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@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
1:31 uixn ט֖וֹב מְאֹ֑ד 1 “{it was} {all} very good/excellent.” Consider again how you translated “good/excellent” in verses 4, 10, 12, 18, 21, 25, and 31. 1:31 uixn ט֖וֹב מְאֹ֑ד 1 “{it was} {all} very good/excellent.” Consider again how you translated “good/excellent” in verses 4, 10, 12, 18, 21, 25, and 31.
1:31 pjit וַֽ⁠יְהִי עֶ֥רֶב וַֽ⁠יְהִי בֹ֖קֶר 1 “Then evening came and {then/later} morning came,” Consider again how you translated these phrases in verses 5, 8, 13, 19, 23 and 31, and see the note about that at verse 5. 1:31 pjit וַֽ⁠יְהִי עֶ֥רֶב וַֽ⁠יְהִי בֹ֖קֶר 1 “Then evening came and {then/later} morning came,” Consider again how you translated these phrases in verses 5, 8, 13, 19, 23 and 31, and see the note about that at verse 5.
1:31 vsiy rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal י֥וֹם הַ⁠שִּׁשִּֽׁי 1 “{and that was} {the end of} the sixth day.” or “and the sixth day ended.” or “{and that was} {the end of} day six.” 1:31 vsiy rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal י֥וֹם הַ⁠שִּׁשִּֽׁי 1 “{and that was} {the end of} the sixth day.” or “and the sixth day ended.” or “{and that was} {the end of} day six.”
2:1 alnx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַ⁠יְכֻלּ֛וּ הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֥יִם וְ⁠הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ 1 “So {it was that} the heavens and the earth were completed/finished {by God},” or “That is how {God} finished {creating/making} the heavens and the earth,” Verse one is a summary statement that looks back at what God did in chapter 1. Make sure that is clear in your language. Also consider whether it is better in your language to use an active or passive clause here, and see how you translated “heavens and earth” in Gen 1:1. 2:1 alnx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַ⁠יְכֻלּ֛וּ הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֥יִם וְ⁠הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ 1 “So {it was that} the heavens and the earth were completed/finished {by God},” or “That is how {God} finished {creating/making} the heavens and the earth,” Verse 1 is a summary statement that looks back at what God did in chapter 1. Make sure that is clear in your language. Also consider whether it is better in your language to use an active or passive clause here, and see how you translated “heavens and earth” in Gen 1:1.
2:1 eaz5 וְ⁠כָל צְבָאָֽ⁠ם 1 “including all the many things that are in them.” or “along with everything in them.” This phrase refers to everything in the heavens and on the earth that God had created, as described in chapter 1. 2:1 eaz5 וְ⁠כָל צְבָאָֽ⁠ם 1 “including all the many things that are in them.” or “along with everything in them.” This phrase refers to everything in the heavens and on the earth that God had created, as described in chapter 1.
2:2 lmmc rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal בַּ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֔י 1 “By the seventh day” or “By day seven”. Make sure it is clear in your translation that God had completed his work by the seventh day and did not work on that day. Also consider again how you translated ordinal numbers in Gen 1:5, 8, 13, 19, 23, 31; 2:2. 2:2 lmmc rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal בַּ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֔י 1 “By the seventh day” or “By day seven”. Make sure it is clear in your translation that God had completed his work by the seventh day and did not work on that day. Also consider again how you translated ordinal numbers in Gen 1:5, 8, 13, 19, 23, 31; 2:2.
2:2 zkij rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יְכַ֤ל אֱלֹהִים֙ 1 “God/he had completed/finished” or “God/he was finished with”. Decide whether it is better in your language to refer to God with a title (“God”) or a pronoun (“he”) in this context. 2:2 zkij rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יְכַ֤ל אֱלֹהִים֙ 1 “God/he had completed/finished” or “God/he was finished with”. Decide whether it is better in your language to refer to God with a title (“God”) or a pronoun (“he”) in this context.
@ -638,7 +638,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
5:28 mhbp וַֽ⁠יְחִי־לֶ֕מֶךְ שְׁתַּ֧יִם וּ⁠שְׁמֹנִ֛ים שָׁנָ֖ה וּ⁠מְאַ֣ת שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “When/After Lamech had lived 182 years,” or “When/After Lamech was 182 years old,” 5:28 mhbp וַֽ⁠יְחִי־לֶ֕מֶךְ שְׁתַּ֧יִם וּ⁠שְׁמֹנִ֛ים שָׁנָ֖ה וּ⁠מְאַ֣ת שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “When/After Lamech had lived 182 years,” or “When/After Lamech was 182 years old,”
5:28 ndwx וַ⁠יּ֖וֹלֶד בֵּֽן 1 “he had a son,” 5:28 ndwx וַ⁠יּ֖וֹלֶד בֵּֽן 1 “he had a son,”
5:29 ao6m וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֧א אֶת שְׁמ֛⁠וֹ 1 “and he named him” or “whom he named” 5:29 ao6m וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֧א אֶת שְׁמ֛⁠וֹ 1 “and he named him” or “whom he named”
5:29 fqyr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נֹ֖חַ 1 “Noah, {which means “comfort/relief/rest,”}” If you include the meaning of Noah’s name in your translation or in a footnote, make sure it matches what Lamech says about him in the following quote, so it is clear why he was given that name. 5:29 fqyr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נֹ֖חַ 1 “Noah, {which means “comfort/relief/rest,”}” If you include the meaning of Noah’s name in your translation or in a footnote, make sure it matches what Lamech says about him in the following quote so it is clear why he was given that name.
5:29 d1z6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר 1 “{because} he said,” or “{He/Lamech named him that because} he had said {about him},” What Lamech says next is the reason that he named his son Noah. Make sure that is clear in your translation. 5:29 d1z6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר 1 “{because} he said,” or “{He/Lamech named him that because} he had said {about him},” What Lamech says next is the reason that he named his son Noah. Make sure that is clear in your translation.
5:29 ivc5 זֶ֞֠ה יְנַחֲמֵ֤⁠נוּ 1 “This {son} will relieve us” or “This {son} will give us rest/relief” 5:29 ivc5 זֶ֞֠ה יְנַחֲמֵ֤⁠נוּ 1 “This {son} will relieve us” or “This {son} will give us rest/relief”
5:29 gzo5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet מִֽ⁠מַּעֲשֵׂ֨⁠נוּ֙ וּ⁠מֵ⁠עִצְּב֣וֹן יָדֵ֔י⁠נוּ 1 “from the {difficult} labor and toil/work we have to do with our hands” or “from the difficult/agonizing labor/work that we have to do/suffer”. These two phrases have similar meanings and emphasize how difficult the work was. Consider what is the best way to communicate that in your language. 5:29 gzo5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet מִֽ⁠מַּעֲשֵׂ֨⁠נוּ֙ וּ⁠מֵ⁠עִצְּב֣וֹן יָדֵ֔י⁠נוּ 1 “from the {difficult} labor and toil/work we have to do with our hands” or “from the difficult/agonizing labor/work that we have to do/suffer”. These two phrases have similar meanings and emphasize how difficult the work was. Consider what is the best way to communicate that in your language.
@ -658,7 +658,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
6:1 fo85 הֵחֵ֣ל & לָ⁠רֹ֖ב 1 “began to multiply/increase {in number}” or “began to be more/very numerous” 6:1 fo85 הֵחֵ֣ל & לָ⁠רֹ֖ב 1 “began to multiply/increase {in number}” or “began to be more/very numerous”
6:1 ps4y עַל פְּנֵ֣י הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָ֑ה 1 “all over the earth” or “throughout the earth/world” 6:1 ps4y עַל פְּנֵ֣י הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָ֑ה 1 “all over the earth” or “throughout the earth/world”
6:1 r0sl וּ⁠בָנ֖וֹת יֻלְּד֥וּ לָ⁠הֶֽם 1 “and they were having {many} daughters,” 6:1 r0sl וּ⁠בָנ֖וֹת יֻלְּד֥וּ לָ⁠הֶֽם 1 “and they were having {many} daughters,”
6:2 vn76 וַ⁠יִּרְא֤וּ 1 “then/Then {when those daughters/girls grew up,}” or “{When those daughters/girls grew up,}” Verses 1 and 2 are one long sentence in the Hebrew text. For many languages it is necessary to divide it into two or more shorter sentences. For example, depending on how you began verse one, you could begin verse 2 with a new sentence. Do what is best in your language. 6:2 vn76 וַ⁠יִּרְא֤וּ 1 “then/Then {when those daughters/girls grew up,}” or “{When those daughters/girls grew up,}” Verses 1 and 2 are one long sentence in the Hebrew text. For many languages it is necessary to divide it into two or more shorter sentences. For example, depending on how you began verse 1, you could begin verse 2 with a new sentence. Do what is best in your language.
6:2 w4mk בְנֵי הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִים֙ 1 “{some} angels” or “{some} supernatural beings”. The meaning of Gen 6:2 is not certain and is heavily debated, so it is probably best to translate it fairly literally and possibly include a footnote about what it means. If it is not translated literally, the literal text should be put in a footnote. There are three main views of who “the sons of God” and “the daughters of mankind” refer to: (1) nonhuman, god-like beings (supernatural beings), such as demons or angels (as in Job 1:6, 38:7) who took human form and married the daughters of human beings, which may be what is referred to in 1 Peter 3:19–20; 2 Peter 2:4, and Jude 6. (2) male descendants of Seth (the righteous, chosen family line) who married female descendants of Cain (the unrighteous family line). (3) sons of powerful men, such as judges or rulers (as in Exodus 22:8, Psalm 82:1, 6) who married the daughters of common, poor people. 6:2 w4mk בְנֵי הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִים֙ 1 “{some} angels” or “{some} supernatural beings”. The meaning of Gen 6:2 is not certain and is heavily debated, so it is probably best to translate it fairly literally and possibly include a footnote about what it means. If it is not translated literally, the literal text should be put in a footnote. There are three main views of who “the sons of God” and “the daughters of mankind” refer to: (1) nonhuman, god-like beings (supernatural beings), such as demons or angels (as in Job 1:6, 38:7) who took human form and married the daughters of human beings, which may be what is referred to in 1 Peter 3:19–20; 2 Peter 2:4, and Jude 6. (2) male descendants of Seth (the righteous, chosen family line) who married female descendants of Cain (the unrighteous family line). (3) sons of powerful men, such as judges or rulers (as in Exodus 22:8, Psalm 82:1, 6) who married the daughters of common, poor people.
6:2 znk3 וַ⁠יִּרְא֤וּ & אֶת בְּנ֣וֹת הָֽ⁠אָדָ֔ם כִּ֥י טֹבֹ֖ת הֵ֑נָּה 1 “saw that the daughters of human beings {were} beautiful,” or “saw that those young women {were} beautiful,” or “saw that they {were} {very} beautiful,” 6:2 znk3 וַ⁠יִּרְא֤וּ & אֶת בְּנ֣וֹת הָֽ⁠אָדָ֔ם כִּ֥י טֹבֹ֖ת הֵ֑נָּה 1 “saw that the daughters of human beings {were} beautiful,” or “saw that those young women {were} beautiful,” or “saw that they {were} {very} beautiful,”
6:2 qnty וַ⁠יִּקְח֤וּ לָ⁠הֶם֙ נָשִׁ֔ים מִ⁠כֹּ֖ל אֲשֶׁ֥ר בָּחָֽרוּ 1 “so they married any {of them} that they wanted to.” or “So they chose any/all {of them} that they wanted and married them.” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also, see how you translated “took/married” in Gen 4:19. 6:2 qnty וַ⁠יִּקְח֤וּ לָ⁠הֶם֙ נָשִׁ֔ים מִ⁠כֹּ֖ל אֲשֶׁ֥ר בָּחָֽרוּ 1 “so they married any {of them} that they wanted to.” or “So they chose any/all {of them} that they wanted and married them.” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also, see how you translated “took/married” in Gen 4:19.
@ -675,7 +675,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
6:4 pirs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism יָבֹ֜אוּ & אֶל 1 “slept with” or “had {marital/sexual} relations with”. Translate this idiom in a way that is polite and will not shame or embarrass people when this verse is read aloud in public. See how you translated a similar idiom (“knew”) in Gen 4:1, 17, 25. 6:4 pirs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism יָבֹ֜אוּ & אֶל 1 “slept with” or “had {marital/sexual} relations with”. Translate this idiom in a way that is polite and will not shame or embarrass people when this verse is read aloud in public. See how you translated a similar idiom (“knew”) in Gen 4:1, 17, 25.
6:4 m59u בְּנ֣וֹת הָֽ⁠אָדָ֔ם 1 “the daughters of human beings,” or “human women,” See how you translated this phrase in verse 2. 6:4 m59u בְּנ֣וֹת הָֽ⁠אָדָ֔ם 1 “the daughters of human beings,” or “human women,” See how you translated this phrase in verse 2.
6:4 si43 וְ⁠יָלְד֖וּ לָ⁠הֶ֑ם 1 “and those women gave birth to children for them.” or “and those women had children.” 6:4 si43 וְ⁠יָלְד֖וּ לָ⁠הֶ֑ם 1 “and those women gave birth to children for them.” or “and those women had children.”
6:4 e4oo rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns הֵ֧מָּה 1 “The Nephilim {were}” or “Those/Their children {grew up and} {were/became} {the Nephilim who were}”. Make sure it is clear in your translation who is being referred to here. 6:4 e4oo rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns הֵ֧מָּה 1 “The Nephilim {were}” or “Those/Their children {grew up and} {were/became} {the Nephilim, who were}”. Make sure it is clear in your translation who is being referred to here.
6:4 yujd הַ⁠גִּבֹּרִ֛ים 1 “the powerful men/warriors” or “heroes” 6:4 yujd הַ⁠גִּבֹּרִ֛ים 1 “the powerful men/warriors” or “heroes”
6:4 ps8j אֲשֶׁ֥ר מֵ⁠עוֹלָ֖ם 1 “who lived a long time ago,” or “who lived many years ago,” 6:4 ps8j אֲשֶׁ֥ר מֵ⁠עוֹלָ֖ם 1 “who lived a long time ago,” or “who lived many years ago,”
6:4 xhsv אַנְשֵׁ֥י הַ⁠שֵּֽׁם 1 “{who/and were} famous men.” For some languages it may be more natural to put this phrase earlier in this sentence and say, “They {were} the mighty men of renown who …” or “They {were} the famous mighty men who …” Do what is best in your language. 6:4 xhsv אַנְשֵׁ֥י הַ⁠שֵּֽׁם 1 “{who/and were} famous men.” For some languages it may be more natural to put this phrase earlier in this sentence and say, “They {were} the mighty men of renown who …” or “They {were} the famous mighty men who …” Do what is best in your language.
@ -696,7 +696,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
6:7 cmz9 וְ⁠עַד ע֣וֹף הַ⁠שָּׁמָ֑יִם 1 “and {all} the birds {that fly} in the sky/air,” or “and {all} the birds,” 6:7 cmz9 וְ⁠עַד ע֣וֹף הַ⁠שָּׁמָ֑יִם 1 “and {all} the birds {that fly} in the sky/air,” or “and {all} the birds,”
6:7 tgkj כִּ֥י נִחַ֖מְתִּי 1 “because I am sad/grieved” or “because I regret”. See how you translated “was sorry” or “regretted” in verse 6. 6:7 tgkj כִּ֥י נִחַ֖מְתִּי 1 “because I am sad/grieved” or “because I regret”. See how you translated “was sorry” or “regretted” in verse 6.
6:7 acg2 כִּ֥י עֲשִׂיתִֽ⁠ם 1 “that I {ever} made/created them.” 6:7 acg2 כִּ֥י עֲשִׂיתִֽ⁠ם 1 “that I {ever} made/created them.”
6:8 k0ja rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠נֹ֕חַ מָ֥צָא חֵ֖ן בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֥י יְהוָֽה 1 “But Noah pleased God.” or “But/However Yahweh was pleased with Noah.” The idiom “find favor” means to please someone. And the idiom “in the eyes of” refers to someone’s opinion about something or someone. Consider whether your language has similar idioms that work well here or whether it is better to translate this sentence without an idiom. 6:8 k0ja rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠נֹ֕חַ מָ֥צָא חֵ֖ן בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֥י יְהוָֽה 1 “But Noah pleased God.” or “But/However, Yahweh was pleased with Noah.” The idiom “find favor” means to please someone. And the idiom “in the eyes of” refers to someone’s opinion about something or someone. Consider whether your language has similar idioms that work well here or whether it is better to translate this sentence without an idiom.
6:9 u5k8 אֵ֚לֶּה תּוֹלְדֹ֣ת נֹ֔חַ 1 “This/Here is {more of} the account/record/history of/about Noah and his descendants/family:” or “What follows tells {more} about Noah and his descendants/family:” Some of Noah’s history has already been given in Gen 5:29, 32, and 6:8. What follows tells more about him. 6:9 u5k8 אֵ֚לֶּה תּוֹלְדֹ֣ת נֹ֔חַ 1 “This/Here is {more of} the account/record/history of/about Noah and his descendants/family:” or “What follows tells {more} about Noah and his descendants/family:” Some of Noah’s history has already been given in Gen 5:29, 32, and 6:8. What follows tells more about him.
6:9 gw44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns נֹ֗חַ 1 “He {was}”. Consider whether it is better in your language to use a noun or a pronoun here to refer to Noah. 6:9 gw44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns נֹ֗חַ 1 “He {was}”. Consider whether it is better in your language to use a noun or a pronoun here to refer to Noah.
6:9 zk74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms אִ֥ישׁ צַדִּ֛יק 1 “an upright/good man.” or “a man who did what was right.” 6:9 zk74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms אִ֥ישׁ צַדִּ֛יק 1 “an upright/good man.” or “a man who did what was right.”
@ -747,7 +747,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
6:20 tuxp מֵ⁠הָ⁠ע֣וֹף לְ⁠מִינֵ֗⁠הוּ 1 “{Males and females} from/of every kind/type of bird,” 6:20 tuxp מֵ⁠הָ⁠ע֣וֹף לְ⁠מִינֵ֗⁠הוּ 1 “{Males and females} from/of every kind/type of bird,”
6:20 li2p וּ⁠מִן הַ⁠בְּהֵמָה֙ לְ⁠מִינָ֔⁠הּ 1 “and from/of every kind of animal,” 6:20 li2p וּ⁠מִן הַ⁠בְּהֵמָה֙ לְ⁠מִינָ֔⁠הּ 1 “and from/of every kind of animal,”
6:20 tymx מִ⁠כֹּ֛ל רֶ֥מֶשׂ הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָ֖ה לְ⁠מִינֵ֑⁠הוּ 1 “including every kind of creature that moves/lives on the ground/land,” This phrase emphasizes that the birds and animals mentioned in the first half of this verse lived on land. 6:20 tymx מִ⁠כֹּ֛ל רֶ֥מֶשׂ הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָ֖ה לְ⁠מִינֵ֑⁠הוּ 1 “including every kind of creature that moves/lives on the ground/land,” This phrase emphasizes that the birds and animals mentioned in the first half of this verse lived on land.
6:20 aqyo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure שְׁנַ֧יִם מִ⁠כֹּ֛ל יָבֹ֥אוּ אֵלֶ֖י⁠ךָ 1 “two/pairs of every kind {of animal} will come to you” or “two/pairs of each kind {of animal} will come to you”. For some languages it is more natural to change the order of clauses in this sentence and say, “Two/Pairs of every kind of bird and every kind of animal, including every kind of creature that moves on the ground, will come to you” Do what is best in your language. 6:20 aqyo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure שְׁנַ֧יִם מִ⁠כֹּ֛ל יָבֹ֥אוּ אֵלֶ֖י⁠ךָ 1 “two/pairs of every kind {of animal} will come to you” or “two/pairs of each kind {of animal} will come to you”. For some languages it is more natural to change the order of clauses in this sentence and say, “Two/Pairs of every kind of bird and every kind of animal, including every kind of creature that moves on the ground, will come to you … ” Do what is best in your language.
6:20 gcv1 לְ⁠הַֽחֲיֽוֹת 1 “to keep {them} alive {on/in the ark/boat}.” or “{into the ark/boat} so that they stay alive.” or “so that you keep them alive {in the ark/boat}.” 6:20 gcv1 לְ⁠הַֽחֲיֽוֹת 1 “to keep {them} alive {on/in the ark/boat}.” or “{into the ark/boat} so that they stay alive.” or “so that you keep them alive {in the ark/boat}.”
6:21 hpvn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular וְ⁠אַתָּ֣ה 1 “You” or “You {and your family}”. Although the pronoun “you” is singular in the Hebrew text in verse 21, it could be translated as plural, since God’s instructions apply to Noah and his family, not just Noah. Or you could make his family explicit. Do what is best in your language. 6:21 hpvn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular וְ⁠אַתָּ֣ה 1 “You” or “You {and your family}”. Although the pronoun “you” is singular in the Hebrew text in verse 21, it could be translated as plural, since God’s instructions apply to Noah and his family, not just Noah. Or you could make his family explicit. Do what is best in your language.
6:21 wvi8 קַח־לְ⁠ךָ֗ 1 “must {also} {gather and} take/bring” or “must {also} gather” 6:21 wvi8 קַח־לְ⁠ךָ֗ 1 “must {also} {gather and} take/bring” or “must {also} gather”
@ -1291,7 +1291,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
11:19 xncw תֵּ֥שַׁע שָׁנִ֖ים וּ⁠מָאתַ֣יִם שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “{another} 209 years,” or “209 {more} years,” 11:19 xncw תֵּ֥שַׁע שָׁנִ֖ים וּ⁠מָאתַ֣יִם שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “{another} 209 years,” or “209 {more} years,”
11:19 bpuk וַ⁠יּ֥וֹלֶד 1 “and he {also} fathered/had” or “He/Peleg {also} fathered/had” or “He/Peleg was {also} the father of” 11:19 bpuk וַ⁠יּ֥וֹלֶד 1 “and he {also} fathered/had” or “He/Peleg {also} fathered/had” or “He/Peleg was {also} the father of”
11:19 nr72 בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת 1 “{other} sons as well as daughters.” 11:19 nr72 בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת 1 “{other} sons as well as daughters.”
11:20 ek1h וַ⁠יְחִ֣י רְע֔וּ שְׁתַּ֥יִם וּ⁠שְׁלֹשִׁ֖ים שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “When Reu had lived 32 years,” or “When Reu was 32 years old,” 11:20 ek1h וַ⁠יְחִ֣י רְע֔וּ שְׁתַּ֥יִם וּ⁠שְׁלֹשִׁ֖ים שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “When Reu had lived thirty-two years,” or “When Reu was thirty-two years old,”
11:20 zm8n וַ⁠יּ֖וֹלֶד אֶת שְׂרֽוּג 1 “he fathered/had {a son named} Serug.” or “he fathered/had {a son whose name was} Serug.” 11:20 zm8n וַ⁠יּ֖וֹלֶד אֶת שְׂרֽוּג 1 “he fathered/had {a son named} Serug.” or “he fathered/had {a son whose name was} Serug.”
11:21 blty rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וַ⁠יְחִ֣י רְע֗וּ אַחֲרֵי֙ הוֹלִיד֣⁠וֹ אֶת שְׂר֔וּג 1 “After he/Reu had Serug, Reu/he lived” or “After Serug was born, Reu lived” or “After Serug’s birth, Reu lived”. Be consistent with how you spell “Reu” in Gen 11:18-21. 11:21 blty rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וַ⁠יְחִ֣י רְע֗וּ אַחֲרֵי֙ הוֹלִיד֣⁠וֹ אֶת שְׂר֔וּג 1 “After he/Reu had Serug, Reu/he lived” or “After Serug was born, Reu lived” or “After Serug’s birth, Reu lived”. Be consistent with how you spell “Reu” in Gen 11:18-21.
11:21 x8r5 שֶׁ֥בַע שָׁנִ֖ים וּ⁠מָאתַ֣יִם שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “{another} 207 years,” or “207 {more} years,” 11:21 x8r5 שֶׁ֥בַע שָׁנִ֖ים וּ⁠מָאתַ֣יִם שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “{another} 207 years,” or “207 {more} years,”
@ -1355,7 +1355,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
12:4 b2v7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וַ⁠יֵּ֣לֶךְ אַבְרָ֗ם כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֨ר דִּבֶּ֤ר אֵלָי⁠ו֙ יְהוָ֔ה 1 “Then/So Abram left {the city of Haran}, just/exactly as Yahweh had told/commanded him {to do},” or “Then/So Abram did/obeyed what Yahweh had told/commanded him {to do} and left {the city of Haran},” Consider what is the best way in your language to begin this sentence to show that Abram is now doing what God just commanded him to do (verse 1). 12:4 b2v7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וַ⁠יֵּ֣לֶךְ אַבְרָ֗ם כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֨ר דִּבֶּ֤ר אֵלָי⁠ו֙ יְהוָ֔ה 1 “Then/So Abram left {the city of Haran}, just/exactly as Yahweh had told/commanded him {to do},” or “Then/So Abram did/obeyed what Yahweh had told/commanded him {to do} and left {the city of Haran},” Consider what is the best way in your language to begin this sentence to show that Abram is now doing what God just commanded him to do (verse 1).
12:4 hh61 וַ⁠יֵּ֥לֶךְ אִתּ֖⁠וֹ ל֑וֹט 1 “and {his nephew} Lot went/left with him.” 12:4 hh61 וַ⁠יֵּ֥לֶךְ אִתּ֖⁠וֹ ל֑וֹט 1 “and {his nephew} Lot went/left with him.”
12:4 p63p rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background וְ⁠אַבְרָ֗ם 1 “Now Abram” or “Abram”. Many translations omit the conjunction “And” or “Now” here. Do what is best in your language. 12:4 p63p rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background וְ⁠אַבְרָ֗ם 1 “Now Abram” or “Abram”. Many translations omit the conjunction “And” or “Now” here. Do what is best in your language.
12:4 p5rf בֶּן 1 “was 75 years old”. See how you translated a similar phrase in Gen 5:32 and 11:10. 12:4 p5rf בֶּן 1 “was seventy-five years old”. See how you translated a similar phrase in Gen 5:32 and 11:10.
12:4 tb22 בְּ⁠צֵאת֖⁠וֹ 1 “when he left” or “when he set out” 12:4 tb22 בְּ⁠צֵאת֖⁠וֹ 1 “when he left” or “when he set out”
12:4 ln5h מֵ⁠חָרָֽן 1 “from {the city of} Haran.” or “from there.” 12:4 ln5h מֵ⁠חָרָֽן 1 “from {the city of} Haran.” or “from there.”
12:5 w44u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go וַ⁠יִּקַּ֣ח אֶת שָׂרַ֨י אִשְׁתּ֜⁠וֹ 1 “Abram/He took/brought {with him} his wife Sarai”. Be consistent here with how you spelled “Sarai” in Gen 11:29-31. 12:5 w44u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go וַ⁠יִּקַּ֣ח אֶת שָׂרַ֨י אִשְׁתּ֜⁠וֹ 1 “Abram/He took/brought {with him} his wife Sarai”. Be consistent here with how you spelled “Sarai” in Gen 11:29-31.
@ -1538,7 +1538,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
14:1 lxcz אֶלָּסָ֑ר 1 “{the city/kingdom of} Ellasar,” 14:1 lxcz אֶלָּסָ֑ר 1 “{the city/kingdom of} Ellasar,”
14:1 b13t rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names כְּדָרְלָעֹ֨מֶר֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ 1 “Kedorlaomer/Chedorlaomer {was} the king/ruler over” or “King Kedorlaomer/Chedorlaomer was ruling”. In Hebrew this king’s name is pronounced “Kedorlaomer”. However in many translations it is spelled “Chedorlaomer”. Be consistent with your choice throughout this chapter. Also, “Elam” refers to the land where the descendants of Shem’s son Elam lived (Gen 10:22). 14:1 b13t rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names כְּדָרְלָעֹ֨מֶר֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ 1 “Kedorlaomer/Chedorlaomer {was} the king/ruler over” or “King Kedorlaomer/Chedorlaomer was ruling”. In Hebrew this king’s name is pronounced “Kedorlaomer”. However in many translations it is spelled “Chedorlaomer”. Be consistent with your choice throughout this chapter. Also, “Elam” refers to the land where the descendants of Shem’s son Elam lived (Gen 10:22).
14:1 wi37 עֵילָ֔ם 1 “{the land/region of} the Elamites,” 14:1 wi37 עֵילָ֔ם 1 “{the land/region of} the Elamites,”
14:1 ygbq rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְ⁠תִדְעָ֖ל מֶ֥לֶךְ 1 “and Tidal {was} the king/ruler over” or “and King Tidal was ruling”. Most translation teams transliterate the name “Goyim” (as they do other names in the Bible). Some translations translate its meaning and say, “the nations/peoples”. Do what is best in your language. 14:1 ygbq rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְ⁠תִדְעָ֖ל מֶ֥לֶךְ 1 “and Tidal {was} the king/ruler over” or “and King Tidal was ruling”. Most translation teams transliterate the name “Goyim” (as they do other names in the Bible). Some translations translate its meaning and say, “the nations/peoples.” Do what is best in your language.
14:1 sjfe rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names גּוֹיִֽם 1 “the Goyim {people},” Most translation teams transliterate the name “Goyim” (as they do other names in the Bible). Some translations translate its meaning and say “the nations/peoples”. Do what is best in your language. 14:1 sjfe rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names גּוֹיִֽם 1 “the Goyim {people},” Most translation teams transliterate the name “Goyim” (as they do other names in the Bible). Some translations translate its meaning and say “the nations/peoples”. Do what is best in your language.
14:2 htro עָשׂ֣וּ מִלְחָמָ֗ה אֶת־ 1 “those/Those {four} kings {became allies/partners and} made/waged war” or “those/Those {four} kings {joined forces and} went to war”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here, which depends on how you translated verse 1. 14:2 htro עָשׂ֣וּ מִלְחָמָ֗ה אֶת־ 1 “those/Those {four} kings {became allies/partners and} made/waged war” or “those/Those {four} kings {joined forces and} went to war”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here, which depends on how you translated verse 1.
14:2 lshe בֶּ֨רַע֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ 1 “Bera {who was} the king/ruler over” or “King Bera who was ruling” 14:2 lshe בֶּ֨רַע֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ 1 “Bera {who was} the king/ruler over” or “King Bera who was ruling”
@ -1555,7 +1555,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
14:3 lfo8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כָּל אֵ֨לֶּה֙ 1 “These/Those {five kings} all”. Consider whether it is necessary to make it explicit in your translation that “these” refers to the five kings just mentioned in verse 2. 14:3 lfo8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כָּל אֵ֨לֶּה֙ 1 “These/Those {five kings} all”. Consider whether it is necessary to make it explicit in your translation that “these” refers to the five kings just mentioned in verse 2.
14:3 ju1b חָֽבְר֔וּ 1 “united/combined their forces/armies {as allies/partners} {and fought against the four kings}” 14:3 ju1b חָֽבְר֔וּ 1 “united/combined their forces/armies {as allies/partners} {and fought against the four kings}”
14:3 y38z אֶל עֵ֖מֶק הַ⁠שִּׂדִּ֑ים 1 “in the Siddim Valley,” 14:3 y38z אֶל עֵ֖מֶק הַ⁠שִּׂדִּ֑ים 1 “in the Siddim Valley,”
14:3 v7c6 ה֖וּא יָ֥ם הַ⁠מֶּֽלַח 1 “which {later} {became} the Salt Sea.” or “where the Salt Sea {is now}.” The Hebrew word for “sea/ocean” can also refer to a large lake. The Salt Sea (also known as the Dead Sea) is about 31 miles (50 kilometers) long and 9 miles (15 kilometers) wide. Use a term in your language for a body of water that size. 14:3 v7c6 ה֖וּא יָ֥ם הַ⁠מֶּֽלַח 1 “which {later} {became} the Salt Sea.” or “where the Salt Sea {is now}.” The Hebrew word for “sea/ocean” can also refer to a large lake. The Salt Sea, also known as the Dead Sea, is about 31 miles (50 kilometers) long and 9 miles (15 kilometers) wide. Use a term in your language for a body of water that size.
14:4 n2ht rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background שְׁתֵּ֤ים עֶשְׂרֵה֙ שָׁנָ֔ה 1 “{This is what happened:} {For/During} twelve years” or “{This is why they were fighting:} {For/During} twelve years”. This paragraph (verses 4-9) is a flashback that tells the events that led up to the war (verses 1-3). Consider what is the best way in your language to introduce this background information. 14:4 n2ht rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background שְׁתֵּ֤ים עֶשְׂרֵה֙ שָׁנָ֔ה 1 “{This is what happened:} {For/During} twelve years” or “{This is why they were fighting:} {For/During} twelve years”. This paragraph (verses 4-9) is a flashback that tells the events that led up to the war (verses 1-3). Consider what is the best way in your language to introduce this background information.
14:4 iqc8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns עָבְד֖וּ 1 “the five kings had paid tribute/taxes/money to” or “the five kings had been subject to” or “they had been ruled by””. Consider what is the best way in your language to refer to the five kings (listed in verse 2) at this point in the paragraph. 14:4 iqc8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns עָבְד֖וּ 1 “the five kings had paid tribute/taxes/money to” or “the five kings had been subject to” or “they had been ruled by””. Consider what is the best way in your language to refer to the five kings (listed in verse 2) at this point in the paragraph.
14:4 cdq3 אֶת כְּדָרְלָעֹ֑מֶר 1 “{King} Kedorlaomer/Chedorlaomer,” Be consistent here with how you spelled this name in verse 1. 14:4 cdq3 אֶת כְּדָרְלָעֹ֑מֶר 1 “{King} Kedorlaomer/Chedorlaomer,” Be consistent here with how you spelled this name in verse 1.
@ -1609,7 +1609,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
14:10 v2gs וְ⁠הַ⁠נִּשְׁאָרִ֖ים 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “while/but those who were left” or “Those who escaped” or (2) “But the other {three kings and their armies/soldiers}” Consider whether or not it is best in your language to begin a new sentence here or continue the previous sentence. 14:10 v2gs וְ⁠הַ⁠נִּשְׁאָרִ֖ים 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “while/but those who were left” or “Those who escaped” or (2) “But the other {three kings and their armies/soldiers}” Consider whether or not it is best in your language to begin a new sentence here or continue the previous sentence.
14:10 wjyr נָּֽסוּ 1 “ran away”. See how you translated “fled” earlier in this verse. 14:10 wjyr נָּֽסוּ 1 “ran away”. See how you translated “fled” earlier in this verse.
14:10 d4wa הֶ֥רָ⁠ה 1 “to the mountains/hills {to hide}.” See how you translated “hill country” in verse 6. 14:10 d4wa הֶ֥רָ⁠ה 1 “to the mountains/hills {to hide}.” See how you translated “hill country” in verse 6.
14:11 yt9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ֠⁠יִּקְחוּ 1 “The the four kings took {by force}” or “Then the four kings seized”. Consider what is the best way in your language to refer to the four kings at this point in the paragraph. 14:11 yt9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ֠⁠יִּקְחוּ 1 “Then the four kings took {by force}” or “Then the four kings seized”. Consider what is the best way in your language to refer to the four kings at this point in the paragraph.
14:11 vxuv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֶת כָּל רְכֻ֨שׁ סְדֹ֧ם וַ⁠עֲמֹרָ֛ה 1 “all the possessions of/from {the people of/in} {the cities of} Sodom and Gomorrah” or “all the {people’s} belongings in {the cities of} Sodom and Gomorrah”. The phrase “Sodom and Gomorrah” refers here to the people who lived in those cities. Consider what is the best way to refer to those people here in your language. 14:11 vxuv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֶת כָּל רְכֻ֨שׁ סְדֹ֧ם וַ⁠עֲמֹרָ֛ה 1 “all the possessions of/from {the people of/in} {the cities of} Sodom and Gomorrah” or “all the {people’s} belongings in {the cities of} Sodom and Gomorrah”. The phrase “Sodom and Gomorrah” refers here to the people who lived in those cities. Consider what is the best way to refer to those people here in your language.
14:11 wi6p וְ⁠אֶת כָּל אָכְלָ֖⁠ם 1 “including/even all their food,” or “as well as all their food,” 14:11 wi6p וְ⁠אֶת כָּל אָכְלָ֖⁠ם 1 “including/even all their food,” or “as well as all their food,”
14:11 j1m7 וַ⁠יֵּלֵֽכוּ 1 “and left {with it all}.” or “and carried it {all} away {with them}.” or “and went on their way.” 14:11 j1m7 וַ⁠יֵּלֵֽכוּ 1 “and left {with it all}.” or “and carried it {all} away {with them}.” or “and went on their way.”
@ -1662,7 +1662,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
14:19 feqa וַ⁠יֹּאמַ֑ר 1 “by saying {to him},” 14:19 feqa וַ⁠יֹּאמַ֑ר 1 “by saying {to him},”
14:19 t0au בָּר֤וּךְ אַבְרָם֙ 1 “I pray that {you} Abram will be blessed” 14:19 t0au בָּר֤וּךְ אַבְרָם֙ 1 “I pray that {you} Abram will be blessed”
14:19 qqks rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure לְ⁠אֵ֣ל עֶלְי֔וֹן 1 “by the most high/powerful God,” or “by the highest/greatest God,” See how you translated this title in verse 18. For some languages it may be better to switch the order of phrases in this sentence and say, “May the greatest God, who owns heaven and earth, bless Abram/you.” or “I pray that the most high/powerful God, who created heaven and earth, will bless {you} Abram.” Do what is best in your language. 14:19 qqks rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure לְ⁠אֵ֣ל עֶלְי֔וֹן 1 “by the most high/powerful God,” or “by the highest/greatest God,” See how you translated this title in verse 18. For some languages it may be better to switch the order of phrases in this sentence and say, “May the greatest God, who owns heaven and earth, bless Abram/you.” or “I pray that the most high/powerful God, who created heaven and earth, will bless {you} Abram.” Do what is best in your language.
14:19 cnzx קֹנֵ֖ה שָׁמַ֥יִם וָ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 “{who is} the Owner/Creator of heaven and earth.” or “who owns/created heaven and earth.” The Hebrew word for “Possessor” also means “Creator,” which is used in many translations. Whichever one you do not use in the text, you could put in a footnote. 14:19 cnzx קֹנֵ֖ה שָׁמַ֥יִם וָ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 “{who is} the Owner/Creator of heaven and earth.” or “who owns/created heaven and earth.” The Hebrew word for “Possessor” also means “Creator,” which is used in many translations. Whichever one you do not use in the text you could put in a footnote.
14:20 qi3k וּ⁠בָרוּךְ֙ 1 “Praise” or “Give praise to” or “Let everyone praise”. See how you translated “Praised be” in Gen 9:26. 14:20 qi3k וּ⁠בָרוּךְ֙ 1 “Praise” or “Give praise to” or “Let everyone praise”. See how you translated “Praised be” in Gen 9:26.
14:20 bnw8 אֵ֣ל עֶלְי֔וֹן 1 “the most high/powerful God,” or “the highest/greatest God,” See how you translated this phrase in verses 18-19. 14:20 bnw8 אֵ֣ל עֶלְי֔וֹן 1 “the most high/powerful God,” or “the highest/greatest God,” See how you translated this phrase in verses 18-19.
14:20 bx1d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֲשֶׁר מִגֵּ֥ן צָרֶ֖י⁠ךָ בְּ⁠יָדֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 “because he gave you victory over your enemies!” or “because he enabled you to defeat your enemies!” The phrase “delivered … into your hand” is an idiom. Consider whether your language has a similar idiom that fits well here. 14:20 bx1d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֲשֶׁר מִגֵּ֥ן צָרֶ֖י⁠ךָ בְּ⁠יָדֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 “because he gave you victory over your enemies!” or “because he enabled you to defeat your enemies!” The phrase “delivered … into your hand” is an idiom. Consider whether your language has a similar idiom that fits well here.
@ -1674,7 +1674,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
14:21 pmak הַ⁠נֶּ֔פֶשׁ 1 “the/my people {whom you rescued/saved},” or “the people {from Sodom} {whom you rescued},” 14:21 pmak הַ⁠נֶּ֔פֶשׁ 1 “the/my people {whom you rescued/saved},” or “the people {from Sodom} {whom you rescued},”
14:21 yqi3 וְ⁠הָ⁠רְכֻ֖שׁ קַֽח לָֽ⁠ךְ 1 “but the possessions/plunder you may take/keep for yourself.” or “but take/keep for yourself the/their belongings {that you recovered}.” See how you translated “possessions” in verses 11-12,16. 14:21 yqi3 וְ⁠הָ⁠רְכֻ֖שׁ קַֽח לָֽ⁠ךְ 1 “but the possessions/plunder you may take/keep for yourself.” or “but take/keep for yourself the/their belongings {that you recovered}.” See how you translated “possessions” in verses 11-12,16.
14:22 n9df rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר אַבְרָ֖ם אֶל מֶ֣לֶךְ סְדֹ֑ם 1 “But Abram/he replied to him,” Consider what is the best way in your language to refer to Abram and to the king of Sodom at this point in their conversation. 14:22 n9df rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר אַבְרָ֖ם אֶל מֶ֣לֶךְ סְדֹ֑ם 1 “But Abram/he replied to him,” Consider what is the best way in your language to refer to Abram and to the king of Sodom at this point in their conversation.
14:22 mra6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction הֲרִימֹ֨תִי יָדִ֤⁠י אֶל יְהוָה֙ 1 “{I will not keep anything, because} I have raised my hand {and sworn/vowed/promised} to Yahweh,” It was the custom that when a person made an oath, he raised his hand to show that he was telling the truth and making a serious, unbreakable promise. Abram’s oath to Yahweh made Yahweh his witness who would hold him accountable and punish him if he breaks his oath. 14:22 mra6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction הֲרִימֹ֨תִי יָדִ֤⁠י אֶל יְהוָה֙ 1 “{I will not keep anything, because} I have raised my hand {and sworn/vowed/promised} to Yahweh,” It was the custom that when a person made an oath, he raised his hand to show that he was telling the truth and making a serious, unbreakable promise. Abram’s oath to Yahweh made Yahweh his witness who would hold him accountable and punish him if he were to break his oath.
14:22 j9qr אֵ֣ל עֶלְי֔וֹן 1 “{who is} the highest/greatest God,” See how you translated this phrase in verses 18-20. 14:22 j9qr אֵ֣ל עֶלְי֔וֹן 1 “{who is} the highest/greatest God,” See how you translated this phrase in verses 18-20.
14:22 v040 קֹנֵ֖ה שָׁמַ֥יִם וָ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 “{and} the Owner/Creator of heaven and earth,” or “{and} the One who owns/created heaven and earth,” See how you translated this phrase in verse 19. 14:22 v040 קֹנֵ֖ה שָׁמַ֥יִם וָ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 “{and} the Owner/Creator of heaven and earth,” or “{and} the One who owns/created heaven and earth,” See how you translated this phrase in verse 19.
14:23 xn0s אִם 1 “{that} I will not {keep/accept}” 14:23 xn0s אִם 1 “{that} I will not {keep/accept}”
@ -1691,7 +1691,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
15:1 gh9e אַחַ֣ר הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֣ים הָ⁠אֵ֗לֶּה 1 “After those things/events {happened},” or “After that,” 15:1 gh9e אַחַ֣ר הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֣ים הָ⁠אֵ֗לֶּה 1 “After those things/events {happened},” or “After that,”
15:1 uy8x rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms הָיָ֤ה דְבַר יְהוָה֙ אֶל אַבְרָ֔ם בַּֽ⁠מַּחֲזֶ֖ה לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר 1 “Yahweh said to Abram in a vision,” or “Yahweh appeared/came to Abram visually and said {to him},” A vision is a supernatural experience that a person has while he is awake, so the way you translate this term should be different from the way you translate “dream” (since people have dreams while asleep). Make sure your translation of this clause does not sound like what Abram saw was unreal; what he saw and heard actually happened. 15:1 uy8x rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms הָיָ֤ה דְבַר יְהוָה֙ אֶל אַבְרָ֔ם בַּֽ⁠מַּחֲזֶ֖ה לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר 1 “Yahweh said to Abram in a vision,” or “Yahweh appeared/came to Abram visually and said {to him},” A vision is a supernatural experience that a person has while he is awake, so the way you translate this term should be different from the way you translate “dream” (since people have dreams while asleep). Make sure your translation of this clause does not sound like what Abram saw was unreal; what he saw and heard actually happened.
15:1 qg0x אַל תִּירָ֣א אַבְרָ֗ם 1 “Abram, do not be afraid!” 15:1 qg0x אַל תִּירָ֣א אַבְרָ֗ם 1 “Abram, do not be afraid!”
15:1 a97c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אָנֹכִי֙ מָגֵ֣ן לָ֔⁠ךְ 1 “I {am} your shield/protector,” or “I protect you {like} a shield,” or “I will shield/protect you,” God is like a shield to Abram, since he protects him. Consider what is the best way to translate this metaphor in your language. 15:1 a97c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אָנֹכִי֙ מָגֵ֣ן לָ֔⁠ךְ 1 “I {am} your shield/protector,” or “I protect you {like} a shield,” or “I will shield/protect you,” God is like a shield to Abram since he protects him. Consider what is the best way to translate this metaphor in your language.
15:1 dbve שְׂכָרְ⁠ךָ֖ הַרְבֵּ֥ה מְאֹֽד 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “{and} your reward {from me} will be very great.” or “{and} I will give you a very great/valuable reward/gift.” The context (verse 2) shows that is how Abram understood God. (2) “{and} {I am} your very great/valuable reward.” 15:1 dbve שְׂכָרְ⁠ךָ֖ הַרְבֵּ֥ה מְאֹֽד 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “{and} your reward {from me} will be very great.” or “{and} I will give you a very great/valuable reward/gift.” The context (verse 2) shows that is how Abram understood God. (2) “{and} {I am} your very great/valuable reward.”
15:2 vwfv rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אַבְרָ֗ם 1 “Then Abram said/lamented {to him},” or “But/Then Abram asked {him},” The way you translate this quote margin may depend on how you translate the following rhetorical question. 15:2 vwfv rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אַבְרָ֗ם 1 “Then Abram said/lamented {to him},” or “But/Then Abram asked {him},” The way you translate this quote margin may depend on how you translate the following rhetorical question.
15:2 n8qe rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms אֲדֹנָ֤⁠י יֱהוִה֙ 1 “My Master, Yahweh,” or “Yahweh, my Lord/Master,” The term “Lord” implies ownership and that God has complete authority over people. 15:2 n8qe rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms אֲדֹנָ֤⁠י יֱהוִה֙ 1 “My Master, Yahweh,” or “Yahweh, my Lord/Master,” The term “Lord” implies ownership and that God has complete authority over people.
@ -1735,7 +1735,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
15:9 i00p קְחָ֥⁠ה לִ⁠י֙ 1 “Bring me” 15:9 i00p קְחָ֥⁠ה לִ⁠י֙ 1 “Bring me”
15:9 uh33 עֶגְלָ֣ה מְשֻׁלֶּ֔שֶׁת 1 “a cow that is three years old,” 15:9 uh33 עֶגְלָ֣ה מְשֻׁלֶּ֔שֶׁת 1 “a cow that is three years old,”
15:9 zo9s וְ⁠עֵ֥ז מְשֻׁלֶּ֖שֶׁת 1 “a female goat that is three years old,” 15:9 zo9s וְ⁠עֵ֥ז מְשֻׁלֶּ֖שֶׁת 1 “a female goat that is three years old,”
15:9 x5l7 וְ⁠אַ֣יִל מְשֻׁלָּ֑שׁ 1 “and a male sheep that is three years old.” For some languages it may be more natural to shorten this list of animals and say, “Bring to me a {young} cow, a female goat, and a male sheep, each which is three years old,” Do what is best in your language. 15:9 x5l7 וְ⁠אַ֣יִל מְשֻׁלָּ֑שׁ 1 “and a male sheep that is three years old.” For some languages it may be more natural to shorten this list of animals and say, “Bring to me a {young} cow, a female goat, and a male sheep, each of which is three years old,” Do what is best in your language.
15:9 h03l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown וְ⁠תֹ֖ר וְ⁠גוֹזָֽל 1 “as well as a turtledove/dove and a young pigeon.” Turtledoves and pigeons are common, closely related birds that look similar and are often gray or grayish brown in color. One of the main differences is that turtledoves are smaller than pigeons. Compare how you translated “dove” in Gen 8:8. 15:9 h03l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown וְ⁠תֹ֖ר וְ⁠גוֹזָֽל 1 “as well as a turtledove/dove and a young pigeon.” Turtledoves and pigeons are common, closely related birds that look similar and are often gray or grayish brown in color. One of the main differences is that turtledoves are smaller than pigeons. Compare how you translated “dove” in Gen 8:8.
15:10 haes וַ⁠יִּֽקַּֽח 1 “So {the next/following day} Abram brought/took”. It was nighttime in verse 5 when Abram looked at the stars. Now in verses 10-11 it was probably daytime, which is when birds of prey fly (verse 11). Then in verse 12 it became night again. Consider what is the best way to begin this verse in your translation. 15:10 haes וַ⁠יִּֽקַּֽח 1 “So {the next/following day} Abram brought/took”. It was nighttime in verse 5 when Abram looked at the stars. Now in verses 10-11 it was probably daytime, which is when birds of prey fly (verse 11). Then in verse 12 it became night again. Consider what is the best way to begin this verse in your translation.
15:10 rm6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ל֣⁠וֹ אֶת כָּל אֵ֗לֶּה 1 “all those {animals} to him/Yahweh {and slaughtered/killed them}.” Some languages need to make explicit that Abram killed the animals first, before cutting them in half. Do what is best in your language. 15:10 rm6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ל֣⁠וֹ אֶת כָּל אֵ֗לֶּה 1 “all those {animals} to him/Yahweh {and slaughtered/killed them}.” Some languages need to make explicit that Abram killed the animals first, before cutting them in half. Do what is best in your language.
@ -1840,8 +1840,8 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
16:9 symc rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר לָ⁠הּ֙ מַלְאַ֣ךְ יְהוָ֔ה 1 “But/So Yahweh’s angel/messenger told her/Hagar,” or “Then/But he told her/Hagar,” Consider what is the best way to begin this verse in your translation, after what Hagar said in verse 8. 16:9 symc rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר לָ⁠הּ֙ מַלְאַ֣ךְ יְהוָ֔ה 1 “But/So Yahweh’s angel/messenger told her/Hagar,” or “Then/But he told her/Hagar,” Consider what is the best way to begin this verse in your translation, after what Hagar said in verse 8.
16:9 ceyk שׁ֖וּבִי אֶל גְּבִרְתֵּ֑⁠ךְ 1 “Go back {home} to your mistress/owner {Sarai}”. See how you translated “mistress/owner” in verses 4 and 8. 16:9 ceyk שׁ֖וּבִי אֶל גְּבִרְתֵּ֑⁠ךְ 1 “Go back {home} to your mistress/owner {Sarai}”. See how you translated “mistress/owner” in verses 4 and 8.
16:9 hp9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠הִתְעַנִּ֖י תַּ֥חַת יָדֶֽי⁠הָ 1 “and {humbly} submit {yourself} to her authority.” or “obey her {as her servant}.” See how you translated a similar idiom (“in your hand”) in verse 6. 16:9 hp9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠הִתְעַנִּ֖י תַּ֥חַת יָדֶֽי⁠הָ 1 “and {humbly} submit {yourself} to her authority.” or “obey her {as her servant}.” See how you translated a similar idiom (“in your hand”) in verse 6.
16:10 wpc6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר לָ⁠הּ֙ מַלְאַ֣ךְ יְהוָ֔ה 1 “Then the angel/messenger told/promised her,” or “Then he added/continued,” Some languages do not include the quote margins here and in verse 11, because the angel is still talking to Hagar. However, the repeated quote margins could show that the angel paused (before continuing), or that he is changing the topic, or to emphasize what he says next. Do what is best in your language. 16:10 wpc6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר לָ⁠הּ֙ מַלְאַ֣ךְ יְהוָ֔ה 1 “Then the angel/messenger told/promised her,” or “Then he added/continued,” Some languages do not include the quote margins here and in verse 11, because the angel is still talking to Hagar. However, the repeated quote margins could show that the angel paused (before continuing) or that he is changing the topic, or to emphasize what he says next. Do what is best in your language.
16:10 un14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַרְבָּ֥ה אַרְבֶּ֖ה אֶת זַרְעֵ֑⁠ךְ 1 “I {Yahweh} will greatly increase/multiply {the number of} your offspring/descendants, so that” or “{This is what Yahweh says/promises to you:} “I will give you so many offspring/descendants that” or “{Yahweh promises to you that} he will give you many descendants, so that”. The pronoun “I” refers to Yahweh here. So either the angel was representing Yahweh and speaking Yahweh’s words to Hagar, or it was Yahweh himself who had taken on the form of an angel. 16:10 un14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַרְבָּ֥ה אַרְבֶּ֖ה אֶת זַרְעֵ֑⁠ךְ 1 “I {Yahweh} will greatly increase/multiply {the number of} your offspring/descendants, so that” or “{This is what Yahweh says/promises to you:} “I will give you so many offspring/descendants that” or “{Yahweh promises to you that} he will give you many descendants, so that”. The pronoun “I” refers to Yahweh here. So either the angel was representing Yahweh and speaking Yahweh’s words to Hagar or it was Yahweh himself who had taken on the form of an angel.
16:10 py6e וְ⁠לֹ֥א יִסָּפֵ֖ר 1 “no one will be able to count them all,” or “there will be too many to count,” 16:10 py6e וְ⁠לֹ֥א יִסָּפֵ֖ר 1 “no one will be able to count them all,” or “there will be too many to count,”
16:10 vljc מֵ⁠רֹֽב 1 “because of their large number.” or “because there will be so many of them.” 16:10 vljc מֵ⁠רֹֽב 1 “because of their large number.” or “because there will be so many of them.”
16:11 e1h4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר לָ⁠הּ֙ מַלְאַ֣ךְ יְהוָ֔ה 1 “Then/Finally the angel/messenger {also} said/prophesied to her,” or “Then/Finally he {also} told her,” or “Then the angel/messenger added/continued,” 16:11 e1h4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר לָ⁠הּ֙ מַלְאַ֣ךְ יְהוָ֔ה 1 “Then/Finally the angel/messenger {also} said/prophesied to her,” or “Then/Finally he {also} told her,” or “Then the angel/messenger added/continued,”
@ -1878,7 +1878,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
17:2 dsx1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms וְ⁠אֶתְּנָ֥ה בְרִיתִ֖⁠י 1 “I will establish/institute my covenant/agreement”. Some translations begin this sentence without a conjunction. Do what is best in your language. See how you translated “cut/make/establish … covenant” in Gen 15:18, where the verb is different from here but has a similar meaning (“establish/seal” or “put into effect”). 17:2 dsx1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms וְ⁠אֶתְּנָ֥ה בְרִיתִ֖⁠י 1 “I will establish/institute my covenant/agreement”. Some translations begin this sentence without a conjunction. Do what is best in your language. See how you translated “cut/make/establish … covenant” in Gen 15:18, where the verb is different from here but has a similar meaning (“establish/seal” or “put into effect”).
17:2 ig4c בֵּינִ֣⁠י וּ⁠בֵינֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 “with you,” 17:2 ig4c בֵּינִ֣⁠י וּ⁠בֵינֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 “with you,”
17:2 unnk וְ⁠אַרְבֶּ֥ה אוֹתְ⁠ךָ֖ בִּ⁠מְאֹ֥ד מְאֹֽד 1 “and I will cause you to have very many descendants.” or “and I will increase {the number of} your descendants so that they are exceedingly/very numerous.” 17:2 unnk וְ⁠אַרְבֶּ֥ה אוֹתְ⁠ךָ֖ בִּ⁠מְאֹ֥ד מְאֹֽד 1 “and I will cause you to have very many descendants.” or “and I will increase {the number of} your descendants so that they are exceedingly/very numerous.”
17:3 iqyn rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַ⁠יִּפֹּ֥ל אַבְרָ֖ם עַל־פָּנָ֑י⁠ו 1 “Then Abram prostrated himself {before God} {to show him respect},” or “{When} Abram {heard that, he} bowed with his face to the ground {before God} {to show respect},” Make sure that the translation of this clause does not sound like Abram fell down accidentally; rather he intentionally threw himself to the ground out of deep respect for God. 17:3 iqyn rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַ⁠יִּפֹּ֥ל אַבְרָ֖ם עַל־פָּנָ֑י⁠ו 1 “Then Abram prostrated himself {before God} {to show him respect},” or “{When} Abram {heard that, he} bowed with his face to the ground {before God} {to show respect},” Make sure that the translation of this clause does not sound like Abram fell down accidentally, but rather, he intentionally threw himself to the ground out of deep respect for God.
17:3 ia2w rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יְדַבֵּ֥ר אִתּ֛⁠וֹ אֱלֹהִ֖ים לֵ⁠אמֹֽר 1 “and God spoke with/to him and said,” or “and God continued speaking with/to him/Abram,” or “and God continued/added,” Some translations omit “saying” here because it is not natural in those languages. Do what is best in your language. 17:3 ia2w rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יְדַבֵּ֥ר אִתּ֛⁠וֹ אֱלֹהִ֖ים לֵ⁠אמֹֽר 1 “and God spoke with/to him and said,” or “and God continued speaking with/to him/Abram,” or “and God continued/added,” Some translations omit “saying” here because it is not natural in those languages. Do what is best in your language.
17:4 opjt אֲנִ֕י הִנֵּ֥ה בְרִיתִ֖⁠י אִתָּ֑⁠ךְ 1 “Listen/Look, this is my part/responsibility in my covenant/agreement with you:” or “Listen/Look, this is what I will do to fulfill my covenant/agreement with you:” In the Hebrew text, the pronoun “me” is emphatic in form and in sentence position to emphasize that Yahweh is the one doing this. 17:4 opjt אֲנִ֕י הִנֵּ֥ה בְרִיתִ֖⁠י אִתָּ֑⁠ךְ 1 “Listen/Look, this is my part/responsibility in my covenant/agreement with you:” or “Listen/Look, this is what I will do to fulfill my covenant/agreement with you:” In the Hebrew text, the pronoun “me” is emphatic in form and in sentence position to emphasize that Yahweh is the one doing this.
17:4 yrur וְ⁠הָיִ֕יתָ 1 “I will make you” or “I will cause you to be/become” 17:4 yrur וְ⁠הָיִ֕יתָ 1 “I will make you” or “I will cause you to be/become”
@ -1912,7 +1912,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
17:10 mdxu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular אֲשֶׁ֣ר תִּשְׁמְר֗וּ וּ⁠בֵ֣ינֵי⁠כֶ֔ם 1 “which you {all} must obey,” Notice that the pronoun “you” is plural here. 17:10 mdxu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular אֲשֶׁ֣ר תִּשְׁמְר֗וּ וּ⁠בֵ֣ינֵי⁠כֶ֔ם 1 “which you {all} must obey,” Notice that the pronoun “you” is plural here.
17:10 esro rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular בֵּינִ⁠י֙ וּ⁠בֵ֣ינֵי⁠כֶ֔ם וּ⁠בֵ֥ין אַחֲרֶ֑י⁠ךָ 1 “{the covenant/agreement that is} between me and you {all}, including” or “{the covenant/agreement I have made} with {all of} you, including”. The pronoun “you” is plural here and probably refers to Abraham and his family or household. 17:10 esro rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular בֵּינִ⁠י֙ וּ⁠בֵ֣ינֵי⁠כֶ֔ם וּ⁠בֵ֥ין אַחֲרֶ֑י⁠ךָ 1 “{the covenant/agreement that is} between me and you {all}, including” or “{the covenant/agreement I have made} with {all of} you, including”. The pronoun “you” is plural here and probably refers to Abraham and his family or household.
17:10 bxe0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure תִּשְׁמְר֗וּ זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֖ אַחֲרֶ֑י⁠ךָ 1 “your descendants {who will live} after you:” or “{all} your descendants:” Notice that the pronouns “your” and “you” are singular here and refer to Abraham. Also, it may be clearer or more natural to change the order of some of the clauses in this sentence and say, “This is {what I require in} my covenant/agreement with you and your descendants {who will live after you}, which you {all} must keep/obey:” Do what is best in your language. 17:10 bxe0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure תִּשְׁמְר֗וּ זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֖ אַחֲרֶ֑י⁠ךָ 1 “your descendants {who will live} after you:” or “{all} your descendants:” Notice that the pronouns “your” and “you” are singular here and refer to Abraham. Also, it may be clearer or more natural to change the order of some of the clauses in this sentence and say, “This is {what I require in} my covenant/agreement with you and your descendants {who will live after you}, which you {all} must keep/obey:” Do what is best in your language.
17:10 pe10 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms הִמּ֥וֹל לָ⁠כֶ֖ם כָּל זָכָֽר 1 “You must circumcise all males {who live} among/with you.” or “You must cut off the {male} foreskin of every boy and man {who lives} among you.” Circumcision involves cutting the foreskin off the penis of a boy or man. Translate this clause in a way that does not offend or embarrass people. Some languages may need to be more discreet and say something general like “must cut off the {male} skin” or “must follow the {male} skin cutting custom.” It may be necessary to include a footnote and/or an explanation in the glossary about this so that people understand what circumcision is, especially in areas where people cut their skin on other parts of the body for other reasons. 17:10 pe10 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms הִמּ֥וֹל לָ⁠כֶ֖ם כָּל זָכָֽר 1 “You must circumcise all males {who live} among/with you.” or “You must cut off the {male} foreskin of every boy and man {who lives} among you.” Circumcision involves cutting the foreskin off the penis of a boy or man. Translate this clause in a way that does not offend or embarrass people. Some languages may need to be more discreet and say something general like “must cut off the {male} skin” or “must follow the {male} skin-cutting custom.” It may be necessary to include a footnote and/or an explanation in the glossary about this so that people understand what circumcision is, especially in areas where people cut their skin on other parts of the body for other reasons.
17:11 mhww rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular וּ⁠נְמַלְתֶּ֕ם אֵ֖ת בְּשַׂ֣ר עָרְלַתְ⁠כֶ֑ם 1 “Yes, {all the males among} you must have your/their foreskins cut off,” or “Indeed/Yes, you must circumcise the foreskin of {all the males among} you”. Notice that in the Hebrew text, the pronouns “you” and “your” are plural in this verse. Also, be consistent here with how you translated “circumcise” in verse 10. 17:11 mhww rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular וּ⁠נְמַלְתֶּ֕ם אֵ֖ת בְּשַׂ֣ר עָרְלַתְ⁠כֶ֑ם 1 “Yes, {all the males among} you must have your/their foreskins cut off,” or “Indeed/Yes, you must circumcise the foreskin of {all the males among} you”. Notice that in the Hebrew text, the pronouns “you” and “your” are plural in this verse. Also, be consistent here with how you translated “circumcise” in verse 10.
17:11 c80d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular וְ⁠הָיָה֙ לְ⁠א֣וֹת בְּרִ֔ית בֵּינִ֖⁠י וּ⁠בֵינֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 “and that {custom/practice} will serve as the sign {that reminds you} of this/my covenant/agreement {I made} with {all of} you.” or “and that {custom/practice} will remind/show {you all} that {I made} this/my covenant/agreement with you.” The pronoun “you” is plural here. 17:11 c80d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular וְ⁠הָיָה֙ לְ⁠א֣וֹת בְּרִ֔ית בֵּינִ֖⁠י וּ⁠בֵינֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 “and that {custom/practice} will serve as the sign {that reminds you} of this/my covenant/agreement {I made} with {all of} you.” or “and that {custom/practice} will remind/show {you all} that {I made} this/my covenant/agreement with you.” The pronoun “you” is plural here.
17:12 pl8e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וּ⁠בֶן שְׁמֹנַ֣ת יָמִ֗ים יִמּ֥וֹל 1 “{Every} eight-day-old baby boy must be circumcised {by you},” or “So you must circumcise {every} eight-day-old baby boy,” Consider what is the best way to translate this passive clause in your language. 17:12 pl8e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וּ⁠בֶן שְׁמֹנַ֣ת יָמִ֗ים יִמּ֥וֹל 1 “{Every} eight-day-old baby boy must be circumcised {by you},” or “So you must circumcise {every} eight-day-old baby boy,” Consider what is the best way to translate this passive clause in your language.
@ -2728,7 +2728,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
22:24 wjgn וּ⁠פִֽילַגְשׁ֖⁠וֹ וּ⁠שְׁמָ֣⁠הּ רְאוּמָ֑ה וַ⁠תֵּ֤לֶד גַּם הִוא֙ 1 “Besides that, Nahor’s concubine Reumah also bore/had {some sons, whom they named}” or “In addition to that, Nahor and his servant wife Reumah also had {some sons, including}” 22:24 wjgn וּ⁠פִֽילַגְשׁ֖⁠וֹ וּ⁠שְׁמָ֣⁠הּ רְאוּמָ֑ה וַ⁠תֵּ֤לֶד גַּם הִוא֙ 1 “Besides that, Nahor’s concubine Reumah also bore/had {some sons, whom they named}” or “In addition to that, Nahor and his servant wife Reumah also had {some sons, including}”
22:24 ze05 אֶת טֶ֣בַח וְ⁠אֶת גַּ֔חַם וְ⁠אֶת תַּ֖חַשׁ וְ⁠אֶֽת מַעֲכָֽה 1 “Tebah, Gaham, Tahash, and Maacah.” See how you connected the list of names in verse 22. 22:24 ze05 אֶת טֶ֣בַח וְ⁠אֶת גַּ֔חַם וְ⁠אֶת תַּ֖חַשׁ וְ⁠אֶֽת מַעֲכָֽה 1 “Tebah, Gaham, Tahash, and Maacah.” See how you connected the list of names in verse 22.
23:1 y6lm וַ⁠יִּהְיוּ֙ חַיֵּ֣י שָׂרָ֔ה מֵאָ֥ה שָׁנָ֛ה וְ⁠עֶשְׂרִ֥ים שָׁנָ֖ה וְ⁠שֶׁ֣בַע שָׁנִ֑ים 1 “Sarah lived 127 years” or “Sarah lived to be 127 years old” 23:1 y6lm וַ⁠יִּהְיוּ֙ חַיֵּ֣י שָׂרָ֔ה מֵאָ֥ה שָׁנָ֛ה וְ⁠עֶשְׂרִ֥ים שָׁנָ֖ה וְ⁠שֶׁ֣בַע שָׁנִ֑ים 1 “Sarah lived 127 years” or “Sarah lived to be 127 years old”
23:1 xsnc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure שְׁנֵ֖י חַיֵּ֥י שָׂרָֽה 1 “{Yes,} that is how long she lived” or “That is how old she lived to be”. Consider whether it is better in your language to combine the last part of verse 1 with the beginning of verse 2 and say, “That is how old she was when she died in Kiriath Arba…” 23:1 xsnc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure שְׁנֵ֖י חַיֵּ֥י שָׂרָֽה 1 “{Yes,} that is how long she lived” or “That is how old she lived to be”. Consider whether it is better in your language to combine the last part of verse 1 with the beginning of verse 2 and say, “That is how old she was when she died in Kiriath Arba …”
23:2 gq6y וַ⁠תָּ֣מָת שָׂרָ֗ה 1 “Then she died” or “before she died”. Decide whether or not it is best to begin a new sentence here in your language. 23:2 gq6y וַ⁠תָּ֣מָת שָׂרָ֗ה 1 “Then she died” or “before she died”. Decide whether or not it is best to begin a new sentence here in your language.
23:2 uigf rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּ⁠קִרְיַ֥ת אַרְבַּ֛ע 1 “in {the city of} Kiriath Arba,” or “in {the city of} Kiriath-arba,” You can spell this name as two words, as in the Hebrew text, or combine them into one word, with or without a hyphen. Be consistent with how you spell this name throughout the Bible. 23:2 uigf rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּ⁠קִרְיַ֥ת אַרְבַּ֛ע 1 “in {the city of} Kiriath Arba,” or “in {the city of} Kiriath-arba,” You can spell this name as two words, as in the Hebrew text, or combine them into one word, with or without a hyphen. Be consistent with how you spell this name throughout the Bible.
23:2 zc7g הִ֥וא חֶבְר֖וֹן 1 “which {is also/now called/named} Hebron,” or “also/now known as Hebron,” or “that is, Hebron,” The city of Kiriath Arba was later named Hebron (Joshua 14:15). 23:2 zc7g הִ֥וא חֶבְר֖וֹן 1 “which {is also/now called/named} Hebron,” or “also/now known as Hebron,” or “that is, Hebron,” The city of Kiriath Arba was later named Hebron (Joshua 14:15).
@ -2758,7 +2758,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
23:7 x7ub וַ⁠יָּ֧קָם אַבְרָהָ֛ם 1 “So Abraham got/stood up” or “Abraham got/stood up”. The verb “got up” reflects the fact that Abraham and the leaders/elders of the Hittites were all sitting as they talked to each other. 23:7 x7ub וַ⁠יָּ֧קָם אַבְרָהָ֛ם 1 “So Abraham got/stood up” or “Abraham got/stood up”. The verb “got up” reflects the fact that Abraham and the leaders/elders of the Hittites were all sitting as they talked to each other.
23:7 erok rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַ⁠יִּשְׁתַּ֥חוּ 1 “and bowed {in respect}” or “and bowed down/low {to the ground} {in respect}” or “and kneeled and touched his forehead to the ground {in respect}”. We do not know how far Abraham bowed down. He may have bowed his upper body from a standing position, or he may have knelt down and touched his forehead to the ground with his arms outstretched. 23:7 erok rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַ⁠יִּשְׁתַּ֥חוּ 1 “and bowed {in respect}” or “and bowed down/low {to the ground} {in respect}” or “and kneeled and touched his forehead to the ground {in respect}”. We do not know how far Abraham bowed down. He may have bowed his upper body from a standing position, or he may have knelt down and touched his forehead to the ground with his arms outstretched.
23:7 rwqv לְ⁠עַם הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ לִ⁠בְנֵי חֵֽת 1 “in front of {the leaders/elders of} the Hittites, who owned the land {in the area}” or “before the leaders/elders over the Hittites”. The phrase “people of the land” is a term that refers to the leaders of that region who owned land in the area and were the ones to decide whether a foreigner could acquire land. 23:7 rwqv לְ⁠עַם הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ לִ⁠בְנֵי חֵֽת 1 “in front of {the leaders/elders of} the Hittites, who owned the land {in the area}” or “before the leaders/elders over the Hittites”. The phrase “people of the land” is a term that refers to the leaders of that region who owned land in the area and were the ones to decide whether a foreigner could acquire land.
23:8 hd9f rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יְדַבֵּ֥ר אִתָּ֖⁠ם לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר 1 “and said to them,” or “Then he said to them,” Consider whether it is more natural in your language to have two verbs, or just one verb, in this quote margin. Also consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. 23:8 hd9f rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יְדַבֵּ֥ר אִתָּ֖⁠ם לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר 1 “and said to them,” or “Then he said to them,” Consider whether it is more natural in your language to have two verbs or just one verb in this quote margin. Also consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
23:8 ct9t אִם יֵ֣שׁ אֶֽת נַפְשְׁ⁠כֶ֗ם 1 “If you are willing” 23:8 ct9t אִם יֵ֣שׁ אֶֽת נַפְשְׁ⁠כֶ֗ם 1 “If you are willing”
23:8 r7qy לִ⁠קְבֹּ֤ר אֶת מֵתִ⁠י֙ מִ⁠לְּ⁠פָנַ֔⁠י 1 “{for me} to bury my dead/deceased {wife} {here},” or “{to allow me} to bury {the body of} my wife who has died,” or “to {help/let me} give my deceased {wife} a proper/decent burial {here},” See how you translated this phrase in verse 4. 23:8 r7qy לִ⁠קְבֹּ֤ר אֶת מֵתִ⁠י֙ מִ⁠לְּ⁠פָנַ֔⁠י 1 “{for me} to bury my dead/deceased {wife} {here},” or “{to allow me} to bury {the body of} my wife who has died,” or “to {help/let me} give my deceased {wife} a proper/decent burial {here},” See how you translated this phrase in verse 4.
23:8 fqbj שְׁמָע֕וּ⁠נִי וּ⁠פִגְעוּ לִ֖⁠י בְּ⁠עֶפְר֥וֹן בֶּן צֹֽחַר 1 “{please} appeal to Ephron the son of Zohar on my behalf” or “{please} help me by asking Zohar’s son Ephron” 23:8 fqbj שְׁמָע֕וּ⁠נִי וּ⁠פִגְעוּ לִ֖⁠י בְּ⁠עֶפְר֥וֹן בֶּן צֹֽחַר 1 “{please} appeal to Ephron the son of Zohar on my behalf” or “{please} help me by asking Zohar’s son Ephron”
@ -2819,7 +2819,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
23:19 meyv בְּ⁠אֶ֖רֶץ כְּנָֽעַן 1 “in the land/region called Canaan.” See how you translated this phrase in verse 2. 23:19 meyv בְּ⁠אֶ֖רֶץ כְּנָֽעַן 1 “in the land/region called Canaan.” See how you translated this phrase in verse 2.
23:20 ujmp וַ⁠יָּ֨קָם הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֜ה וְ⁠הַ⁠מְּעָרָ֧ה אֲשֶׁר־בּ֛⁠וֹ לְ⁠אַבְרָהָ֖ם 1 “So {that is how} that field, including the cave that {was} in the field, was/were {officially/legally} sold to Abraham” or “So {in that way,} the field {of Ephron}, including …” Verse 20 is a concluding summary of chapter 23 and repeats parts of verses 17-18. Make sure that the way you translate this does not sound like Abraham bought another property from the Hittites. 23:20 ujmp וַ⁠יָּ֨קָם הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֜ה וְ⁠הַ⁠מְּעָרָ֧ה אֲשֶׁר־בּ֛⁠וֹ לְ⁠אַבְרָהָ֖ם 1 “So {that is how} that field, including the cave that {was} in the field, was/were {officially/legally} sold to Abraham” or “So {in that way,} the field {of Ephron}, including …” Verse 20 is a concluding summary of chapter 23 and repeats parts of verses 17-18. Make sure that the way you translate this does not sound like Abraham bought another property from the Hittites.
23:20 z30w לַ⁠אֲחֻזַּת קָ֑בֶר מֵ⁠אֵ֖ת בְּנֵי חֵֽת 1 “by the Hittites as a burial place/site.” or “by the Hittites, so that he had a place where he could bury {his wife who had died}.” Consider again how you translated “a burial place” in verses 4, 9, and 20, and how you translated “the sons of Heth” in verses 3, 5, 7, 10, 16, 18, and 20. 23:20 z30w לַ⁠אֲחֻזַּת קָ֑בֶר מֵ⁠אֵ֖ת בְּנֵי חֵֽת 1 “by the Hittites as a burial place/site.” or “by the Hittites, so that he had a place where he could bury {his wife who had died}.” Consider again how you translated “a burial place” in verses 4, 9, and 20, and how you translated “the sons of Heth” in verses 3, 5, 7, 10, 16, 18, and 20.
24:1 wzyg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet וְ⁠אַבְרָהָ֣ם זָקֵ֔ן בָּ֖א בַּ⁠יָּמִ֑ים 1 “Abraham had lived a long time and was {now} {very} old,” or “Abraham was very old now. He had lived many years,” or “Now Abraham had become very old,” Verse one gives the setting for the new episode and begins with a doublet that emphasizes how old Abraham was. Try to preserve this emphasis in a way that is natural in your translation. 24:1 wzyg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet וְ⁠אַבְרָהָ֣ם זָקֵ֔ן בָּ֖א בַּ⁠יָּמִ֑ים 1 “Abraham had lived a long time and was {now} {very} old,” or “Abraham was very old now. He had lived many years,” or “Now Abraham had become very old,” Verse 1 gives the setting for the new episode and begins with a doublet that emphasizes how old Abraham was. Try to preserve this emphasis in a way that is natural in your translation.
24:1 saka וַֽ⁠יהוָ֛ה בֵּרַ֥ךְ אֶת אַבְרָהָ֖ם 1 “and Yahweh had blessed him” or “and Yahweh had caused him to prosper”. See how you translated “bless” in Gen 12:2-3. 24:1 saka וַֽ⁠יהוָ֛ה בֵּרַ֥ךְ אֶת אַבְרָהָ֖ם 1 “and Yahweh had blessed him” or “and Yahweh had caused him to prosper”. See how you translated “bless” in Gen 12:2-3.
24:1 mbdb בַּ⁠כֹּֽל 1 “in everything {he had done}.” or “in every way.” 24:1 mbdb בַּ⁠כֹּֽל 1 “in everything {he had done}.” or “in every way.”
24:2 b4i8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אַבְרָהָ֗ם אֶל 1 “{One day} Abraham/he told”. Consider what is the best way to introduce the first event in this episode in your language. 24:2 b4i8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אַבְרָהָ֗ם אֶל 1 “{One day} Abraham/he told”. Consider what is the best way to introduce the first event in this episode in your language.
@ -2828,7 +2828,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
24:2 onzf rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction שִֽׂים נָ֥א יָדְ⁠ךָ֖ תַּ֥חַת יְרֵכִֽ⁠י 1 “Please put your hand under my thigh/leg {to show that you will do what I ask}”. You can make the meaning of this custom explicit in your translation, or you can put that information in a footnote. What Abraham asks his servant to do here is part of the vow-making process in verse 3. 24:2 onzf rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction שִֽׂים נָ֥א יָדְ⁠ךָ֖ תַּ֥חַת יְרֵכִֽ⁠י 1 “Please put your hand under my thigh/leg {to show that you will do what I ask}”. You can make the meaning of this custom explicit in your translation, or you can put that information in a footnote. What Abraham asks his servant to do here is part of the vow-making process in verse 3.
24:3 t966 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative וְ⁠אַשְׁבִּ֣יעֲ⁠ךָ֔ 1 “I want you to vow {to me}” or “and swear/vow {to me}” or “and make an unbreakable promise {to me}”. Decide the best way to translate this command in your language. Also, see how you translated “swear” in Gen 21:23, and see the note about that there. 24:3 t966 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative וְ⁠אַשְׁבִּ֣יעֲ⁠ךָ֔ 1 “I want you to vow {to me}” or “and swear/vow {to me}” or “and make an unbreakable promise {to me}”. Decide the best way to translate this command in your language. Also, see how you translated “swear” in Gen 21:23, and see the note about that there.
24:3 d82y בַּֽ⁠יהוָה֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֔יִם וֵֽ⁠אלֹהֵ֖י הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 “with Yahweh as your witness, the God who rules/created the heavens and the earth,” See how you translated “the heavens and the earth” in Gen 1:1. 24:3 d82y בַּֽ⁠יהוָה֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֔יִם וֵֽ⁠אלֹהֵ֖י הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 “with Yahweh as your witness, the God who rules/created the heavens and the earth,” See how you translated “the heavens and the earth” in Gen 1:1.
24:3 j350 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֲשֶׁ֨ר לֹֽא תִקַּ֤ח אִשָּׁה֙ לִ⁠בְנִ֔⁠י 1 “that you will not get/find/choose a wife/woman for my son {Isaac} {to marry} from {among}” or “that you will not arrange for my son {Isaac} to marry”. For some languages it is clearer and more natural to make “Isaac” explicit here in verse 3, rather than wait until the end of verse 4. Do what is best in your language. Also, see how you translated the idiom “took a wife for” in Gen 21:21. 24:3 j350 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֲשֶׁ֨ר לֹֽא תִקַּ֤ח אִשָּׁה֙ לִ⁠בְנִ֔⁠י 1 “that you will not get/find/choose a wife/woman for my son {Isaac} {to marry} from {among}” or “that you will not arrange for my son {Isaac} to marry”. For some languages it is clearer and more natural to make “Isaac” explicit here in verse 3 rather than wait until the end of verse 4. Do what is best in your language. Also, see how you translated the idiom “took a wife for” in Gen 21:21.
24:3 twy1 מִ⁠בְּנוֹת֙ הַֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִ֔י אֲשֶׁ֥ר אָנֹכִ֖י יוֹשֵׁ֥ב בְּ⁠קִרְבּֽ⁠וֹ 1 “the Canaanite women whom we live among” or “{any of} the Canaanite women who live around us here”. Make sure your translation does not sound like Abraham was living by himself among the Canaanites; his family and servants also lived among them with him. 24:3 twy1 מִ⁠בְּנוֹת֙ הַֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִ֔י אֲשֶׁ֥ר אָנֹכִ֖י יוֹשֵׁ֥ב בְּ⁠קִרְבּֽ⁠וֹ 1 “the Canaanite women whom we live among” or “{any of} the Canaanite women who live around us here”. Make sure your translation does not sound like Abraham was living by himself among the Canaanites; his family and servants also lived among them with him.
24:4 bs9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative כִּ֧י & תֵּלֵ֑ךְ 1 “Rather/Instead, you must go” or “Rather/Instead, I want you to go” 24:4 bs9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative כִּ֧י & תֵּלֵ֑ךְ 1 “Rather/Instead, you must go” or “Rather/Instead, I want you to go”
24:4 ph6k אֶל אַרְצִ֛⁠י 1 “to my {home} country” or “to the country/region where I grew up” or “to the country that I came from” 24:4 ph6k אֶל אַרְצִ֛⁠י 1 “to my {home} country” or “to the country/region where I grew up” or “to the country that I came from”
@ -2878,7 +2878,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
24:12 cv0l הַקְרֵה נָ֥א לְ⁠פָנַ֖⁠י הַ⁠יּ֑וֹם 1 “please help me do what I have come here to do today” or “please help me succeed today” 24:12 cv0l הַקְרֵה נָ֥א לְ⁠פָנַ֖⁠י הַ⁠יּ֑וֹם 1 “please help me do what I have come here to do today” or “please help me succeed today”
24:12 ixjs וַ⁠עֲשֵׂה חֶ֕סֶד עִ֖ם 1 “and {in that way} show kindness to” or “and be kind to” 24:12 ixjs וַ⁠עֲשֵׂה חֶ֕סֶד עִ֖ם 1 “and {in that way} show kindness to” or “and be kind to”
24:12 cgxc rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אֲדֹנִ֥⁠י אַבְרָהָֽם 1 “my master.” or “him.” 24:12 cgxc rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אֲדֹנִ֥⁠י אַבְרָהָֽם 1 “my master.” or “him.”
24:13 fd2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness הִנֵּ֛ה אָנֹכִ֥י נִצָּ֖ב עַל 1 “Look/See, {here} I am, standing beside/near” or “As you see/know, I am standing {here} beside/near”. Make sure in your translation that what Abraham’s servant says here to Yahweh sounds polite and respectful, not rude, demanding or complaining. Also, he is not telling God something that God did not already know. 24:13 fd2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness הִנֵּ֛ה אָנֹכִ֥י נִצָּ֖ב עַל 1 “Look/See, {here} I am, standing beside/near” or “As you see/know, I am standing {here} beside/near”. Make sure in your translation that what Abraham’s servant says here to Yahweh sounds polite and respectful, not rude, demanding, or complaining. Also, he is not telling God something that God did not already know.
24:13 ulm2 עֵ֣ין הַ⁠מָּ֑יִם 1 “this spring/well,” or “this spring-fed well,” The phrase “spring of water” (here and in verse 16) refers to the same well that is referred to in verses 11 and 20, which means that this was probably a spring-fed well. Some translation teams use only one term to refer to this spring or well throughout this chapter in order to prevent confusion. Decide what is best in your language. 24:13 ulm2 עֵ֣ין הַ⁠מָּ֑יִם 1 “this spring/well,” or “this spring-fed well,” The phrase “spring of water” (here and in verse 16) refers to the same well that is referred to in verses 11 and 20, which means that this was probably a spring-fed well. Some translation teams use only one term to refer to this spring or well throughout this chapter in order to prevent confusion. Decide what is best in your language.
24:13 awnn וּ⁠בְנוֹת֙ אַנְשֵׁ֣י הָ⁠עִ֔יר 1 “and the daughters of the townspeople” or “and the young women of/from the city” 24:13 awnn וּ⁠בְנוֹת֙ אַנְשֵׁ֣י הָ⁠עִ֔יר 1 “and the daughters of the townspeople” or “and the young women of/from the city”
24:13 jc9y יֹצְאֹ֖ת לִ⁠שְׁאֹ֥ב מָֽיִם 1 “are coming out {here} to draw/get water.” See how you translated “draw/get water” in verse 11. 24:13 jc9y יֹצְאֹ֖ת לִ⁠שְׁאֹ֥ב מָֽיִם 1 “are coming out {here} to draw/get water.” See how you translated “draw/get water” in verse 11.
@ -2952,7 +2952,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
24:29 fm49 וּ⁠שְׁמ֣⁠וֹ לָבָ֑ן 1 “whose name {was} Laban,” or “named Laban,” 24:29 fm49 וּ⁠שְׁמ֣⁠וֹ לָבָ֑ן 1 “whose name {was} Laban,” or “named Laban,”
24:29 natm rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יָּ֨רָץ לָבָ֧ן 1 “and he ran/hurried/rushed” or “Laban/He ran/hurried” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also consider what is the best way to refer to Laban here in your language. 24:29 natm rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יָּ֨רָץ לָבָ֧ן 1 “and he ran/hurried/rushed” or “Laban/He ran/hurried” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also consider what is the best way to refer to Laban here in your language.
24:29 awi9 אֶל הָ⁠אִ֛ישׁ הַ⁠ח֖וּצָ⁠ה אֶל הָ⁠עָֽיִן 1 “out to the spring/well where the man/servant was.” or “to where the man/servant was standing beside the spring/well.” 24:29 awi9 אֶל הָ⁠אִ֛ישׁ הַ⁠ח֖וּצָ⁠ה אֶל הָ⁠עָֽיִן 1 “out to the spring/well where the man/servant was.” or “to where the man/servant was standing beside the spring/well.”
24:30 isaz rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge וַ⁠יְהִ֣י כִּ⁠רְאֹ֣ת 1 “This is how it was/happened: When he/Laban had seen” or “As soon as he/Laban had seen”. Verse 30 is a flashback of what had happened before Laban ran to the well (verse 29). Consider what is the best way to express this in your language. For some languages it may be necessary to combine verses 29-30 and put the sentences in the order that things actually happened. For example, “Now Rebekah had a brother named Laban. When he saw the nose ring and the bracelets that she was wearing, and heard her tell what the man had said to her, he hurried out to meet the man. He found/saw him standing with his camels beside the well.” If you do this, you would mark these combined verses as 29-30. 24:30 isaz rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge וַ⁠יְהִ֣י כִּ⁠רְאֹ֣ת 1 “This is how it was/happened: When he/Laban had seen” or “As soon as he/Laban had seen”. Verse 30 is a flashback of what had happened before Laban ran to the well (verse 29). Consider what is the best way to express this in your language. For some languages it may be necessary to combine verses 29-30 and put the sentences in the order that things actually happened. For example, “Now Rebekah had a brother named Laban. When he saw the nose ring and the bracelets that she was wearing and heard her tell what the man had said to her, he hurried out to meet the man. He found/saw him standing with his camels beside the well.” If you do this, you would mark these combined verses as 29-30.
24:30 ez7q אֶת הַ⁠נֶּ֗זֶם וְֽ⁠אֶת הַ⁠צְּמִדִים֮ עַל יְדֵ֣י אֲחֹת⁠וֹ֒ 1 “the nose ring that his sister was wearing and the bracelets on her arms” or “the nose ring and the bracelets that his sister was wearing”. Some languages have a specific term for “younger sister” that fits well here. Also see how you translated “nose ring” and “bracelets” in verse 22. 24:30 ez7q אֶת הַ⁠נֶּ֗זֶם וְֽ⁠אֶת הַ⁠צְּמִדִים֮ עַל יְדֵ֣י אֲחֹת⁠וֹ֒ 1 “the nose ring that his sister was wearing and the bracelets on her arms” or “the nose ring and the bracelets that his sister was wearing”. Some languages have a specific term for “younger sister” that fits well here. Also see how you translated “nose ring” and “bracelets” in verse 22.
24:30 xs19 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations וּ⁠כְ⁠שָׁמְע֗⁠וֹ אֶת דִּבְרֵ֞י רִבְקָ֤ה אֲחֹת⁠וֹ֙ לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר כֹּֽה דִבֶּ֥ר אֵלַ֖⁠י הָ⁠אִ֑ישׁ 1 “and had heard her announce/tell/report what the man {at the well} had said to her,” Consider whether it is more natural in your language to use a direct quote or indirect quote here. If you want to make it clear who “the man” refers to, you should still translate it generally, for example, “the man {I met at the well}” because when Rebekah said this, she did not yet know who he was. 24:30 xs19 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations וּ⁠כְ⁠שָׁמְע֗⁠וֹ אֶת דִּבְרֵ֞י רִבְקָ֤ה אֲחֹת⁠וֹ֙ לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר כֹּֽה דִבֶּ֥ר אֵלַ֖⁠י הָ⁠אִ֑ישׁ 1 “and had heard her announce/tell/report what the man {at the well} had said to her,” Consider whether it is more natural in your language to use a direct quote or indirect quote here. If you want to make it clear who “the man” refers to, you should still translate it generally, for example, “the man {I met at the well}” because when Rebekah said this, she did not yet know who he was.
24:30 d8fj rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יָּבֹא֙ אֶל הָ⁠אִ֔ישׁ 1 “he went {out} to {where} the man/servant {was},” or “he went {out} to meet him,” 24:30 d8fj rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יָּבֹא֙ אֶל הָ⁠אִ֔ישׁ 1 “he went {out} to {where} the man/servant {was},” or “he went {out} to meet him,”
@ -3205,7 +3205,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
25:26 lw96 וְ⁠יָד֤⁠וֹ אֹחֶ֨זֶת֙ בַּ⁠עֲקֵ֣ב עֵשָׂ֔ו 1 “with his hand holding on {tightly} to Esau’s heel.” or “gripping Esau’s heel {tightly} with his hand.” 25:26 lw96 וְ⁠יָד֤⁠וֹ אֹחֶ֨זֶת֙ בַּ⁠עֲקֵ֣ב עֵשָׂ֔ו 1 “with his hand holding on {tightly} to Esau’s heel.” or “gripping Esau’s heel {tightly} with his hand.”
25:26 hoky וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֥א שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ 1 “So they called/named him” or “So he was called/named”. See how you translated a similar clause in verse 25 that probably has the same meaning. 25:26 hoky וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֥א שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ 1 “So they called/named him” or “So he was called/named”. See how you translated a similar clause in verse 25 that probably has the same meaning.
25:26 lggz rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names יַעֲקֹ֑ב 1 “Jacob, {which means “heel-grabber.”}” If you decide to include the meaning of Jacob’s name in the text or in a footnote, make sure it matches the way you translate “grabbing” earlier in this sentence. 25:26 lggz rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names יַעֲקֹ֑ב 1 “Jacob, {which means “heel-grabber.”}” If you decide to include the meaning of Jacob’s name in the text or in a footnote, make sure it matches the way you translate “grabbing” earlier in this sentence.
25:26 uqny rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠יִצְחָ֛ק בֶּן שִׁשִּׁ֥ים שָׁנָ֖ה 1 “Isaac {was} 60 years old”. See how you translated the idiom “was a son of … years” in verse 20. 25:26 uqny rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠יִצְחָ֛ק בֶּן שִׁשִּׁ֥ים שָׁנָ֖ה 1 “Isaac {was} sixty years old”. See how you translated the idiom “was a son of … years” in verse 20.
25:26 d3d9 בְּ⁠לֶ֥דֶת אֹתָֽ⁠ם 1 “when Rebekah gave birth to them.” or “when Esau and Jacob were born.” 25:26 d3d9 בְּ⁠לֶ֥דֶת אֹתָֽ⁠ם 1 “when Rebekah gave birth to them.” or “when Esau and Jacob were born.”
25:27 kmym וַֽ⁠יִּגְדְּלוּ֙ הַ⁠נְּעָרִ֔ים 1 “When/As the boys grew up/older,” 25:27 kmym וַֽ⁠יִּגְדְּלוּ֙ הַ⁠נְּעָרִ֔ים 1 “When/As the boys grew up/older,”
25:27 q0d8 וַ⁠יְהִ֣י עֵשָׂ֗ו אִ֛ישׁ יֹדֵ֥עַ צַ֖יִד 1 “Esau became a skilled/expert hunter,” or “Esau became good at hunting animals {for food},” See how you translated a similar phrase (“mighty hunter”) in Gen 10:9. 25:27 q0d8 וַ⁠יְהִ֣י עֵשָׂ֗ו אִ֛ישׁ יֹדֵ֥עַ צַ֖יִד 1 “Esau became a skilled/expert hunter,” or “Esau became good at hunting animals {for food},” See how you translated a similar phrase (“mighty hunter”) in Gen 10:9.

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front:intro spe4 0 # Introduction to Proverbs\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Proverbs\n\n1. Introduction and purpose for Proverbs (1:1–7)\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n3. Proverbs from Solomon (10:1–22:16)\n4. Sayings from wise men (22:17–24:22)\n5. More sayings from wise men (24:23–34)\n6. Hezekiah’s proverbs from Solomon (25:1–29:27)\n7. Sayings from Agur (30:1–33)\n8. Sayings from Lemuel (31:1–9)\n9. Description of a good and capable wife (31:10–31)\n\n### What is the Book of Proverbs about?\n\nThe Book of Proverbs is a collection of proverbs. A proverb is a saying that gives wise advice or teaches something that is generally true about life. Most societies have their own proverbs and may use specific language that indicates something is a proverb. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]])\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThe title of this book is often translated as “Proverbs.” A more general translation would be “Sayings for Wise People,” “Wise Sayings,” or something similar.\n\n### Who wrote the Book of Proverbs?\n\nProverbs begins with the words, “The Proverbs of Solomon, son of David and King of Israel.” However, Solomon did not write all of the proverbs in this book. Unnamed wise men wrote the proverbs in [22:17](../22/17.md)–[24:34](../24/34.md). Agur the son of Jakeh wrote the proverbs in [30:1–33](../30/01.md) and King Lemuel wrote the proverbs in [31:1–31](../31/01.md).\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What is meant by “wisdom” and “foolishness” in the Book of Proverbs?\n\n“Wisdom” refers to understanding and doing what is true and morally right. A wise person understands and does what Yahweh considers to be right. Anyone living in this way will also learn to live well with other people and to make good practical decisions in life. Those who fail to live in this way are called “foolish.” For this reason, it is possible for a person to be very intelligent and still be foolish. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]])\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### Parallelism\n\nMany proverbs have two parts that have a relationship to each other. The second part may strengthen the first part, give more details about the first part, or say what seems to be the opposite of the first part. Translators should take into account that each proverb is also part of a larger group of proverbs. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])\n\n### Personification\n\nIn Proverbs, certain qualities such as wisdom and stupidity are often represented as if they were human. [Proverbs 1:20–33](../01/20.md), [3:15–18](../03/15.md), [4:6–9](../04/06.md), and [8:1](../08/01.md)–[9:12](../09/12.md) refer to wisdom as if it were a woman. [Proverbs 9:13–18](../09/13.md) refers to stupidity as if it were a woman. In languages where it is possible for a woman figure to represent these qualities, the translator should translate in this way. However, if direct translation is not possible in your language, you may translate these personifications as similes instead. In that case, wisdom or folly would be presented as being like a wise or stupid woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) front:intro spe4 0 # Introduction to Proverbs\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Proverbs\n\n1. Introduction and purpose for Proverbs (1:1–7)\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n3. Proverbs from Solomon (10:1–22:16)\n4. Sayings from wise men (22:17–24:22)\n5. More sayings from wise men (24:23–34)\n6. Hezekiah’s proverbs from Solomon (25:1–29:27)\n7. Sayings from Agur (30:1–33)\n8. Sayings from Lemuel (31:1–9)\n9. Description of a good and capable wife (31:10–31)\n\n### What is the Book of Proverbs about?\n\nThe Book of Proverbs is a collection of proverbs. A proverb is a saying that gives wise advice or teaches something that is generally true about life. Most societies have their own proverbs and may use specific language that indicates something is a proverb. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]])\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThe title of this book is often translated as “Proverbs.” A more general translation would be “Sayings for Wise People,” “Wise Sayings,” or something similar.\n\n### Who wrote the Book of Proverbs?\n\nProverbs begins with the words, “The Proverbs of Solomon, son of David and King of Israel.” However, Solomon did not write all of the proverbs in this book. Unnamed wise men wrote the proverbs in [22:17](../22/17.md)–[24:34](../24/34.md). Agur the son of Jakeh wrote the proverbs in [30:1–33](../30/01.md) and King Lemuel wrote the proverbs in [31:1–31](../31/01.md).\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What is meant by “wisdom” and “foolishness” in the Book of Proverbs?\n\n“Wisdom” refers to understanding and doing what is true and morally right. A wise person understands and does what Yahweh considers to be right. Anyone living in this way will also learn to live well with other people and to make good practical decisions in life. Those who fail to live in this way are called “foolish.” For this reason, it is possible for a person to be very intelligent and still be foolish. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]])\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### Parallelism\n\nMany proverbs have two parts that have a relationship to each other. The second part may strengthen the first part, give more details about the first part, or say what seems to be the opposite of the first part. Translators should take into account that each proverb is also part of a larger group of proverbs. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])\n\n### Personification\n\nIn Proverbs, certain qualities such as wisdom and stupidity are often represented as if they were human. [Proverbs 1:20–33](../01/20.md), [3:15–18](../03/15.md), [4:6–9](../04/06.md), and [8:1](../08/01.md)–[9:12](../09/12.md) refer to wisdom as if it were a woman. [Proverbs 9:13–18](../09/13.md) might also refer to stupidity as if it were a woman. In languages where it is possible for a woman figure to represent these qualities, the translator should translate in this way. However, if direct translation is not possible in your language, you may translate these personifications as similes instead. In that case, wisdom or folly would be presented as being like a wise or stupid woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1:intro y4et 0 # Proverbs 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n1. Introduction and purpose for Proverbs (1:1–7)\n * Title (1:1)\n * The Purpose of Proverbs (1:2–6)\n * Main Theme: Fearing Yahweh is essential to being wise (1:7)\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n * Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)\n * Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### My Son\n\nOccasionally, Solomon addresses a series of proverbs to “my son” or “sons.” This does not mean that those proverbs only apply to males. Instead, these phrases are forms used to pass on advice from a father to his son, and the kind of advice in these proverbs is about common temptations of young men.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Personification\n\nIn [1:20–33](../01/20.md), wisdom is referred to as if it were a woman. In languages where it is possible for a woman figure to represent an abstract concept like wisdom, the translator should translate the personification directly. However, if direct translation is not possible in your language, you may translate these personifications as similes instead. In that case, wisdom would be presented as being like a wise woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 1:intro y4et 0 # Proverbs 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n1. Introduction and purpose for Proverbs (1:1–7)\n * Title (1:1)\n * The Purpose of Proverbs (1:2–6)\n * Main Theme: Fearing Yahweh is essential to being wise (1:7)\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n * Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)\n * Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### My Son\n\nOccasionally, Solomon addresses a series of proverbs to “my son” or “sons.” This does not mean that those proverbs only apply to males. Instead, these phrases are forms used to pass on advice from a father to his son, and the kind of advice in these proverbs is about common temptations of young men.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Personification\n\nIn [1:20–33](../01/20.md), wisdom is referred to as if it were a woman. In languages where it is possible for a woman figure to represent an abstract concept like wisdom, the translator should translate the personification directly. However, if direct translation is not possible in your language, you may translate these personifications as similes instead. In that case, wisdom would be presented as being like a wise woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1:1 ej1t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מִ֭שְׁלֵי שְׁלֹמֹ֣ה 1 The author is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “These are the proverbs of Solomon” 1:1 ej1t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מִ֭שְׁלֵי שְׁלֹמֹ֣ה 1 The author is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “These are the proverbs of Solomon”
1:1 q6pn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מִ֭שְׁלֵי שְׁלֹמֹ֣ה 1 Here, the author is using the possessive form to describe **proverbs** that were written by **Solomon**. If this is not clear in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The proverbs that were written by Solomon” 1:1 q6pn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מִ֭שְׁלֵי שְׁלֹמֹ֣ה 1 Here, the author is using the possessive form to describe **proverbs** that were written by **Solomon**. If this is not clear in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The proverbs that were written by Solomon”
@ -482,7 +482,7 @@ front:intro spe4 0 # Introduction to Proverbs\n\n## Part 1: General Introduct
5:intro jxf1 0 # Proverbs 5 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n * Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)\n * Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)\n * Wisdom prevents people from committing crime or adultery (2:1–22)\n * Humbly trust Yahweh (3:1–12)\n * The value of wisdom (3:13–20)\n * Do not act wickedly (3:21–35)\n * Wisdom will benefit you (4:1–9)\n * Behave wisely and avoid those who do not (4:10–19)\n * Live righteously (4:20–27)\n * Avoid temptation to commit adultery (5:1–23)\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### My Son\n\nOccasionally, Solomon addresses a series of proverbs to “my son” or “sons.” This does not mean that those proverbs only apply to males. Instead, these phrases are forms used to pass on advice from a father to his son, and the kind of advice in these proverbs is about common temptations of young men.\n\n### Adulteress\n\nThis chapter repeatedly warns young men to avoid any adulterous woman, who is called “strange” and “foreign.” (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/adultery]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Euphemism\n\nIn [5:15–20](../05/15.md), Solomon uses several euphemisms to refer to sexual activity between a man and his wife or an adulterous woman. Although the UST expresses the meaning of these euphemisms plainly, only do so if sexual language would not be offensive in your culture. It is usually best to use a euphemism from your own language that means the same thing. 5:intro jxf1 0 # Proverbs 5 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n * Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)\n * Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)\n * Wisdom prevents people from committing crime or adultery (2:1–22)\n * Humbly trust Yahweh (3:1–12)\n * The value of wisdom (3:13–20)\n * Do not act wickedly (3:21–35)\n * Wisdom will benefit you (4:1–9)\n * Behave wisely and avoid those who do not (4:10–19)\n * Live righteously (4:20–27)\n * Avoid temptation to commit adultery (5:1–23)\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### My Son\n\nOccasionally, Solomon addresses a series of proverbs to “my son” or “sons.” This does not mean that those proverbs only apply to males. Instead, these phrases are forms used to pass on advice from a father to his son, and the kind of advice in these proverbs is about common temptations of young men.\n\n### Adulteress\n\nThis chapter repeatedly warns young men to avoid any adulterous woman, who is called “strange” and “foreign.” (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/adultery]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Euphemism\n\nIn [5:15–20](../05/15.md), Solomon uses several euphemisms to refer to sexual activity between a man and his wife or an adulterous woman. Although the UST expresses the meaning of these euphemisms plainly, only do so if sexual language would not be offensive in your culture. It is usually best to use a euphemism from your own language that means the same thing.
5:1 lh1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism לְ⁠חָכְמָתִ֣⁠י הַקְשִׁ֑יבָ⁠ה לִ֝⁠תְבוּנָתִ֗⁠י הַט־אָזְנֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “listen attentively to my wisdom, yes, incline your ear to my understanding”\n 5:1 lh1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism לְ⁠חָכְמָתִ֣⁠י הַקְשִׁ֑יבָ⁠ה לִ֝⁠תְבוּנָתִ֗⁠י הַט־אָזְנֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “listen attentively to my wisdom, yes, incline your ear to my understanding”\n
5:1 vi27 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לְ⁠חָכְמָתִ֣⁠י & לִ֝⁠תְבוּנָתִ֗⁠י 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **wisdom** and **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md). 5:1 vi27 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לְ⁠חָכְמָתִ֣⁠י & לִ֝⁠תְבוּנָתִ֗⁠י 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **wisdom** and **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md).
5:1 ks50 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְ⁠חָכְמָתִ֣⁠י & לִ֝⁠תְבוּנָתִ֗⁠י 1 Here, **my wisdom** and **my understanding** refer to the wise lessons that Solomon teaches his **son** and what he tells his **son** to understand. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to my wise lessons …\n to what I tell you to understand” 5:1 t72r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְ⁠חָכְמָתִ֣⁠י & לִ֝⁠תְבוּנָתִ֗⁠י 1 Here, **my wisdom** and **my understanding** refer to the wise lessons that Solomon teaches his **son** and what he tells his **son** to understand. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to my wise lessons … to what I tell you to understand”
5:1 nl9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הַט־אָזְנֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 See how you translated this idiom in [4:20](../04/20.md). 5:1 nl9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הַט־אָזְנֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 See how you translated this idiom in [4:20](../04/20.md).
5:2 ntln rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִ⁠שְׁמֹ֥ר מְזִמּ֑וֹת וְ֝⁠דַ֗עַת & יִנְצֹֽרוּ 1 In this verse, Solomon speaks of **discretion** as if it were an object that someone should **keep**, and **knowledge** as if it were an object that someone’s **lips** should **guard**. He means that he wants his son to preserve or remember what he has taught him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in order to preserve discretion, and your lips may preserve knowledge” 5:2 ntln rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִ⁠שְׁמֹ֥ר מְזִמּ֑וֹת וְ֝⁠דַ֗עַת & יִנְצֹֽרוּ 1 In this verse, Solomon speaks of **discretion** as if it were an object that someone should **keep**, and **knowledge** as if it were an object that someone’s **lips** should **guard**. He means that he wants his son to preserve or remember what he has taught him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in order to preserve discretion, and your lips may preserve knowledge”
5:2 cei4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מְזִמּ֑וֹת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **discretion** in [1:4](../01/04.md). 5:2 cei4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מְזִמּ֑וֹת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **discretion** in [1:4](../01/04.md).
@ -839,136 +839,213 @@ front:intro spe4 0 # Introduction to Proverbs\n\n## Part 1: General Introduct
7:27 ayvy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דַּרְכֵ֣י 1 See how you translated **ways** in [3:6](../03/06.md). 7:27 ayvy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דַּרְכֵ֣י 1 See how you translated **ways** in [3:6](../03/06.md).
7:27 ry42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יֹ֝רְד֗וֹת אֶל־חַדְרֵי־מָֽוֶת 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a man doing something that would result in his death as if he were going on a path that is **descending to the chambers of death**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “results in a man dying” or “causes a man to die”\n 7:27 ry42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יֹ֝רְד֗וֹת אֶל־חַדְרֵי־מָֽוֶת 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a man doing something that would result in his death as if he were going on a path that is **descending to the chambers of death**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “results in a man dying” or “causes a man to die”\n
7:27 fvmk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חַדְרֵי־מָֽוֶת 1 This phrase refers to the place where people’s spirits go when they die, which was called **Sheol** in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the place where the spirits of dead people dwell” or “the place of the dead”\n 7:27 fvmk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חַדְרֵי־מָֽוֶת 1 This phrase refers to the place where people’s spirits go when they die, which was called **Sheol** in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the place where the spirits of dead people dwell” or “the place of the dead”\n
8:intro z8jj 0 # Proverbs 8 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n * Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)\n * Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)\n * Wisdom prevents people from committing crime or adultery (2:1–22)\n * Humbly trust Yahweh (3:1–12)\n * The value of wisdom (3:13–20)\n * Do not act wickedly (3:21–35)\n * Wisdom will benefit you (4:1–9)\n * Behave wisely and avoid those who do not (4:10–19)\n * Live righteously (4:20–27)\n * Avoid temptation to commit adultery (5:1–23)\n * Practical warnings (6:1–19)\n * Adultery will be punished (6:20–35)\n * The Story of an Adulterer (7:1–27)\n * Wisdom benefits the wise (8:1–36)\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Wisdom calls out\n\nThe addressee of this chapter is broader than “my son,” but is personal like the previous chapters’ use of “my son.” In this case, Wisdom is calling out for all to come and learn of her, in contrast to the adulteress mentioned in chapters 5–7. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) 8:intro z8jj 0 # Proverbs 8 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n * Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)\n * Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)\n * Wisdom prevents people from committing crime or adultery (2:1–22)\n * Humbly trust Yahweh (3:1–12)\n * The value of wisdom (3:13–20)\n * Do not act wickedly (3:21–35)\n * Wisdom will benefit you (4:1–9)\n * Behave wisely and avoid those who do not (4:10–19)\n * Live righteously (4:20–27)\n * Avoid temptation to commit adultery (5:1–23)\n * Practical warnings (6:1–19)\n * Adultery will be punished (6:20–35)\n * The Story of an Adulterer (7:1–27)\n * Wisdom benefits the wise (8:1–36)\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Wisdom calls out\n\nIn this chapter, wisdom is referred to as if it were a woman who calls out for all to learn from her and was with God when he created the universe. In languages where it is possible for something like wisdom to be spoken of as if it were a person who speaks, the translator should translate in this way. However, if direct translation is not possible in your language, you may translate the personification as similes instead. In that case wisdom would be presented as being like a wise woman. When wisdom speaks in [8:4–36](../08/04.md), the notes will use the proper noun “Wisdom” to indicate that the personification of wisdom is speaking. See how you translated similar references to wisdom in [1:20–33](../01/20.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])\n
8:1 qsc7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 # General Information:\n\nIn chapter 8 wisdom is spoken of as a woman who teaches people how to be wise. Many verses in chapter 8 have parallelisms. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 8:1 v9h5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠לֹֽא־חָכְמָ֥ה תִקְרָ֑א וּ֝⁠תְבוּנָ֗ה תִּתֵּ֥ן קוֹלָֽ⁠הּ 1 Solomon is using the question form to emphasize that **wisdom** is available to everyone. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Surely wisdom calls out and understanding gives her voice!”\n
8:1 v9h5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Does not Wisdom call out? 0 This question is used to remind the readers of something they should already know. Alternate translation: “Wisdom calls out” 8:1 yywn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis הֲ⁠לֹֽא־חָכְמָ֥ה תִקְרָ֑א וּ֝⁠תְבוּנָ֗ה תִּתֵּ֥ן קוֹלָֽ⁠הּ 1 Solomon is leaving out some words in the second clause that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply the word from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Does not wisdom call out, and does not understanding give her voice”\n
8:1 i9hu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Does not Wisdom call out? 0 Here wisdom is imagined as a woman. If a language does not allow this kind of metaphor, other possible translations are: (1) “Is not wisdom like a woman who calls out?” (2) “Does not a woman named Wisdom call out?” 8:1 qsc7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism הֲ⁠לֹֽא־חָכְמָ֥ה תִקְרָ֑א וּ֝⁠תְבוּנָ֗ה תִּתֵּ֥ן קוֹלָֽ⁠הּ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Does not wisdom call out, yes, does not understanding give her voice” or “Surely wisdom calls out, yes, surely understanding gives her voice!”\n
8:1 pt6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Does not Understanding raise her voice? 0 Here “Understanding” means the same as “Wisdom.” 8:1 meo7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמָ֥ה & וּ֝⁠תְבוּנָ֗ה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **wisdom** and **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md).
8:1 k4ug raise her voice 0 Alternate translation: “speak” 8:1 i9hu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תִקְרָ֑א & תִּתֵּ֥ן קוֹלָֽ⁠הּ 1 In this verse, **wisdom** and **understanding** are spoken of as if they were women. See the discussion of such personification in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “call out as if it were a woman … give her voice as if it were a woman”
8:3 z73y the gates at the entrance into the city 0 In ancient times, cities usually had outer walls with gates in them. 8:1 k4ug rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom תִּתֵּ֥ן קוֹלָֽ⁠הּ 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:20](../01/20.md).
8:3 nkc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification she calls out 0 This continues to refer to Wisdom, personified as a woman. 8:2 co6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure בְּ⁠רֹאשׁ־מְרוֹמִ֥ים עֲלֵי־דָ֑רֶךְ בֵּ֖ית נְתִיב֣וֹת נִצָּֽבָה 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “She stations herself at the head of the heights beside the road, the house of the paths”
8:4 gv2w 0 # General Information:\n\nWisdom speaks to the people in verses 4–36. 8:2 gpgq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠רֹאשׁ־מְרוֹמִ֥ים עֲלֵי־דָ֑רֶךְ בֵּ֖ית נְתִיב֣וֹת 1 The phrases **the head of the heights beside the road** and **the house of the paths** both refer to the same place, which is a place where there would be many people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “At the public place at the head of the heights beside the road, the house of the paths”
8:4 jxm5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy my voice is for the sons of mankind 0 Here “voice” represents the words that are spoken. Alternate translation: “my words are for the sons of mankind” 8:2 a8s0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠רֹאשׁ־מְרוֹמִ֥ים 1 The phrase **the head of the heights** refers to the top of a hill or elevated place. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “At the top of hill” or “At the highest place”
8:4 j5l1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the sons of mankind 0 This is metonymy representing all human beings. Alternate translation: “all people” 8:2 meix rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בֵּ֖ית נְתִיב֣וֹת 1 This phrase refers to the place where roads intersect. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “where roads intersect” or “the crossroads”
8:5 er9q naive 0 inexperienced or immature 8:2 qbmv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification נִצָּֽבָה 1 Here, **she** refers to wisdom as if it were a woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “wisdom stations herself” or “wisdom stations itself as if it were a woman”
8:5 t3h2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns learn wisdom 0 The abstract word “wisdom’ refers to what a wise person believes and to the way in which he acts. Alternate translation: “learn how a wise person acts” or “learn what it means to be wise” 8:3 kbb0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure לְ⁠יַד־שְׁעָרִ֥ים לְ⁠פִי־קָ֑רֶת מְב֖וֹא פְתָחִ֣ים תָּרֹֽנָּה 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “She cries out at the hand of the gates, at the mouth of the city, the entrance of the openings”
8:5 bg5r you must get an understanding mind 0 Alternate translation: “you must begin to understand things with your mind” 8:3 knp4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְ⁠יַד־שְׁעָרִ֥ים לְ⁠פִי־קָ֑רֶת מְב֖וֹא פְתָחִ֣ים 1 The phrases **the hand of the gates**, **the mouth of the city**, and **the entrance of the openings** all refer to the same place, which is inside the main gate of the city where there would be many people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “At the public place at the hand of the gates, at the mouth of the city, the entrance of the openings”
8:6 uv73 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche when my lips open 0 Here “lips” represents a person’s mouth, with which he speaks. Alternate translation: “when I open my mouth to speak” 8:3 z73y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification לְ⁠יַד 1 Here, **hand** refers to the place beside **the gates**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “At the side of”
8:6 a3zk upright 0 proper or just 8:3 htxz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification לְ⁠פִי־קָ֑רֶת 1 Here, **mouth** refers to the entrance to **the city**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “at the entrance of the city”
8:7 s9bj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche my mouth speaks 0 Here “mouth” represents a person who speaks. Alternate translation: “I speak” 8:3 q3hb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun קָ֑רֶת 1 The word **city** represents cities in general, not one particular **city**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any city”
8:7 f6mp what is trustworthy 0 Alternate translation: “what people should believe” 8:3 mwys rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מְב֖וֹא פְתָחִ֣ים 1 This phrase refers to the main **entrance** into the city, which had **gates**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the main entrance”
8:7 juy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche wickedness is disgusting to my lips 0 Here “lips” represents a person who is speaking. Alternate translation: “wickedness is disgusting to me” or “saying wicked things would be disgusting to me” 8:3 nkc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תָּרֹֽנָּה 1 Here, **she** refers to wisdom as if it were a woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “wisdom cries out” or “wisdom cries out as if it were a woman”
8:7 hz9e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns wickedness 0 Here, **wickedness** represents wicked speech. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wickedness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. 8:4 f4h9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִישִׁ֣ים 1 Although **men** is masculine, here it refers to people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “people”\n
8:8 am3k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the words of my mouth 0 The “mouth” stands for the person who is speaking. Alternate translation: “The things I teach” 8:4 jxm5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ֝⁠קוֹלִ֗⁠י 1 Here, **voice** refers to what wisdom is saying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and what I am saying”
8:8 btx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor nothing twisted 0 Twisting a message is a metaphor for changing a true message into a false one. Alternate translation: “nothing false” 8:4 j5l1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּנֵ֥י אָדָֽם 1 Although **sons** and **man** are masculine, this phrase refers to all human beings. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “humankind”
8:9 nn5r straight 0 honest and clear 8:5 er9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עָרְמָ֑ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **prudence** in [1:4](../01/04.md).
8:9 jyh4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy my words are upright for those who find knowledge 0 This probably means that those who find knowledge will easily understand that the speaker’s words are upright. Here “words” represent a message or teaching. Alternate translation: “those who know what is right and what is wrong consider what I teach to be right” 8:5 bg5r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֵֽב 1 Here, **heart** refers to discernment. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “discernment”
8:9 f1c2 upright 0 true and honest 8:6 a3zk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ⁠מִפְתַּ֥ח שְׂ֝פָתַ֗⁠י 1 Here, **the opening of my lips** refers to what is said when Wisdom opens her **lips** to speak. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when I open my mouth to speak”
8:10 w8ks Acquire my instruction rather than silver 0 Alternate translation: “You should try much harder to understand my instructions than to get silver” 8:7 s9bj rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּֽי 1 **For** here indicates that what follows in [8:7–9](../08/07.md) are additional reasons why people should listen to Wisdom, as commanded in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows are reasons. Alternate translation: “Listen because”\n
8:11 wl6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations For Wisdom is better than jewels; no treasure is equal to her 0 Here Wisdom, personified as a woman, is not speaking. However, it is possible to make Wisdom the speaker here as well. Alternate translation: “For I, Wisdom, am better than jewels; no treasure is equal to me” 8:7 juy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche חִכִּ֑⁠י & שְׂפָתַ֣⁠י 1 Here, **palate** and **lips** refer to the person who is speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I … me”
8:12 mj24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification I, Wisdom, live with Prudence 0 Prudence is also represented here as a person. 8:7 f6mp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אֱ֭מֶת & וְ⁠תוֹעֲבַ֖ת & רֶֽשַׁע 1 If your language does not use an abstract nouns for the ideas of **truth**, **wickedness**, and **abomination**, you could express the same ideas in another way. See how you translated **wickedness** in [4:17](../04/17.md) and **abomination** in [3:32](../03/32.md). Alternate translation: “true things, and wicked things are abominable to”
8:12 b8xj Prudence 0 caution or good judgment 8:8 m1kf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אִמְרֵי 1 See how you translated the similar use of **words** in [1:23](../01/23.md).\n
8:12 jk94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns I possess knowledge and discretion 0 The abstract ideas “knowledge” and “discrete” can be expressed in other ways. Alternate translation: “I am knowledgeable and discreet” or “I know many things, and I am careful” 8:8 am3k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche פִ֑⁠י 1 Here, **mouth** refers to the person who is speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “mine”
8:12 xcu8 discretion 0 being careful about what we say and do; being cautious not to cause hurt or harm to others 8:8 k4ps rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis בְּ⁠צֶ֥דֶק 1 Wisdom is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “are spoken in righteousness” or “are spoken righteously”
8:13 rf21 perverted speech 0 Alternate translation: “wicked talk” 8:8 btx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נִפְתָּ֥ל וְ⁠עִקֵּֽשׁ 1 Here, Wisdom refers to something that is false as if it were **twisted**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “untrue”
8:13 gp8g perverted 0 turned from what is right 8:8 jbcr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠עִקֵּֽשׁ 1 See how you translated the same use of **crooked** in [2:15](../02/15.md).
8:14 cnc2 good advice 0 Alternate translation: “wise suggestions” 8:8 byoi rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns בָּ֝⁠הֶ֗ם 1 Here, **them** refers to **the words of my mouth** stated in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in those words” or “in what I say”
8:14 guc9 advice 0 counsel that is given to help someone 8:9 nn5r rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns כֻּלָּ֣⁠ם 1 See how you translated **them** in the previous verse.
8:14 sne9 sound 0 good, reliable 8:9 ga8o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וִֽ֝⁠ישָׁרִ֗ים 1 Wisdom is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and all of them are upright things”
8:14 w3ju rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification I am insight 0 Here Wisdom is spoken of as if she were insight. Alternate translation: “I have insight” 8:9 jyh4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְ⁠מֹ֣צְאֵי דָֽעַת 1 Here, wisdom speaks of acquiring **knowledge** as if it were something that people find. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for people who acquire knowledge”
8:16 hg7e nobles 0 noblemen, leading members of important families in the nation 8:9 f1c2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns דָֽעַת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md).
8:17 xz9h love 0 This refers to brotherly love or love for a friend or family member. This is natural human love between friends or relatives. 8:10 w8ks rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis קְחֽוּ־מוּסָרִ֥⁠י וְ⁠אַל־כָּ֑סֶף וְ֝⁠דַ֗עַת מֵ⁠חָר֥וּץ נִבְחָֽר 1 Solomon is leaving out a word in the second clause that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the first clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Take my instruction and not silver, and take knowledge more than choice gold”\n
8:17 e3jr diligently 0 with careful and continued effort 8:10 siva rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism קְחֽוּ־מוּסָרִ֥⁠י וְ⁠אַל־כָּ֑סֶף וְ֝⁠דַ֗עַת מֵ⁠חָר֥וּץ נִבְחָֽר 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first clause by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Take my instruction and not silver, yes, take knowledge more than choice gold”\n
8:18 k7hf With me are riches and honor 0 Alternate translation: “I have riches and honor” 8:10 y385 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor קְחֽוּ 1 Here, wisdom speaks of acquiring **instruction** and **knowledge** as if they were objects that a person can **Take**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Acquire”
8:18 a275 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases lasting wealth and righteousness 0 This explains what is meant by “riches and honor.” This can be made clear with the connecting statement “therefore.” Alternate translation: “therefore, I will give lasting wealth and righteousness to those who find me” 8:10 z0vl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מוּסָרִ֥⁠י & וְ֝⁠דַ֗עַת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **instruction** in [1:2](../01/02.md) and **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md).
8:18 q481 righteousness 0 Alternate translation: “the ability to live in a right way” 8:10 ls6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠אַל־כָּ֑סֶף 1 Here, **and not** means the same as **rather than** in the next clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “rather than silver”
8:19 eyc2 My fruit 0 what wisdom produces or causes 8:10 v5jl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מֵ⁠חָר֥וּץ נִבְחָֽר 1 Here, **choice gold** refers to **gold** that is the best quality. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “more than the best gold”
8:19 rqy3 my produce 0 the benefit or gain that wisdom causes 8:11 wl6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person חָ֭כְמָה & בָֽ⁠הּ 1 Here, **wisdom**, personified as a woman, is speaking about herself in the third person. If this would not be natural in your language, you could use the first person form. Alternate translation: “I … with me”
8:20 tks1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I walk in the path of righteousness 0 Living the right way is spoken of as walking on the right road. Alternate translation: “I live right” or “I do what is right” 8:11 ph7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown מִ⁠פְּנִינִ֑ים 1 See how you translated **corals** in [3:15](../03/15.md).
8:20 rg74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor in the midst of the paths of justice 0 This tells more of what is meant by “the path of righteousness.” Alternate translation: “I do what is perfectly just” or “I only do what is just” 8:12 mj24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification שָׁכַ֣נְתִּי עָרְמָ֑ה 1 Here, wisdom speaks of being associated with **prudence** as if **prudence** were a person that **wisdom** dwells with. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “What is wise is associated with what is prudent” or “I dwell with prudence like two people live in the same house”
8:21 mg4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor treasuries 0 storehouses for valuable things. Wisdom is spoken of as a woman who fills the storehouses of her followers with valuable things. 8:12 w6pq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָ֭כְמָה & עָרְמָ֑ה וְ⁠דַ֖עַת מְזִמּ֣וֹת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **Wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md), and **prudence**, **knowledge**, and **discretion** in [1:4](../01/04.md).
8:22 xu3p the first of his deeds then 0 Alternate translation: “I was the first of the things he created then” 8:12 m5lo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְ⁠דַ֖עַת מְזִמּ֣וֹת 1 Here, Wisdom is using the possessive form to describe a **knowledge** that is about **discretion**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “and knowing discretion”
8:23 mh2d In ages long ago 0 Alternate translation: “Very long ago” 8:12 jk94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠דַ֖עַת מְזִמּ֣וֹת אֶמְצָֽא 1 Here, **Wisdom** speaks of enabling people to have **knowledge of discretion** as if they were objects that one could **find**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I enable you to acquire knowledge of discretion” or “What is wise enables you to acquire knowledge of discretion”
8:23 v4tq ages 0 The word “age” refers to a general, extended period of time. 8:13 gp8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession יִֽרְאַ֣ת יְהוָה֮ 1 See how you translated the **fear of Yahweh** in [1:7](../01/07.md).
8:23 mth7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns from the beginnings of the earth 0 The idea of beginnings can be translated in a less abstract way. Alternate translation: “from when God created the earth” 8:13 v5jj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָ֥ע גֵּ֘אָ֤ה וְ⁠גָא֨וֹן 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **evil**, **pride**, and **arrogance**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). Alternate translation: “evil things … being proud and arrogant”
8:25 u2m1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Before the mountains were settled 0 “Before the bases of the mountains were put into place.” This can also be put into active form. Alternate translation: “Before God made the foundations of the mountains and put them into their proper places” 8:13 mixv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠דֶ֣רֶךְ רָ֭ע 1 See how you translated this use of **way** in [1:15](../01/15.md).
8:26 z5y4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification I was born 0 This is wisdom speaking about herself. 8:13 kjg4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וּ⁠פִ֨י תַהְפֻּכ֬וֹת 1 Here, Wisdom is using the possessive form to describe a **mouth** that speaks **perverse things**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “and the mouth that speaks perverse things”
8:26 asn5 was born 0 Alternate translation: “I was alive” 8:13 cnc2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וּ⁠פִ֨י 1 Here, **mouth** represents the person speaking **perverse things**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the person who speaks”\n
8:27 nk15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification I was there 0 This is wisdom speaking about herself. 8:14 guc9 עֵ֭צָה וְ⁠תוּשִׁיָּ֑ה & בִ֝ינָ֗ה & גְבוּרָֽה 1 See how you translated **Counsel** in [1:25](../01/25.md), **wisdom** and ** understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md), and **strength** in [5:10](../05/10.md).
8:27 z8lx established 0 To establish something is to bring into being on a stable basis. Alternate translation: “created” or “made” 8:14 sne9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִֽ⁠י־עֵ֭צָה וְ⁠תוּשִׁיָּ֑ה & לִ֣⁠י גְבוּרָֽה 1 Here, Wisdom speaks of enabling people to have **Counsel**, **sound wisdom**, and **strength** as if they were objects that belong to Wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I enable you to acquire counsel and sound wisdom … I enable you to acquire strength” or “What is wise enables you to acquire counsel and sound wisdom … what is wise enables you to acquire strength”
8:27 b5db rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit when he drew a circle on the surface of the deep 0 This refers to setting a limit to how far someone in a ship at sea can see all around himself. Alternate translation: “when he marked on the ocean’s surface how far a person at sea can see in every direction” 8:15 dewa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ֝⁠רוֹזְנִ֗ים יְחֹ֣קְקוּ צֶֽדֶק 1 Wisdom is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and by me dignitaries decree righteousness” or “and by what is wise dignitaries decree righteousness”\n
8:27 ae6e the deep 0 Alternate translation: “the ocean” 8:15 sajw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns צֶֽדֶק 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **righteousness** in [1:3](../01/03.md).
8:28 wnj8 established 0 brought into permanent being 8:16 yk59 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ֝⁠נְדִיבִ֗ים 1 Wisdom is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and by me nobles rule” or “and by what is wise nobles rule”
8:28 z2v2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive when the springs in the deep became fixed 0 This can be put into active form. Alternate translation: “when God fixed the springs in the deep” 8:16 qn4w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish וּ֝⁠נְדִיבִ֗ים כָּל־שֹׁ֥פְטֵי צֶֽדֶק 1 This phrase is making a distinction between **nobles** who are **judges of righteousness** and those who are not. It is not giving us further information the **nobles**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases more clear. Alternate translation: “and nobles, that is, all those nobles who are judges of righteousness”\n
8:28 zv8f the springs in the deep 0 The ancient Hebrews thought that the ocean got its water from springs at the bottom of the sea. 8:16 hg7e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession שֹׁ֥פְטֵי צֶֽדֶק 1 Here, Wisdom is using the possessive form to describe **judges** that are characterized by **righteousness**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “righteous judges”
8:29 pd76 when he made his limit for the sea 0 “when he created the shorelines for the oceans. The “limit for the sea” divided the oceans from the dry land. 8:17 e3jr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns אֲ֭נִי & אֵהָ֑ב 1 Wisdom uses the word **myself** to emphasize how significant it was that wisdom is like a woman who loves those who love her. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this significance. Alternate translation: “Even I love”
8:29 vk7f when there was set the limit for the foundations of the dry land 0 The Hebrew word for “earth” also often means “land.” 8:17 kpvv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification אֲ֭נִי אֹהֲבַ֣י אֵהָ֑ב 1 Here, wisdom is depicted as if it were a person who can**love** and be loved by people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Wisdom benefits those who value it” or “It is as if wisdom were a woman who loves those who love her”
8:29 f3j9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive when there was set the limit for the foundations of the dry land 0 This can be put into active form. Alternate translation: “when God set the limit for the foundations of the earth” 8:17 xz9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וּ֝⁠מְשַׁחֲרַ֗⁠י יִמְצָאֻֽ⁠נְנִי 1 Here, people trying to be wise and succeeding is described as if wisdom were a person who people can **seek** and **find**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and those who diligently try to become wise will become wise”
8:30 ph2f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification I was beside him 0 This is still wisdom speaking. Wisdom now says she was right next to Yahweh, implying that she was his assistant in creating the world. 8:18 k7hf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֹֽשֶׁר־וְ⁠כָב֥וֹד אִתִּ֑⁠י 1 Here, Wisdom speaks of enabling people to have **Riches**, **honor**, **surpassing wealth**, and **righteousness** as if they were objects that were **with** Wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I enable you to have riches, honor, surpassing wealth, and righteousness” or “What is wise enables you to have riches, honor, surpassing wealth, and righteousness”
8:30 ky7x skilled craftsman 0 This is a person who has trained for years to make useful things very well, like furniture or houses. 8:18 a275 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ה֥וֹן עָ֝תֵ֗ק וּ⁠צְדָקָֽה 1 Wisdom is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “surpassing wealth and righteousness are with me” or “surpassing wealth and righteousness are with what is wise”
8:30 k4ct rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns I was his delight 0 “I was what made him happy.” The word “delight” is an abstract noun that can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “he was happy because of me” 8:18 q481 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְ⁠כָב֥וֹד & וּ⁠צְדָקָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **honor** in [3:16](../03/16.md) and **righteousness** in [1:3](../01/03.md).
8:30 a22n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom day after day 0 This is a way to express the idea of a habitual action or of a continuous condition. Alternate translation: “continually” or “the whole time” 8:19 eyc2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ט֣וֹב פִּ֭רְיִ⁠י 1 Here, **fruit** refers to the benefits that a person receives from having wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “My benefits are better” or “The benefits I can give you are better”
8:31 pw91 his whole world 0 Alternate translation: “the whole world he created” or “everything he created” 8:19 hudk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet מֵ⁠חָר֣וּץ וּ⁠מִ⁠פָּ֑ז 1 The terms **gold** and **refined gold** mean similar things. Wisdom is using them together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “than the finest gold”
8:31 wnq9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom the sons of mankind 0 This refers to human beings in general. Alternate translation: “the people he brought into existence” 8:19 rqy3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ֝⁠תְבוּאָתִ֗⁠י 1 Here, **produce** refers to the benefits that a person receives from having wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and my benefits” or “and the benefits I can give you”
8:32 ly1a Now 0 This is to focus the attention of the children to the conclusion of this lesson. 8:19 dzjk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מִ⁠כֶּ֥סֶף נִבְחָֽר 1 Wisdom is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “is better than choice silver”
8:32 hwt3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification listen to me 0 This is still wisdom talking about herself. 8:19 i7wp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִ⁠כֶּ֥סֶף נִבְחָֽר 1 Here, **choice silver** refers to **silver** that is the best quality. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “than the best silver”
8:32 m6ib rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor those who keep my ways 0 Here “my ways” represents wisdom’s behavior. Alternate translation: “those who do what I teach” or “the people who follow my example” 8:20 tks1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠אֹֽרַח־צְדָקָ֥ה אֲהַלֵּ֑ך 1 Here, Wisdom speaks of behaving righteously as if someone were walking on a **path**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I behave righteously”
8:33 ky6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes do not neglect 0 “do not disregard” Alternate translation: “be sure to pay attention to” or “be sure to follow” 8:20 wask rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּ⁠אֹֽרַח־צְדָקָ֥ה 1 Here, Wisdom is using the possessive form to describe **the path** that is characterized by **righteousness**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the righteous path”
8:34 i55j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism watching every day at my doors, waiting beside the posts of my doors 0 These two phrases basically mean the same thing. Wisdom is described as having a home; possible meanings of **watching** are: (1) a wise person waits outside wisdom’s home in the morning in order to serve her, or (2) a wise person waits outside wisdom’s house for her to come and teach him. 8:20 ax2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis בְּ֝⁠ת֗וֹךְ נְתִיב֥וֹת מִשְׁפָּֽט 1 Wisdom is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “I walk in the midst of the beaten paths of justice”
8:35 z6lm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification finds me 0 This is still wisdom talking about herself. 8:20 rg74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession נְתִיב֥וֹת מִשְׁפָּֽט 1 Here, Wisdom is using the possessive form to describe **the beaten paths** that are characterized by **justice**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the just beaten paths”
8:36 hfn9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification hate me 0 This is still wisdom talking about herself. 8:21 kx1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לְ⁠הַנְחִ֖יל אֹהֲבַ֥⁠י 1 Here, **to** indicates that what follows is the purpose for what Wisdom does in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose. You may want to begin a new sentence. Alternate translation: “I do that for the purpose of causing those who love me to inherit”\n
8:36 yl6t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit he who fails 0 The complete thought is, “he who fails to find me” 8:21 mg4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠אֹצְרֹ֖תֵי⁠הֶ֣ם 1 The word **treasuries** refers to buildings or rooms where people store valuable things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and their buildings where they store precious things”
8:36 w73k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his own life 0 Here “life” represents the person’s self. 8:22 f91m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis יְֽהוָ֗ה קָ֭נָ⁠נִי רֵאשִׁ֣ית דַּרְכּ֑⁠וֹ קֶ֖דֶם מִפְעָלָ֣י⁠ו מֵ⁠אָֽז 1 Wisdom is leaving out a word in the second clause that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the first clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh possessed me at the beginning of his way, Yahweh possessed me before his works from then”\n
9:intro y75r 0 # Proverbs 9 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n * Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)\n * Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)\n * Wisdom prevents people from committing crime or adultery (2:1–22)\n * Humbly trust Yahweh (3:1–12)\n * The value of wisdom (3:13–20)\n * Do not act wickedly (3:21–35)\n * Wisdom will benefit you (4:1–9)\n * Behave wisely and avoid those who do not (4:10–19)\n * Live righteously (4:20–27)\n * Avoid temptation to commit adultery (5:1–23)\n * Practical warnings (6:1–19)\n * Adultery will be punished (6:20–35)\n * The Story of an Adulterer (7:1–27)\n * Wisdom benefits the wise (8:1–36)\n * Wisdom and folly (9:1–18)\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Wisdom calls out\n\nThe addressee of chapters 8 and 9 is broader than “my son,” but is personal like the previous chapters’ use of “my son.” In this case, Wisdom is calling out for all to come and learn of her. 8:22 eias rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism יְֽהוָ֗ה קָ֭נָ⁠נִי רֵאשִׁ֣ית דַּרְכּ֑⁠וֹ קֶ֖דֶם מִפְעָלָ֣י⁠ו מֵ⁠אָֽז 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first clause by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word that shows that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Yahweh possessed me at the beginning of his way, yes, Yahweh possessed me before his works from then”\n
9:1 m12a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses begin a parable in which wisdom is imagined to be a woman who is giving good advice to people. 8:22 ucgn קָ֭נָ⁠נִי 1 Some scholars believe that the word translated as **possessed** could also mean “created.” Either way, the point is that **Yahweh** had wisdom before he created the universe. If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT.
9:1 s64d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Wisdom has built 0 The writer speaks about wisdom as if it were a woman who has built her own house. 8:22 xu3p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit דַּרְכּ֑⁠וֹ & מִפְעָלָ֣י⁠ו 1 The phrases **his way** and **his works** both refer to Yahweh creating the universe. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “his creating … his creative works”
9:2 x5sw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy She has slaughtered her animals 0 This refers to animals whose meat will be eaten in the dinner that Wisdom will give. Alternate translation: “She has killed the animals for meat at dinner” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 8:22 g6hj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מֵ⁠אָֽז 1 Here, **then** refers to **the beginning** mentioned in the previous clause, which refers to when **Yahweh** started creating the universe. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “from the beginning”
9:2 ywr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit mixed her wine 0 In ancient Israel, people often mixed wine with water. Alternate translation: “prepared her wine by mixing it with water” 8:23 hkmu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure מֵ֭⁠עוֹלָם נִסַּ֥כְתִּי מֵ⁠רֹ֗אשׁ מִ⁠קַּדְמֵי־אָֽרֶץ 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “I was poured out from eternity, from the head, from the ancient times of the earth”\n
9:2 h2zm she has set her table 0 Alternate translation: “she has prepared her table” 8:23 mh2d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מֵ֭⁠עוֹלָם 1 Here, **eternity** refers to the distant past. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Very long ago”
9:3 p6e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses begin to give the message of Wisdom, who is personified as a woman. 8:23 swag rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive נִסַּ֥כְתִּי 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh poured me out”
9:3 akl3 She has sent out her maids 0 These maids went out and invited people to come to the feast that Wisdom had prepared. 8:23 vhov rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נִסַּ֥כְתִּי 1 Here, Wisdom speaks of being established as if it were a liquid that was **poured out**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I was established”
9:3 ugn5 her maids 0 Young women or girls who are in the service of a respectable, adult woman, such as Wisdom. 8:23 v4tq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מֵ⁠רֹ֗אשׁ 1 Here, **head** refers to the first in a series of something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “at the first”
9:3 n6ha she calls out 0 Alternate translation: “she loudly recites her invitation” 8:23 mth7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִ⁠קַּדְמֵי־אָֽרֶץ 1 The phrase **the ancient times of the earth** refers to the time when the earth was made. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “from when God created the earth”
9:3 x798 the highest points of the city 0 The invitation is shouted from the highest points so that it will be best heard by all the people. 8:24 oijk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure בְּ⁠אֵין־תְּהֹמ֥וֹת חוֹלָ֑לְתִּי בְּ⁠אֵ֥ין מַ֝עְיָנ֗וֹת נִכְבַּדֵּי־מָֽיִם 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “I was brought forth when there were no watery depths and when there were no springs heavy with water”
9:4 h6sj Who is naive? Let … the one lacking good sense 0 These two phrases describe the same group of people, those who need more wisdom in their lives. Here the question is addressed to all such people. Alternate translation: “Anyone who is naive, let … anyone lacking good sense” 8:24 erhg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive חוֹלָ֑לְתִּי 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh brought me forth”
9:4 dj7m is naive 0 Alternate translation: “is inexperienced or immature” 8:24 jo9p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חוֹלָ֑לְתִּי 1 Here, Wisdom speaks of starting to exist as if it were something that was **brought forth**, which is an idiomatic way to say “born.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I started to exist”
9:4 s4da turn aside here 0 Alternate translation: “leave his path and come into my house” 8:24 el5o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַ֝עְיָנ֗וֹת נִכְבַּדֵּי־מָֽיִם 1 Here, Wisdom speaks of **springs** being full of **water** that flows out as if they were **heavy with water**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “springs full of flowing water”
9:5 h6ck 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the message of Wisdom. 8:25 u2m1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure בְּ⁠טֶ֣רֶם הָרִ֣ים הָטְבָּ֑עוּ לִ⁠פְנֵ֖י גְבָע֣וֹת חוֹלָֽלְתִּי 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “I was brought forth before the mountains were sunk and before the face of the hills”
9:5 n3eu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you Come … eat … drink 0 All of these commands are plural; Wisdom is addressing many people at the same time. 8:25 z5y4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive הָרִ֣ים הָטְבָּ֑עוּ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh sunk the mountains”
9:5 stm9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the wine I have mixed 0 In ancient Israel, people often mixed wine with water. Alternate translation: “prepared her wine by mixing it with water” 8:25 ryrx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הָרִ֣ים הָטְבָּ֑עוּ 1 Here, Wisdom speaks of the creation of **the mountains** as if their foundations **were sunk** in the earth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the mountains were created”
9:6 b9ma rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you Leave … live … walk 0 All of these commands are plural; Wisdom is addressing many people at the same time. 8:25 f9dm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification לִ⁠פְנֵ֖י גְבָע֣וֹת 1 Here, **face** represents the presence of **the hills** as if they were a person with a **face**. Wisdom is referring to the time **before** **the hills** existed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before the existence of the hills”\n
9:6 ejw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Leave your naive actions 0 Here naive actions are spoken of as if they were a place that a person could leave. Alternate translation: “Stop your naive behavior” 8:25 asn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor חוֹלָֽלְתִּי 1 See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse.
9:6 f53k naive actions 0 Alternate translation: “inexperienced, immature actions” 8:26 r8jv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure עַד־לֹ֣א עָ֭שָׂה אֶ֣רֶץ וְ⁠חוּצ֑וֹת וְ֝⁠רֹ֗אשׁ עָפְר֥וֹת תֵּבֵֽל 1 This verse continues the sentence that began in the previous verse. If you divide the previous verse and this verse into separate sentences, then you will need to repeat the main clause from the previous verse. Alternate translation: “I was brought forth before he made the earth or the outside places or the head of the loose soil of the world”
9:6 lpn8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the path of understanding 0 Here the process of understanding wisdom is spoken of as if it were a path that a person could follow. Alternate translation: “the manner of living that a wise person has” 8:26 y533 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠חוּצ֑וֹת 1 Here, **outside places** refers to the fields in the countryside. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “open spaces of the countryside”
9:7 x5sc 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the message of Wisdom. 8:26 tb6t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝⁠רֹ֗אשׁ 1 Here, **the head** refers to the first part of something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “or the first of”
9:7 vif7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Whoever disciplines … whoever rebukes 0 These two phrases basically say the same thing. 8:27 t648 This verse is the beginning of a sentence that continues through [8:29](../08/29.md). If you make each of these verses a separate sentence, then you will need to repeat **I was there** in each of those verses.
9:7 kjm2 a mocker 0 Someone who habitually mocks people. Alternate translation: “someone who says insulting things about other people” or “someone who likes to make other people look bad” 8:27 nk15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure בַּ⁠הֲכִינ֣⁠וֹ שָׁ֭מַיִם שָׁ֣ם אָ֑נִי 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. This verse is the beginning of a sentence that continues through [8:29](../08/29.md). If you make each verse a separate sentence, then you will need to repeat the main clause of this verse in each of those verses. Alternate translation: “I was there when he established the heavens”
9:7 m22a receives abuse 0 Alternate translation: “receives harsh treatment” 8:27 b5db rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠ח֥וּק⁠וֹ ח֝֗וּג עַל־פְּנֵ֥י תְהֽוֹם 1 This clause refers to Yahweh forming the horizon between the sky and ocean as if he were drawing a **circle** on the ocean’s surface. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when he made the horizon between the heavens and the surface of the ocean”
9:7 g88g whoever rebukes 0 Alternate translation: “whoever corrects” 8:28 wnj8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠אַמְּצ֣⁠וֹ שְׁחָקִ֣ים 1 Here, Wisdom speaks of God forming **the clouds** as if he made them **firm**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “When he created the clouds”
9:8 fpc4 Do not reprove 0 Alternate translation: “Do not correct” 8:28 z2v2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification בַּ֝⁠עֲז֗וֹז עִינ֥וֹת תְּהוֹם 1 Here, Wisdom speaks of the **springs** flowing with much water as if they were people who **became strong**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when the springs of the watery deep flowed strongly”
9:9 c8r2 Give to a wise person, and he … teach a righteous person, and he 0 These two commands actually represent conditional statements. Alternate translation: “If you give to a wise person, he … if you teach a righteous person, he” 8:28 ii3s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession עִינ֥וֹת תְּהוֹם 1 Here, Wisdom is using the possessive form to describe **the springs** that supply water to **the watery deep**, which refers to the bottom of the ocean. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the springs that fill the watery deep”
9:9 y95j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Give to a wise person … teach a righteous person 0 These two phrases basically say the same thing. 8:29 titz rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns בְּ⁠שׂ֘וּמ֤⁠וֹ & פִ֑י⁠ו & בְּ֝⁠חוּק֗⁠וֹ 1 In this verse, **he** and **his** refer to Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “when Yahweh set up … Yahweh’s mouth … when Yahweh inscribed”
9:9 n1f2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Give to a wise person 0 This refers to giving instruction to a wise person. 8:29 pd76 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor חֻקּ֗⁠וֹ 1 Here, **law** refers to the limit or boundary of **sea**, where the **sea** ends and the dry land begins. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “its limit”
9:10 s7rg 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses finish the message of Wisdom. 8:29 vk7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy פִ֑י⁠ו 1 Here, **mouth** refers to God’s **law** that was mentioned in the previous clause as if it were a command spoken by God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his command” or “that limit”
9:10 l6yl The fear of Yahweh 0 See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 1:7](../01/07.md). 8:29 f3j9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ֝⁠חוּק֗⁠וֹ 1 This clause refers to Yahweh designating **the foundations of the earth** as if he were drawing them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when he designated” or “when he decreed”
9:11 uv8i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive through me your days will be multiplied 0 This may be put into active form. Alternate translation: “I will multiply your days” or “I will cause you to live many more days” 8:29 j9sa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מ֣וֹסְדֵי אָֽרֶץ 1 This phrase could refer to: (1) the limits of the land, which were considered to be the bottoms of the mountains (see [Micah 6:2](../mic/06/02.md)). Alternate translation: “the limits of the land” (2) where Yahweh placed **the earth**, which was spoken as if **the earth** were resting on top of **foundations**. Alternate translation: “where the earth would be placed”
9:11 wpx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification through me 0 Wisdom, personified as a woman, continues to speak here. 8:30 ph2f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וָֽ⁠אֶהְיֶ֥ה אֶצְל֗⁠וֹ אָ֫מ֥וֹן 1 Here, Yahweh using wisdom to create the universe is spoke of as if wisdom were **a skilled worker** who was **beside him**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Then he used wisdom skillfully” or “Then I was like a skilled worker beside him”
9:11 rk9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism your days will be multiplied, and years of life will be added to you 0 These two phrases basically mean the same thing and are used to emphasize the great benefits wisdom has. 8:30 ky7x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns שַׁ֭עֲשֻׁעִים 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **delight**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “delightful”
9:11 u5qf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor years of life will be added to you 0 Wisdom speaks of years of life as if they were physical objects. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will add years of life to you” or “I will add years to your life” or “I will enable you to live longer” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 8:30 a22n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מְשַׂחֶ֖קֶת 1 Here, **frolicking** refers to dancing or playing in a way that expresses great joy. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “acting joyfully”
9:12 z3ez If you are wise … and if you mock 0 These two statements seem to mean that wise people gain advantages for themselves because of their wisdom, and mockers suffer because of their behavior. 8:30 mhxo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠פָנָ֣י⁠ו 1 Here, **face** refers to Yahweh’s presence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in his presence”\n
9:12 zei6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you will carry it 0 This speaks of the consequence of one’s bad behavior as if it were a heavy load that one had to carry on his back. 8:31 bf8t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מְ֭שַׂחֶקֶת 1 See how you translated this word in the previous verse.
9:13 q38d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses begin to describe foolishness, which is also personified as a woman. 8:31 pw91 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּ⁠תֵבֵ֣ל אַרְצ֑⁠וֹ 1 The phrase **world of his earth** could refer to: (1) the whole **world**. Alternate translation: “his entire world” (2) the inhabited part of the **world**. Alternate translation: “his inhabited world”
9:13 ix9a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification The woman of foolishness 0 It is possible to translate “foolishness” as a description such as “A foolish woman.” However, if a language allows wisdom to be personified, as in the previous part of this chapter, it may also allow foolishness to be personified. Alternate translation: “The woman Foolishness” 8:31 tpzd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְ֝⁠שַׁעֲשֻׁעַ֗⁠י 1 See how you translated “delight” in the previous verse.
9:13 lbv9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism she is untaught and knows nothing 0 These two expressions basically mean the same thing, which is repeated to show how useless the foolish woman is. Alternate translation: “she does not know anything at all” 8:31 wnq9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּנֵ֥י אָדָֽם 1 See how you translated this phrase in [8:4](../08/04.md)
9:13 tk38 she is untaught 0 Alternate translation: “she has not learned from experience” or “she is young and naive” 8:32 ly1a rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וְ⁠עַתָּ֣ה 1 **And now** here indicates a transition from what Wisdom said in [8:4–31](../08/04.md) to the call to pay attention that follows. See how you translated the same clause in [5:7](../05/07.md) and [7:24](../07/24.md).\n
9:15 cqd1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom walking straight on their way 0 This seems to be an idiom for “thinking only of their own affairs” or “minding their own business.” 8:32 hwt3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וְ֝⁠אַשְׁרֵ֗י 1 Here, **and** introduces the reason for obeying the command stated in the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a reason. Alternate translation: “since happy”\n
9:16 ck1n is naive 0 Alternate translation: “is inexperienced or immature” 8:32 m6ib rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דְּרָכַ֥⁠י יִשְׁמֹֽרוּ 1 Here, **ways** refers to behavior. See how you translated the similar use of **keep** and “paths” in [2:20](../02/20.md). Alternate translation: “are they who behave like me”
9:16 rs92 turn aside here 0 Alternate translation: “leave his path and come here” 8:33 uqpl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מוּסָ֥ר 1 See how you translated **instruction** in [1:2](../01/02.md).
9:16 zyq4 she says 0 This is the foolish woman who was introduced in [Proverbs 9:13](./13.md). 8:33 bcx3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative וַ⁠חֲכָ֗מוּ 1 This is an imperative, but it communicates the result of obeying the command stated in the previous phrase. Use a form in your language that communicates a result. Alternate translation: “and it will result in you becoming wise”
9:16 lfx9 those who have no sense 0 Alternate translation: “those who do not have wisdom” or “those who are not wise” 8:33 ky6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes וְ⁠אַל־תִּפְרָֽעוּ 1 Wisdom is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “be sure to pay attention to” or “be sure to follow”
9:17 jsi6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Stolen waters are sweet, and bread of secrecy is delicious 0 The foolish woman speaks of the pleasure of stolen waters and bread of secrecy to tell men that if they sleep with her, they will have pleasure. This can be stated clearly in a simile: “You can enjoy me just as you enjoy water that you have stolen or bread that is secret” 8:34 ao5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אָדָם֮ 1 The word **man** represents a person in general, not one particular **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “is the person”
9:18 kg4h that the dead are there 0 Alternate translation: “that the men who have gone to her are now dead” 8:34 i55j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism לִ⁠שְׁקֹ֣ד עַל־דַּ֭לְתֹתַ⁠י י֤וֹם ׀ י֑וֹם לִ֝⁠שְׁמֹ֗ר מְזוּזֹ֥ת פְּתָחָֽ⁠י 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “keeping vigil over my doors day by day, yes, keeping watch over the doorposts of my entrances”\n
9:18 k1fh in the depths of Sheol 0 “Sheol” refers to the world of the dead. 8:34 vj3r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִ⁠שְׁקֹ֣ד עַל־דַּ֭לְתֹתַ⁠י י֤וֹם ׀ י֑וֹם לִ֝⁠שְׁמֹ֗ר מְזוּזֹ֥ת פְּתָחָֽ⁠י 1 Here, Wisdom speaks of someone being eager to listen to her as if that person was vigilantly waiting at the door to her house. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “being eager to listen to me” or “being eager to listen to me as if one were keeping vigil over my doors day by day, keeping watch over the doorposts of my entrances”
8:34 rlm0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לִ⁠שְׁקֹ֣ד עַל־דַּ֭לְתֹתַ⁠י י֤וֹם ׀ י֑וֹם לִ֝⁠שְׁמֹ֗ר מְזוּזֹ֥ת פְּתָחָֽ⁠י 1 Here, **doors** and **doorposts of my entrances** implies that Wisdom has a house. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “keeping vigil over the doors of my house day by day, keeping watch over the doorposts of the entrances of my house”
8:35 z6lm rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֣י 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is a reason why someone who listens to Wisdom will be happy, as stated in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “That man will be happy because”\n
8:35 hfn9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification מֹצְאַי 1 Here, learning wisdom is spoken of as if wisdom were a person that someone could find. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated a similar phrase in [3:13](../03/13.md) and [8:17](../08/17.md). Alternate translation: “those who attain wisdom” or “those who become wise”
8:35 i5ov rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification מֹצְאֵי חַיִּ֑ים 1 Having a long **life** is spoken of as if **life** were an object that a person can find by searching for it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are those who will have long lives”\n
8:35 du0q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations וַ⁠יָּ֥פֶק 1 Although the term **he** is masculine, Wisdom is using the word in a generic sense that could refer to either a man or woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “and that person obtains”
8:35 qybq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָ֝צ֗וֹן 1 See how you translated **favor** in [3:4](../03/04.md).
8:36 gfoj וְֽ֭⁠חֹטְאִ⁠י 1 The phrase translated **a sinner against me** could also be translated as “one who misses me,” which has the idea of failing to “find” wisdom. If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT.
8:36 hmls rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְֽ֭⁠חֹטְאִ⁠י 1 Here, wisdom is spoken of as if it were a person whom people could sin **against**. This phrase refers to people who sin by rejecting wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “But someone who sins by rejecting me” or “But someone who sins by rejecting wisdom”
8:36 w73k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy נַפְשׁ֑⁠וֹ 1 Here, **life** refers to the person himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “himself”
8:36 yl6t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חֹמֵ֣ס & מָֽוֶת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **violence** in [3:31](../03/31.md) and **death** in [2:18](../02/18.md).
8:36 tttn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole אָ֣הֲבוּ מָֽוֶת 1 This phrase is an exaggeration that emphasizes that people who hate wisdom choose to live in a way that will cause them to die. It does not mean that people who hate wisdom actually **love death**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “show by their actions that they choose to die” or “act as if they love death”
9:intro y75r 0 # Proverbs 9 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n * Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)\n * Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)\n * Wisdom prevents people from committing crime or adultery (2:1–22)\n * Humbly trust Yahweh (3:1–12)\n * The value of wisdom (3:13–20)\n * Do not act wickedly (3:21–35)\n * Wisdom will benefit you (4:1–9)\n * Behave wisely and avoid those who do not (4:10–19)\n * Live righteously (4:20–27)\n * Avoid temptation to commit adultery (5:1–23)\n * Practical warnings (6:1–19)\n * Adultery will be punished (6:20–35)\n * The Story of an Adulterer (7:1–27)\n * Wisdom benefits the wise (8:1–36)\n * Wisdom and folly (9:1–18)\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Wisdom calls out\n\nIn this chapter and the previous chapter, wisdom is referred to as if it were a woman who prepares a meal and calls out for all to come and learn from her. In languages where it is possible for something like wisdom to be spoken of as if it were a person who speaks, the translator should translate in this way. However, if direct translation is not possible in your language, you may translate the personification as similes instead. In that case wisdom would be presented as being like a wise woman. When wisdom speaks in [9:4–12](../09/04.md), the notes will use the proper noun “Wisdom” to indicate that the personification of wisdom is speaking. See how you translated similar references to wisdom in [1:20–33](../01/20.md) and [8:4–36](../08/04.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])\n
9:1 m12a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification חָ֭כְמוֹת בָּנְתָ֣ה בֵיתָ֑⁠הּ חָצְבָ֖ה עַמּוּדֶ֣י⁠הָ שִׁבְעָֽה 1 In [9:1–12](../09/01.md), **Wisdom** is spoken of as if it were a woman. See the discussion of this in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “It is as if wisdom were a woman who has built her house and has hewn out her seven pillars”\n
9:1 s64d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חָצְבָ֖ה עַמּוּדֶ֣י⁠הָ שִׁבְעָֽה 1 This clause refers to part of the process of building the **house** that was mentioned in the previous clause. A **house** with **seven pillars** would have been very large. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “she has hewn out seven pillars to support the roof of her house”
9:2 zr00 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification טָבְחָ֣ה טִ֭בְחָ⁠הּ מָסְכָ֣ה יֵינָ֑⁠הּ אַ֝֗ף עָֽרְכָ֥ה שֻׁלְחָנָֽ⁠הּ 1 In this verse, wisdom is spoken of as if it were a woman. See the discussion of such personification in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “It is as if wisdom were a woman who has slaughtered her slaughter, mixed her wine, and arranged her table”
9:2 hk6e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit טָבְחָ֣ה טִ֭בְחָ⁠הּ מָסְכָ֣ה יֵינָ֑⁠הּ אַ֝֗ף עָֽרְכָ֥ה שֻׁלְחָנָֽ⁠הּ 1 All three of these clauses refer to parts of the process to prepare a special meal for guests. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “She has prepared a meal for guests by slaughtering her slaughter, mixing her wine, and arranging her table”
9:2 x5sw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy טָבְחָ֣ה טִ֭בְחָ⁠הּ 1 Here, **slaughter** refers to the animals that Wisdom has **slaughtered** so that their meat may be eaten at a meal. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “She has slaughtered the animals so that their meat may be eaten at the meal”
9:2 ywr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מָסְכָ֣ה יֵינָ֑⁠הּ 1 In ancient Israel, people often prepared **wine** for drinking by mixing it with water. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “she has prepared her wine by mixing it with water”
9:2 h2zm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עָֽרְכָ֥ה שֻׁלְחָנָֽ⁠הּ 1 This phrase refers to putting the food and eating utensils on a table in order to prepare for a meal. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “she has prepared her table for people to eat a meal”
9:3 p6e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification שָֽׁלְחָ֣ה נַעֲרֹתֶ֣י⁠הָ תִקְרָ֑א 1 In this verse, wisdom is spoken of as if it were a wealthy woman who has servants and **calls out** in public. See the discussion of such personification in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “It is as if wisdom were a woman who has sent out her young women and calls out”
9:3 akl3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שָֽׁלְחָ֣ה נַעֲרֹתֶ֣י⁠הָ 1 Solomon implies that the **young women** were **sent out** in order to invite people to the meal that Wisdom had prepared. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “She has sent out her young women to invite people to the meal”
9:3 n6ha rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַל־גַּ֝פֵּ֗י מְרֹ֣מֵי 1 See how you translated the similar phrase “the head of the heights” in [8:2](../08/02.md).
9:4 vxav rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure מִי־פֶ֭תִי יָסֻ֣ר הֵ֑נָּה חֲסַר־לֵ֝֗ב אָ֣מְרָה לּֽ⁠וֹ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “She says to him lacking of heart, ‘Whoever is naive, let him turn aside here”
9:4-5 dv2y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor מִי־פֶ֭תִי יָסֻ֣ר הֵ֑נָּה חֲסַר־לֵ֝֗ב אָ֣מְרָה לּֽ⁠וֹ & לְ֭כוּ לַחֲמ֣וּ בְֽ⁠לַחֲמִ֑⁠י וּ֝⁠שְׁת֗וּ בְּ⁠יַ֣יִן מָסָֽכְתִּי 1 In these two verses, Wisdom speaks of people acquiring wisdom as they were turning **aside** from a path to enter Wisdom’s house, **eat** Wisdom’s **bread**, and **drink** Wisdom’s **wine**. Just as **bread** and **wine**are good and keep people alive, so wisdom also is good and something that enables people to live for a long time. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the comparison. Alternate translation: “She says to him lacking of heart, ‘Whoever is naive, benefit your lives by acquiring wisdom. Doing so is like turning aside here, coming to me, eating my bread, and drinking the wine I have mixed”
9:4 s4da rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יָסֻ֣ר הֵ֑נָּה 1 Here, Wisdom implies that the **naive** person should **turn aside** and come to her house. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “let him leave his path and come to my house”
9:4 bjtb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations יָסֻ֣ר & לּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Although **him** is masculine, here it refers to any **naive** person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “let that person turn aside … to that person”\n
9:4 ea5r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חֲסַר־לֵ֝֗ב 1 See how you translated the same use of this phrase in [7:7](../07/07.md).
9:5 h6ck rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche בְֽ⁠לַחֲמִ֑⁠י 1 Here, **bread** is used to refer to food in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or express the meaning plainly, as in the UST.\n
9:5 n3eu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you לְ֭כוּ לַחֲמ֣וּ & וּ֝⁠שְׁת֗וּ 1 All three of these commands are plural because Wisdom is addressing all the “naive” people at the same time.
9:5 stm9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠יַ֣יִן מָסָֽכְתִּי 1 See how you translated the similar phrase in [9:2](../09/02.md).
9:6 b9ma rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you עִזְב֣וּ & וִֽ⁠חְי֑וּ וְ֝⁠אִשְׁר֗וּ 1 All three of these commands are plural because Wisdom is addressing all the **naive** people at the same time.
9:6 ejw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification עִזְב֣וּ פְתָאיִ֣ם 1 Here, Wisdom tells people to stop doing **naive things** as if those **things** were people whom a person could **Forsake**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Stop your naive behavior” or “Stop doing naive things”
9:6 f53k rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal וִֽ⁠חְי֑וּ 1 Here, **and** indicates that what follows is the purpose for doing what Wisdom commands people to do earlier in this verse. Use a connector in your language that indicates a purpose. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of living”\n
9:6 d5j8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וִֽ⁠חְי֑וּ 1 Here, **live** refers to living a long life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and live a long life”
9:6 lpn8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝⁠אִשְׁר֗וּ בְּ⁠דֶ֣רֶךְ בִּינָֽה 1 Here, Wisdom speaks of a people behaving in a manner that will enable them to acquire **understanding** as if they were striding on a path. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and behave in a manner that will enable you to acquire understanding”
9:6 ycu8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בִּינָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md).
9:7 xm8y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun יֹ֤סֵ֨ר ׀ לֵ֗ץ לֹקֵ֣חַֽ ל֣⁠וֹ קָל֑וֹן וּ⁠מוֹכִ֖יחַ לְ⁠רָשָׁ֣ע מוּמֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, **The instructor**, **a mocker**, **himself**, **the rebuker**, **a wicked one**, and **his** do not refer to specific people, but refer to types of people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “Any instructor of any mocker receives disgrace for that person, and any rebuker of any wicked one, that person’s injury”
9:7 k7j1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יֹ֤סֵ֨ר ׀ לֵ֗ץ 1 Since **a mocker** does not accept instruction, this phrase implies that someone attempted to be an **instructor of a mocker**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The one who attempts to instruct a mocker”
9:7 x5sc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֹקֵ֣חַֽ ל֣⁠וֹ קָל֑וֹן 1 Here, Wisdom speaks of **disgrace** as if it were an object that a person **receives**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will himself be disgraced”
9:7 oad5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns קָל֑וֹן 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **disgrace** in [6:33](../06/33.md).
9:7 vif7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ⁠מוֹכִ֖יחַ לְ⁠רָשָׁ֣ע מוּמֽ⁠וֹ 1 Wisdom is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and the rebuker of a wicked one receives his injury”\n
9:7 k4b9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מוּמֽ⁠וֹ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **injury**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “his being injured”\n
9:8 fpc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result אַל־תּ֣וֹכַח 1 This clause states what Wisdom wants people to do as a result of what Wisdom said in the previous verse. Use the most natural way to express an intended result in your language. Alternate translation: “Therefore, do not rebuke”
9:8 mjq3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לֵ֭ץ פֶּן־יִשְׂנָאֶ֑⁠ךָּ & לְ֝⁠חָכָ֗ם וְ⁠יֶאֱהָבֶֽ⁠ךָּ 1 Here, **a mocker**, **he**, and **a wise one** do not refer to specific people, but refer to types of people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “any mocker, lest that person hate you … any wise one and that person will love you”
9:8 g1qu rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast הוֹכַ֥ח לְ֝⁠חָכָ֗ם 1 This clause says something that is in contrast to what was said in the previous clause. Use a natural way in your language to express a strong contrast. Alternate translation: “By contrast, rebuke a wise one”\n
9:8 rpxq rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְ⁠יֶאֱהָבֶֽ⁠ךָּ 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of obeying the command stated in the previous phrase. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “and it will result in him loving you”\n
9:9 y95j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis תֵּ֣ן 1 Wisdom is leaving out a word that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply this word from the context. Alternate translation: “Give instruction” or “Give what is wise”\n
9:9 c8r2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לְ֭⁠חָכָם וְ⁠יֶחְכַּם־ע֑וֹד & לְ֝⁠צַדִּ֗יק וְ⁠י֣וֹסֶף 1 Here, **a wise one**, **he**, and **a righteous one** do not refer to specific people, but refer to these types of people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “to any wise one and that person will become more wise … any righteous one and that person will increase”
9:10 zryv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession תְּחִלַּ֣ת 1 See how you translated the same use of **beginning** in [1:7](../01/07.md).
9:10 oxjy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָ֭כְמָה & וְ⁠דַ֖עַת & בִּינָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **wisdom** and **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md) and **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md).
9:10 l6yl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession יִרְאַ֣ת יְהוָ֑ה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:7](../01/07.md).
9:11 xbl2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases כִּי 1 **For** here indicates that Wisdom is emphasizing what follows in this verse. Use a connector in your language that makes that emphasis clear. Alternate translation: “Truly”\n
9:11 uv8i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִרְבּ֣וּ יָמֶ֑י⁠ךָ 1 Here, Wisdom speaks of people living for a long time as if the **days** that they are alive were something that could **increase** in number. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you will live many more days”
9:11 jt1z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠יוֹסִ֥יפוּ לְּ֝⁠ךָ֗ שְׁנ֣וֹת חַיִּֽים 1 Here, Wisdom speaks of people living for a long time as if the **years** that they are alive were something that could **be added** to their lives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you will live many more years”
9:11 wpx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom שְׁנ֣וֹת חַיִּֽים 1 See how you translated this idiom in [3:2](../03/02.md).
9:11 u5qf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠יוֹסִ֥יפוּ לְּ֝⁠ךָ֗ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and … I will add to you”\n
9:12 z3ez rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לָּ֑⁠ךְ 1 Here, **for** implies that being **wise** is for the benefit of the **wise** person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “for the benefit of yourself”
9:12 sr5q rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְ֝⁠לַ֗צְתָּ 1 Here, **and** indicates that what follows is a strong contrast to what was stated in the previous clause. In your translation, indicate this strong contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “however, if you mock”\n
9:12 zei6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְֽ⁠בַדְּ⁠ךָ֥ תִשָּֽׂא 1 Here, Wisdom speaks of someone experiencing the consequences of one’s bad behavior as if **it** were a heavy object that one had to carry on one’s back. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you alone will experience the consequences”
9:13 ix9a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification אֵ֣שֶׁת כְּ֭סִילוּת הֹֽמִיָּ֑ה פְּ֝תַיּ֗וּת וּ⁠בַל־יָ֥דְעָה מָּֽה 1 The phrase **woman of insolence** could refer to: (1) a **woman** who is characterized by **stupidity**, in which case this phrase would refer to stupid women in general. Alternate translation: “A stupid woman is loud, naive, and she does not know anything” or “Stupid women are loud, naive, and do not know anything” (2) **stupidity** as if it were a **woman**, which is how wisdom was spoken of in the previous part of this chapter. Alternate translation: “Lady Stupidity is loud, naive, and she does not know anything”
9:13 lbv9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole וּ⁠בַל־יָ֥דְעָה מָּֽה 1 This phrase is an exaggeration that Solomon uses to emphasize how ignorant this **woman** is. It does not mean that **she does not know anything** at all. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and she does not know much” or “and she knows very little”\n
9:14 tk38 וְֽ֭⁠יָשְׁבָה לְ⁠פֶ֣תַח בֵּיתָ֑⁠הּ עַל־כִּ֝סֵּ֗א מְרֹ֣מֵי קָֽרֶת 1 If you translated the phrase “woman of stupidity” as a plural form in the previous verse, then you should use plural forms in this verse. Alternate translation: “And they sit at the opening of their houses, on seats by the heights of the city”
9:14 h74g לְ⁠פֶ֣תַח בֵּיתָ֑⁠הּ 1 See how you translated this phrase in [5:8](../05/08.md).
9:14 mz9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis עַל־כִּ֝סֵּ֗א 1 This clause could refer to: (1) the specific location of **the opening of her house**. Alternate translation: “which is on a seat” (2) a second location where **she sits**. Alternate translation: “or on a seat”\n
9:14 sqcz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מְרֹ֣מֵי קָֽרֶת 1 See how you translated this phrase in [9:3](../09/03.md).
9:15 zygf rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לִ⁠קְרֹ֥א 1 Here, **to** indicates that what follows is the purpose for the “woman of stupidity” sitting in a public place, as stated in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language to express a purpose. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of calling”
9:15 tcdj לְ⁠עֹֽבְרֵי־דָ֑רֶךְ 1 Alternate translation: “to those walking by on the road”
9:15 cqd1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הַֽ֝⁠מְיַשְּׁרִ֗ים אֹֽרְחוֹתָֽ⁠ם 1 This clause is an idiom that describes people who are only thinking of their own affairs. If this clause does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the ones minding their own business” or “the ones only thinking about their own affairs”
9:16 ck1n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִי־פֶ֭תִי יָסֻ֣ר הֵ֑נָּה וַ⁠חֲסַר־לֵ֝֗ב וְ⁠אָ֣מְרָה לּֽ⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated the nearly identical clauses in [9:4](../09/04.md).
9:17 gr7d rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result מַֽיִם־גְּנוּבִ֥ים יִמְתָּ֑קוּ 1 The stupid woman implies that what she says in this verse is the reason why the “naive” should “turn aside” to her. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Turn aside here because stolen waters are sweet”
9:17 jsi6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַֽיִם־גְּנוּבִ֥ים יִמְתָּ֑קוּ וְ⁠לֶ֖חֶם סְתָרִ֣ים יִנְעָֽם 1 In this verse, the foolish woman refers to the pleasure of having sex with someone to whom one is not married as if it were as **sweet** as **stolen waters** or as **pleasant** as **bread of secrecies**. Water and food are also used as euphemisms for sexual activity in [5:15–19](../05/15.md) and [30:20](../30/20.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile: “Having sex with me is truly enjoyable” or “Having sex with me is as enjoyable as drinking stolen waters or eating bread of secrecies”
9:17 v8z3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְ⁠לֶ֖חֶם סְתָרִ֣ים 1 The phrase **bread of secrecies** could refer to: (1) **bread** that is eating secretly by oneself. Alternate translation: “and bread that is eaten in secrecy” (2) **bread** that one obtains through secret deeds, which implies stealing the **bread**. Alternate translation: “and bread obtained secretly”
9:18 zo93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְֽ⁠לֹא־יָ֭דַע 1 **And** here indicates that was follows is in contrast with what the foolish woman stated in the previous verses. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “However, he does not know”
9:18 kjuw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְֽ⁠לֹא־יָ֭דַע 1 Here, **he** refers to any naive man to whom the stupid woman calls. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “And any naive man does not know”
9:18 kg4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רְפָאִ֣ים שָׁ֑ם 1 Here, Solomon speaks of those men who died because they went to the stupid woman’s house as if their dead **spirits** were **there**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “that the men who have gone to her house are now dead”
9:18 m5oj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive קְרֻאֶֽי⁠הָ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the ones whom she called”
9:18 k1fh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit קְרֻאֶֽי⁠הָ 1 This phrase refers to the men who went to the stupid woman’s house to commit adultery with her in response to her calling them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the men whom she called and they accepted her call” or “the men who went to her house after she called them”
10:intro fhy5 0 # Proverbs 10 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 10 starts a new section of the book, which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often using contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, and wicked/righteous. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) 10:intro fhy5 0 # Proverbs 10 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 10 starts a new section of the book, which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often using contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, and wicked/righteous. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])
10:1 i2yb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nMany verses in Chapter 10 are contrasting parallelisms 10:1 i2yb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nMany verses in Chapter 10 are contrasting parallelisms
10:1 tab7 The proverbs of Solomon 0 After the introduction of Chapters 1–9, Chapter 10 begins the collection of the proverbs; short sayings that teach wisdom. 10:1 tab7 The proverbs of Solomon 0 After the introduction of Chapters 1–9, Chapter 10 begins the collection of the proverbs; short sayings that teach wisdom.
@ -2374,3 +2451,4 @@ front:intro spe4 0 # Introduction to Proverbs\n\n## Part 1: General Introduct
31:30 k9e4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive she will be praised 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will praise her” 31:30 k9e4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive she will be praised 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will praise her”
31:31 df11 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the fruit of her hands 0 The money she has earned from the work she did with wool and flax ([Proverbs 31:13](../31/13.md)) is spoken of as if it were fruit growing off a tree. The hands are a synecdoche for the person. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 31:16](./16.md). Alternate translation: “the money she has earned” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 31:31 df11 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the fruit of her hands 0 The money she has earned from the work she did with wool and flax ([Proverbs 31:13](../31/13.md)) is spoken of as if it were fruit growing off a tree. The hands are a synecdoche for the person. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 31:16](./16.md). Alternate translation: “the money she has earned” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
31:31 ef6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy let her works praise her in the gates 0 She will be praised for her works, not by her works. Those “in the gates” are the important people of the city who conduct business and legal affairs near the gates of the city. Alternate translation: “may the important people of the city praise her because of the works she has done” 31:31 ef6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy let her works praise her in the gates 0 She will be praised for her works, not by her works. Those “in the gates” are the important people of the city who conduct business and legal affairs near the gates of the city. Alternate translation: “may the important people of the city praise her because of the works she has done”
9:3 ugn5 her maids 0

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