternate translation: “all that you have accomplished” or “all the great things you have done”
PSA	143	6	i96g	figs-metonymy		0	spread my hands out to you	What one does with one’s body here is a metonym for the purpose of doing so. The Israelites would commonly pray while standing with their hands raised and spread out at their sides. Alternate translation: “pray to you with my hands lifted up at my sides” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	143	6	c8nl	figs-metaphor		0	my soul thirsts for you in a parched land	The psalmist speaks of wanting to be with God as if he were in a parched land and he also was about to die of thirst. Alternate translation: “I want to be with you the way a person in a parched land who is very thirsty wants water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	143	6	x1rn	figs-metaphor		0	my soul thirsts for you	The psalmist desires to know Yahweh. The intensity of his desire to know Yahweh is like one who is very thirsty. Alternate translation: “I long for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	143	6	m3qk	figs-synecdoche		0	my soul	The soul is a metonym for the person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	143	6	zc2r			0	parched land	A land where everything has died because there is no water.
PSA	143	7	r837	figs-personification		0	my spirit faints	Here the “spirit” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “I am weak” or “I am very discouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	143	7	h5nt			0	Do not hide your face from me	This is a request. “I beg you not to hide from me” or “Please, do not hide from me”
PSA	143	7	t1s2	figs-metaphor		0	Do not hide your face from me	The psalmist speaks of Yahweh refusing to do what the psalmist asks as if Yahweh were refusing to even look at the psalmist. This litotes can be stated as a positive. Alternate translation: “Do not refuse to listen to me” or “Please listen to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
PSA	143	7	yh17	figs-euphemism		0	I will become like those who go down into the pit	Here the word “pit” refers to the place of the dead. This phrase is a euphemism for death. Alternate translation: “I will become just another dead person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
PSA	143	8	cbz8	figs-abstractnouns		0	Let me hear your covenant faithfulness	“Cause me to hear of your covenant faithfulness” or “Tell me of your covenant faithfulness.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Let me hear of how you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	143	8	z9rb			0	in the morning	This could mean: (1) “in the morning,” at the time many people thought was the best time to pray, or (2) “morning by morning,” every day.
PSA	143	8	aut8			0	Show me	Alternate translation: “Tell me”
PSA	143	8	e86d	figs-metaphor		0	the way where I should walk	The psalmist speaks of the way people live as if it were a path on which they walk. Alternate translation: “how you want me to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	143	8	idb7			0	for I lift up my soul to you	This could mean: (1) “I pray to you” or (2) “I believe that you will guide and protect me.”
PSA	143	9	uh4d			0	I flee to you to hide	This could mean: (1) “I flee to you so I can hide” and (2) “I flee to you so you will hide and protect me.”
PSA	143	10	hfy5			0	to do your will	Alternate translation: “to do what you want me to do”
PSA	143	10	u2i6	figs-metaphor		0	lead me in the land of uprightness	This could mean: (1) “help me to live righteously” or (2) “may my life be free of trouble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	143	10	kpf6	figs-metaphor		0	the land of uprightness	This could mean: (1) this is a metaphor for righteous living or (2) “a level land,” a metaphor for life free of trouble. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	143	11	drk5	figs-metonymy		0	for your name’s sake	Yahweh’s name represents his reputation and character. Alternate translation: “because of who you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	143	12	d1cl			0	the enemies of my life	Alternate translation: “the enemies who want to take my life”
PSA	143	12	wp4f	figs-abstractnouns		0	In your covenant faithfulness cut off my enemies	“Show your covenant faithfulness by cutting off my enemies.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Because you are faithful to your covenant, cut off my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	143	12	wl46	figs-metonymy		0	the enemies of my life	“the enemies of my soul.” My “life” may be understood as representing the speaker. Alternate translation: “my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	144	intro	j9c6			0		# Psalm 144 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 144 is a worship psalm. It is the first worship psalm in a series consisting of the final seven psalms (Psalms 144-150).<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Safety<br><br>Psalm 144 is a prayer for safety and prosperity for the nation of Israel.
PSA	144	1	kh8j	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	144	1	lg69	figs-metaphor		0	my rock	This could mean: (1) “the one who keeps me safe” or (2) “the one who gives me strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	144	1	r6cj	figs-synecdoche		0	who trains my hands for war and my fingers for battle	The words “hands” and “fingers” are synecdoches for “me.” If “war” and “battle” are the same word in your language, you can translate this as one line. Alternate translation: “who trains me for war and trains me for battle” or “who trains me for war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	144	2	k7jc	figs-abstractnouns		0	my covenant faithfulness	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with anadverb. This could mean: (1) “the one who faithfully loves me” or (2) “the one who faithfully protects me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	144	2	bpc6	figs-metaphor		0	my fortress … take refuge	The psalmist uses many metaphors to emphasize that Yahweh will protect him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	144	2	naw2	figs-metaphor		0	my high tower	David speaks of Yahweh as if he were a fortress that protects him from attack. Yahweh is the one who protects David from harm. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	144	2	v4eq	figs-metaphor		0	my shield	David speaks of Yahweh as if he were a shield that protects a soldier. Yahweh is the one who protects David from harm. See how this is translated in [Psalms 18:2](../018/002.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	144	2	ig17	figs-metaphor		0	the one in whom I take refuge	Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “the one to whom I go so he will protect me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	144	2	qyp9			0	the one who subdues nations under me	Alternate translation: “the one who enables me to defeat other nations”
PSA	144	3	la8b	figs-rquestion		0	Yahweh, what is man that you take notice of him or the son of man that you think about him?	If your readers would misunderstand these questions, you can express them as statements. Alternate translation: “Man is so small compared to everything else you have made that I am surprised that you take notice of man and that you think about the son of man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	144	3	e6zt	figs-doublet		0	man … son of man	two words for human beings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	144	4	hu1p	figs-simile		0	like a breath … like a passing shadow	The writer compares humans to these thing to emphasize how short their lives are. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	144	5	cp6t			0	Cause … come down … touch … make	These words should probably be translated as requests, not commands, since the psalmist knows that God is greater than he is.
PSA	144	5	as4e			0	Cause the sky to sink	This could mean: (1) tear the sky open or (2) bend the heavens like a tree branch bends when someone walks on it or as one bends a bow before shooting arrows.
PSA	144	6	jip6			0	Send … scatter … shoot … drive	These should probably be translated as requests, not commands, since the psalmist knows that God is greater than he is.
PSA	144	6	ye36			0	in confusion	Alternate translation: “so they do not know what to think or what to do”
PSA	144	7	w63l	figs-metaphor		0	Reach out your hand from above; rescue me out of many waters	David speaks as if God were on land above a flood and had physical hands with which he could pull David out of a flood. The flood is a metaphor for the troubles caused by the “foreigners.” Alternate translation: “You who are able to act, help me overcome my troubles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	144	7	a8fn	figs-metonymy		0	from the hand of foreigners	Here “hand” refers to power. Alternate translation: “from the power of foreigners” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	144	8	i188	figs-synecdoche		0	Their mouths speak lies	Here the word “mouths” represent the people who speak. Alternate translation: “They speak lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	144	8	f1nz	figs-metaphor		0	their right hand is falsehood	This could mean: (1) David speaks of the custom of raising the right hand to swear that what one is about to say in court is true, “they lie even when they swear to tell the truth,” or (2) the “right hand” is a metaphor for power, “everything they have gotten, they have gotten by telling lies.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	144	9	wz6d			0	new song	This could mean: (1) “a song no one has ever sung before” or (2) “a song I have never sung before.”
PSA	144	10	rad1			0	who give … kings, who rescued	You may end a sentence at the end of [Psalms 144:9](../144/009.md) and start a new sentence here. “you. It is you who give … kings. It is you who rescued”
PSA	144	10	t9g4			0	David your servant	David speaks of himself as if he were someone else. “me, David, your servant”
PSA	144	10	r919	figs-metonymy		0	from an evil sword	David speaks of evil people as if they were the swords they use as weapons. Alternate translation: “from evil people who were trying to kill him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	144	11	a7t7			0	Rescue me and free me	Alternate translation: “Please rescue me and free me”
PSA	144	11	iv5z	figs-metonymy		0	from the hand of foreigners	Here “hand” refers to power. See how you translated these words in [Psalms 144:7](./007.md). Alternate translation: “from the power of foreigners” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	144	11	vu7l	figs-synecdoche		0	Their mouths speak lies	The people are represented by their “mouths.” See how you translated these words in [Psalms 144:8](./008.md). Alternate translation: “They speak lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	144	11	me9z	figs-metaphor		0	their right hand is falsehood	This could mean: (1) David speaks of the custom of raising the right hand to swear that what one is about to say in court is true, “they lie even when they swear to tell the truth,” or (2) the “right hand” is a metaphor for power, “everything they have gotten, they have gotten by telling lies.”See how you translated these words [Psalms 144:8](./008.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	144	12	mxt8			0	like plants who grow to full size	healthy and strong
PSA	144	12	jn5c			0	in their youth	the time when people develop
PSA	144	12	zf8s			0	our daughters like carved corner pillars	Alternate translation: “may our daughters be like carved corner pillars”
PSA	144	12	qvz7			0	carved corner pillars	Alternate translation: “beautiful posts that hold up the corners of a large house”
PSA	144	12	ah7c			0	pillars, shapely like those of a palace	Alternate translation: “pillars that are carved to make a palace beautiful”
PSA	144	13	m4xe	translate-numbers		0	thousands and ten thousands in our fields	“thousands—even tens of thousands!—and fill up our fields” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
PSA	144	14	zjd7			0	No one will break through our walls	Alternate translation: “No one will be able to invade our city”
PSA	144	14	r26v	figs-metonymy		0	no outcry	Here the outcry is associated with a severe problem that causes the person to cry out. Alternate translation: “no one crying in pain” or “no one crying for help” or “no one calling out for justice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	145	intro	nm65			0		# Psalm 145 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 145 is a worship psalm. This is the second in a series of worship psalms consisting of the final seven psalms (Psalms 144-150).<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Praise<br><br>God is worthy of all praise. This is in part because he does such wonderful things for all who worship him.
PSA	145	1	rw8s	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	145	1	dl46			0	extol you	Alternate translation: “tell people how wonderful you are”
PSA	145	1	p5ni	figs-metonymy		0	bless your name	The word “name” is a metonym for Yahweh himself. See how “may his glorious name be blessed” is translated in [Psalms 72:19](../072/019.md). Alternate translation: “bless you” or “do what makes you happy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	145	2	q3yg	figs-metonymy		0	praise your name	The word “name” is a metonym for Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “praise you” or “tell people how great you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	145	4	b492			0	your mighty actions	Alternate translation: “the things you can do because you are strong”
PSA	145	7	ri73			0	declare your abounding goodness	Alternate translation: “tell others how very good you are”
PSA	145	8	jqk7	figs-metaphor		0	abounding in covenant faithfulness	The psalmist speaks of covenant faithfulness as if it were a physical object of which one could possess a large amount. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “completely faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	145	9	k61r			0	his tender mercies are over all his works	Alternate translation: “people can see him showing mercy in everything he does”
PSA	145	10	v1rj			0	All you have made will give thanks	Alternate translation: “All the people you have made will give thanks” or “It will be as if everything you have made will give you thanks”
PSA	145	13	yys6			0	endures throughout all generations	Alternate translation: “remains forever”
PSA	145	14	f2te	figs-metaphor		0	supports all who are falling … raises up all those who are bent over	The psalmist speaks of Yahweh encouraging people as if he were helping people who were physically weak. You may need to translate both lines using only one line. AT “encourages those who are discouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	145	15	w41b	figs-synecdoche		0	The eyes of all wait	Here the word “eyes” represents those who watch and wait for Yahweh to act. Alternate translation: “Everyone watches and waits” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	145	16	xft8			0	You open your hand	Alternate translation: “You generously provide”
PSA	145	16	b2bx			0	satisfy the desire of every living thing	Alternate translation: “you give everyone more than they need and as much as they want”
PSA	145	17	h9wa			0	Yahweh is righteous in all his ways	Alternate translation: “People can see from everything that Yahweh does that he is righteous”
PSA	145	17	h24t			0	faithful in all he does	Alternate translation: “and he is gracious in all he does” or “people can see from everything that Yahweh does that he is gracious”
PSA	145	18	kq17	figs-metaphor		0	is near to all those who call to him	Here “is near” means “ready to help.” Alternate translation: “is always ready to help all those who call to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	145	18	v98h	figs-abstractnouns		0	to all who call to him in trustworthiness	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **trustworthiness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “to all who tell only the truth when they pray” or “to all whom he trusts when they pray” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	145	21	asw2	figs-synecdoche		0	My mouth will speak	Here the words “My mouth” represent the one speaking. Alternate translation: “I will speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	145	21	t2tr			0	will speak out the praise of Yahweh	Alternate translation: “tell everyone how good Yahweh is”
PSA	145	21	nc4f	figs-metonymy		0	let all mankind bless his holy name	The word “name” is a metonym for Yahweh himself. See how “may his glorious name be blessed” is translated in [Psalms 72:19](../072/019.md). Alternate translation: “let all people bless him” or “let all people do what makes him happy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	146	intro	s9dj			0		# Psalm 146 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 146 is a worship psalm. It is the third in series of seven worship psalms. (Psalms 144-150)<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Trust<br><br>Trusting people for protection is useless because they die. But God blesses everyone who trusts in him. He provides everything people need. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])
PSA	146	1	xb8v	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	146	1	jq1j	figs-metonymy		0	Praise Yahweh, my soul	Here “soul” represents the writer’s inner being. The writer is commanding his inner being to praise Yahweh. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “I will praise Yahweh with all my soul” or “I give praise to Yahweh with all my life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	146	2	isg7			0	with all my life	Alternate translation: “until I die” or “while I live”
PSA	146	3	x34i	figs-synecdoche		0	in princes	Here “princes” represents all human leaders. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	146	3	br6l	figs-abstractnouns		0	in mankind, in whom there is no salvation	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “save.” Alternate translation: “in any person because they cannot save you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	146	3	ure6			0	in mankind	Alternate translation: “in humankind” or “in people”
PSA	146	4	xqq1	figs-euphemism		0	When a person’s life’s breath stops	This is a polite way to refer to someone dying. Alternate translation: When a person dies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
PSA	146	4	c8h2	figs-explicit		0	he returns to the ground	This means that just as God made the first human, Adam, from the soil, so will a person’s body decay and become soil again when he dies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	146	6	ci47	figs-merism		0	Yahweh made heaven and earth	The words “heaven” and “earth” represent everything that exists in the physical universe. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
PSA	146	6	ca4t	figs-abstractnouns		0	observes trustworthiness	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **trustworthiness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “remains trustworthy” or “remains faithful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	146	7	zbn6			0	He executes justice	Alternate translation: “He decides matters fairly”
PSA	146	7	kk2i	figs-nominaladj		0	for the oppressed	This nominal adjective can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “for oppressed people” or “for those whom other people oppress” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	146	7	key9	figs-nominaladj		0	to the hungry	This nominal adjective can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “to hungry people” or “to those who are hungry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	146	8	tjb6	figs-metaphor		0	opens the eyes of the blind	Causing a blind person to see is spoken of as if Yahweh were opening the person’s eyes. Alternate translation: “causes the blind to see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	146	8	pav7	figs-nominaladj		0	the blind	This nominal adjective can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “blind people” or “those who are blind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	146	8	ey4k	figs-metaphor		0	Yahweh raises up those who are bowed down	Yahweh helping someone is spoken of as if he were physically helping someone to stand up. Alternate translation: “Yahweh helps those who are discouraged” or “Yahweh helps those who are weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	146	8	ml15	translate-symaction		0	who are bowed down	This action is a sign of distress or mourning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
PSA	146	9	l8p2	figs-metaphor		0	he lifts up	God helping someone is spoken of as if he were physically lifting them up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	146	10	kr81	figs-metonymy		0	your God, Zion	Here “Zion” represents all the people of Israel. The writer is speaking to the people of Israel as if they were there listening to him. Alternate translation: “your God, people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
PSA	146	10	il4h	figs-ellipsis		0	for all generations	The words “will reign” are understood. Alternate translation: “will reign for all generations” or “will reign forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	147	intro	z5be			0		# Psalm 147 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 147 is a worship psalm. It is the fourth in a series of seven worship psalms. (Psalms 144-150)<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s control<br><br>Yahweh has created everything and controls all of nature. He provides for the animals and people.
PSA	147	1	u7wi	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	147	1	g689	figs-ellipsis		0	it is pleasant	The object may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “it is pleasant to sing praises” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	147	1	i9pm			0	praise is suitable	Alternate translation: “praise is fitting” or “praise is appropriate”
PSA	147	3	ip6s	figs-metaphor		0	He heals the brokenhearted and binds up their wounds	The writer speaks of the people’s sorrow and discouragement as if they were physical wounds, and of Yahweh encouraging them as if he were healing those wounds. Alternate translation: “He encourages those who are sad and helps them to heal from their emotional wounds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	147	5	sq6c	figs-activepassive		0	his understanding cannot be measured	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one can measure his understanding” or “his understanding has no limit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	147	6	ret4	figs-metaphor		0	Yahweh lifts up the oppressed	The writer speaks of Yahweh honoring those who are oppressed as if Yahweh were lifting them up from the ground. Alternate translation: “Yahweh honors the oppressed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	147	6	j87w	figs-metaphor		0	he brings the wicked down to the ground	The writer speaks of Yahweh humiliating the wicked as if Yahweh were forcing them to lie on the ground. Alternate translation: “he humiliates the wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	147	7	x7xx			0	with a harp	Alternate translation: “while playing a harp”
PSA	147	9	y81a	figs-ellipsis		0	to the young ravens when they cry	The verbal phrase can be supplied from the previous line. Alternate translation: “he gives food to the young ravens when they cry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	147	9	hrg8			0	when they cry	Alternate translation: “whey they chirp” or “when they call”
PSA	147	10	ih2w			0	He finds no delight in the strength of a horse	Alternate translation: “Strong horses do not delight him”
PSA	147	10	vg8p	figs-metonymy		0	the strong legs of a man	This could mean: (1) “strong legs” is a metonym that represents how swiftly a man can run. Alternate translation: “men who can run swiftly” or (2) “strong legs” represents the strength of the whole man. Alternate translation: “how strong a man is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	147	11	fe9n	figs-abstractnouns		0	who hope in his covenant faithfulness	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with and adjective. Alternate translation: “who trust him because he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	147	12	c1ra	figs-personification		0	Jerusalem … Zion	The writer speaks to Jerusalem, which he also calls Zion, as if it were a person. The names of the city are metonyms for the people who live in it. Alternate translation: “people of Jerusalem … people of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	147	13	v5j1	figs-synecdoche		0	For he strengthens the bars of your gates	The phrase “the bars of your gates” represent the city as a whole. Yahweh will make Jerusalem secure from enemy invasion. Alternate translation: “For he protects Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	147	13	kjw5	figs-metaphor		0	he blesses … among you	The writer speaks of those who live in Jerusalem as if they were Jerusalem’s children. Alternate translation: “he blesses those who live in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	147	14	jv5d			0	He brings prosperity	“He brings peace.” This could mean: (1) Yahweh causes the people who live in Jerusalem to prosper materially and financially or (2) the word translated as “prosperity” means “peace” and Yahweh keeps Jerusalem safe from enemy attack.
PSA	147	15	a37s	figs-personification		0	his command runs very swiftly	The writer describes God’s command as if it were a messenger that moves quickly to deliver God’s message. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	147	16	c1ee	figs-simile		0	He makes the snow like wool, he scatters the frost like ashes	These emphasize how easy it is for him to do these things. He covers the ground with snow as easily as a person covers something with a wool blanket. And, he removes the frost as easily as the wind blows ashes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	147	17	nl42	figs-simile		0	He dispenses the hail like crumbs	Yahweh scatters hail as easily as a person would scatter bread crumbs. Alternate translation: “He dispenses the hail easily, as if it were crumbs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PSA	147	17	ljb8			0	He dispenses	Alternate translation: “He sends”
PSA	147	17	iq6h			0	hail	small pieces of ice that fall from the sky like rain
PSA	147	17	sid1	figs-rquestion		0	who can withstand the cold he sends?	The writer uses this question to emphasize that it is difficult to endure the cold weather that Yahweh causes. Alternate translation: “no one can live in the cold he sends.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PSA	147	18	db1u	figs-metaphor		0	He sends out his command and melts them	The writer speaks of Yahweh’s command as if it were his messenger. The word “command” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “He commands the ice to melt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	147	19	h3ti	figs-parallelism		0	He proclaimed his word to Jacob, his statutes and his righteous decrees to Israel	These two lines mean the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh gave his law only to Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	147	19	m4av	figs-ellipsis		0	his statutes and his righteous decrees to Israel	The verbal phrase can be supplied from the previous line. Alternate translation: “He proclaimed his statutes and his righteous decrees to Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	147	19	c558	figs-doublet		0	his statutes and his righteous decrees	The words “statutes” and “righteous decrees,” along with “word” in the previous line, all refer to the law of Moses. If your language does not have different words for these terms, you may combine the two lines into one, using either “Jacob” or “Israel” for the people who received them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PSA	147	20	s9ly			0	they do not know them	The other nations do not know Yahweh’s decrees.
PSA	148	intro	ug77			0		# Psalm 148 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 148 is a worship psalm. It is the fifth in a series of seven worship psalms. (Psalms 144-150)<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Praise<br><br>All creation, including humans, should praise God for his greatness.
PSA	148	1	hy45	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	148	1	y3gp	figs-parallelism		0	Praise Yahweh, you in the heavens … you in the heights	“Praise Yahweh, you in the heavens … you in the sky.” These two lines are parallel, with phrase “the heights” meaning the same thing as “the heavens” in the previous line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	148	3	ri28	figs-personification		0	Praise him, sun and moon	The writer speaks to the sun and moon as if they were people and commands them to praise Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Praise Yahweh, sun and moon, as people do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	148	3	qw9e	figs-personification		0	praise him, all you shining stars	The writer speaks to the shining stars as if they were people and commands them to praise Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Praise Yahweh, shining stars, as people do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	148	4	ek5l	figs-personification		0	Praise him, highest heaven	The phrase “highest heaven” is an idiom that refers to heaven itself. The writer speaks to heaven as if it were a person and commands it to praise Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Praise Yahweh, highest heaven, as people do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	148	4	vf7i	figs-personification		0	you waters that are above the sky	The writer speaks to “the waters that are above the sky” as if they are people and commands them to praise Yahweh. The verbal phrase can be supplied from the previous line. Alternate translation: “praise him, you waters that are above the sky, as people do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA	148	4	ut7b			0	waters that are above the sky	The writer speaks of a place above the sky where water is stored and from which the rain comes.
PSA	148	5	ch3d	figs-metonymy		0	Let them praise the name of Yahweh	Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “Let them praise Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	148	5	tcm6	figs-activepassive		0	they were created	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he created them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PSA	148	6	c9ty			0	he issued a decree that will never change	This could mean: (1) “he gave a command that is permanent” or (2) “he gave a command that they will not disobey.”
PSA	148	6	n8cn			0	he issued	Alternate translation: “he gave”
PSA	148	7	n48i	figs-metonymy		0	all ocean depths	This phrase represents every creature that lives in the depths of the oceans. Alternate translation: “all creatures in the ocean depths” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	148	8	s17i	figs-personification		0	fire and hail, snow and clouds, stormy wind	The writer speaks to these natural phenomena as if they are people and commands them to praise Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	148	8	u52w			0	stormy wind fulfilling his word	Alternate translation: “stormy wind that does what Yahweh commands”
PSA	148	9	e5cz	figs-personification		0		The writer continues to speak to things that are not human as if they were people and commands them to praise Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
PSA	148	10	b65a	figs-merism		0	animals wild and tame	The words “wild” and “tame” are opposites. Together they encompass all animals. Alternate translation: “all animals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
PSA	148	11	j3b1			0	Connecting Statement:	The writer commands all people to praise Yahweh.
PSA	148	11	w92u	figs-metonymy		0	all nations	The word “nations” represents the people who live in those nations. Alternate translation: “people of every nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	148	12	g9p4	figs-merism		0	young men and young women, elderly and children	The writer uses two merisms, one related to gender and one related to age, to represent every person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
PSA	148	13	r7cb	figs-metonymy		0	the name of Yahweh, for his name alone	Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, for he alone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	148	13	lr9t	figs-metaphor		0	his glory extends over the earth and the heavens	The writer speaks of Yahweh’s greatness as his glory being high above earth and heaven. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	148	14	qn5e	figs-metaphor		0	He has lifted up the horn of his people	The writer speaks of strength as if it were the horn of an animal. Lifting up an animal horn was a symbolic action that represented military victory. Alternate translation: “He has made his people strong” or “He has given his people victory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
PSA	148	14	wv8t			0	for praise from all his faithful ones	Alternate translation: “so that all his faithful ones praise him”
PSA	148	14	n4ru	figs-metaphor		0	the people near to him	The writer speaks of Yahweh loving his people as if his people were physically close to him. Alternate translation: “the people he loves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA	149	intro	au8i			0		# Psalm 149 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 149 is a worship psalm. It is the sixth in a series of seven worship psalms. (Psalms 144-150)<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Praise<br><br>The people of Israel should praise God and conquer the other nations.
PSA	149	1	p2dk	figs-pronouns		0	General Information:	The psalmist is speaking to all of God’s people, so you should use the plural command form if your language has one. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	149	1	e71a			0	a new song	This could mean: (1) “a song you have never sung before” or (2) a song no one has ever sung before.
PSA	149	1	vlr1			0	sing his praise	Alternate translation: “praise him with songs”
PSA	149	2	r1nd			0	rejoice in the one who made them	This could mean: (1) “rejoice because he made them” or (2) “rejoice because the one who made them is good.”
PSA	149	2	jyp7			0	rejoice in their king	The words “their king” is likely a reference to God. This could mean: (1) “rejoice because he is their king” or (2) “rejoice because their king is good.”
PSA	149	3	isj6	figs-metonymy		0	praise his name	The word “name” is a metonym for Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “praise him” or “tell people how great he is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	149	3	pu1i	translate-unknown		0	tambourine	a musical instrument with a head like a drum that can be hit and with pieces of metal around the side that sound when the instrument is shaken (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
PSA	149	4	hrp8	figs-abstractnouns		0	glorifies the humble with salvation	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “glorifies the humble by saving them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	149	4	t8tz	figs-nominaladj		0	the humble	This can be restated to remove the nominal adjective. Alternate translation: “those who are humble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
PSA	149	5	b5tj	figs-explicit		0	on their beds	The translation can make explicit that this refers to when a person lies down at night to sleep in a bed. Alternate translation: “as they lie down to sleep at night” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PSA	149	6	s1s6	figs-synecdoche		0	May the praises of God be in their mouths	The mouth represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “May they always be ready to praise God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PSA	149	6	pq93	figs-ellipsis		0	a two-edged sword in their hand	If swords are not known, use the name of a local weapon. The word “sword” is a metonym for being ready to fight in war. Alternate translation: “may they always be ready to go to war for him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	149	7	c66f	figs-metonymy		0	the nations	The phrase “the nations” is a metonym for the people who live in the nations. Alternate translation: “the people of the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA	149	8	ka3y			0	chains	These are made of heavy metal and restrict the movement of prisoners.
PSA	149	8	ety5			0	shackles	a pair of chains or bands with a chain between that limits the movement of both a person’s hands or feet.
PSA	149	9	jie7	figs-abstractnouns		0	They will execute the judgment that is written	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **judgment**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “judge.” Alternate translation: “They will judge and punish the people of those nations as God wrote should be done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA	150	intro	r7f5			0		# Psalm 150 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 150 is a worship psalm. It is last in a series of worship psalms. (Psalms 144-150)<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Instruments<br><br>People should praise Yahweh with every type of musical instrument.
PSA	150	1	jx5k	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	This focuses on praise or worship that is most commonly held in the temple. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA	150	1	djp3			0	Praise God in his holy place	God’s temple was often referred to as his holy place. This was the most common place to go to worship God.
PSA	150	2	e6ff			0	his mighty acts	“the great things he has done.” God’s **mighty acts** could mean: (1) natural such as thunderstorms and earthquakes or (2) miraculous such as healings and great victories in battle.
PSA	150	3	uqx4			0	General Information:	This chunk focuses on praising or worshiping God with musical instruments and dance.
PSA	150	4	m4dg	translate-unknown		0	tambourines	A tambourine is a musical instrument with a head like a drum that can be hit and with pieces of metal around the side that sound when the instrument is shaken. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
PSA	150	5	yat3	translate-unknown		0	cymbals	two thin, round metal plates that are hit together to make a loud sound (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
PSA	150	6	c7iw			0	General Information:	This verse is more than the end of this psalm. It is the closing statement for all of Book 5 of the Psalms, which starts at Psalm 107 and ends with Psalm 150.
PSA	150	6	ht6z	figs-hyperbole		0	everything that has breath	This is an exaggeration that calls on all people who are alive to praise God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])