From cc6aa1ac511344911db8abb16c4ce7c25239c111 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Richard Mahn Date: Tue, 4 Apr 2023 18:10:32 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Bradley's edits to LEV 1-2 (#3177) Co-authored-by: bcameron93 Reviewed-on: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_tn/pulls/3177 --- tn_LEV.tsv | 138 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------- 1 file changed, 104 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-) diff --git a/tn_LEV.tsv b/tn_LEV.tsv index 8e82f74399..3179adebce 100644 --- a/tn_LEV.tsv +++ b/tn_LEV.tsv @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note front:intro nxz4 0 # Introduction to Leviticus\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Leviticus\n\n1. Instructions to the Israelites about offerings (1:1–6:7)\n * Burnt offerings (1:1–17)\n * Grain offerings (2:1–16)\n * Fellowship offerings (3:1–17)\n * Offerings for unintentional sins (4:1–5:13)\n * Guilt offerings (5:14–6:7)\n2. Instructions to the priests about offerings (6:8–7:10)\n * Burnt offerings (6:8–13)\n * Grain offerings (6:14–23)\n * Sin offerings (6:24–30)\n * Guilt offerings (7:1–10)\n3. Further instructions to the Israelites (7:11–7:38)\n * Peace offerings (7:11–21)\n * Eating fat and blood forbidden (7:22–27)\n * The share for the priests (7:28–7:38)\n4. Setting apart the priests (8:1–10:20)\n * Aaron and his sons ordained (8:1–36)\n * Aaron as high priest (9:1–24)\n * Nadab and Abihu punished (10:1–20)\n5. Laws about clean and unclean things (11:1–15:33)\n * Clean and unclean food (11:1–47)\n * Women purified after giving birth to a child (12:1–8)\n * Skin, clothing, houses (13:1–14:47)\n * Bodily fluids (15:1–33)\n6. Day of Atonement; the place of the offering; the nature of blood (16:1–17:16)\n7. Setting apart for worship and service; being disqualified from service (18:1–24:23)\n8. The years of rest and release (25:1–55)\n9. Blessing for obeying and curses for not obeying (26:1–46)\n10. Gifts to God (27:1–34)\n\n### What is the book of Leviticus about?\n\nIn the book of Leviticus, God continues to give laws through Moses to the people of Israel. The people were to obey all of these laws to honor their covenant with God.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\n“Leviticus” means “about the Levites.” The Levites were the tribe of Israel that provided priests and other workers in the tabernacle. If the people in the project language do not understand the term “Levites,” you can call it “The Book about the Priests” or “The Book about the Tabernacle Workers.” (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n### Who wrote the book of Leviticus?\n\n### What is the meaning of “holy” and “holiness” in the book of Leviticus?\n\nThese terms concern separating someone or something from the rest of the people, from the world, or from ordinary use. God separated these people or things so they would belong only to him. The people were to consider the places for worshiping God or for honoring him in any way as separate. The people could not use them for anything else. God required the Israelites to live in a certain way in order to live as a nation belonging to him alone.\n\nAnyone or anything that was acceptable to God or “holy” was spoken of as if it were physically clean.\n\nIn the same way, anyone or anything that was not acceptable to God or not holy was spoken of as if it were physically unclean.\n\nSome people and some things could be made clean or “cleansed,” that is, acceptable to God. People or things were made clean if the people performed the right sacrifices and ceremonies. For example, some foreigners who wished to live among the Israelites and worship Yahweh could be made clean. However, other people and things could never be made acceptable to him.\n\nIt is important to know that not all unclean things or conditions were sinful. For example, after giving birth to a male child, a woman would be unclean for 33 days. Then the proper animal sacrifice would be offered for her. The flow of blood made the woman unclean ([Leviticus 12:7](../../lev/12/07.md)). But Leviticus never suggests that someone with a flow of blood was sinning. In the same way, God did not allow Israelites to eat many kinds of animals, as one way of setting his people apart.\n\nBecause God does not sin, the terms “holy” and “holiness” often suggest this same idea. Something belonging to God is holy. Because people must respect God, they must respect the things that belong to him.\n\n### What are the important narrative features of Leviticus?\n\nOn 17 occasions, the phrase “The Lord said to Moses” (and sometimes Aaron) is often used to begin paragraphs. God and Moses frequently spoke to others. The verb “speak” is used thirty-eight times.\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What was the “tent of meeting”\n[TEXT]\n\n### Why did the Israelites need so many rules about sacrificing animals?\n\nLeviticus shows that God is holy. That means God is very different from humanity and the rest of the created world. God does not sin. Because of this, it is impossible to be acceptable to him without being “cleansed.” The many kinds of sacrifices were meant to make people and things acceptable to God. However, the people had to continue making animal sacrifices so that they would continue to be acceptable to God. This was a sign that pointed to a need for a better sacrifice. They needed a sacrifice that would cause them to be acceptable to God forever. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n### Why was the priesthood important in the book of Leviticus?\n\nPriests were individuals who went to God on behalf of the people. God authorized the priests to bring the Israelite’s sacrifices to himself.\n\n### How did the Israelite’s rules for worshiping God and sacrificing animals differ from rules of the other nations at that time?\n\nIt was common for other nations to sacrifice animals to their idols. But, the other nations did other things to worship their false gods. For instance, people would sleep with prostitutes at the temple of their gods. They did this to try to persuade their gods to bless their land with the ability to grow crops. Also, people of other nations would sometimes offer human sacrifices to their gods. The God of Israel did not allow his people to do these kinds of things.\n\n\n\n\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### “To the face of Yahweh”\nThroughout the book as a whole, the author of Leviticus uses the common idiom “to the face of Yahweh” as a metaphor that means “where Yahweh can see” or “in the sight” or “in the presence of Yahweh,” similar to the English preposition “before.” Sight, in turn, means attention, perspective, and judgment. In the context of Leviticus, "in the presence" or "sight of Yahweh" means to be within the sacred precincts of the tent of meeting. You can translate this expression as “from Yahweh’s perspective,” “in Yahweh's presence,” or simply as “before Yahweh.”\n\n### “Unblemished” or “perfect”\nWhen the book of Leviticus calls something **perfect** (in the ULT), it refers to a sacrificial animal that is the best representative animal of that species. As such, the word **perfect** refers to wholeness, completeness, and perfection. This is often translated with negative terms like “unblemished.” If it would be more natural in your language, consider using terms that carry these same meanings. Alternate translation: “a whole male” or “a complete male” or “a healthy male” \n\n\n\n### What important symbols are introduced in Leviticus?\n\nOil was poured on someone or something meant to be set apart for Yahweh. Water was used to symbolize the cleansing of someone or something so God could accept them. Blood was also used to cleanse and purify people and things. This is because blood represented life that needed to be shed in order for God to forgive people for sinning.\n\n### Why do many sections begin with the phrase “Yahweh said to Moses”?\n\nThis phrase shows the reader that these rules come from God and must be obeyed. You could also translate this as “God told Moses.” -1:intro ecv8 0 # Leviticus 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\nIn Hebrew, this chapter begins with the word “And,” indicating a connection with the previous book (Exodus). The first five books of the Bible should be seen as a single unit.\n\nThis chapter is comprised of two hypothetical scenarios representing three variations of the burnt offering: an offering of either: \n\n- 1) a livestock animal ([1:2–13](../01/02.md))\n - a) a bovine ([1:3–9](../01/03.md))\n - b) a sheep or goat ([1:10–13](../01/10.md))\n- 2) a bird ([1:14–17](../01/14.md))\n\nAs such, the intial heading verse of each section begins with **If** and is followed by the prescribed steps of the sacrifice. Presumably, they are the same for each burnt offering, but more prescriptions are explicit for the first type of burnt offering, the bovine, probably because they are implied for the other two possible burnt offerings. The steps of the sacrificial process for burnt offerings is:\n\n- 1) Selecting a perfect, unblemished, and otherwise completely healthy animal ([1:3, 10, 14](../01/03.md))\n- 2) Presenting the animal at the entrance to the tent of meeting ([1:3](../01/03.md))\n- 3) Laying hands on the animal ([1:4](../01/04.md))\n- 4) Killing the animal ([1:5, 11, 15](../01/05.md))\n- 5) Presenting and sprinkling the animal's blood on the altar ([1:5, 11, 15](../01/05.md))\n- 6) Skinning the animal ([1:6](../01/06.md))\n- 7) Butchering the animal into its appropriate pieces, usually the head, fat, intestines, and legs ([1:6, 12, 16–17](../01/06.md))\n- 8) Putting fire on the altar and arranging the wood ([1:7](../01/07.md))\n- 9) Arranging the pieces, specifically the head and the fat, of the sacrifice on the burning wood of the altar ([1:8, 12](../01/08.md))\n- 10) Washing the legs and the intestines ([1:9, 13](../01/09.md))\n- 11) Burning the entire animal in a way that causes smoke to go up ([1:9, 13, 17](../01/09.md)\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n[INTRODUCTORY TEXT]\n\n### Atonement\nThe word translated **atone** in the ULT is a standard technical term expressing the act of atonement. Traditionally, it has been understood as a metaphor with the basic meaning of “covering,” but more recently, some scholars have understood it to express the image of “wiping.” If the former, then the metaphor pictures the sacrifice as covering up defiling sin with blood. If the latter, then the metaphor pictures the blood as a detergent that cleanses the person or object from the defiling presence of sin. Either way, the sacrifice is here accepted in order to restore the relationship between the worshiper and Yahweh that has been damaged or defiled because of sin. \n\nIn order to offer a sacrifice for the people, the priest first had to make an atonement for himself, in order to make himself clean. Only then would he be clean and be allowed to perform a sacrifice. These sacrificed animals had to be perfect, the best of all of the animals. A person was not allowed to bring an inferior animal to be sacrificed to Yahweh. These sacrifices also had to be offered in a very specific way. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/atonement]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]])\n\n\n### The importance of blood \n[TEXT]\n\n\n### Ritual or symbolic action\n[TEXT]\n\n##Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n[INTRODUCTORY TEXT]\n\n### “To the face of Yahweh”\nThroughout this chapter, and the book as a whole, the author of Leviticus uses the common idiom “to the face of Yahweh” as a metaphor that means “where Yahweh can see” or “in the sight” or “in the presence of Yahweh,” similar to the English preposition “before.” Sight, in turn, means attention, perspective, and judgment. In the context of Leviticus, "in the presence" or "sight of Yahweh" means to be within the sacred precincts of the tent of meeting. You can translate this expression as “from Yahweh’s perspective,” “in Yahweh's presence,” or simply as “before Yahweh.”\n\n### “Pleasing smell to Yahweh”\n[INSERT TEXT]\n\n##Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n[INTRODUCTORY TEXT]\n\n### Second and third-person address\nThe entire chapter is addressed to the people of God, covering two hypothetical scenarios when someone might offer three variations of the burnt offering. However, the person addressed in the chapter varies in the first second verse. Initially, God addresses **a man from you** in the third person, but then switches to a second person **you will offer** to indiciate the imperatival force of the statement. The ensuing string of third-person verbs carry the same imperatival weight of the intial second-person verb. Thus, because in this chapter **his** and **he** refer to the person bringing an offering to Yahweh, it can be translated in the second person as it is in [Leviticus 1:2](../01/02.md) and as the UST translates throughout.\n\n### Technical sacrificial terminology\n[INTRODUCTORY TEXT]\n\n#### The “burnt offering”\n[TEXT]\n\n#### The “gift” or “offering made by fire”\n[TEXT] +1:intro ecv8 0 # Leviticus 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\nIn Hebrew, this chapter begins with the word “And,” indicating a connection with the previous book (Exodus). The first five books of the Bible should be seen as a single unit.\n\nThis chapter is comprised of two hypothetical scenarios representing three variations of the burnt offering: an offering of either: \n\n- 1) a livestock animal ([1:2–13](../01/02.md))\n - a) a bovine ([1:3–9](../01/03.md))\n - b) a sheep or goat ([1:10–13](../01/10.md))\n- 2) a bird ([1:14–17](../01/14.md))\n\nAs such, the intial heading verse of each section begins with **If** and is followed by the prescribed steps of the sacrifice. Presumably, they are the same for each burnt offering, but more prescriptions are explicit for the first type of burnt offering, the bovine, probably because they are implied for the other two possible burnt offerings. The steps of the sacrificial process for burnt offerings is:\n\n- 1) Selecting a perfect, unblemished, and otherwise completely healthy animal ([1:3, 10, 14](../01/03.md))\n- 2) Presenting the animal at the entrance to the tent of meeting ([1:3](../01/03.md))\n- 3) Laying hands on the animal ([1:4](../01/04.md))\n- 4) Killing the animal ([1:5, 11, 15](../01/05.md))\n- 5) Presenting and sprinkling the animal's blood on the altar ([1:5, 11, 15](../01/05.md))\n- 6) Skinning the animal ([1:6](../01/06.md))\n- 7) Butchering the animal into its appropriate pieces, usually the head, fat, intestines, and legs ([1:6, 12, 16–17](../01/06.md))\n- 8) Putting fire on the altar and arranging the wood ([1:7](../01/07.md))\n- 9) Arranging the pieces, specifically the head and the fat, of the sacrifice on the burning wood of the altar ([1:8, 12](../01/08.md))\n- 10) Washing the legs and the intestines ([1:9, 13](../01/09.md))\n- 11) Burning the entire animal in a way that causes smoke to go up ([1:9, 13, 17](../01/09.md)\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n[INTRODUCTORY TEXT]\n\n### Atonement\nThe word translated **atone** in the ULT is a standard technical term expressing the act of atonement. Traditionally, it has been understood as a metaphor with the basic meaning of “covering,” but more recently, some scholars have understood it to express the image of “wiping.” If the former, then the metaphor pictures the sacrifice as covering up defiling sin with blood. If the latter, then the metaphor pictures the blood as a detergent that cleanses the person or object from the defiling presence of sin. Either way, the sacrifice is here accepted in order to restore the relationship between the worshiper and Yahweh that has been damaged or defiled because of sin. \n\nIn order to offer a sacrifice for the people, the priest first had to make an atonement for himself, in order to make himself clean. Only then would he be clean and be allowed to perform a sacrifice. These sacrificed animals had to be perfect, the best of all of the animals. A person was not allowed to bring an inferior animal to be sacrificed to Yahweh. These sacrifices also had to be offered in a very specific way. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/atonement]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]])\n\n\n### The importance of blood \n[TEXT]\n\n\n### Ritual or symbolic action\n[TEXT]\n\n##Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n[INTRODUCTORY TEXT]\n\n### “To the face of Yahweh”\nThroughout this chapter, and the book as a whole, the author of Leviticus uses the common idiom “to the face of Yahweh” as a metaphor that means “where Yahweh can see” or “in the sight” or “in the presence of Yahweh,” similar to the English preposition “before.” Sight, in turn, means attention, perspective, and judgment. In the context of Leviticus, "in the presence" or "sight of Yahweh" means to be within the sacred precincts of the tent of meeting. You can translate this expression as “from Yahweh’s perspective,” “in Yahweh's presence,” or simply as “before Yahweh.”\n\n### “Pleasing smell to Yahweh”\n[INSERT TEXT]\n\n##Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n[INTRODUCTORY TEXT]\n\n\n###The referent of the pronouns\nThroughout this chapter, the author of Leviticus uses a third-person pronoun to refer to both the worshipper who offers the sacrifices and to **the priest**. As such, it is often difficult (but not impossible) to infer which party performs which actions. In general, the sacrifice is offered to the priest, but the one offering the sacrifice is responsible for killing, butchering, and presenting the sacrificial animal. The only exception to this rule is the instruction for offering a bird (1:14–17), which specifies that is it the priest who brings the bird to the altar (1:14) before, presumably, completing the preparation for its being burned on the altar as a burnt offering. When there is ambiguity in which party is the proper referent of the pronoun, the notes will specify and offer an alternate translation. \n\n### Second and third-person address\nThe entire chapter is addressed to the people of God, covering two hypothetical scenarios when someone might offer three variations of the burnt offering. However, the person addressed in the chapter varies in the first second verse. Initially, God addresses **a man from you** in the third-person, but then switches to a second-person address (**you will offer**) to indiciate the imperatival force of the statement. The ensuing string of third-person verbs (1:3–17) carry the same imperatival weight of the intial second-person verb. Thus, because in this chapter **his** and **he** refer to the person bringing an offering to Yahweh, it can be translated in the second person as it is in [Leviticus 1:2](../01/02.md) and as the UST models. The pronoun used to the refer to the worshipper switches as follows:\n\n### Technical sacrificial terminology\n[INTRODUCTORY TEXT]\n\n#### The “burnt offering”\n[TEXT]\n\n#### The “gift” or “offering made by fire”\n[TEXT] 1:1 y78a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מֵ⁠אֹ֥הֶל מוֹעֵ֖ד 1 The author of Leviticus is using the possessive to describe Yahweh **meeting** with Moses (and, by extension, the whole people) within the physical location of the **tent.** If this is not clear in your language, you could use an adjective that better describes the locale of divine presence. Alternative translation: “from the tent where Yahweh met with Moses and lived among the Israelites” 1:1 zbz1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations לֵ⁠אמֹֽר 1 The word translated **saying** introduces a direct quotation. In your translation, consider ways in which you might introduce this quotation naturally in your language. 1:1-2 rivr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes לֵ⁠אמֹֽר & דַּבֵּ֞ר אֶל־בְּנֵ֤י יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ וְ⁠אָמַרְתָּ֣ אֲלֵ⁠הֶ֔ם 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. It may be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “He told Moses to speak to the sons of Israel and to say to them” @@ -48,45 +48,115 @@ front:intro nxz4 0 # Introduction to Leviticus\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 1:13 bky3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo יִרְחַ֣ץ בַּ⁠מָּ֑יִם 1 See how you translated the expression **wash with water** in [1:9](../01/09.md). Alternate translation: “he will wash thoroughly” 1:13 cztr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠הַ⁠קֶּ֥רֶב וְ⁠הַ⁠כְּרָעַ֖יִם יִרְחַ֣ץ בַּ⁠מָּ֑יִם 1 The implication seems to be that the worshiper must **wash** the **innards** and **legs** before the priest arranges them on the wood, as [1:12](../01/12.md) describes. You can indicate this in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Before the priest arranges the pieces, the one offering the sacrifice should wash the innards and legs with water” or “Before the priest arranges the pieces, you must wash the innards and legs with water” 1:13 mf7x rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וְ⁠הִקְטִ֣יר הַ⁠מִּזְבֵּ֔חָ⁠ה 1 The act of burning the offering in such a way that it arises as smoke is a symbolic act. It depicts the sacrifice as going to up to God in heaven. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “and he will cause everything to become smoke on the altar and ascend towards God in heaven” -1:14 kfag rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מִן־הָ⁠ע֛וֹף & מִן־הַ⁠תֹּרִ֗ים א֛וֹ מִן־בְּנֵ֥י הַ⁠יּוֹנָ֖ה 1 The expressions **from the birds**, **the turtledoves**, and **the pigeon** do not refer to specific birds or groups of birds. They describe birds that an Israelite might own or be able to buy. Express this in the way that would be most natural in your language. Alternate translation: “his birds … his turtledoves … his pigeons” +1:13 hpef rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns וְ⁠הִקְטִ֣יר הַ⁠מִּזְבֵּ֔חָ⁠ה 1 The pronoun **he** refers to the **the priest**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this explicit. Alternate translation: “And the priest will cause everything to become smoke on the altar” +1:14 kfag rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מִן־הָ⁠ע֛וֹף & מִן־הַ⁠תֹּרִ֗ים א֛וֹ מִן־בְּנֵ֥י הַ⁠יּוֹנָ֖ה 1 The expressions **from the birds**, **from the turtledoves**, and **from the sons of the pigeon** do not refer to specific birds, that is, to a specific group of turtledoves or pigeons. Rather, these expressions describe any birds (that is, any turtledoves or pigeons) that an Israelite might own or be able to buy. Express this in the way that would be most natural in your language. Alternate translation: “his birds … from his turtledoves … from his pigeons” 1:14 c42w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִן־בְּנֵ֥י הַ⁠יּוֹנָ֖ה 1 The expression **sons of** describes a person or animal that shares the essential qualities of something. The author of Leviticus uses this phrase to describe a group of birds as **the sons of the pigeon** since they were birds that shared the essential qualities of that class of bird. If it would be helpful, you could use an equivalent idiom from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from the pigeons” 1:15 sggt rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וְ⁠הִקְטִ֖יר הַ⁠מִּזְבֵּ֑חָ⁠ה 1 The act of burning the offering in a way that causes smoke to arise is a symbolic act. It depicts the sacrifice as going to God in heaven. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “and he should cause everything to become smoke on the altar and ascend towards God in heaven” +1:15 kk8b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns וּ⁠מָלַק֙ אֶת־רֹאשׁ֔⁠וֹ 1 The pronoun **he** is ambiguous and could refer to either the worshipper or to **the priest**. However, because it is explicitly **the priest** who brings the sacrificial bird to the altar before it is sacrificed and prepared for burning, it is likely that throughout this verse and the next one, the pronoun **he** refers to the **the priest**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this explicit. Alternate translation: “And the priest should twist off its head” +1:15 v06b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns וְ⁠הִקְטִ֖יר הַ⁠מִּזְבֵּ֑חָ⁠ה 1 As the previous note explain, the pronoun **he** refers to the priest. If this is unclear in your language, consider making the referent explicit. Alternate translation: ”and the priest will cause everything to become smoke on the altar” +1:15 etrw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠הִקְטִ֖יר הַ⁠מִּזְבֵּ֑חָ⁠ה 1 The object that is to be burned on the altar is not specified. However, because the blood has not yet been removed from the sacrificial bird and the burning of blood is expressly forbidden in Leviticus, it seems likely that the supplied pronoun **it** here refers to **the head** of the bird. If it would be clearer in your language, consider making this explicit. Alternate translation: “and he should cause the head that he just removed to become smoke on the altar" 1:15 sur7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠נִמְצָ֣ה דָמ֔⁠וֹ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Then the priest should drain its blood” -1:16 x2cz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns וְ⁠הֵסִ֥יר 1 The pronoun **he** could refer to either the worshiper or to the priest. Given that every other reference to the priest has been explicit, it is likely that **he** refers to the worshiper. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this explicit or continue using the same second-person pronoun used thus far. Alternate translation: “And the one offering the sacrifice should remove” or, in the second-person, “And you should remove” -1:16 l46v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠הֵסִ֥יר 1 The implication seems to be that the worshiper will **remove** the **craw** and **feathers** before the priest burns the bird on the altar, as verse 15 describes. You can indicate this in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “And before the priest burns the bird, the one offering the sacrifice should remove” or, in the second-person, “And before the priest burns the bird, you should remove” -1:16 zqs8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown אֶת־ מֻרְאָת֖⁠וֹ 1 A **craw** is a pouch in a bird’s throat where pre-digested food is stored. If your language has its own term for this anatomical feature, consider using that word here. If not, you can use a general expression. Alternate translation: “throat pouch” -1:16 x63v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns אֶת־ מֻרְאָת֖⁠וֹ בְּ⁠נֹצָתָ֑⁠הּ 1 The pronoun **it** refers to the **craw**, but since the worshiper is supposed to **throw it beside the altar** along with the **feathers**, it may be more natural in your language to use the plural pronoun “them”, as modeled by the UST. +1:16 x2cz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns וְ⁠הֵסִ֥יר 1 The pronoun **he** refers to **the priest**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this explicit. Alternate translation: “And the priest should remove” +1:16 zqs8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown אֶת־ מֻרְאָת֖⁠וֹ 1 A **craw** is a pouch in a bird’s throat where pre-digested food is stored. If your language has its own term for this anatomical feature, consider using that word here. If not, you can use a general expression. Alternate translation: “the bird's throat pouch” +1:16 x63v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns וְ⁠הִשְׁלִ֨יךְ אֹתָ֜⁠הּ 1 The pronoun **it** refers to the **craw**, but since the worshiper is supposed to **throw it beside the altar** along with the **feathers**, it may be more natural in your language to use the plural pronoun “them”, as modeled by the UST. +1:16 of8a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns וְ⁠הִשְׁלִ֨יךְ אֹתָ֜⁠הּ 1 The pronoun **he** is ambiguous, but appears to continue the action taken by **the priest**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this explicit. Alternate translation: “And the priest should throw it” 1:16 zb2d rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown מְק֖וֹם הַ⁠דָּֽשֶׁן 1 The **place of the fatty ashes** is the specified spot where the priest would dump the ashes from previous sacrifices along with the rendered fat from the altar. If your language has a technical term for such a place, consider using it here. If not, you can use a general expression. Alternate translation: “the place where the ashes and the burnt fat are dumped” -1:17 zxzv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns וְ⁠שִׁסַּ֨ע אֹת֣⁠וֹ 1 The pronoun **he** could refer to either the worshiper or to the priest. Given that every other reference to the priest has been explicit, it is likely that **he** refers to the worshiper. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this explicit or continue using the same second-person pronoun used thus far. Alternate translation: “And the one offering the sacrifice should tear it open” or, in the second-person, “And you must tear it open” +1:17 zxzv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns וְ⁠שִׁסַּ֨ע אֹת֣⁠וֹ 1 Given the action taken by the priest in 1:15 and 16, the pronoun **he** likely refers to **the priest**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this explicit. Alternate translation: “And the priest should tear it open” +1:17 ua00 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns לֹ֣א יַבְדִּיל֒ 1 The pronoun **he** is ambiguous but likely refers to **the priest**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this explicit. Alternate translation: “the priest should not divide it” 1:17 bxu3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וְ⁠הִקְטִ֨יר אֹת֤⁠וֹ הַ⁠כֹּהֵן֙ הַ⁠מִּזְבֵּ֔חָ⁠ה עַל־הָ⁠עֵצִ֖ים אֲשֶׁ֣ר עַל־הָ⁠אֵ֑שׁ 1 The act of burning the offering in a way that causes smoke to arise is a symbolic act. It depicts the sacrifice as going up to God in heaven. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “And the priest should cause everything to become smoke on the altar, on the wood that is on the fire, and ascend towards God in heaven” 1:17 y4aw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רֵ֥יחַ נִיחֹ֖חַ לַ⁠יהוָֽה 1 The author of Leviticus describes Yahweh accepting the sacrifice with the image of Yahweh enjoying the pleasant-smelling smoke that rises from the burnt offering. If it would be helpful in your language, consider expressing the same idea in another way. See how you translated this in [Leviticus 1:9](../01/09.md). -2:intro t6wy 0 # Leviticus 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter gives instructions about how to make a grain offering. The **and** of 2:1 indicates that the instructions of Lev 1 are continuing. Yahweh continues telling Moses how the people should offer sacrifices.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n\n### Grain offering\n[INSERT TEXT] \n\n\n\n\n### Wheat flour\nThe term translated “flour” in the ULT and “wheat flour” in the UST is apparently a baking product made from the production of wheat grains (cf. Exod 29:2, and 2 Kgs 7:16, where is it contrasted with barley). However, according to some rabbinic sources, the precise commodity referred to in this chapter and elsewhere in Leviticus is the large chunks of crushed grains that remain in the sieve after the grains have been dried, winnowed, and crushed. Since “flour” would connote the fine powder that falls through the sieve, what remains is more accurately called “grits” or “semolina” (cf. 1 Kgs 5:2, where “grits” or “semolina” is contrasted with “flour”). However, since this culinary term is not present in many cultures, the term “flour” has been retained. If your language has a word for the large chunks of crushed grains that remain in the sieve after the grains have been dried, winnowed, and crushed, then use that term. \n\n\n\n###Oil\n[INSERT TEXT]\n\n\n\n\n###Incense\nScholarly sources suggest that the substance that was burned in ritual spaces for its fragrance was an expensive fragrant gum-resin tapped from three species of the Boswellia tree native only to southern Arabia (see Jer 6:20) and Somaliland. The burning of this substance was required with all grain offering, regardless of the manner of their preparation. Apparently, because both grain offerings and animal offerings provided a pleasing aroma to Yahweh, the addition of incense with the grain offering was to distinguish them from the animal sacrifices or burnt offerings (cf. Lev 1). Whereas the olive oil was to be poured all over the grain offerings, the incense was to be “placed” on top of it, apparently in a large lump. Then the raw flour (or other kind of grain offering) would be mixed together with the olive oil and the lump of incense in the priest’s hand as he took a large handful (Lev 2:2). These ingredient would then be completely burned on the altar and converted into pleasant-smelling smoke, which, when it went up to Yahweh, would “please” Yahweh and so mark the completion of an acceptable sacrifice. \n\n###The memorial portion\nThis portion of the grain offering appears to have been the portion which the priest designates will be burned completely on the altar as a sacrifice to Yahweh, as opposed to the portion which will remain over as food for the priests to eat. As such, the “memorial portion” is the part of the sacrifice whose “portion,” by being completely burned on the altar, represents the entire grain offering. \n\n\n### Yeast and leaven\nYeast is connected to the events of the Passover. Any prohibition of yeast may be connected to the original Passover. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]]) -2:1 tf2u סֹ֖לֶת 1 Here, **flour** refers to a powder made from wheat. Alternate translation: “the finest flour” or “the best flour” -2:2 v2q7 וְ⁠קָמַ֨ץ מִ⁠שָּׁ֜ם מְלֹ֣א קֻמְצ֗⁠וֹ 1 A **handful** is the amount that a person can hold in the palm of their hand. Alternate translation: “and take out what he can hold in his hand” -2:2 e7ss אֶת־ אַזְכָּרָתָ⁠הּ֙ 1 The **memorial portion** of the grain offering represents the whole grain offering. This means the whole offering belongs to Yahweh. -2:2 bh7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רֵ֥יחַ נִיחֹ֖חַ לַ⁠יהוָֽה 1 **Yahweh** being pleased with the sincere worshiper who offered the sacrifice is spoken of as if God were pleased with the **aroma** of the sacrifice. See how you translated this in [Leviticus 1:9](../01/09.md). -2:4 bmg7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive מַאֲפֵ֣ה תַנּ֑וּר 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that you baked in an oven” -2:4 rvs7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown תַנּ֑וּר 1 This **oven** was probably a hollow object made of clay. A fire was lit under the oven, and the heat would bake the dough inside of the oven. -2:4 lrk7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis סֹ֣לֶת 1 It is understood that the soft bread contained no yeast. -2:4 ae7y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מְשֻׁחִ֥ים בַּ⁠שָּֽׁמֶן 1 Translate this phrase to indicate that the **oil** is to be spread onto the bread. Alternate translation: “with oil on the bread” -2:5 t6jn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠אִם־ מִנְחָ֥ה עַל־ הַֽ⁠מַּחֲבַ֖ת קָרְבָּנֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “If you bake your grain offering in a flat iron pan” -2:5 qg9n rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַֽ⁠מַּחֲבַ֖ת 1 This **griddle** was a thick plate made of either clay or metal. The plate was placed over a fire, and the dough cooked on top of the plate. -2:6 bq8a פָּת֤וֹת אֹתָ⁠הּ֙ 1 Here **it** refers to the grain offering cooked on a griddle. -2:7 b7fj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠אִם־ מִנְחַ֥ת מַרְחֶ֖שֶׁת קָרְבָּנֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “If you cook your grain offering” -2:7 l1pm rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown מַרְחֶ֖שֶׁת 1 A **pan** is a metal plate with rounded edges. The dough was placed in the pan and cooked over a fire. -2:7 s232 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive תֵּעָשֶֽׂה 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you must make it” -2:8 vy42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive אֲשֶׁ֧ר יֵעָשֶׂ֛ה מֵ⁠אֵ֖לֶּה 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that you made from the flour and oil” -2:8 j9l1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠הִקְרִיבָ⁠הּ֙ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And you will present it” -2:9 t1ms וְ⁠הֵרִ֨ים הַ⁠כֹּהֵ֤ן מִן־ הַ⁠מִּנְחָה֙ אֶת־ אַזְכָּ֣רָתָ֔⁠הּ וְ⁠הִקְטִ֖יר הַ⁠מִּזְבֵּ֑חָ⁠ה אִשֵּׁ֛ה רֵ֥יחַ נִיחֹ֖חַ 1 See how you translated many of these words in [Leviticus 2:2](../02/02.md). -2:9 qgm4 אֶת־ אַזְכָּ֣רָתָ֔⁠הּ 1 The handful of the grain is a **memorial offering** that represents the whole grain offering. This means the whole offering belongs to Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Leviticus 2:2](../02/02.md). -2:9 a7ye rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רֵ֥יחַ נִיחֹ֖חַ לַ⁠יהוָֽה 1 **Yahweh** being pleased with the sincere worshiper who offered the sacrifice is spoken of as if God were pleased with the **aroma** of the burning sacrifice. See how you translated this in [Leviticus 1:9](../01/09.md). -2:10 c6hv מֵ⁠אִשֵּׁ֥י יְהוָֽה 1 See how you translated this in [Leviticus 2:3](../02/03.md). -2:10 y8u4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive מֵ⁠אִשֵּׁ֥י יְהוָֽה 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “from the burnt offerings to Yahweh” -2:11 r3y3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive כָּל־ הַ⁠מִּנְחָ֗ה אֲשֶׁ֤ר תַּקְרִ֨יבוּ֙ לַ⁠יהוָ֔ה לֹ֥א תֵעָשֶׂ֖ה חָמֵ֑ץ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Do not use yeast in a grain offering that you offer to Yahweh” -2:12 b9d5 תַּקְרִ֥יבוּ אֹתָ֖⁠ם 1 Alternate translation: “You will offer the grain offerings made with leaven or honey” -2:13 hl5q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מֶ֚לַח בְּרִ֣ית אֱלֹהֶ֔י⁠ךָ 1 It is implied that **the salt** is a symbol that represents **the covenant** with **God**. -2:14 hq1w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive אָבִ֞יב קָל֤וּי בָּ⁠אֵשׁ֙ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “of new grain that you have cooked over a fire” -2:16 dzz1 אֶת־ אַזְכָּרָתָ֗⁠הּ 1 The handful of the grain that is the **memorial offering** represents the whole grain offering. This means the whole offering belongs to Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Leviticus 2:2](../02/02.md). +2:intro t6wy 0 # Leviticus 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter gives instructions about how to make a grain offering. The **and** of 2:1 indicates that the instructions of Lev 1 are continuing. Yahweh continues telling Moses how the people should offer sacrifices.\n\n\n##Translation issues in this chapter\n### The number and person of pronouns\nIn the address to the Israelites, the author of Leviticus is known for abuptly switching the person, number, and occassionaly gender, of pronouns and verbal forms that refer to the person offering sacrifices. In chapter 1, it was suggested that any third-person singular pronouns that refer to the worshipper (and not to the priest) could be changed to second-person plural pronouns, based on the nature of the direct address and the presence of a second-person plural pronoun in [1:2](../01/02.md) and several times in the current chapter.\n\n\nThe pronouns referring to the worshipper switch person, gender, and number frequently. Verses 1–3 address the worshipper with a third-person singular pronoun. This swtiches to the second-person, singular pronoun in 2:4–8. The worshipper is addressed in the third-person in verse 8, but verse 11 marks a shift to the second-person, this time in the plural. The plural pronouns continue throughout verses 11 and 12, but the author of Leviticus swtiches back to the second-person singular from verse 13 to the end of the chapter.\n\nThird-Person (2:1–3)\n- "...when a person [third-person, feminine singular] presents..." (2:1)\n- "...his [third-person, masculine singular] offering..." (2:1)\n- "...and he [third-person, masculine singular] will pour ..." (2:1)\n- "...and he [third-person, masculine singular] will put..." (2:1)\n- "...and he [third-person, masculine singular] will bring..." (2:2)\n- "And if you [second-person, masculine singular] present..." (2:4)\n- "And if your [second-person, masculine singular] offering..." (2:5)\n- "Piece [second-person, singular imperative] it..." (2:6)\n- "...and you [second-person, masculine singular] will pour..." (2:6)\n- "And if your [second-person, masculine singular] offering..." (2:7)\n- "And you [second-person, masculine singular] will bring..." (2:8)\n- "And he [third-person, masculine singular] will present..." (2:8)\n- "Any grain offering that you [second-person, masculine plural] present..." (2:11)\n- "...you [second-person, masculine plural] will not cause to become smoke..." (2:11)\n- "You [second-person, masculine plural] will present..." (2:12)\n- "...your [second-person, masculine singular] grain offerings..." (2:13)\n- "...you [second-person, masculine singular] will salt..." (2:13)\n- "...you [second-person, masculine singular] will not omit..." (2:13)\n- "...the covenant of your [second-person, masculine singular] God..." (2:13)\n- "...your [second-person, masculine singular] offerings..." (2:13)\n- "...you [second-person, masculine singular] will present..." (2:13)\n- "And if you [second-person, masculine singular] present..." (2:14)\n- "...you [second-person, masculine singular] will present..." (2:14)\n- "...your [second-person, masculine singular] first ripe grains..." (2:14)\n- "And you [second-person, masculine singular] will put..." (2:15)\n- "...and you [second-person, masculine singular] will place..." (2:15)\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\nThis chapter introduces several key concepts that are relevant to proper translation. \n### Grain offering\n[INSERT TEXT] \n\n### Flour\nThe term translated “flour” in the ULT and “wheat flour” in the UST is apparently a baking product made from the production of wheat grains (cf. Exod 29:2, and 2 Kgs 7:16, where is it contrasted with barley). However, according to some rabbinic sources, the precise commodity referred to in this chapter and elsewhere in Leviticus is the large chunks of crushed grains that remain in the sieve after the grains have been dried, winnowed, and crushed. Since “flour” would connote the fine powder that falls through the sieve, what remains is more accurately called “grits” or “semolina” (cf. 1 Kgs 5:2, where “grits” or “semolina” is contrasted with “flour”). However, since this culinary term is not present in many cultures, the term “flour” has been retained. If your language has a word for the large chunks of crushed grains that remain in the sieve after the grains have been dried, winnowed, and crushed, then use that term. \n\n###Oil\n[INSERT TEXT]\n\n###Incense\nScholarly sources suggest that the substance that was burned in ritual spaces for its fragrance was an expensive fragrant gum-resin tapped from three species of the Boswellia tree native only to southern Arabia (see Jer 6:20) and Somaliland. The burning of this substance was required with all grain offering, regardless of the manner of their preparation. Apparently, because both grain offerings and animal offerings provided a pleasing aroma to Yahweh, the addition of incense with the grain offering was to distinguish them from the animal sacrifices or burnt offerings (cf. Lev 1). Whereas the olive oil was to be poured all over the grain offerings, the incense was to be “placed” on top of it, apparently in a large lump. Then the raw flour (or other kind of grain offering) would be mixed together with the olive oil and the lump of incense in the priest’s hand as he took a large handful (Lev 2:2). These ingredient would then be completely burned on the altar and converted into pleasant-smelling smoke, which, when it went up to Yahweh, would “please” Yahweh and so mark the completion of an acceptable sacrifice. \n\n###The memorial portion\nThis portion of the grain offering appears to have been the portion which the priest designates will be burned completely on the altar as a sacrifice to Yahweh, as opposed to the portion which will remain over as food for the priests to eat. As such, the “memorial portion” is the part of the sacrifice whose “portion,” by being completely burned on the altar, represents the entire grain offering. \n\n\n### Yeast and leaven\nIn Leviticus 2, the word **leaven** refers to a lump of dough made from flour and other common ingredients, usually salt and oil, that contains a live **leaven culture** as its raising agent in the form of wild, natural yeast. The term **yeast** refers to the microscopic organism consisting of single oval cells that reproduce by budding and are capable of converting sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide. In the ancient world, **yeast** was a common household raising agent used in the baking of bread. However, because store-bought, commercial yeast in the form of a dried, deactivated culture that is routinely added to individual batches of dough is a modern invention, the ULT has chosen the less anachronistic term **leaven culture**. This term reflects the slow process of growing wild, naturally occurring yeast from a single, small batch of dough, forming a **leaven** that would be added to other larger batches of dough. The wild yeast in the **leaven** would multiply and fill the rest of the larger batch of dough until the entire batch was considered ”leavened.”\n\nIn Leviticus, grain offerings, whether baked or fried, that were made using **leaven** or included **leaven culture** were expressly forbidden to be burned on the altar, along with grain offerings made with honey. Instead, as Lev 2:12 expresses, grain offerings that included either **leaven culture** or **honey** could be offered as firstfruit offerings that were not burned on the altar. Eating or baking with **leaven** is proscribed during the events of the first Passover in Egypt before the Exodus and, specifically, during the annual festival of Unleavened Bread (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]]). Yahweh informs Moses that the practice of excluding **leaven** and **leaven culture** from one's diet should serve as a ”sign” and ”memorial” to the people of Israel that reminds them of God's mighty acts of salvation in the Exodus and encourages them to obey his commandements. (See Exodus 13:5-10). It should be noted that it was not always unlawful to eat food products made with **leaven** or **leaven culture**, but that the proscription only applied during special feasts and holidays associated with the Exodus. +2:1 dk2w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication וְ⁠נֶ֗פֶשׁ כִּֽי־תַקְרִ֞יב קָרְבַּ֤ן מִנְחָה֙ לַֽ⁠יהוָ֔ה & קָרְבָּנ֑⁠וֹ 0 Here, a verb and its object come from the same root. The word **present** translates a verb that is related to the noun translated **offering**. The repetition of related words adds emphasis to the statement. If your language can repeat words for emphasis, it would be appropriate to use that construction here in your translation. +2:1 c9yl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person וְ⁠נֶ֗פֶשׁ כִּֽי־תַקְרִ֞יב קָרְבַּ֤ן מִנְחָה֙ לַֽ⁠יהוָ֔ה 0 As the General Introduction to Leviticus discusses, the book often speaks of the Israelites and to the Israelites in the third person, even though it is a direct address. Here and throughout the book, if it would be clearer in your language, you could use the second person in your translation. Alternate translation: “And when you bring a grain offering to Yahweh” +2:1 oa9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠נֶ֗פֶשׁ 0 The word translated **a person** is feminine, but it has a generic sense that refers to any person who approaches the tent to make a sacrifice. Alternate translation: “one of you” or “someone” +2:1 djff rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit קָרְבַּ֤ן מִנְחָה֙ 0 The term translated **a grain offering** refers to a sacrifice that consists of grain products, usually dried wheat, barley, or corn. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of agricultural product, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “an offering of dried wheat, barley, or corn produce” +2:1 ucvp קָרְבָּנ֑⁠וֹ 0 Alternate translation: “your offering” +2:1 te9y סֹ֖לֶת יִהְיֶ֣ה קָרְבָּנ֑⁠וֹ\n 0 Alternate translation: “his offering should be flour” or, using the second-person, “your offering should be flour”\n +2:1 tf2u rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown סֹ֖לֶת 1 As the Introduction discusses, the term translated **flour** refers to the food product made from grinding roasted and dried wheat grain. It might refer to either 1) the fine ground grain that falls through a sieve when sifted. Alternate translation: ”fine wheat flour“ or 2) the large lumps of crushed grain that remain on top of a sieve when sifted. Alternate translation: “wheat semolina” +2:1 hdh9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown שֶׁ֔מֶן 1 As the Introduction discusses, **oil** here refers to the agricultural product made from pressing ripe olives. If your context or culture possesses a specific word for this term, consider using it here. +2:1 x1p5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown לְבֹנָֽה 1 As the Introduction discusses, this **incense** refers to an expensive fragrant gum-resin tapped from specific trees. It would be routinely burned in ritual settings, like grain offerings, for its fragrance. If your context and language possess a word for this kind of religious item, consider using it here. +2:2 b2x5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns וֶֽ⁠הֱבִיאָ֗⁠הּ 1 The pronoun **it** refers to the mixture of oil and wheat flour with the lump of incense that 2:1 describes. If it would be clearer in your language, consider making the referent explicit. Alternate translation: “and he will bring the mixture of flour, oil, and incense” +2:2 fxgx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּנֵ֣י אַהֲרֹן֮  1 At the time when Yahweh spoke to Moses from the Tent of Meeting, the **priests** literally were the **sons of Aaron**. But these instructions also applied to future generations, when the term “sons” would be a way of referring to the priests as Aaron's “descendants.” If it would be clearer in your language, you could use that term, which would apply to both the original priests and to their successors. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Aaron” +2:2 z8gn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication וְ⁠קָמַ֨ץ מִ⁠שָּׁ֜ם מְלֹ֣א קֻמְצ֗⁠וֹ 1 Here, a verb and its object come from the same root. The word **grab** translates a verb that is related to the noun translated **handful**. The repetition of related words adds emphasis to the statement. If your language can repeat words for emphasis or if your language possesses comparable terms that you can use in your own translation, it would be appropriate to use that construction here in your translation. +2:2 v2q7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown וְ⁠קָמַ֨ץ מִ⁠שָּׁ֜ם מְלֹ֣א קֻמְצ֗⁠וֹ 1 A **handful** is the amount that a person can hold in the palm of a single hand. Alternate translation: “and take what he can hold in his hand” +2:2 ufqr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns וְ⁠קָמַ֨ץ 1 The pronoun **he** is ambiguous in the context and could refer to **the priest** or the worshiper. However, based on the description of [2:9](../02/09.md), it is likely that **he** refers to **the priest.** If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this explicit. Alternate translation: “And the priest should grab” +2:2 zyrv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns מִ⁠סָּלְתָּ⁠הּ֙ וּ⁠מִ⁠שַּׁמְנָ֔⁠הּ עַ֖ל כָּל־לְבֹנָתָ֑⁠הּ 1 The pronoun translated **its** refers to the mixture of oil and wheat flour with the lump of incense that [2:1](../02/01.md) describes. If it would be clearer in your language, consider making the referent explicit. Alternate translation: “some of the flour, oil, and incense of the mixture of the offering” +2:2 in1v לְבֹנָתָ֑⁠הּ 1 See how you translated this word in [Leviticus 2:1](../02/01.md). +2:2 e7ss rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown אֶת־ אַזְכָּרָתָ⁠הּ֙ 1 As the Introduction discusses, the **memorial portion** refers to the handful of the grain offering that the priest designates will be burned completely on the altar as a sacrifice to Yahweh by taking it in his hand and putting it on the altar, as opposed to the portion which would remain over as food for the priests to eat. As the portion that would be sacrificed by burning, it represented the entire sacrifice and belonged to Yahweh. +2:2 gdy0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns אֶת־ אַזְכָּרָתָ⁠הּ֙ 1 The pronoun translated **its** refers to the mixture of oil and wheat flour with the lump of incense that 2:1 describes. If it would be clearer in your language, consider making the referent explicit. Alternate translation: “the memorial portion of the mixture of flour, oil, and incense” +2:2 jwx6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וְ⁠הִקְטִ֨יר הַ⁠כֹּהֵ֜ן אֶת־אַזְכָּרָתָ⁠הּ֙ הַ⁠מִּזְבֵּ֔חָ⁠ה 1 The act of burning the offering in a way that causes smoke to arise is a symbolic act. It depicts the sacrifice as going to up to God in heaven. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “And the priest will cause the memorial portion to become smoke on the altar and ascend towards God in heaven” +2:2 bh7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רֵ֥יחַ נִיחֹ֖חַ לַ⁠יהוָֽה 1 The author of Leviticus describes Yahweh accepting the sacrifice with the image of Yahweh enjoying the pleasant-smelling smoke that rises from the burning grain offering. If it would be helpful in your language, consider expressing the same idea in another way. See how you translated this in [Leviticus 1:9](../01/09.md). +2:3 pxc6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠הַ⁠נּוֹתֶ֨רֶת֙ מִן־הַ⁠מִּנְחָ֔ה 1 The term translated **the remainder** refers to the portion of the grain offering that the priest did not burn completely on the altar. If this would be unclear in your language, consider making this explicit. Alternate translation: “And the portion of the grain offering that remains after the priest burns the memorial portion on the altar” +2:3 ee9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְ⁠אַהֲרֹ֖ן וּ⁠לְ⁠בָנָ֑י⁠ו 1 At the time when Yahweh spoke to Moses from the Tent of Meeting, **Aaron** and **his sons** constituted the priesthood. But these instructions also applied to future generations, when the term “sons” would be a way of referring to the priests as Aaron's “descendants.” If it would be clearer in your language, you could use that term, which would apply to both the original priests and to their successors. Alternate translation: “belongs to Aaron and to his descendants” +2:3 uf6q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession קֹ֥דֶשׁ קָֽדָשִׁ֖ים 1 Here, the phrase **a holy thing of holy things** uses the possessive form to describe an entity that is extremely or exceptionally holy. If this form would not express that this place would become uniquely holy in your language, consider an more generic way to express this idea. Alternate translation: “the holiest thing” or “an exceptionally holy offering” +2:3 dtv0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מֵ⁠אִשֵּׁ֥י יְהוָֽה׃ס 1 The author of Leviticus uses the possessive to describe **gifts** that are offered to **Yahweh**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a phrase that better gives he meaning. Alternative translation: “from the gifts that you present to Yahweh” +2:4 ggpx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication וְ⁠כִ֥י תַקְרִ֛ב קָרְבַּ֥ן מִנְחָ֖ה 1 Here, a verb and its object come from the same root. The word **present** translates a verb that is related to the noun translated **offering**. The repetition of related words adds emphasis to the statement. If your language can repeat words for emphasis or if your language possesses comparable terms, it would be appropriate to use that construction here in your translation. +2:4 q954 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd תַקְרִ֛ב 1 The author of Leviticus has been using third-person singular pronouns, but in this verse, though God is speaking to a group of people, the pronoun **you** is singular. If the switch to a singular form of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could continue to use the plural form in your translation. +2:4 q6ll rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown מַאֲפֵ֣ה תַנּ֑וּר 1 This **baked item** was likely a wheat food item that was produced by baking a dough consisting of wheat flour mixed with olive oil in a hot oven. If this would be unclear in your language, consider making the sense explicit. Alternate translation: “an item that you baked in the oven” +2:4 i7vg rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown מַאֲפֵ֣ה תַנּ֑וּר 1 In the world of ancient Israel, an **oven** was a hollow object made of clay. A wood-fire was lit under or at the bottom portion of the oven, and the subsequent heat would bake the dough inside. +2:4 t9ee rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive סֹ֣לֶת חַלּ֤וֹת מַצֹּת֙ בְּלוּלֹ֣ת בַּ⁠שֶּׁ֔מֶן 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you should mix flour of unleavened loaves with oil” +2:4 jr21 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession סֹ֣לֶת חַלּ֤וֹת מַצֹּת֙ 1 The author of Leviticus uses the possessive to describe **flour** that has been kneaded and formed into **unleavened loaves**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a phrase that better gives he meaning. Alternative translation: “flour that you shaped into an unleavened loaf” +2:4 odgj rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown סֹ֣לֶת חַלּ֤וֹת מַצֹּת֙ 1 The term **unleavened** refers to the absence of a culture of yeast, often in the form of leaven, that was commonly used as a raising agent in bread baking. If this would be unclear in your language, consider a more general term. Alternate translation: “flour of loaves without yeast in it” or “flour of loaves made without a raising agent” +2:4 jv68 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown חַלּ֤וֹת 1 These **loaves** were apparently either ring shaped or perforated. If your context and language possesses a word for a breaded loaf in this shape, consider using it here. +2:4 qw5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וּ⁠רְקִיקֵ֥י מַצּ֖וֹת מְשֻׁחִ֥ים בַּ⁠שָּֽׁמֶן׃ס 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “or you should anoint unleavened wafers with oil” +2:4 nj1d rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown וּ⁠רְקִיקֵ֥י מַצּ֖וֹת 1 This **wafer** was apparently a thin, cracker-like cake made from wheat flour. If your context and language possesses a word for a breaded loaf of this kind, consider using it here. +2:4 u0te rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מְשֻׁחִ֥ים בַּ⁠שָּֽׁמֶן 1 The author of Leviticus describes **wafers** that have been covered generously with oil with the image of being **anointed with oil**. The implication is that a copious amount of oil was poured onto the food item. Consider translating this phrase to indicate that the **oil** is to be spread onto the bread. Alternate translation: “with a generous amount of oil on them” +2:5 ha7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ⁠אִם־ מִנְחָ֥ה עַל־ הַֽ⁠מַּחֲבַ֖ת קָרְבָּנֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 The phrase **grain offering on the griddle** refers to an offering of harvested grain that has been prepared on a griddle. The author of Leviticus is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “And if your offering is a grain offering that you prepared on a griddle.” +2:5 qg9n rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַֽ⁠מַּחֲבַ֖ת 1 This **griddle** was a thick plate made of either clay or metal that was placed over a fire. The heat from the fire would cook or lightly fry the dough on top of the plate. +2:5 pk7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive סֹ֛לֶת בְּלוּלָ֥ה בַ⁠שֶּׁ֖מֶן מַצָּ֥ה תִהְיֶֽה׃ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you will mix flour of unleavened loaves with oil” +2:6 jmbo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication פָּת֤וֹת אֹתָ⁠הּ֙ פִּתִּ֔ים 1 Here, a verb and its object come from the same root. The word **piece** translates a verb that is related to the noun translated **pieces**. The repetition of related words adds emphasis to the statement. If your language can repeat words for emphasis or if your language possesses comparable terms that you can use in your own translation, it would be appropriate to use that construction here in your translation. +2:6 bq8a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns פָּת֤וֹת אֹתָ⁠הּ֙ פִּתִּ֔ים 1 Here, **it** refers to the grain offering, whether baked in an over ([2:4](../02/04.md)) or cooked on a griddle ([2:5](../02/05.md)). If it would be clearer in your language, consider making this explicit. Alternate translation: “Piece the grain offering that you have either baked in an oven or cooked on a griddle into pieces” +2:7 b7fj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ⁠אִם־ מִנְחַ֥ת מַרְחֶ֖שֶׁת קָרְבָּנֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 The phrase **grain offering of a pan** refers to an offering of harvested grain that has been prepared on a pan. The author of Leviticus is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “And if your offering is a grain offering that you prepared on a pan.” +2:7 l1pm rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown מַרְחֶ֖שֶׁת 1 A **pan** is a plate of metal or clay with rounded edges. The dough was placed in the pan and cooked over a hot fire. If your language possess a word for this item, consider using it here. +2:7 kx64 סֹ֥לֶת בַּ⁠שֶּׁ֖מֶן תֵּעָשֶֽׂה 1 Alternate translation: “flour will be prepared with oil” +2:7 s232 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive סֹ֥לֶת בַּ⁠שֶּׁ֖מֶן תֵּעָשֶֽׂה 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you should prepare flour with oil” +2:8 m5r9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠הֵבֵאתָ֣ אֶת־הַ⁠מִּנְחָ֗ה אֲשֶׁ֧ר יֵעָשֶׂ֛ה מֵ⁠אֵ֖לֶּה לַ⁠יהוָ֑ה 1 Here, to **bring** the offering **to Yahweh** refers to carrying the grain offering prescribed in [Leviticus 2:1-7](../02/01.md) to the altar that is located at the entrance of the tent of meeting. Because the tent of meeting was were Yahweh lived among the Israelites, taking the offering to the altar is tantamount to bringing it directly to Yahweh himself. If it would be clearer in your language, consider making this explicit. Alternate translation: “And you should bring the grain offering that is made from these things to the altar that is located at the entrance to the tent of meeting, where Yahweh lives among the Israelites” +2:8 bcuy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns אֶת־הַ⁠מִּנְחָ֗ה אֲשֶׁ֧ר יֵעָשֶׂ֛ה מֵ⁠אֵ֖לֶּה 1 The word **these** refers to either 1) the ingredients described in [2:4-7](../02/04.md). Alternate translation: “the grain offering that is made from these ingredients” or 2) the methods described in [2:4-7](../02/04.md). Alternate translation: “the grain offering that is made in this way” +2:8 vy42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive אֲשֶׁ֧ר יֵעָשֶׂ֛ה מֵ⁠אֵ֖לֶּה 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that you made from these” +2:8 j9l1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns וְ⁠הִקְרִיבָ⁠הּ֙ 1 The pronoun **he** is ambiguous in the context and could refer to **Yahweh** or the worshiper. However, that **Yahweh** would **present** the offering to **the priest** is nonsensical. Additionally, given that **the priest** is the one that receives the offering, it is likely that **he** refers to the worshiper. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this explicit or continue using the same second-person pronoun used thus far. Alternate translation: “And the one offering the sacrifice should present it” or, in the second-person, “And you should present it” +2:8 bplu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns וְ⁠הִקְרִיבָ⁠הּ֙ 1 The pronoun **it** refers to the **the grain offering**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this explicit or continue using the same second-person pronoun used thus far. Alternate translation: “And the one offering the sacrifice should present the grain offering” or, in the second-person, “And you should present the grain offering” +2:8 rt0o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns וְ⁠הִגִּישָׁ֖⁠הּ אֶל־הַ⁠מִּזְבֵּֽחַ׃ 1 The pronoun **he** refers to the **the priest**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this explicit. Alternate translation: “And the priest will bring it near to the altar” +2:9 gsix rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠הֵרִ֨ים הַ⁠כֹּהֵ֤ן מִן־הַ⁠מִּנְחָה֙ אֶת־אַזְכָּ֣רָתָ֔⁠הּ 1 To **take up from the grain offering** is an idiom. It refers to the priest taking a handful of the grain offering and so lifting up and removing the **memorial portion** from the whole offering, as described in [2:2](../02/02.md). If it would be clearer in your language, consider making this explicit. Alternate translation: “And the priest will grab a handful of the grain offering and lift out the memorial portion” +2:9 qgm4 אֶת־ אַזְכָּ֣רָתָ֔⁠הּ 1 See how you translated this word in [Leviticus 2:2](../02/02.md). +2:9 ofof rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וְ⁠הִקְטִ֖יר הַ⁠מִּזְבֵּ֑חָ⁠ה 1 The act of burning **the grain offering** in a way that causes smoke to arise is a symbolic act. It depicts the sacrifice as going up to God in heaven in the form of smoke. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “And the priest should burn the memorial portion on the altar and cause it to become smoke and ascend toward God in heaven” +2:9 a7ye rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רֵ֥יחַ נִיחֹ֖חַ לַ⁠יהוָֽה 1 The act of burning **the grain offering** in a way that causes smoke to arise is a symbolic act. It depicts the sacrifice as going up to God in heaven in the form of smoke. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “And the priest should burn the grain offering on the altar and cause it to become smoke and ascend toward God in heaven” +2:10 hq1f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠הַ⁠נּוֹתֶ֨רֶת֙ מִן־הַ⁠מִּנְחָ֔ה 1 The term translated **the remainder** refers to the portion of the grain offering that the priest did not burn completely on the altar. If this would be unclear in your language, consider making this explicit. Alternate translation: “And the portion of the grain offering that remains after the priest burns the memorial portion on the altar” +2:10 nkhy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְ⁠אַהֲרֹ֖ן וּ⁠לְ⁠בָנָ֑י⁠ו 1 At the time when Yahweh spoke to Moses from the Tent of Meeting, **Aaron** and *his sons** constituted the priesthood. But these instructions also applied to future generations, when the term “sons” would be a way of referring to the priests as Aaron's “descendants.” If it would be clearer in your language, you could use that term, which would apply to both the original priests and to their successors. Alternate translation: “belongs to Aaron and to his descendants” +2:10 d8iq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession קֹ֥דֶשׁ קָֽדָשִׁ֖ים 1 Here, the phrase **a holy thing of holy things ** uses the possessive form to describe an entity that is extremely or exceptionally holy. If this form would not express that this place would become uniquely holy in your language you may need to find another way to express this idea. Alternate translation: “the holiest thing” or “an exceptionally holy offering” +2:10 c6hv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מֵ⁠אִשֵּׁ֥י יְהוָֽה 1 The author of Leviticus uses the possessive to describe **gifts** that are offered to **Yahweh**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a phrase that better gives he meaning. See how you translated this phrase in [Leviticus 2:3](../02/03.md). +2:11 r3y3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive כָּל־ הַ⁠מִּנְחָ֗ה אֲשֶׁ֤ר תַּקְרִ֨יבוּ֙ לַ⁠יהוָ֔ה לֹ֥א תֵעָשֶׂ֖ה חָמֵ֑ץ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Do not use leaven in any grain offering that you present to Yahweh” +2:11 ldsh rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown כָּל־הַ⁠מִּנְחָ֗ה אֲשֶׁ֤ר תַּקְרִ֨יבוּ֙ לַ⁠יהוָ֔ה לֹ֥א תֵעָשֶׂ֖ה חָמֵ֑ץ 1 As the Introduction discusses, the word **leaven** refers to dough made from flour and other ingredients, usually salt and oil, that contains a live **leaven culture** as its raising agent in the form of wild, natural yeast. If this distinction would be confusing in your context, consider using a more general term. Alternate translation: “Any grain offering that you offer to Yahweh should not be made with yeast” or “Any grain offering that you offer to Yahweh should not be made with a raising agent” +2:11 n7g4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youplural כָּל־הַ⁠מִּנְחָ֗ה אֲשֶׁ֤ר תַּקְרִ֨יבוּ֙ לַ⁠יהוָ֔ה 1 The word **you** here is plural. Yahweh is speaking about everyone who will offer grain offerings at the altar located at the entrance to the tent of Meeting. If your language possesses a plural form of the second-person pronoun, use it here in your translation. +2:11 yq9u rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown כִּ֤י כָל־שְׂאֹר֙ 1 As the Introduction discusses, the word **leaven culture** refers to wild, natural yeast, a microscopic organism consisting of single oval cells that reproduce by budding, and are capable of converting sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide. Yeast, usually in the form of **leaven** was a common raising agent used in baking bread. If your context and language does not possess a word for **leaven culture**, consider using a more general term. Alternate translation: “for any natural or wild raising agent” +2:11 szej rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown וְ⁠כָל־דְּבַ֔שׁ 1 Here, **honey** refers to the sticky substance that bees and other insects naturally produce from plant nectar, usually from flowers. **Honey**, in the ancient world and today, is typically eaten as a sweet food or used to sweeten bread and other baked goods. +2:11 ot19 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction לֹֽא־תַקְטִ֧ירוּ מִמֶּ֛⁠נּוּ 1 See how you translated this in [Leviticus 1:9](../01/09.md) and [2:9](../02/09.md). +2:11 cc17 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youplural לֹֽא־תַקְטִ֧ירוּ מִמֶּ֛⁠נּוּ 1 The word **you** here is plural. Yahweh is speaking about everyone who will offer grain offerings at the altar located at the entrance to the tent of Meeting. If your language possesses a plural form of the second-person pronoun, use it here in your translation. +2:11 dwkz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns מִמֶּ֛⁠נּוּ אִשֶּׁ֖ה לַֽ⁠יהוָֽה 1 Here, **it** refers to a **grain offering** that is designated to be burned on the offering as a sacrifice to Yahweh and, thus, will be considered a **gift** to Yahweh. If this is not clear in your language, consider making the referent of the pronoun explicit. Alternate translation: “from any grain offering that you present as a gift to Yahweh” +2:12 mmz0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication קָרְבַּ֥ן רֵאשִׁ֛ית תַּקְרִ֥יבוּ אֹתָ֖⁠ם לַ⁠יהוָ֑ה 1 Here, a verb and its object come from the same root. The word **present** translates a verb that is related to the noun translated **offering**. The repetition of related words adds emphasis to the statement. If your language can repeat words for emphasis or if your language possesses comparable terms that you can use in your own translation, it would be appropriate to use that construction here in your translation. +2:12 fqk9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youplural תַּקְרִ֥יבוּ אֹתָ֖⁠ם 1 The word **you** here is plural. Yahweh is speaking about everyone who will offer grain offerings at the altar located at the entrance to the tent of Meeting. If your language possesses a plural form of the second-person pronoun, use it here in your translation. +2:12 b9d5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns תַּקְרִ֥יבוּ אֹתָ֖⁠ם 1 The pronoun **them** refers to grain offerings that are prepared with **leaven** or **honey**, as described in [2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “You can offer the grain offerings made with leaven or honey” +2:12 ko94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown קָרְבַּ֥ן רֵאשִׁ֛ית 1 The **offering of first things** refers to the sacrifice of a grain offering that consists of the best prdouce of the first harvest of a particular crop. If your language and context possess a word for this concept, consider using it here. +2:12 s2hf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠אֶל־הַ⁠מִּזְבֵּ֥חַ לֹא־יַעֲל֖וּ לְ⁠רֵ֥יחַ נִיחֹֽחַ׃ 1 Here the author of Leviticus is speaking of the proscribed grain offering that contains leaven or honey as if it were going up to Yahweh **on the altar.** This depicts the act of burning the grain offering on the altar as converting the offer into smoke that rose up to God in heaven from *the altar**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but they should not be burned on the altar in a way that causes them to become smoke and go up to Yahweh as a pleasant smell” +2:12 btdw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֹא־יַעֲל֖וּ לְ⁠רֵ֥יחַ נִיחֹֽחַ׃ 1 The author of Leviticus describes Yahweh accepting the sacrifice with the image of Yahweh enjoying the pleasant-smelling smoke that rises from the burning grain offering. If it would be helpful in your language, consider expressing the same idea in another way. See how you translated this in [1:9](../01/09.md), [2:2](../02/02.md), and [2:9](../02/09.md). +2:13 ov1g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication וְ⁠כָל־קָרְבַּ֣ן מִנְחָתְ⁠ךָ֮ & עַ֥ל כָּל־קָרְבָּנְ⁠ךָ֖ תַּקְרִ֥יב מֶֽלַח׃ס 1 Here, a verb and its object come from the same root. The word **present** translates a verb that is related to the noun translated **offering**. The repetition of related words adds emphasis to the statement. If your language can repeat words for emphasis or if your language possesses comparable terms that you can use in your own translation, it would be appropriate to use that construction here in your translation. +2:13 ekv0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication בַּ⁠מֶּ֣לַח תִּמְלָח֒ 1 Here, a verb and its object come from the same root. The phrase **you will salt** translates a verb that is related to the noun translated **salt**. The repetition of related words adds emphasis to the statement. If your language can repeat words for emphasis or if your language possesses comparable terms that you can use in your own translation, it would be appropriate to use that construction here in your translation. +2:13 gjig rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd תִּמְלָח֒ 1 Unlike [Leviticus 2:11](../02/11.md) and [2:12](../02/12.md), where the second-person pronouns were plural, here and throughout the rest of the chapter, the pronoun **you** are singular, even though God is speaking to a group of people. If the switch to a singular form of these pronouns from the plural would not be natural in your language, you could continue to use the plural form in your translation. +2:13 hl5q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מֶ֚לַח בְּרִ֣ית אֱלֹהֶ֔י⁠ךָ 1 Here, the author of Leviticus is using the possessive form to describe **salt** that is characterized by **the covenant of your God**. Given the parallel expression in [Numbers 18:19](Num/18/19.md), the implication seems to be that the use of **salt** on grain offerings should remind the Israelites of God’s **covenant**, likely because of salt’s association with preservation and, by extension, permanence. If your language would not use the possessive form to indicate this kind of relationship, you could make the connection explicit. Alternate translation: “the preserving salt that reminds you of the binding and permanent nature of God’s promises to you” +2:14 lg2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown מִנְחַ֥ת בִּכּוּרִ֖ים & אֵ֖ת מִנְחַ֥ת בִּכּוּרֶֽי⁠ךָ׃ 1 A **grain offering of first ripe grains** is a sacrificial offering that consisted of the first harvest of ripened grains, whether wheat, barley, or corn. If your language or context possesses a term for this portion of the harvest, consider using it here. +2:14 hq1w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive אָבִ֞יב קָל֤וּי בָּ⁠אֵשׁ֙ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “tender ears that you have roasted over a fire” +2:14 b2l4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown אָבִ֞יב 1 Here, **tender ears** refers to an intermediate stage in the growth of grain between fruitless stalks and fully ripened produce. If your context and language possess a word for this stage of grain harvesting, consider using it here. +2:14 xgvx rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown גֶּ֣רֶשׂ 1 Here, **crushed grains** refers to grain, whether wheat, barley, or corn, that has been roughly crushed into large lumps. Alternate translation: “groats” +2:14 tzyl rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown כַּרְמֶ֔ל 1 Here, **new corn** refers to the freshly ripened ear of grain, whether wheat, barley, or corn. If your context and language possess a word for this stage of grain harvesting, consider using it here. +2:15 zjrk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠נָתַתָּ֤ עָלֶ֨י⁠הָ֙ שֶׁ֔מֶן 1 To **put oil on it** is an idiom that means “to pour oil on top of it.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he should pour oil on it” or, using the second-person, “you should pour oil onto it” +2:15 mcp6 לְבֹנָ֑ה 1 See how you translated this word in [2:1](../02/01.md) and [2:2](../02/02.md). +2:16 ok9p rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וְ⁠הִקְטִ֨יר הַ⁠כֹּהֵ֜ן אֶת־אַזְכָּרָתָ֗⁠הּ 1 The act of burning the offering in a way that causes smoke to arise is a symbolic act. It depicts the sacrifice as going to up to God in heaven. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “And the priest will cause the memorial portion to become smoke on the altar and ascend towards God in heaven” +2:16 dzz1 אֶת־ אַזְכָּרָתָ֗⁠הּ 1 See how you translated this word in [2:2](../02/02.md) and [2:9](../02/09.md). +2:16 aegf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns אֶת־אַזְכָּרָתָ֗⁠הּ 1 The pronoun **its** refers to the grain offering that was described in [2:14](../02/14.md). If it would be clearer in your language, consider making the referent explicit. Alternate translation: “the memorial portion of the grain offering consisting of first ripe grains” +2:16 xy46 מִ⁠גִּרְשָׂ⁠הּ֙ 1 See how you translated this word in [2:14](../02/14.md). +2:16 q1of rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns מִ⁠גִּרְשָׂ⁠הּ֙ 1 The pronoun **its** refers to the grain offering that was described in [2:14](../02/14.md). If it would be clearer in your language, consider making the referent explicit. Alternate translation: “the crushed grains of the grain offering consisting of first ripe grains” +2:16 frxo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns וּ⁠מִ⁠שַּׁמְנָ֔⁠הּ 1 The pronoun **its** refers to the grain offering that was described in [2:14](../02/14.md). If it would be clearer in your language, consider making the referent explicit. Alternate translation: “the oil of the grain offering consisting of first ripe grains” +2:16 us01 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns לְבֹנָתָ֑⁠הּ 1 The pronoun **its** refers to the grain offering that was described in [2:14](../02/14.md). If it would be clearer in your language, consider making the referent explicit. Alternate translation: “the incense of the grain offering consisting of first ripe grains” +2:16 pelm לְבֹנָתָ֑⁠הּ 1 See how you translated this word in [Leviticus 2:1](../02/01.md), [2:2](../02/02.md), and [2:15](../02/15.md). 3:intro ur1s 0 # Leviticus 3 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter gives instructions about how to offer a fellowship offering.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Fat\n\nThe fat of the animal was considered the best part of the animal to eat. Therefore, this belonged to Yahweh. This is why the Israelites were not allowed to consume it. 3:1 s18u 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues telling the people what Yahweh wants them to do. 3:1 i61a לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י יְהוָֽה 1 Alternate translation: “in the presence of Yahweh” or “to Yahweh”