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@ -1211,7 +1211,7 @@ MRK 13 35 z7wi grammar-connect-logic-result οὖν 1 whether evening Here, the
MRK 13 35 c96l grammar-connect-logic-result γρηγορεῖτε οὖν; οὐκ οἴδατε γὰρ 1 What follows the word **because** here is the reason that Jesus wants his disciples to **stay alert**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing giving a reason for doing something. It may be helpful to make this a separate sentence. Alternate translation: “therefore, stay alert! The reason you should stay alert is because” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
MRK 13 35 gx23 figs-123person ὁ κύριος τῆς οἰκίας ἔρχεται 1 By calling himself **the lord of the house** Jesus is identifying himself as the “man on a journey” in the story he told in the previous verse. Jesus is referring to himself in the third person. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate this in the first person. Alternate translation: “I, the lord of the house, will return” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
MRK 13 35 v6it figs-metonymy ἀλεκτοροφωνίας 1 Jesus is referring figuratively to a certain time of day. Roosters crow just before the sun appears in the morning. In other words, Jesus is referring to dawn. Alternate translation: “before another morning begins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
MRK 13 35 s8j9 translate-unknown ἀλεκτοροφωνίας 1 when the rooster crows A **rooster** is a large bird that call out with a loud sound around the time the sun comes up. If your readers would not be familiar with this bird, you could use the name of a bird in your area that calls out or sings just before dawn, or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “when the birds begin to sing in the morning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
MRK 13 35 s8j9 translate-unknown ἀλεκτοροφωνίας 1 when the rooster crows A **rooster** is a large bird that calls out with a loud sound around the time the sun comes up. If your readers would not be familiar with this bird, you could use the name of a bird in your area that calls out or sings just before dawn, or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “when the birds begin to sing in the morning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
MRK 13 36 mh8t figs-metaphor καθεύδοντας 1 he might find you sleeping Jesus is using the expression **sleeping** in a figurative sense to mean “not ready.” If your readers would not understand what it means to be asleep in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “not ready for his return” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
MRK 13 36 wd97 figs-123person εὕρῃ 1 Jesus is referring to himself in the third person. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate this in the first person as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
MRK 14 intro uk36 0 # Mark 14 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 14:27, 62, which are words from the Old Testament.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### The meaning of the “body” and “blood” of Jesus<br><br>[Mark 14:22-25](./22.md) describes Jesus’ last meal with his followers. During this meal, Jesus said of the bread, “This is my body,” and of the wine, “This is my blood of the covenant, which is being poured out for many.” As Jesus instructed, Christian churches around the world re-enact this meal regularly, calling it “the Lord’s Supper,” the “Eucharist”, or “Holy Communion.” But they have different understandings of what Jesus meant by these sayings. Some churches believe that Jesus was speaking figuratively and that he meant that the bread and wine represented his body and blood. Other churches believe that he was speaking literally and that the actual body and blood of Jesus are really present in the bread and wine of this ceremony. Translators should be careful not to let how they understand this issue affect how they translate this passage.<br><br><br>### The new covenant<br><br>Some people think that Jesus established the new covenant during the supper. Others think he established it after he went up to heaven. Others think it will not be established until Jesus comes again. Your translation should say no more about this than ULT does. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])<br><br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Abba, Father<br><br>“Abba” is an Aramaic word that the Jews used to speak to their fathers. Mark writes it as it sounds and then translates it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])<br><br>### “Son of Man”<br><br>Jesus refers to himself as the “Son of Man” in this chapter ([Mark 14:20](../mrk/14/20.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
@ -1321,7 +1321,7 @@ MRK 14 29 op1t figs-explicit πάντες 1 By using the word **all** in this c
MRK 14 29 j961 figs-idiom σκανδαλισθήσονται 1 See how you translated the phrase **fall away** in [14:27](../14/27.md). Alternate translation: “leave you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
MRK 14 29 div5 figs-ellipsis οὐκ ἐγώ 1 Even if all will fall away, yet not I In the phrase **not I**, Peter is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “I will not fall away” or “I will not forsake you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
MRK 14 30 z2q9 ἀμὴν, λέγω σοι 1 Truly I say to you See how you translated the statement **Truly I say to you** in [3:28](../03/28.md).
MRK 14 30 i4g3 translate-unknown ἀλέκτορα φωνῆσαι 1 the rooster crows See how you translated the phrase “rooster crowing” in [13:35](../13/35.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
MRK 14 30 i4g3 translate-unknown ἀλέκτορα φωνῆσαι 1 the rooster crows See how you translated the similar phrase “rooster crowing” in [13:35](../13/35.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
MRK 14 31 z9le figs-explicit ὡσαύτως…καὶ πάντες ἔλεγον 1 they all also were speaking in the same manner The phrase **they all also were speaking in the same manner** means that all of the disciples were saying the same thing that Peter said. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
MRK 14 32 deg7 writing-pronouns ἔρχονται 1 they come to a place The pronoun **they** refers to Jesus and his disciples. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning explicitly as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
MRK 14 32 ni66 figs-go ἔρχονται 1 Connecting Statement: Your language may say “went” rather than **come** or “came” in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “they went” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
@ -1377,110 +1377,138 @@ MRK 14 47 m6b9 τῶν 1 of those standing by Alternate translation: “of the
MRK 14 48 gv6e ἀποκριθεὶς ὁ Ἰησοῦς εἶπεν αὐτοῖς 1 answering, Jesus said to them Alternate translation: “Jesus said to the crowd”
MRK 14 48 eq25 figs-rquestion ὡς ἐπὶ λῃστὴν ἐξήλθατε μετὰ μαχαιρῶν καὶ ξύλων συνλαβεῖν με? 1 Did you come out, as against a robber, with swords and clubs to seize me? Jesus is not asking for information, but is using the question form here as an emphatic way to rebuke the crowd. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “It is ridiculous that you come here to seize me with swords and clubs, as if I were a robber!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
MRK 14 48 djp0 figs-go ἐξήλθατε 1 Your language may say “go” rather than **come** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “Did you go out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
MRK 14 49 my05 figs-synecdoche 1 Only priests were allowed to enter the temple building, so by saying **the temple** Jesus means the temple courtyard. He is using the word for the entire building to refer to one part of it. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use plain language as modeled by the UST.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
MRK 14 49 t9d8 figs-ellipsis ἀλλ’ ἵνα πληρωθῶσιν αἱ Γραφαί 1 Jesus’ words **But so that the Scriptures might be fulfilled** could: (1) be an ellipsis. If this is the case then Jesus is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words. Matthew, in his parallel account in [Matt 26:56](../mat/26/56.md), supplies the words “all this has happened” between the words **But** and **so that**, so if this is an ellipsis these are the words that should be supplied. Alternate translation: “But all this has happened so that the Scriptures might be fulfilled” or “But, so that the Scriptures might be fulfilled, all this has happened ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) (2) instead be translated with an imperatival meaning as “But let the Scriptures be fulfilled.” Alternate translation: “But let the Scriptures be fulfilled”
MRK 14 49 d8wh figs-activepassive πληρωθῶσιν αἱ Γραφαί 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Jesus implies that both God and sinful humans are acting to fulfill Scripture. God is intentionally acting to fulfill Scripture by leading Jesus to be willing to die and not flee from those trying to kill him and sinful humans are also acting to fulfill Scripture even though they do not know that they are fulfilling what God had predicted in the Old Testament would happen to the Messiah. Because of this, if you must state who did the action, it would be best to translate this in a way that includes both or allows for both. Alternate translation: “God might fulfill through the acts of sinful men what has been predicted in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
MRK 14 50 pk0i writing-pronouns αὐτὸν 1 The pronoun **him** refers to Jesus. If it would help your readers you can indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
MRK 14 50 gqz8 figs-explicit ἔφυγον πάντες 1 they all ran away The phrase **they all** refers to Jesus’ 12 disciples. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “all Jesus’ disciples ran away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
MRK 14 51 y5yt translate-unknown σινδόνα 1 a linen garment The term **linen** refers to a high quality clothe made from the fibers of the flax plant. If you do not have **linen** in your region and/or your readers would be unfamiliar with this term you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “a garment made of fine cloth” or “a garment made of good cloth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
MRK 14 51 nag4 κρατοῦσιν αὐτόν 1 they seize him “the men seized that man”
MRK 14 52 eud7 ὁ δὲ καταλιπὼν τὴν σινδόνα 1 but he, having left behind the linen garment As the man was trying to run away, the others would have grabbed at his clothing, trying to stop him.
MRK 14 53 qu33 0 Connecting Statement: After the crowd of the chief priests, scribes, and elders lead Jesus to the high priest, Peter watches nearby while some stand to give false testimony against Jesus.
MRK 14 53 s7t1 συνέρχονται πάντες οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς, καὶ οἱ πρεσβύτεροι, καὶ οἱ γραμματεῖς 1 all the chief priests, and the elders, and the scribes gather together This can be reordered so that it is easier to understand. “all of the chief priests, the elders, and the scribes had gathered there together”
MRK 14 54 bzg7 καὶ 1 Now This word is used here to mark a shift in the story line as the author begins telling us about Peter.
MRK 14 54 l5gl figs-explicit ἕως ἔσω εἰς τὴν αὐλὴν τοῦ ἀρχιερέως 1 as far as into the courtyard of the high priest As Peter followed Jesus, he stopped at the high priest’s courtyard. This can be written clearly. Alternate translation: “and he all the way to the courtyard of the high priest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
MRK 14 54 x2g5 figs-explicit ἦν συνκαθήμενος μετὰ τῶν ὑπηρετῶν 1 he was sitting with the guards Peter sat with the guards who were working at the courtyard. Alternate translation: “he sat in the courtyard among the guards” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
MRK 14 55 w23n δὲ 1 Now This word is used here to mark a shift in the story line as the author continues telling us about Jesus being put on trial.
MRK 14 55 fu1l figs-metonymy εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν 1 to put him to death They were not the ones who would execute Jesus; rather, they would order someone else to do it. Alternate translation: “so they might have someone execute Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
MRK 14 55 d9gn figs-explicit οὐχ ηὕρισκον 1 they were not finding any They did not find testimony against Jesus with which they could convict him and have him put to death. Alternate translation: “they did not find any testimony with which to convict him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
MRK 14 51 nag4 κρατοῦσιν αὐτόν 1 they seize him Alternate translation: “the men seized that man”
MRK 14 53 ze1s figs-explicit ἀπήγαγον 1 If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state more explicitly what the phrase “they led Jesus away” means. Alternate translation: “they led Jesus away from the place where they had arrested him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
MRK 14 54 bzg7 writing-background καὶ ὁ Πέτρος ἀπὸ μακρόθεν ἠκολούθησεν αὐτῷ 1 Now Mark provides this background information to help readers understand what happens next in the story. Alternate translation: “Now Peter followed Jesus, staying some distance away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
MRK 14 54 l5gl figs-explicit ὁ Πέτρος ἀπὸ μακρόθεν ἠκολούθησεν αὐτῷ, ἕως 1 as far as into the courtyard of the high priest If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state explicitly why Peter **followed** Jesus **from a distance**. It may be helpful to make this a separate sentence. Alternate translation: “Peter followed Jesus, staying some distance away so that he would not be recognized and arrested himself. He followed as far as …” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
MRK 14 55 w23n grammar-connect-words-phrases οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ Συνέδριον 1 Now The word **Now** indicates that Mark is transitioning subjects and is now making **the chief priest** and the **Sanhedrin** the subject of the story instead of Peter. Use a natural way in your language for indicating this change in subjects. Alternate translation: “Now the men who were the chief priests and the entire Sanhedrin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])\n
MRK 14 55 wlp4 figs-explicit ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν, εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν 1 The phrase **seeking testimony against** means that the chief priests and the Sanhedrin was seeking evidence against Jesus that they could bring to the Roman authorities and use it to accuse Jesus with. This was not an official trial. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “were looking for evidence against Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
MRK 14 55 xp1q figs-abstractnouns μαρτυρίαν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **testimony**, you could express the idea behind this word by using a verbal phrase, as modeled by the UST, or by expressing the idea in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
MRK 14 55 yew5 figs-abstractnouns εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν  1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **death**, you could express the idea behind this word by using a verb form such as “kill” or by expressing it some other way. Alternate translation: “so that they could have him killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
MRK 14 56 jpc7 ἴσαι αἱ μαρτυρίαι οὐκ ἦσαν 1 their testimony was not the same This can be written in positive form. “but their testimony contradicted each other”
MRK 14 58 f82e figs-exclusive ἡμεῖς ἠκούσαμεν αὐτοῦ λέγοντος 1 We heard him saying “We heard Jesus say.” The word **We** refers to the people who falsely testified against Jesus and does not include the people to whom they are speaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
MRK 14 58 e94y figs-synecdoche τὸν χειροποίητον…ἀχειροποίητον 1 made with hands … made without hands Here, **hands** refers to men. Alternate translation: “made by men … made without man’s help” or “built by men … built without man’s help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
MRK 14 58 k1vs διὰ τριῶν ἡμερῶν 1 in three days “within three days.” This means that the temple would be built within a three-day period.
MRK 14 58 hm5e figs-ellipsis ἄλλον…οἰκοδομήσω 1 I will build another The word “temple” is understood from the previous phrase. It may be repeated. Alternate translation: “I will build another temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
MRK 14 59 x6hk οὐδὲ οὕτως ἴση ἦν ἡ μαρτυρία αὐτῶν 1 not even in this manner was their testimony the same “even then what they testified contradicted each other.” This can be written in positive form.
MRK 14 60 d7i8 0 Connecting Statement: When Jesus answers that he is the Christ, the high priest and all of the leaders there condemn him as one who deserves to die.
MRK 14 60 q2u1 figs-explicit ἀναστὰς…εἰς μέσον 1 having stood up in their midst Jesus stands up in the middle of the angry crowd to speak to them. Translate this to show who was present when Jesus stood in their midst. Alternate translation: “stood up among the chief priests, scribes, and elders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
MRK 14 60 af5e figs-explicit οὐκ ἀποκρίνῃ οὐδέν? τί οὗτοί σου καταμαρτυροῦσιν? 1 Do you not answer at all? What are these testifying against you? The chief priest is not asking Jesus for information about what the witnesses said. He is asking Jesus to prove what the witnesses said is wrong. Alternate translation: “Are you not going to reply? What do you say in response to the testimony these men are speaking against you?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
MRK 14 61 x6ey figs-nominaladj τοῦ Εὐλογητοῦ 1 of the Blessed One Here God is called **the Blessed One**. Alternate translation: “of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
MRK 14 61 o27t guidelines-sonofgodprinciples ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Εὐλογητοῦ 1 the Son of the Blessed One It is best to translate **Son** with the same word your language would naturally use to refer to a “son” of a human father. Alternate translation: “the Son of the Blessed One” or “the Son of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
MRK 14 62 z5rv ἐγώ εἰμι 1 I am This likely has a double meaning: (1) Jesus said this to respond to the high priest’s question. (2) Jesus also said this to call himself “I Am,” which is what God called himself in the Old Testament.
MRK 14 62 e1xd figs-metonymy ἐκ δεξιῶν καθήμενον τῆς δυνάμεως 1 sitting at the right hand of power Here, **power** is a metonym that represents God. Alternate translation: “sitting at the right hand of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
MRK 14 62 d5qm translate-symaction ἐκ δεξιῶν καθήμενον τῆς δυνάμεως 1 sitting at the right hand of power To sit **at the right hand** of God is a symbolic action of receiving great honor and authority from God. Alternate translation: “he sits in the place of honor beside the all-powerful God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
MRK 14 62 z55c figs-metaphor ἐρχόμενον μετὰ τῶν νεφελῶν τοῦ οὐρανοῦ 1 coming with the clouds of heaven Here the **clouds** are described as accompanying Jesus when he returns. Alternate translation: “when he comes down through the clouds in the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
MRK 14 63 jz48 διαρρήξας τοὺς χιτῶνας αὐτοῦ 1 having torn his garments The high priest tore his clothes purposefully to show his outrage and horror at what Jesus had said. Alternate translation: “having torn his garments in outrage”
MRK 14 63 afd3 figs-rquestion τί ἔτι χρείαν ἔχομεν μαρτύρων? 1 What need do we still have of witnesses? This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “We certainly do not need any more people who will testify against this man!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
MRK 14 64 zwf9 figs-explicit ἠκούσατε τῆς βλασφημίας 1 You heard the blasphemy This refers to what Jesus said, which the high priest called blasphemy. Alternate translation: “You have heard the blasphemy he has spoken” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
MRK 14 64 fu4g οἱ…πάντες 1 they all all the people in the room
MRK 14 65 y1s4 ἤρξαντό τινες 1 certain ones began some of the people in the room started
MRK 14 65 bj5e figs-explicit περικαλύπτειν αὐτοῦ τὸ πρόσωπον 1 to cover his face They covered his face with a cloth or blindfold, so he could not see. Alternate translation: “to cover his face with a blindfold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
MRK 14 65 gvq3 figs-explicit προφήτευσον 1 Prophesy They mocked him, asking him to tell them who was hitting him. Alternate translation: “Prophesy who hit you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
MRK 14 65 y68i οἱ ὑπηρέται 1 the officers the men who guarded the governor’s house
MRK 14 66 fj8d 0 Connecting Statement: As Jesus had predicted, Peter denies Jesus three times before the rooster crows.
MRK 14 66 m8g8 κάτω ἐν τῇ αὐλῇ 1 below in the courtyard “outside in the courtyard”
MRK 14 66 t2mx figs-explicit μία τῶν παιδισκῶν τοῦ ἀρχιερέως 1 one of the servant girls of the high priest The **servant girls** worked for the **high priest**. Alternate translation: “one of the servant girls who worked for the high priest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
MRK 14 68 l5i1 ἠρνήσατο 1 denied it This means to claim that something is not true. In this case, Peter was saying that what the servant girl said about him was not true.
MRK 14 68 d3ch figs-doublet οὔτε οἶδα, οὔτε ἐπίσταμαι σὺ τί λέγεις 1 Neither have I known nor do I understand what you are saying Both **have I known** and **I understand** have the same meaning here. The meaning is repeated to add emphasis to what Peter is saying. Alternate translation: “I really do not understand what you are talking about” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
MRK 14 69 l137 ἡ παιδίσκη 1 the servant girl This is the same servant girl who identified Peter previously.
MRK 14 69 v5kr figs-explicit οὗτος ἐξ αὐτῶν ἐστιν 1 This one is from among them The people were identifying Peter as one of Jesus’ disciples. This can be made more clear. Alternate translation: “This one is one of Jesus’ disciples” or “This is one of those who have been with that man they arrested” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
MRK 14 71 ce6r figs-idiom ἀναθεματίζειν 1 to curse If in your language you have to name the person who curses someone, state God. Alternate translation: “to say for God to curse him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
MRK 14 72 i7u2 εὐθὺς…ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν 1 immediately a rooster crowed A **rooster** is a bird that calls out very early in the morning. The loud sound he makes is “crowing.”
MRK 14 72 ja3e translate-ordinal ἐκ δευτέρου 1 a second time Here, **second** is an ordinal number. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
MRK 14 72 zr4p figs-idiom ἐπιβαλὼν 1 having broken down This idiom means that he was overwhelmed with grief and lost control of his emotions. Alternate translation: “he was overwhelmed with grief” or “he lost control of his emotions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
MRK 15 intro d823 0 # Mark 15 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### “The curtain of the temple was split in two”<br><br>The curtain in the temple was an important symbol that showed that people needed to have someone speak to God for them. They could not speak to God directly because all people are sinful and God hates sin. God split the curtain to show that Jesus’ people can now speak to God directly because Jesus has paid for their sins.<br><br>### The tomb<br><br>The tomb in which Jesus was buried ([Mark 15:46](../mrk/15/46.md)) was the kind of tomb in which wealthy Jewish families buried their dead. It was an actual room cut into a rock. It had a flat place on one side where they could place the body after they had put oil and spices on it and wrapped it in cloth. Then they would roll a large rock in front of the tomb so no one could see inside or enter.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Sarcasm<br><br>Both by pretending to worship Jesus ([Mark 15:19](../mrk/15/19.md)) and by pretending to speak to a king ([Mark 15:18](../mrk/15/18.md)), the soldiers and the Jews showed that they hated Jesus and did not believe that he was the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/mock]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani?<br><br>This is a phrase in Aramaic. Mark transliterates its sounds by writing them using Greek letters. He then explains its meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
MRK 15 1 mps2 0 Connecting Statement: When the chief priests, the elders, the scribes, and the council gave Jesus over to Pilate, they accused Jesus of doing many bad things. When Pilate asked if what they said was true, Jesus did not answer him.
MRK 15 1 xz7c figs-metonymy δήσαντες τὸν Ἰησοῦν, ἀπήνεγκαν 1 having bound Jesus, led him away They commanded for Jesus to be **bound**, but it would have been the guards who actually bound him and **led him away**. Alternate translation: “commanded the guards to bind Jesus and then they led him away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
MRK 15 1 v2yf παρέδωκαν Πειλάτῳ 1 handed him over to Pilate They had Jesus led to Pilate and transferred control of Jesus over to him.
MRK 15 2 dh6n figs-explicit σὺ λέγεις 1 You say so This could mean: (1) Jesus was saying that Pilate, not Jesus, was the one calling him the King of the Jews. Alternate translation: “You yourself have said so” (2) Jesus was implying that he is the King of the Jews. Alternate translation: “Yes, as you said, I am” or “Yes. It is as you said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
MRK 15 3 ue18 κατηγόρουν αὐτοῦ…πολλά 1 were accusing him of many things “were accusing Jesus of many things” or “were saying that Jesus had done many bad things”
MRK 15 4 c9uc ὁ δὲ Πειλᾶτος πάλιν ἐπηρώτα αὐτὸν 1 But Pilate again was questioning him “But Pilate asked Jesus again”
MRK 15 4 s2as οὐκ ἀποκρίνῃ οὐδέν? 1 Do you not answer at all? You can state this in positive form. Alternate translation: “Do you have an answer?”
MRK 15 4 pm6k ἴδε 1 See “Look at” or “Listen to” or “Pay attention to”
MRK 15 5 way9 ὥστε θαυμάζειν τὸν Πειλᾶτον 1 so that Pilate was amazed It surprised **Pilate** that Jesus did not reply and defend himself.
MRK 15 6 ul5e 0 Connecting Statement: Pilate, hoping the crowd will choose Jesus, offers to release a prisoner, but the crowd asks for Barabbas instead.
MRK 15 6 ul19 writing-background δὲ 1 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line as the author shifts to telling background information about Pilate’s tradition of releasing a prisoner at feasts and about Barabbas. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
MRK 15 7 fa7t ἦν δὲ ὁ λεγόμενος Βαραββᾶς, μετὰ τῶν στασιαστῶν δεδεμένος 1 And there was, bound with the rebels, one who was called Barabbas “At that time there was a man called Barabbas, who was in prison with some other men”
MRK 15 8 a4xb figs-explicit αἰτεῖσθαι καθὼς ἐποίει αὐτοῖς 1 to request of him just as he usually did for them This refers to Pilate releasing a prisoner at feasts. This can be made clear. Alternate translation: “to ask him to release a prisoner to them as he had done in the past” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
MRK 15 10 i4ib writing-background ἐγίνωσκεν γὰρ ὅτι διὰ φθόνον παραδεδώκεισαν αὐτὸν οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς 1 For he knew that the chief priests had handed him over because of envy This is background information about why Jesus was **handed over** to Pilate. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
MRK 15 10 u647 figs-explicit διὰ φθόνον παραδεδώκεισαν αὐτὸν οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς 1 the chief priests had handed him over because of envy They **chief priests** envied Jesus, probably because so many people were following him and becoming his disciples. Alternate translation: “the chief priests were envious of Jesus. This is why they handed him over” or “the chief priests were envious of Jesus’ popularity among the people. This is why they handed him over” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
MRK 15 11 y5w3 figs-metaphor ἀνέσεισαν τὸν ὄχλον 1 stirred up the crowd The author speaks of the chief priests rousing or urging **the crowd** as if the crowd were a bowl of something that they were stirring. Alternate translation: “roused the crowd” or “urged the crowd” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
MRK 15 11 pvu6 figs-ellipsis μᾶλλον τὸν Βαραββᾶν ἀπολύσῃ αὐτοῖς 1 he would release Barabbas to them instead They requested Pilate to **release Barabbas** **instead** of Jesus. Alternate translation: “he would release Barabbas instead of Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
MRK 15 12 keq2 0 Connecting Statement: The crowd asks for Jesus’ death, so Pilate turns him over to the soldiers, who mock him, crown him with thorns, strike him, and lead him out to crucify him.
MRK 15 12 vlm3 figs-explicit τί οὖν ποιήσω λέγετε τὸν Βασιλέα τῶν Ἰουδαίων? 1 What therefore should I do to the one you call the King of the Jews? Pilate asks what he should do with Jesus if he releases Barabbas to them. This can be written clearly. Alternate translation: “If I release Barabbas, what then should I do with the King of the Jews?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
MRK 15 14 e55i ὁ δὲ Πειλᾶτος ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς 1 But Pilate was saying to them “But Pilate said to the crowd”
MRK 14 56 quw1 figs-abstractnouns καὶ ἴσαι αἱ μαρτυρίαι οὐκ ἦσαν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **testimony**, you could express the idea behind this word by using a verbal phrase, as modeled by the UST, or by expressing the idea in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but what they said against Jesus was not the same” or “but when they testified against Jesus they contradicted each other” or “but when they testified against Jesus they were not consistent with each other” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
MRK 14 57 vulz 1 See how you translated the word “testifying” in [14:56](../14/56.md).
MRK 14 58 nbvu figs-quotesinquotes ὅτι ἡμεῖς ἠκούσαμεν αὐτοῦ λέγοντος, ὅτι ἐγὼ καταλύσω τὸν ναὸν τοῦτον, τὸν χειροποίητον, καὶ διὰ τριῶν ἡμερῶν ἄλλον ἀχειροποίητον οἰκοδομήσω 1 If the direct quotation inside a direct quotation would be confusing in your language, you could translate the second direct quotation as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “We heard him saying that he will destroy this temple made with hands, and in three days will build another made without hands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
MRK 14 58 f82e figs-exclusive ἡμεῖς 1 We heard him saying The pronoun **We** refers to the people who falsely testified against Jesus and does not include the people to whom they are speaking. If your language requires you to mark such forms **We** would be exclusive here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
MRK 14 58 e94y figs-synecdoche τὸν χειροποίητον…ἀχειροποίητον 1 made with hands … made without hands Here, Jesus uses **hands** figuratively to mean **men**. Jesus uses one part of a person to refer to the entire person. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or plain language. Alternate translation: “made by men … made without man’s help” or “built by men … which will be built without man’s help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
MRK 14 58 hm5e figs-ellipsis ἄλλον 1 I will build another By saying **another** Jesus is leaving out a word that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply the word “temple” from the context as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
MRK 14 58 v4ny figs-extrainfo ἄλλον ἀχειροποίητον οἰκοδομήσω 1 By saying **another made without hands** Jesus is referring to his body which God would bring back to life after **three days**. Because this is a direct quote of something that Jesus said you should keep this information implicit in your translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
MRK 14 59 atbz figs-abstractnouns 1 See how you translated the word **testimony** in [14:56](../14/56.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
MRK 14 60 d7i8 καταμαρτυροῦσιν 1 Connecting Statement: See how you translated the word “testifying” in [14:56](../14/56.md).
MRK 14 61 pwtw figs-nominaladj ὁ…ἐσιώπα, καὶ οὐκ ἀπεκρίνατο 1 If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a single negative statement with only one negative since **silent** and **did not answer** both mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “every word will be possible for God” or “God is able to do anything that he says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
MRK 14 61 p8b5 figs-doublet ὁ…ἐσιώπα, καὶ οὐκ ἀπεκρίνατο οὐδέν 1 The phrases **he was silent** and the phrase **did not answer** mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize that Jesus did not respond to any of the false accusations that were being made against him. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “he did not reply to anything that was said against him at all” or “Jesus did not reply to a single thing that was said against him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
MRK 14 61 o27t ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Εὐλογητοῦ 1 the Son of the Blessed One Here, the title **the Blessed One** is a way of referring to God so when the **high priest** asks Jesus if he is **the Son of the Blessed One** he is asking Jesus if he is “the Son of God.”
MRK 14 62 c212 τὸν Υἱὸν τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου 1 See how you translated the title **the Son of Man** in [2:10](../02/10.md). 
MRK 14 62 yhhk figs-123person τὸν Υἱὸν τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου 1 By calling himself **the Son of Man** Jesus is referring to himself in the third person. If this is confusing in your language, you can use the first person as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
MRK 14 62 d5qm translate-symaction ἐκ δεξιῶν καθήμενον τῆς δυνάμεως 1 sitting at the right hand of power To sit **at the right hand** of God is a symbolic action of receiving great honor and authority from God. If there is a gesture with a similar meaning in your culture, you could consider using it here in your translation or you could use plain language to express what **sitting at the right hand** of someone meant in Jesus’ culture. Alternate translation: “sitting in a place of honor beside the all-powerful God” or “sitting in a place of honor next to the all-powerful God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
MRK 14 62 e1xd figs-metonymy ἐκ δεξιῶν καθήμενον τῆς δυνάμεως 1 sitting at the right hand of power By using the phrase **of power** Jesus is figuratively referring to God by association with his **power**. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture that expresses power or you could use plain language. Alternate translation: “sitting at the right hand of God” or “sitting at the right hand of God who is powerful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
MRK 14 63 jz48 translate-symaction διαρρήξας τοὺς χιτῶνας αὐτοῦ 1 having torn his garments In Jesus’ culture the act of tearing one’s clothes was a symbolic action which a person would do in order to show outrage or grief. If there is a gesture with a similar meaning in your culture, you could consider using it here in your translation or you could use plain language to express what tearing ones clothes meant in Jesus’ culture. Alternate translation: “having torn his garments in outrage” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
MRK 14 63 afd3 figs-rquestion τί ἔτι χρείαν ἔχομεν μαρτύρων? 1 What need do we still have of witnesses? By saying **What need do we still have of witnesses** the high priest is not asking for information, but is using the question form here for emphasis. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “We certainly do not need any more people who will testify against this man!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
MRK 14 64 zwf9 figs-explicit ἠκούσατε τῆς βλασφημίας 1 You heard the blasphemy This refers to what Jesus said, which the high priest called blasphemy. If it would help your readers you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “You have heard the blasphemy he has spoken” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
MRK 14 64 fu4g figs-abstractnouns ἔνοχον εἶναι θανάτου 1 they all If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **death**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “and said he deserved to be executed”
MRK 14 65 y1s4 ἤρξαντό τινες 1 certain ones began Alternate translation: “some of those present” or “some of the people there”
MRK 14 65 d56t translate-unknown περικαλύπτειν αὐτοῦ τὸ πρόσωπον 1 A **blindfold** is a thick cloth that people tie around the middle of a person’s head to cover the eyes and prevent that person from seeing. If your readers would not be familiar with this, you could explain it with a general expression. Alternate translation: “to cover his eyes so that he could not see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
MRK 14 65 gvq3 figs-explicit προφήτευσον 1 Prophesy The implication is that God would have to tell Jesus who struck him, since Jesus had his eyes covered and could not see who was striking him. If it would help your readers you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Prophesy and tell us who hit you” or “Speak words from God and tell us who hit you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
MRK 14 65 dg7u figs-irony προφήτευσον 1 The guards did not believe that Jesus was a real prophet and could **Prophesy**. When they asked Jesus to **Prophesy**, they were asking him to do something they believe he could not do. They were only asking Jesus to **Prophesy** in order to mock him. If your readers would misunderstand this, consider expressing the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Prove that you really are a prophet and prophesy” or “Prophesy if you really are a prophet” or “Prophesy and tell us who hit you if you really are a prophet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
MRK 14 65 y68i οἱ ὑπηρέται 1 the officers Alternate translation: the men who guarded the governor’s house
MRK 14 68 l5i1 figs-doublet οὔτε οἶδα, οὔτε ἐπίσταμαι σὺ τί λέγεις 1 denied it The phrase **Neither have I known** and the phrase **nor do I understand what you are saying** mean basically the same thing. Peter is using the repetition for emphasis. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “I surely do not know what you are talking about” or “I have no idea what you are talking about” or “I know nothing about this man from Nazareth that you are speaking about” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
MRK 14 69 v5kr writing-pronouns αὐτῶν 1 This one is from among them The pronoun **them** refers to Jesus and his disciples. If it would help your readers, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “Jesus and his disciples” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
MRK 14 70 qjgs writing-pronouns ἐξ αὐτῶν 1 See how you translated the phrase **from among them** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
MRK 14 71 ce6r figs-explicit ἀναθεματίζειν 1 to curse Here, the phrase **to curse** means “to invoke a curse from God upon oneself.” Here, Peter is invoking God’s curse upon himself if what he is saying is not true. If it would help your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “to invoke God’s curse upon himself if what he was saying was not true” “to ask God to curse him if what he was saying was false” or “to invoke God’s destruction upon himself if what he was saying was false” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
MRK 14 71 vihe figs-explicit ὀμνύειν, ὅτι οὐκ οἶδα τὸν ἄνθρωπον τοῦτον, ὃν λέγετε 1 Here, the phrase **to swear** means “to subject oneself to an oath” or “to put oneself under an oath.” Here, Peter is invoking God’s curse upon himself if what he is saying is not true. If it would help your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “to swear by saying, ‘God is my witness that I do not know the man whom you are talking about’” or “to promise by making and oath and saying, ‘God is my witness that I do not know the man whom you are talking about’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
MRK 14 72 i7u2 translate-unknown ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν…ἀλέκτορα φωνῆσαι 1 immediately a rooster crowed See how you translated the similar phrase in [13:35](../13/35.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
MRK 14 72 ja3e translate-ordinal ἐκ δευτέρου 1 a second time The word **second** is an ordinal number. If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can translate the phrase **a second time** in a way that would be natural in your language. Alternate translation: “again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
MRK 14 72 cfno figs-metonymy ῥῆμα 1 Mark is using the term **word** figuratively to describe what Jesus had said using words. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “statement Jesus had made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
MRK 14 72 trxc τρίς με ἀπαρνήσῃ 1 Alternate translation: “you will say three times that you do not know me”
MRK 14 72 zr4p figs-idiom ἐπιβαλὼν, ἔκλαιεν 1 having broken down The Greek phrase which the ULT translates as **having broken down** could (1) be an idiom idiom which means that Peter became overwhelmed with grief and lost control of his emotions. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom from your culture or use plain language. Alternate translation: “having become overwhelmed with grief” or “having lost control of his emotions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) (2) also be translated as “having thought of it” or “having reflected on it.” Alternate translation: “having thought of it, he was weeping” or “having reflected on it, he was weeping” or “having thought about what he had just done, he was weeping” (3) also be translated as “he began” Alternate translation: “he began weeping” or “he started crying”
MRK 15 intro d823 0 # Mark 15 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### “The curtain of the temple was split in two”\n\nThe curtain in the temple was an important symbol that showed that people needed to have someone speak to God for them. They could not speak to God directly because all people are sinful and God hates sin. God split the curtain to show that Jesus’ people can now speak to God directly because Jesus has paid for their sins.\n\n### The tomb\n\nThe tomb in which Jesus was buried ([Mark 15:46](../mrk/15/46.md)) was the kind of tomb in which wealthy Jewish families buried their dead. It was an actual room cut into a rock. It had a flat place on one side where they could place the body after they had put oil and spices on it and wrapped it in cloth. Then they would roll a large rock in front of the tomb so no one could see inside or enter.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Sarcasm\n\nThe soldiers were insulting Jesus when they put a “purple robe” on him and placed a “crown of thorns” on his head (See Mark 15:17) and said, “Hail, King of the Jews” (See Mark 15:18) and bent their knees and bowed down to him (See Mark 15:19) because these actions were symbolic of things that people would do to a king but they did not really believe that Jesus was a king. By pretending that they thought Jesus was a king, and by putting a “crown of thorns” on Jesus’ head instead of a regular crown, and by “striking his head with a staff and spitting on him” (See Mark 15:19) the soldiers showed that they did not believe that Jesus was the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/mock]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n\n### Golgotha\n\nThe word “Golgotha” is an Aramaic word. Mark used Greek letters to express the sound of this Aramaic word so that his readers would know how it sounded and then he told them it meant “Place of a Skull.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])\n\n\n### Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani?\n\nThis is an Aramaic phrase. Mark transliterates the sounds of this phrase by writing them using Greek letters. Mark used Greek letters to express the sound of this Aramaic phrase so that his readers would know how it sounded and then he told them that it meant “My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
MRK 15 1 xz7c figs-explicit δήσαντες τὸν Ἰησοῦν, ἀπήνεγκαν 1 having bound Jesus, led him away The Jewish religious leaders commanded for Jesus to be **bound** but did not bind him themselves. It would have been the guards who actually bound Jesus and **led him away**. If it would help your readers you could indicate this in your translation as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “commanded the guards to bind Jesus and then the guards bound him and led him away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
MRK 15 1 v2yf παρέδωκαν Πειλάτῳ 1 handed him over to Pilate Alternate translation: “delivered him over to Pilate” or “transferred control of Jesus to Pilate”
MRK 15 2 kn7i figs-hendiadys ἀποκριθεὶς αὐτῷ λέγει 1 Together the two words **answering** and **says** mean that Jesus responded to what Pilate asked him. Alternate translation: “Jesus responded” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
MRK 15 2 dh6n figs-idiom σὺ λέγεις 1 You say so **You say so** is an idiom. Jesus is using it to acknowledge that what Pilate has said is true. Alternate translation: “Yes, it is as you say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
MRK 15 3 b9sj grammar-connect-time-background καὶ κατηγόρουν αὐτοῦ οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς πολλά 1 Mark is providing this background information to help readers understand what happens next. Use a natural way in your language for introducing background information. Alternate translation: “Now the chief priests were accusing Jesus of many things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background]])
MRK 15 3 ue18 κατηγόρουν αὐτοῦ…πολλά 1 were accusing him of many things Alternate translation: “were accusing Jesus of many things” or “were saying that Jesus had done many bad things”
MRK 15 4 s2as οὐκ ἀποκρίνῃ οὐδέν? 1 Do you not answer at all? Alternate translation: “Are you not going to respond to anything they have said?”
MRK 15 5 way9 ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς οὐκέτι οὐδὲν ἀπεκρίθη 1 so that Pilate was amazed Alternate translation: “But Jesus made no further reply”
MRK 15 6 ul19 writing-background κατὰ δὲ ἑορτὴν, ἀπέλυεν αὐτοῖς ἕνα δέσμιον, ὃν παρῃτοῦντο 1 Now The word **Now** is used here to mark a break in the main story line as Mark shifts to telling background information about Pilate’s tradition of releasing a prisoner at feasts. Mark is providing background information in this verse to help readers understand what happens next. Use a natural way in your language for introducing background information. Alternate translation: “It was Pilate’s custom to release to them a prisoner of their choice during the festival” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
MRK 15 7 pdy3 writing-background δὲ 1 The word **Now** is used here to mark a continuation of the break in the main story line which began in the preceding verse and to introduce background information about Barabbas to help readers understand what happens next. Use a natural way in your language for introducing background information. Alternate translation: “And” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) 
MRK 15 7 lx8n figs-activepassive λεγόμενος 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “by the name of” or “named” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 
MRK 15 7 wvzq figs-activepassive δεδεμένος 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Mark implies that “the Roman authorities” had soldiers do it. Alternate translation: “whom the Roman authorities ordered to be bound and put” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
MRK 15 7 iofn figs-abstractnouns φόνον πεποιήκεισαν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **murder**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
MRK 15 8 a4xb figs-go ἀναβὰς 1 to request of him just as he usually did for them Your language may say “went up” rather than **come up** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “having went up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
MRK 15 9 o3j4 figs-hendiadys ἀπεκρίθη αὐτοῖς λέγων 1 When translating the phrase **answered them, saying** see how you translated the similar phrase “answering him says” in [15:2](../15/02.md). Alternate translation: “responded to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
MRK 15 10 i4ib writing-background ἐγίνωσκεν γὰρ ὅτι διὰ φθόνον παραδεδώκεισαν αὐτὸν οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς 1 For he knew that the chief priests had handed him over because of envy Mark provides this background information about why Jesus was **handed over** in order to help readers understand why Pilate asked the question in [15:9](../15/09.md). Mark introduces the background information in this verse with the word **For**. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
MRK 15 10 u647 figs-explicit διὰ φθόνον παραδεδώκεισαν αὐτὸν οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς 1 the chief priests had handed him over because of envy The **chief priests** envied Jesus because so many people were following him and becoming his disciples. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. If you decide to express this information explicitly consider beginning a new sentence. Alternate translation: “the chief priests were envious of Jesus because so many people were becoming his disciples. Pilate knew that this was why they had handed him over” or “the chief priests were envious of Jesus’ popularity among the people. This is why they had handed him over” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
MRK 15 10 yjp3 παραδεδώκεισαν αὐτὸν 1 Alternate translation: “had delivered him over”
MRK 15 11 y5w3 figs-metaphor ἀνέσεισαν τὸν ὄχλον 1 stirred up the crowd Mark speaks figuratively of the **chief priests** as if they had **stirred** a pot and put in motion things that had been lying quietly on the bottom. Mark means that the **high priests** encouraged the crowd to ask Pilate to release Barabbas. If your readers would not understand what **stirred up** means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “encouraged the crowd” or “incited the crowd” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
MRK 15 11 pvu6 grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 he would release Barabbas to them instead The phrase **so that** introduces what the **chief priests stirred up the crowd** to request of Pilate. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
MRK 15 12 keq2 figs-hendiadys Πειλᾶτος πάλιν ἀποκριθεὶς ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς 1 Connecting Statement: See how you translated the similar statement in [15:9](../15/09.md). Alternate translation: “Pilate responded again to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
MRK 15 12 p94y πάλιν 1 Mark uses the word **again** here because Pilate had already spoken to them regarding this matter in [15:9](../15/09.md). Use a natural form in your language for expressing the meaning of **again** as it is used here, as modeled by the UST.
MRK 15 12 vlm3 figs-explicit τί οὖν ποιήσω λέγετε τὸν Βασιλέα τῶν Ἰουδαίων? 1 What therefore should I do to the one you call the King of the Jews? Pilate uses the word **therefore** because, as [15:11](../15/11.md) indicates, the chief priests had “stirred stirred up the crowd” to request that Pilate “release Barabbas” to them so Pilate is asking what he should **therefore** do with Jesus as a result. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “If I release Barabbas, what then should I do to the one you call the King of the Jews?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
MRK 15 12 r7ge οὖν 1 Alternate translation: “then”
MRK 15 13 n6jb translate-unknown σταύρωσον αὐτόν 1 The Romans executed some criminals by nailing them to a wooden beam with crossbar and setting the beam upright so that the criminals would slowly suffocate. That was what it meant to **Crucify** someone. Alternate translation: “Nail him to a cross! Execute him!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])\n
MRK 15 13 nwms figs-imperative σταύρωσον αὐτόν 1 Here, the word **Crucify** is an imperative, but since the crowd cannot command Pilate to do this, you can translate the phrase **Crucify him** as an expression of what they want. Alternate translation: “We want you to nail him to a cross to execute him!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
MRK 15 14 e55i ὁ δὲ Πειλᾶτος ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς 1 But Pilate was saying to them See how you translated the phrase **Crucify him** in [15:13](../15/13.md).
MRK 15 15 qt8y τῷ ὄχλῳ τὸ ἱκανὸν ποιῆσαι 1 to do what was pleasing to the crowd “to make the crowd happy by doing what they wanted him to do”
MRK 15 15 fwg6 τὸν Ἰησοῦν φραγελλώσας 1 Jesus, having flogged him Pilate did not actually scourge **Jesus**, but rather his soldiers did.
MRK 15 15 yzn5 φραγελλώσας 1 having flogged him “having whipped him.” To **flog** is to beat with an especially painful whip.
MRK 15 15 r9id figs-activepassive παρέδωκεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν φραγελλώσας, ἵνα σταυρωθῇ 1 handed over Jesus, having flogged him, so that he might be crucified Pilate told his soldiers to take **Jesus** away to crucify him. You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “told his soldiers to take him away and crucify him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
MRK 15 16 eg6x τῆς αὐλῆς, ὅ ἐστιν πραιτώριον 1 the palace (that is, the Praetorium) This was where the Roman soldiers in Jerusalem lived, and where the governor stayed when he was in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “the courtyard of the soldiers’ barracks” or “the courtyard of the governor’s residence”
MRK 15 16 b5gs ὅλην τὴν σπεῖραν 1 the whole cohort of soldiers “the whole unit of soldiers”
MRK 15 17 tn33 ἐνδιδύσκουσιν αὐτὸν πορφύραν 1 They put a purple robe on him Purple was a color worn by royalty. The soldiers did not believe that Jesus was king. They clothed him this way to mock him because others said that he was the King of the Jews.
MRK 15 17 xfk8 ἀκάνθινον στέφανον 1 a crown of thorns “a crown made of thorny branches”
MRK 15 18 ft1j figs-irony Χαῖρε, Βασιλεῦ τῶν Ἰουδαίων 1 Hail, King of the Jews The greeting “Hail” with a raised hand was only used to greet the Roman emperor. The soldiers did not believe that Jesus was the king of the Jews. Rather they said this to mock him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
MRK 15 19 gz3b καλάμῳ 1 a reed “a stick” or “a staff”
MRK 15 19 a8a9 figs-metaphor τιθέντες τὰ γόνατα 1 They knelt down A person who kneels bends his knees, so those who kneel are sometimes said to “bend their knees.” Alternate translation: “kneeled” or “knelt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
MRK 15 15 fwg6 figs-explicit τὸν Ἰησοῦν φραγελλώσας 1 Jesus, having flogged him Mark assumes that his readers will know that Pilate did not actually flog **Jesus**, but rather he ordered his soldiers to do it. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
MRK 15 15 yzn5 translate-unknown φραγελλώσας 1 having flogged him Flogging was a Roman penalty in which a person was whipped with a whip containing attached pieces of bone and metal. If your readers would not be familiar with this form of punishment, you could explain explicitly what flogging was. Alternate translation: “having whipped Jesus with a whip with pieces of bone and metal attached to it” or “having whipped Jesus with a whip to which was attached pieces of bone and metal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
MRK 15 15 w1sl grammar-connect-logic-goal καὶ παρέδωκεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν φραγελλώσας, ἵνα σταυρωθῇ  1 The phrase **so that** introduces a purpose clause. With the phrase **so that he might be crucified•• Mark is stating the purpose for which Pilate**handed over Jesus**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “and after having Jesus flogged, he handed over Jesus to them in order that they might crucify him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
MRK 15 15 r9id figs-activepassive σταυρωθῇ 1 handed over Jesus, having flogged him, so that he might be crucified If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Mark implies that Pilate’s “soldiers” did it. Alternate translation: “his soldiers might take him away and crucify him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
MRK 15 16 eg6x writing-background ὅ ἐστιν πραιτώριον 1 the palace (that is, the Praetorium) Mark provides this background information describing **the palace** to help his readers understand what exactly he means by using the word **palace**. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. Alternate translation: “which is, the Praetorium” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
MRK 15 16 lb2x figs-explicit πραιτώριον 1 The **Praetorium** was where the Roman governor stayed when he was in Jerusalem and where the soldiers in Jerusalem lived. Mark assumes that his readers will know what the **Praetorium** is. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the palace where the governor and his soldiers lived” or “the Roman governor’s residence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
MRK 15 16 b5gs figs-explicit ὅλην τὴν σπεῖραν 1 the whole cohort of soldiers Mark assumes that his readers will know that a **cohort** was a Roman unit of soldiers. A **cohort** normally numbered around 600 men but could sometimes refer to a number as small as 200 men. Here, by saying **the whole cohort**, Mark most likely means all the soldiers from the **cohort** who were on duty at that time. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate explicitly that a **cohort** was a Roman unit of soldiers. Additionally, you could also say explicitly that it was only the soldiers who were on duty who were called together as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “the whole unit of soldiers” or “the whole unit of soldiers who were on duty there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
MRK 15 17 tn33 figs-explicit ἐνδιδύσκουσιν αὐτὸν πορφύραν, καὶ περιτιθέασιν αὐτῷ πλέξαντες ἀκάνθινον στέφανον 1 They put a purple robe on him In Roman culture, a **purple robe** and a **crown** were worn by kings. The soldiers put a **crown** made from **thorns** and a **purple robe** on Jesus in order to mock him. If your readers would not understand this, you could express the meaning explicitly. It may be helpful to your readers to make this a separate sentence. Alternate translation: “they put a purple robe on him and placed a crown on his head that they had made by twisting thorns together. They did these things in order order to mock him by pretending that they believed he really was a king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
MRK 15 17 ly5a translate-unknown πορφύραν 1 The word **purple** denotes a color. If your readers would be unfamiliar with the color **purple** you could use the closest equivalent color that your readers would be familiar with such as “crimson” or “scarlet” (“crimson” and “scarlet” are two different names for the same color) since Matthew records in [Matt 27:28](../mat/27/28.md) that the color of the robe was “scarlet.” The fact that Matthew and Mark use a different color to describe the color of the same robe probably means that its color closely resembled both “scarlet” and **purple**. If your readers would be unfamiliar with these colors you could use the closest equivalent color that they would be familiar with such as “red” or “dark red.” Alternate translation: “dark red” or “red” or “crimson” or “scarlet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
MRK 15 17 xfk8 figs-synecdoche πλέξαντες ἀκάνθινον στέφανον 1 a crown of thorns Mark uses **thorns** to refer to small branches with **thorns** on them. If it would help your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a crown twisted together from thorny branches” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
MRK 15 18 ft1j figs-irony ἀσπάζεσθαι αὐτόν, Χαῖρε, Βασιλεῦ τῶν Ἰουδαίων 1 Hail, King of the Jews **Hail** was a common greeting, but the soldiers use this greeting in order to mock Jesus. They also did not believe that Jesus was really the **King of the Jews**. They actually mean to communicate the opposite of the literal meaning of their words. If this might confuse your readers, you could provide a brief explanation. Alternate translation: “to salute him by saying in a mocking manner: ‘Hail, King of the Jews’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
MRK 15 19 gz3b figs-irony καλάμῳ, καὶ 1 a reed Matthew records in [Matt 27:19](../mat/27/19.md) that the soldiers placed a **reed** in Jesus’ “right hand” and that “they mocked him” by saying, “Hail, King of the Jews!” At this time in history kings used scepters which would have resembled a ••reed•• so the soldiers are using a **reed** here as a pretend scepter in order to mock Jesus. If it would help your readers, you could provide a brief explanation. Alternate translation: “with a reed that they were using as a pretend scepter, and they were” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
MRK 15 19 muvw translate-symaction ἐνέπτυον αὐτῷ 1 The action of **spitting on** someone was an expression of strong disgust in this culture. It was a way of acting out strong contempt for someone. If your readers would not understand the meaning of **spitting on** someone in this context and there is a gesture with a similar meaning in your culture, you could use it here in place of this action. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
MRK 15 19 a8a9 figs-irony τιθέντες τὰ γόνατα, προσεκύνουν αὐτῷ 1 They knelt down The act of **bending the knee** and **bowing down** was something that was done as a way of honoring kings at this time. The soldiers actually mean to communicate the opposite of the literal meaning of their actions. The soldiers do not really believe that Jesus is a king but rather they are doing these things as an expression of mockery. If this might confuse your readers, you could provide a brief explanation. Also see the discussion about this idea in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “bending the knee, they were bowing down to him in order to mock him”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
MRK 15 20 styv πορφύραν 1 See how you translated the word **purple** in [15:17](../15/17.md).
MRK 15 20 euk7 grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 The phrase **so that** introduces the purpose for which Jesus was **lead out**, namely that **they might crucify him**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
MRK 15 20 dp33 ἐξάγουσιν αὐτὸν 1 Alternate translation: “then they led him out of the city” or “required Jesus to carry his cross and then led Jesus out of the city” or “made Jesus carry his cross and led Jesus out of the city”
MRK 15 21 cj4l ἀγγαρεύουσιν…ἵνα ἄρῃ τὸν σταυρὸν αὐτοῦ 1 they forced him to carry his cross According to Roman law, a solider could force a man he came upon along the road to carry a load. In this case, they forced Simon to carry Jesus’ cross.
MRK 15 21 s4j3 ἀπ’ ἀγροῦ 1 from the country “from outside the city”
MRK 15 21 cyn6 writing-background ἀγγαρεύουσιν, παράγοντά τινα Σίμωνα Κυρηναῖον, ἐρχόμενον ἀπ’ ἀγροῦ, τὸν πατέρα Ἀλεξάνδρου καὶ Ῥούφου 1 they pressed into service a certain passerby, Simon of Cyrene (the father of Alexander and Rufus), coming from the country This is background information about the man whom the soldiers forced to carry Jesus’ cross. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
MRK 15 21 rtz2 translate-names Σίμωνα…Ἀλεξάνδρου…Ῥούφου 1 Simon … Alexander … Rufus These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
MRK 15 21 py16 translate-names Κυρηναῖον 1 Cyrene This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
MRK 15 22 w6c7 0 Connecting Statement: The soldiers bring Jesus to Golgotha, where they crucify him with two others. Many people mock him.
MRK 15 22 e49p translate-names Κρανίου Τόπος 1 Place of a Skull “Skull Place” or “Place of the Skull.” This the name of a place. It does not mean that there are lots of skulls there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
MRK 15 22 m1dd Κρανίου 1 of a Skull A **Skull** is the head bones, or a head without any flesh on it.
MRK 15 23 e9xd figs-explicit ἐσμυρνισμένον οἶνον 1 wine having been mixed with myrrh It may be helpful to explain that **myrrh** is a pain-relieving medicine. Alternate translation: “wine mixed with a medicine called myrrh” or “wine mixed with a pain-relieving medicine called myrrh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
MRK 15 25 q1ze translate-ordinal ὥρα τρίτη 1 the third hour Here, **third** here is a ordinal number. This refers to nine o’clock in the morning. Alternate translation: “nine o’clock in the morning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
MRK 15 26 b84a τῆς αἰτίας αὐτοῦ ἐπιγεγραμμένη 1 of the charge having been written against him “of the crime they were accusing him of doing”
MRK 15 27 mgf3 figs-explicit ἕνα ἐκ δεξιῶν καὶ ἕνα ἐξ εὐωνύμων αὐτοῦ 1 one on his right, and one on his left This can be written more clearly. Alternate translation: “one on a cross on the right side of him and one on a cross on the left side of him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
MRK 15 29 v8nu translate-symaction κινοῦντες τὰς κεφαλὰς αὐτῶν 1 shaking their heads This is an action people do to show that they disapproved of Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
MRK 15 29 a7ft figs-exclamations οὐὰ 1 Aha! This is a exclamation of mockery. Use the appropriate exclamation in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
MRK 15 21 s4j3 ἀπ’ ἀγροῦ 1 from the country Alternate translation: “from outside the city”
MRK 15 21 rtz2 translate-names Σίμωνα…Ἀλεξάνδρου…Ῥούφου 1 Simon … Alexander … Rufus The words **Simon**, **Alexander**, and **Rufus** are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
MRK 15 21 n1oz figs-go ἐρχόμενον 1 Your language may say “going” rather than **coming** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “going” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
MRK 15 21 cyn6 writing-background τὸν πατέρα Ἀλεξάνδρου καὶ Ῥούφου 1 they pressed into service a certain passerby, Simon of Cyrene (the father of Alexander and Rufus), coming from the country The phrase **the father of Alexander and Rufus** is background information about the man whom the soldiers forced to carry Jesus’ cross. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
MRK 15 21 d3i2 grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 The phrase **so that** introduces the purpose for which **they pressed into service a certain passerby, Simon of Cyrene**, namely **so that** they could require him to **carry** Jesus’ **cross**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
MRK 15 22 w6c7 translate-transliterate Γολγοθᾶν, τόπον ὅ ἐστιν μεθερμηνευόμενον, Κρανίου Τόπος 1 Connecting Statement: The word **Golgotha** is an Aramaic word. Mark used Greek letters to express the sound of this Aramaic word so that his readers would know how it sounded and then he told them that it meant **Place of a Skull**. In your translation you can spell it the way it sounds in your language and then explain its meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
MRK 15 22 e49p figs-extrainfo Γολγοθᾶν…Κρανίου Τόπος 1 Place of a Skull Matthew says in [Matt 27:33](../mat/27/33.md) that **Golgotha** was “a place called Golgotha” so it is clear that this was the name of a location, but the reason why this place was called **Place of a Skull** is not known. It could have been called **Place of a Skull** because the appearance of this place resembled a skull or because it was the site of so many executions, in which case the name **Skull** is being used as metonymy to refer to death. Because the reason that this location was called **Place of a Skull** is unknown you should translate this phrase in a way that allows for either meaning as modeled by the ULT and UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
MRK 15 22 m1dd figs-activepassive ἐστιν μεθερμηνευόμενον 1 of a Skull If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
MRK 15 23 e9xd figs-explicit ἐσμυρνισμένον οἶνον 1 wine having been mixed with myrrh If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain that **myrrh** was a pain relieving medicine. Alternate translation: “wine mixed with a pain relieving medicine called myrrh” or “wine mixed with a pain relieving drug called myrrh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
MRK 15 23 ld7e figs-activepassive ἐσμυρνισμένον 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
MRK 15 23 r0xy grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 What follows the word **but** here is in contrast to what was expected, that Jesus would **drink** the **wine mixed with myrrh**. Instead, Jesus refused to **drink it**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
MRK 15 24 s5m6 translate-unknown βάλλοντες κλῆρον ἐπ’ αὐτὰ 1 The term **lots** refers to objects with different markings on various sides that were used to decide randomly among several possibilities. They were tossed onto the ground to see which marked side would come up on top. If your readers would not be familiar with **lots**, you could state that they were “something like dice,” as UST does. But if your readers would also not be familiar with dice, then you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “and the Roman soldiers gambled for them to determine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
MRK 15 25 dzbr writing-background δὲ 1 Mark uses the word **Now** to introduce the background information of the time of day that it was when Jesus was crucified. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. Alternate translation: “And” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
MRK 15 25 q1ze translate-ordinal ὥρα τρίτη 1 the third hour The Jews and the Romans divided the day into a twelve hour time period and the night into a twelve hour period. Here the phrase **the third hour** refers to **the third hour** of the day, which was approximately three hours after sunrise. Here, **third** is an ordinal number. If your language does not use ordinal numbers you can translate the phrase **the third hour** as “nine o’clock in the morning”, as modeled by the UST, since this is what time the phrase **the third hour** is referring to. Alternately, you could express the meaning of the phrase **the third hour** in some other way that is natural in your culture. Alternate translation: “nine o’clock in the morning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
MRK 15 26 k1ku ἐπιγραφὴ 1 Alternate translation: “notice”
MRK 15 26 b84a τῆς αἰτίας αὐτοῦ ἐπιγεγραμμένη 1 of the charge having been written against him Alternate translation: “of the crime they were accusing him of doing”
MRK 15 26 cbx4 ἐπιγεγραμμένη  1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 
MRK 15 26 c0zf ὁ Βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων 1 See how you translated the phrase “the King of the Jews” in [15:2](../15/02.md).
MRK 15 27 mgf3 ἕνα ἐκ δεξιῶν καὶ ἕνα ἐξ εὐωνύμων αὐτοῦ 1 one on his right, and one on his left Alternate translation: “one robber on his right side and one robber on his left side” or “one on a cross on the right side of him and one on a cross on the left side of him”
MRK 15 28 itjz figs-activepassive Καὶ ἐπληρώθη ἡ γραφὴ ἡ λέγουσα 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “And by crucifying him with robbers they fulfilled the scripture that says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
MRK 15 28 d5g8 figs-activepassive Καὶ μετὰ ἀνόμων ἐλογίσθη 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “And he was reckoned by God and by people as being with the wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
MRK 15 29 v8nu translate-symaction κινοῦντες τὰς κεφαλὰς αὐτῶν 1 shaking their heads The people’s action of **shaking their heads** at Jesus showed that their disdain for him and that they disapproved of him. If your readers would not understand what it means to shake one's head at someone in this context and there is a gesture with similar meaning in your culture, you could consider using it here in your translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
MRK 15 29 a7ft figs-exclamations οὐὰ 1 Aha! **Aha** is an exclamation word that communicates triumph, usually over an enemy. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating this. Alternate translation: “Take that!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
MRK 15 29 hy37 figs-explicit ὁ καταλύων τὸν ναὸν καὶ οἰκοδομῶν ἐν τρισὶν ἡμέραις 1 The one destroying the temple and rebuilding it in three days The people refer to Jesus by what he earlier prophesied that he would do. Alternate translation: “You who said you would destroy the temple and rebuild it in three days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
MRK 15 31 n13x ὁμοίως 1 In the same way This refers to the way that the people who were walking by Jesus were mocking him.
MRK 15 31 d5se ἐμπαίζοντες πρὸς ἀλλήλους 1 mocking him to each other “were saying mocking things about Jesus among themselves”
MRK 15 32 t1vm figs-irony ὁ Χριστὸς, ὁ Βασιλεὺς Ἰσραὴλ καταβάτω 1 Let the Christ, the King of Israel, come down The leaders did not believe that Jesus is **the Christ, the King of Israel**. Alternate translation: “He calls himself the Christ and the King of Israel. So let him come down” or “If he is really the Christ and the King of Israel, he should come down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
MRK 15 32 r6c4 figs-explicit πιστεύσωμεν 1 might believe The means to believe in Jesus. Alternate translation: “believe in him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
MRK 15 32 dcb9 ὠνείδιζον 1 were taunting mocking, insulting
MRK 15 33 zc37 0 Connecting Statement: At noon darkness covers the whole land until three o’clock, when Jesus cries out with a loud voice and dies. When Jesus dies, the temple curtain rips from the top to the bottom.
MRK 15 33 q1gh ὥρας ἕκτης 1 the sixth hour This refers to noon or 12 PM.
MRK 15 33 jl1i figs-metaphor σκότος ἐγένετο ἐφ’ ὅλην τὴν γῆν 1 darkness came over the whole land Here the author describes it becoming dark outside as if the **darkness** were a wave that moved over the **land**. Alternate translation: “the whole land became dark” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
MRK 15 31 d5se ἐμπαίζοντες πρὸς ἀλλήλους 1 mocking him to each other Alternate translation: “were saying mocking things about Jesus among themselves”
MRK 15 31 n13x figs-irony ἄλλους ἔσωσεν 1 In the same way Here the Jewish leaders are using irony. They do not really believe that Jesus **saved** other people. If your readers would misunderstand this, consider expressing the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He supposedly saved other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
MRK 15 31 o9qv figs-explicit ἄλλους ἔσωσεν 1 In context, the Jewish leaders are implicitly referring to how Jesus **saved others** by doing miracles on their behalf. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “He supposedly saved other people by doing miracles for them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
MRK 15 32 t1vm figs-irony ὁ Χριστὸς, ὁ Βασιλεὺς Ἰσραὴλ καταβάτω 1 Let the Christ, the King of Israel, come down Here, the Jewish leaders are using irony. They do not really believe that Jesus is **the Christ, the King of Israel**. If your readers would misunderstand this, consider expressing the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He calls himself the Christ and the King of the Israelites. So let him come down” or “If he really is the Christ and the King of the Israelite people, he should come down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
MRK 15 32 q5qv grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical ὁ Χριστὸς, ὁ Βασιλεὺς Ἰσραὴλ καταβάτω νῦν ἀπὸ τοῦ σταυροῦ, ἵνα ἴδωμεν καὶ πιστεύσωμεν 1 The Jewish leaders are using a hypothetical situation, since they do not believe that Jesus actually has the power to come down from the cross. If if would help your readers you can indicate plainly that the Jewish leaders are using this as a hypothetical situation. Use whatever form in your language would be most natural to communicate this. Alternate translation: “If he really is the Christ, the King of Israel, let him come down now from the cross. Then we will see and believe that he is the Christ and the King of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
MRK 15 32 f8yw grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 The phrase **so that** introduces the purpose for which they said that Jesus should **come down now from the cross**, which was in order that **they might see and might believe**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
MRK 15 32 r6c4 figs-explicit πιστεύσωμεν 1 might believe The phrase **might believe** means to believe in Jesus. If it would help your readers you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “believe in him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
MRK 15 32 dcb9 figs-activepassive συνεσταυρωμένοι 1 were taunting If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Mark implies in [15:20](../15/20.md) that “soldiers” are the ones who are crucifying Jesus and the two other men. Alternate translation: “who the soldiers had crucified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 
MRK 15 33 q1gh translate-ordinal ὥρας ἕκτης 1 the sixth hour The Jews and the Romans divided the day into a twelve hour time period and the night into a twelve hour period. Here, the phrase **the sixth hour** refers to the sixth hour of the day time, often called “twelve o'clock”, or “noon”. The **the sixth hour** of the day was approximately six hours after sunrise. The term **sixth** is an ordinal number. If your language does not use ordinal numbers you can translate the phrase **the sixth hour** as “noon”, as modeled by the UST, or as “twelve o'clock” or in some other way that is natural in your language. See how you translated the phrase “the third hour” in [15:25](../15/25.md). Alternate translation: “the hour of twelve o'clock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
MRK 15 33 m67d translate-ordinal ἕως ὥρας ἐνάτης 1 The phrase **the ninth hour** refers to “three o'clock in the afternoon”, approximately nine hours after sunrise. The term **ninth** is an ordinal number. If your language does not use ordinal numbers you can translate the phrase **the ninth hour** as “three o’clock in the afternoon”, as modeled by the UST, or in some other way that is natural in your language. See how you translated the phrase “the third hour” in [15:25](../15/25.md) and the phrase **the sixth hour** earlier in this verse. Alternate translation: “until three hours after noon” or “for three hours” See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
MRK 15 33 jvf0 figs-go ἐγένετο 1 Your language may say “went” rather than **came** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “went” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
MRK 15 34 r6tj τῇ ἐνάτῃ ὥρᾳ 1 at the ninth hour This refers to three o’clock in the afternoon. Alternate translation: “at three o’clock in the afternoon” or “in the middle of the afternoon”
MRK 15 34 ls1n translate-transliterate Ἐλωῒ, Ἐλωῒ, λεμὰ σαβαχθάνει 1 Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani These are Aramaic words that should be copied as is into your language with similar sounds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
MRK 15 34 qw71 ἐστιν μεθερμηνευόμενον 1 is translated “means”

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