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all chapter 1 TN’s (#3171) 

Co-authored-by: Richard Mahn <richmahn@users.noreply.github.com>
Reviewed-on: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_tn/pulls/3171
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@ -15,55 +15,76 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General
1:3 z9t3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שֶׁ֖מֶן תּוּרַ֣ק שְׁמֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 The woman is describing the man she loves and his reputation by association with his **name**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “oil poured out is your reputation” or “oil poured out is the honor that people give to you” 1:3 z9t3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שֶׁ֖מֶן תּוּרַ֣ק שְׁמֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 The woman is describing the man she loves and his reputation by association with his **name**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “oil poured out is your reputation” or “oil poured out is the honor that people give to you”
1:3 ijen rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֶׁ֖מֶן תּוּרַ֣ק שְׁמֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 The woman makes a comparison between the man’s reputation (which she refers to as his **name**) and scented oil that is poured out after which the good smell of the oil spreads as the air moves. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the comparison. Alternate translation: “your reputation spreads more and more like the scent of perfume which spreads after it has been poured out” 1:3 ijen rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֶׁ֖מֶן תּוּרַ֣ק שְׁמֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 The woman makes a comparison between the man’s reputation (which she refers to as his **name**) and scented oil that is poured out after which the good smell of the oil spreads as the air moves. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the comparison. Alternate translation: “your reputation spreads more and more like the scent of perfume which spreads after it has been poured out”
1:3 pj62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result עַל־כֵּ֖ן 1 The words translated as **Therefore** indicate that what follows is a result of what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a result of what came before. Alternate translation: “As a result” 1:3 pj62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result עַל־כֵּ֖ן 1 The words translated as **Therefore** indicate that what follows is a result of what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a result of what came before. Alternate translation: “As a result”
1:4 v83t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you with you 0 The word “you” refers to the man and so is singular. 1:4 gec8 מָשְׁכֵ֖⁠נִי 1 Alternate translation: “Lead me”
1:4 gec8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Take 0 “Pull” or “Drag.” Here the woman described as being like a captive who is willing to follow her captor. 1:4 v83t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you אַחֲרֶ֣י⁠ךָ 1 The word **you** refers to the man and so is singular. Your language may require you to mark this form. In this book every occurrence of the words **you** and **your** are singular.
1:4 ty2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive we will run 0 The word “we” refers to the young woman together with the man. 1:4 ty2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive נָּר֑וּצָה 1 The word **us** refers to the young woman and the man that she is addressing so **us** is inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. Alternate translation: “let you and I run”
1:4 isr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns We are glad … We rejoice … let us celebrate 0 The woman speaks of herself as if she were more than one person. Many versions change the pronoun to “I” as the UST does. Other versions present these as the words of the woman’s friends speaking about either the woman or the man. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 1:4 xpoe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נָּר֑וּצָה 1 Here, the woman uses **run** as a poetic way of expressing her desire that she and the man she loves hurry and go away together. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “let us hurry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1:4 at7l about you 0 Alternate translation: “because of you” 1:4 vpdi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הַ⁠מֶּ֜לֶךְ 1 Here, the woman speaks of the man she loves as if he were **The king**. Here, the term **king** is a term of endearment and is an affectionate way for the woman to refer to the man she loves. The woman is not speaking of an actual king but rather this is a poetic way of speaking. The woman is still speaking of the same man that she was speaking of in [1:2-3](../01/02.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning by using a simile. Alternate translation: “He whom I love is like a king to me”
1:4 geq4 let us celebrate 0 Alternate translation: “let us praise” 1:4 at7l נָגִ֤ילָה וְ⁠נִשְׂמְחָה֙ בָּ֔⁠ךְ נַזְכִּ֤ירָה דֹדֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ מִ⁠יַּ֔יִן 1 The **us** in these two lines could: (1) be a group of young women speaking about the man. Alternate translation: “We will be glad and rejoice in you. We will profess your love more than wine” (2) be the woman continuing to speak to the man she loves and using **us** to refer to herself. Alternate translation: “May I be glad and rejoice in you. May I profess your love more than wine” (3) be the woman continuing to speak and using **us** to refer to herself and the man. Alternate translation: “Let you and I be glad and rejoice in you. Let you and I profess your love more than wine”\n
1:4 ag8r It is natural for the other women to adore you 0 Alternate translation: “Women who adore you are doing as they should do” 1:4 isr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive נָּר֑וּצָה…נָגִ֤ילָה…נַזְכִּ֤ירָה 1 The word *us** is inclusive all three times that it occurs in this verse. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
1:5 ez2x I am dark but lovely 0 Alternate translation: “My skin is dark, but I am still beautiful” or “Even though my skin is dark, I am beautiful” 1:4 ku0t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet נָגִ֤ילָה וְ⁠נִשְׂמְחָה֙ 1 The terms **glad** and **rejoice** mean similar things. The author is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “Let us greatly rejoice” or “Let us rejoice greatly”
1:5 rbb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile dark like the tents of Kedar 0 The nomadic tribes in Kedar used black goat skins to build their homes. The woman is comparing her skin to these tents. 1:4 geq4 נַזְכִּ֤ירָה 1 Alternate translation: “Let us praise”
1:5 dc13 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile lovely like the curtains of Solomon 0 Solomon produced beautiful curtains either for his own palace or for the Temple. She says that her skin is beautiful. 1:4 rc0e מִ⁠יַּ֔יִן 1 The phrase **more than wine** could mean: (1) that the women would **profess** the man’s **love** as **more** delightful **than wine**. Alternate translation: “as being more delightful than wine” (2) that the women would **profess** the delightfulness of the man’s **love more than** they would **profess** the delightfulness of **wine**. Alternate translation: “more than we profess wine”
1:6 thz7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole scorched 0 This exaggeration for “burned” or “made black” refers to the sun changing her skin from light to dark. 1:4 so9x מֵישָׁרִ֖ים אֲהֵבֽוּ⁠ךָ 1 Here the speaker could be: (1) the woman speaking to the man about the young women who admire him. Alternate translation: “rightly do the young women love you” (2) the young women speaking of other women who admire the man. Alternate translation: “rightly do the other young women love you” or “rightly do the young women love you”. You may wish to indicate who the presumed speaker is here by placing a heading above this section as modeled by the UST.
1:6 fz9h My mother’s sons 0 “My half-brothers.” These brothers probably had the same mother as the woman but not the same father. 1:4 gxfw אֲהֵבֽוּ⁠ךָ 1 Alternate translation: “do they admire you”
1:6 v86f made me keeper of the vineyards 0 Alternate translation: “made me take care of the vineyards” 1:4 ag8r מֵישָׁרִ֖ים אֲהֵבֽוּ⁠ךָ 1 Alternate translation: “it is right that other young women adore you” or “no wonder other young women adore you”
1:6 w18k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor but my own vineyard I have not kept 0 The woman compares herself to a vineyard. Alternate translation: “but I have not been able to take care of myself” 1:5 ez2x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שְׁחוֹרָ֤ה אֲנִי֙ 1 Here, **I am black** means “My skin is black” or “My skin is very dark.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “My skin is black” or “My skin is very dark”
1:7 f9hi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy my soul loves 0 The soul is a metonym for the person. Alternate translation: “I love” 1:5 jpj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְֽ⁠נָאוָ֔ה 1 Here, the word **But** is introducing a contrast. What follows the word **But** is in contrast to what was expected, because in the author’s culture it was not considered attractive for a woman to have skin that was dark as a result of much exposure to the sun. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “yet lovely” or “but still lovely”
1:7 v54w feed your flock 0 Alternate translation: “graze your flocks” 1:5 ck9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּנ֖וֹת יְרוּשָׁלִָ֑ם 1 The phrase **daughters of Jerusalem** is a poetic way of referring to women who were born in Jerusalem and/or were from the city of Jerusalem (These are probably the same women as the “marriageable women” in [1:3](../01/03.md) and the women referred to as “they” in [1:4](../01/04.md)). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “young women of Jerusalem” or “young women from Jerusalem”
1:7 f5eb rest your flock 0 Alternate translation: “have your flock lie down” 1:5 rbb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠אָהֳלֵ֣י קֵדָ֔ר כִּ⁠ירִיע֖וֹת שְׁלֹמֹֽה 1 The Kedar were a tribe of people who used black goat skins to make their tents, thus their tents were dark in color. The woman is comparing her skin to these tents which were dark in color. The phrase **the curtains of Solomon** refers to the curtains in Solomon’s palace which were very beautiful. The point of the first comparison is that the woman’s skin was dark (referring back to and further describing the word **black**) and the point of the second comparison is that the woman was beautiful (referring back to and further describing the word **lovely**). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use equivalent comparisons from your culture or you could retain these similes and express these meanings as plainly as possible. Alternate translation: “like the dark color of the tents of the people of the tribe Kedar, like the curtains of Solomon’s palace” or “as dark as the color of the tents of Kedar, as beautiful as the curtains in Solomon’s palace”
1:7 v6rs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Why should I be like someone who wanders beside the flocks of your companions? 0 The woman asks this question to emphasize that she has a closer relationship to the man than other women do. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “Tell me so that I will not need to wander around among the flocks of your companions when I am looking for you.” 1:6 avcq אַל־ תִּרְא֨וּ⁠נִי֙ 1 The phrase **Do not look at me** could mean: (1) that the woman does not want people to look at her with contempt. Alternate translation: “Do not look at me with contempt” or “Do not look down on me” or “Do not look at me disapprovingly” (2) that the woman does not want people to stare at her in admiration of her beauty. Alternate translation: “Do not stare at me because I am so beautiful”
1:7 bq95 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor who wanders 0 “who goes all around.” She does not want to have to look for the man. Perhaps she is afraid other men will think she is a prostitute looking for business. 1:6 gy5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result שֶׁ⁠אֲנִ֣י 1 The word **that** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “because”
1:7 b552 your companions 0 Alternate translation: “your friends” or “your co-workers” 1:6 nqqb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שֶׁ⁠אֲנִ֣י שְׁחַרְחֹ֔רֶת 1 Here, **I am black** means “my skin is black” or “my skin is very dark” as it did in [1:5](../01/05.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “that my skin is black” or “that my skin is very dark”
1:8 nky4 most beautiful among women 0 Alternate translation: “you who are the most beautiful of all women” 1:6 im6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result שֶׁ⁠שֱּׁזָפַ֖תְ⁠נִי הַ⁠שָּׁ֑מֶשׁ 1 The word **that** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “because the sun scorched me”
1:8 al9c follow the tracks of my flock 0 Alternate translation: “follow along behind the flock” 1:6 thz7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שֶׁ⁠שֱּׁזָפַ֖תְ⁠נִי הַ⁠שָּׁ֑מֶשׁ 1 The phrase **the sun scorched me** refers to sunlight shining on the skin and means “the sun burned me” or “the sun tanned my skin dark.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “that the sun burned me” or “that the sun turned my skin brown” or “that the sun tanned my skin.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1:8 i8sl tracks 0 marks of the hooves of the flock on the ground 1:6 v86f נֹטֵרָ֣ה אֶת־הַ⁠כְּרָמִ֔ים כַּרְמִ֥⁠י שֶׁ⁠לִּ֖⁠י לֹ֥א נָטָֽרְתִּי 1 Alternate translation: “as caretaker of the vineyards—my vineyard that is mine, I have not taken care of”
1:8 fis9 pasture your young goats 0 Alternate translation: “graze your young goats” or “let your young goats eat” 1:6 w18k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כַּרְמִ֥⁠י שֶׁ⁠לִּ֖⁠י לֹ֥א נָטָֽרְתִּי 1 The woman is probably using the phrase **my vineyard** to refer to her complexion. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “my skin, I have not protected from the sun” or “my complexion, I have not protected from the sun”
1:9 gw76 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile I compare you, my love, to a mare among Pharaoh’s chariot horses 0 The Jews of those days considered horses beautiful, and the Pharaoh’s horses would have been the most beautiful he could find. The man considers the young woman beautiful. Alternate translation: “My love, you are as beautiful as any of Pharaoh’s chariot horses” 1:7 f9hi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche שֶׁ֤⁠אָהֲבָה֙ נַפְשִׁ֔⁠י 1 The woman is using one part of herself, her **soul**, to represent all of her. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you whom I love”
1:9 l3q7 my love 0 Alternate translation: “you whom I love” 1:7 mpbu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אֵיכָ֣ה תִרְעֶ֔ה 1 The woman is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “where do you graze your flock” or “where do you graze your sheep”
1:9 zyj5 Pharaoh’s chariot horses 0 Alternate translation: “the horses that pull Pharaoh’s chariots” 1:7 wsmm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אֵיכָ֣ה תִרְעֶ֔ה אֵיכָ֖ה תַּרְבִּ֣יץ בַּֽ⁠צָּהֳרָ֑יִם 1 The phrase **where do you graze** and the phrase **Where do you make your flocks lie down at noontime** mean basically the same thing. The second phrase emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if saying very similar things twice might confuse your readers, you could combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “Where do you pasture your flocks in the middle of the day”
1:10 u7h9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Your cheeks are beautiful with ornaments 0 These ornaments could be: (1) jewels hanging from a band around the head or (2) earrings or (3) a metaphor for her long hair. 1:7 v54w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion שַׁ⁠לָּ⁠מָ֤ה אֶֽהְיֶה֙ כְּ⁠עֹ֣טְיָ֔ה עַ֖ל עֶדְרֵ֥י חֲבֵרֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 The woman is not asking for information, but is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate her words as a statement, a request, or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “I do not want to be like a woman who covers herself\nbeside the flocks of your companions” or “Please do not let me be like a woman who covers herself\nbeside the flocks of your companions” or “Tell me so that I will not be like a woman who covers herself\nbeside the flocks of your companions”
1:11 dza7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns We will make 0 The man speaks as if he were many people. Some versions change this to singular “I.” Other versions take these to be the words of the woman’s friends. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 1:7 f5eb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כְּ⁠עֹ֣טְיָ֔ה עַ֖ל עֶדְרֵ֥י חֲבֵרֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 The phrase **covers herself** means **covers herself with a veil** and the phrase **your companions** refers to the other shepherds who pastured their animals near the flocks of the man and were probably his friends. If it would help your readers, you could express these phrases explicitly. Alternate translation: “like a woman who covers herself with a veil beside the flocks of the other shepherds”
1:11 bp6l with silver studs 0 Alternate translation: “with spots of silver” 1:7 v6rs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile שַׁ⁠לָּ⁠מָ֤ה אֶֽהְיֶה֙ כְּ⁠עֹ֣טְיָ֔ה עַ֖ל עֶדְרֵ֥י חֲבֵרֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 In the authors culture women who were prostitutes often covered their faces with a veil so that people would not recognize them. It would not be normal for a young unmarried woman to be wandering among shepherds and the woman did not want to be mistaken for a prostitute. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the basis of this comparison. Alternate translation: “Tell me where you pasture your flocks so that I will not need to wander around among the flocks of your companions like a prostitute when I am looking for you” or “For why should I be like a prostitute who covers herself with a veil and wanders about\nbeside the flocks of your companions”
1:12 zt7d lay on his couch 0 “sat eating his special meal.” This probably refers to one of the couches on which people would lie around a table at a banquet. You could translate using the common word for what people do with their bodies when they eat special meals. 1:8 lc64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical אִם־ לֹ֤א תֵדְעִי֙ לָ֔⁠ךְ הַ⁠יָּפָ֖ה בַּ⁠נָּשִׁ֑ים צְֽאִי־ לָ֞⁠ךְ 1 If it would help your readers to see that this is a conditional statement then you could supply a word like “then” in your translation. Alternate translation: “If you do not know, most beautiful among women, then go out”
1:12 ur66 nard 0 an oil that people got from the expensive nard or spikenard (valerian plant with small pink or white flowers) and used to make their skin soft and to have a pleasant odor. 1:8 fu4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure אִם־ לֹ֤א תֵדְעִי֙ לָ֔⁠ךְ הַ⁠יָּפָ֖ה בַּ⁠נָּשִׁ֑ים 1 If it would be more natural in your language you could begin this verse with the phrase **most beautiful among women**. Alternate translation: “Most beautiful among women, if you do not know”
1:12 lp8f emitted its fragrance 0 Alternate translation: “gave off its good smell” 1:8 nky4 הַ⁠יָּפָ֖ה בַּ⁠נָּשִׁ֑ים 1 Alternate translation: “you who are the most beautiful of all women”
1:13 vc5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile My beloved is to me like a bag of myrrh … breasts 0 Women would place a small bag or pouch of myrrh on a necklace so it would lie between their breasts and they could enjoy its pleasant fragrance. This woman enjoys having her beloved close to her. She adds “to me” to show that she does not expect anyone else to enjoy her beloved in this way. Alternate translation: “I enjoy my beloved as much as I enjoy having a bag of myrrh … breasts” 1:8 sy7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go צְֽאִי־ לָ֞⁠ךְ 1 Your language may say “come” rather than **go** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “come out”
1:13 bzs7 My beloved 0 This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” Alternate translation: “My dear one” or “My lover” 1:8 al9c וּ⁠רְעִי֙ אֶת־ גְּדִיֹּתַ֔יִ⁠ךְ 1 Alternate translation: “and let your young goats graze” or “and graze your young goats”
1:13 f8y8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism lying between my breasts 0 If this phrase would offend your readers, you could use a euphemism. Alternate translation: “close to me” 1:8 fis9 וּ⁠רְעִי֙ אֶת־ גְּדִיֹּתַ֔יִ⁠ךְ 1 Alternate translation: “graze your young goats” or “let your young goats eat”
1:14 zh75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile My beloved is to me like a cluster of henna flowers 0 Henna flowers have a fragrance that people enjoy. The woman enjoys her beloved. She adds “to me” to show that she does not expect anyone else to enjoy her beloved in this way. Alternate translation: “I enjoy my beloved as much as I enjoy the smell of clusters of henna flowers” 1:9 j8xv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure לְ⁠סֻסָתִ⁠י֙ בְּ⁠רִכְבֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה דִּמִּיתִ֖י⁠ךְ רַעְיָתִֽ⁠ 1 If it would be more natural in your language you could begin this verse with the phrase **my darling**. Alternate translation: “My darling, I liken you to a mare among the chariots of Pharaoh”
1:14 a6jk henna flowers 0 flowers from a small desert tree that people used as a perfume 1:9 gw76 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile לְ⁠סֻסָתִ⁠י֙ בְּ⁠רִכְבֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה דִּמִּיתִ֖י⁠ךְ 1 Here, it is implied that the man is comparing the woman to the beauty of a mare and not to other other qualities of a horse. The king of Egypt’s horses were known to be the best in the world and so they would have been very beautiful. If it would help your readers you could explain the point of this comparison. Alternate translation: “Your beauty is like the beauty of Pharaoh’s chariot horses” or “I compare your beauty to the beauty of Pharaoh’s chariot horses”
1:15 x2d5 Listen, you 0 Alternate translation: “Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: you” 1:9 zyj5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠רִכְבֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה 1 The man is using the phrase **the chariots** to mean “the horses that pull the chariots.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “among the horses that pull Pharaoh’s chariots” or “among the horses that pull the chariots of Pharaoh”
1:15 m114 my love 0 “you whom I love.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:9](./09.md) 1:9 lnbo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit פַרְעֹ֔ה 1 Here, the term **Pharaoh** does not refer to a specific Egyptian king but is a title used to designate the acting king of Egypt. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the king of Egypt”
1:15 fb4x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy your eyes are doves 0 This could mean: (1) the Israelites considered doves to be gentle and soft birds, and the man considers the woman’s eyes beautiful because the way the woman looks at him makes him think she is gentle. Alternate translation: “you are very gentle” or (2) the man is speaking of the woman’s white eyeballs or the shape of her eyes as being like the shape of a dove. 1:10 hrjd rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בַּ⁠תֹּרִ֔ים 1 The term the man uses, which the ULT translates as **earrings**, is a term which refers to strings of small ornaments or jewels which apparently hung down the side of one’s face. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of jewelry you could use a more general term and, if you are using footnotes, you could make a footnote explaining this type of jewelry. Alternate translation: “with neck ornaments” or “strings of jewels”
1:16 sbi4 Listen, you 0 Alternate translation: “Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: you” 1:10 u7h9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בַּ⁠חֲרוּזִֽים 1 **necklaces** are a type of jewelry worn around the neck in order to make a person look more attractive. If your readers would not be familiar with **necklaces**, you could use the name of something similar in your area worn around the neck for the purpose of looking nice or you could use a more general term and, if it would help your readers, you could make a footnote explaining what a necklace is if you are using footnotes. Alternate translation: “with neck ornaments” or “strings of jewels”
1:16 km29 handsome 0 Use the word in your language that describes a good-looking man. 1:11 yuyp rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown תּוֹרֵ֤י 1 See how you translated the term “earrings” in the previous verse.
1:16 x3pr my beloved 0 This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one” or “my lover” 1:11 dza7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns נַעֲשֶׂה 1 The man speaks as if he were many people. Some versions change this to singular “I.” Other versions take these to be the words of the woman’s friends. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
1:16 q43e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor lush plants are our bed 0 This speaks of the lush plants as if they were a bed. Alternate translation: “lush plants are what we lie down on to sleep” 1:11 bp6l עִ֖ם נְקֻדּ֥וֹת הַ⁠כָּֽסֶף 1 Alternate translation: “with beads of silver” or “that are decorated with silver”
1:16 xed8 The lush plants 0 plants that are green, moist, and grow abundantly 1:12 kec9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֶׁ֤⁠הַ⁠מֶּ֨לֶךְ֙ 1 See how you translated the phrase “The king” in [1:4](../01/04.md) where it is used with the same meaning.
1:17 v14z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The beams of our house are cedars; our rafters are firs 0 The woman describes the forest as though it were a house in which they were lying down. 1:12 zt7d בִּ⁠מְסִבּ֔⁠וֹ 1 The word which the ULT translates as **couch** could: (1) refer to a couch and be translated as **couch** as modeled by the ULT. (2) refer to a table. Alternate translation: “was at his table”
1:17 q6r8 beams … rafters 0 This could mean: (1) “beams” refers to large logs used to support everything above the walls and “rafters” refers to the large pieces of wood to which the roof is attached or (2) “beams” refers to the rafters and “rafters” refers to the strips attached to the beams, onto which the builders attached the roofing materials. 1:12 ur66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown נִרְדִּ֖⁠י 1 The term **nard** refers to pleasant smelling perfumed oil that was made from the roots of the **nard** plant. If your readers would not be familiar with *nard** plants, you could use a general expression or describe what **nard** is. Alternate translation: “my perfumed oil” or “my pleasant smelling perfume made from the nard plant”
1:17 c3e5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown cedars … firs 0 Cedars were large and strong trees. The word translated “firs” is a general term for trees like cedars but smaller. If cedar and fir trees are unknown in your area, you could use general terms for the tallest and strongest trees. 1:12 lp8f נָתַ֥ן רֵיחֽ⁠וֹ 1 Alternate translation: “gave off its good smell” or “spread its pleasant smell”
1:13 vc5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor צְר֨וֹר הַ⁠מֹּ֤ר ׀ דּוֹדִ⁠י֙ לִ֔⁠י בֵּ֥ין שָׁדַ֖⁠י יָלִֽין 1 In the author’s culture women would sometimes place a small bag or pouch of myrrh on a necklace so it would hang on their neck and they could enjoy its pleasant smell. The woman makes a comparison between the enjoyable experience of having a bag of myrrh near her and the enjoyable experience of having the man she loves near her. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a simile to show the comparison. Alternate translation: “I enjoy having my beloved near me throughout the night like I enjoy the smell of a bag of myrrh”
1:13 d77b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַ⁠מֹּ֤ר 1 **myrrh** was a pleasant smelling incense that was made from resin taken from the bark of a certain kind of tree. One of the things it was used for was to make a person smell good. If your readers would not be familiar with **myrrh**, you could use the name of something pleasant smelling in your area that might be used for this purpose or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “pleasant smelling perfume”
1:13 bzs7 דּוֹדִ⁠י֙ 1 Alternate translation: “is my lover”
1:13 f8y8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism אֶשְׁכֹּ֨ל הַ⁠כֹּ֤פֶר ׀ דּוֹדִ⁠י֙ לִ֔⁠י 1 If using the word **breasts** would offend your readers, you could use an appropriate euphemism for **breasts** or state the meaning of the phrase **between my breasts it stays** using a more general expression. Alternate translation: “My beloved stays very close to me during the night, like a bundle of myrrh hanging near my chest”
1:13 bl0z יָלִֽין 1 Here, the original language word that the ULT translates with the phrase **it stays** is ambiguous regarding what it is that **stays**. This word could: (1) indicate that the **bundle of myrrh** is what **stays**, in which case it should be translated as something similar to **it stays** as modeled by the ULT. (2) mean that the man **stays**. Alternate translation: “he stays”
1:13 jw0u יָלִֽין 1 Here, the word **stays** could: (1) refer to staying in one place for a prolonged period of time in which case you could translate this word with something similar to **stays** as modeled by the ULT. (2) refer to lying down. Alternate translation: “it lies”
1:14 a6jk rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַ⁠כֹּ֤פֶר 1 The phrase **henna blossoms** refers to **blossoms** from the **henna** plant which produces clusters of flower blossoms which have a pleasant smell. If your readers would not be familiar with this plant, you could use the name of a plant in your area that has a pleasant smell, you could explain in your translation that henna is a plant that produces fragrant blossoms, or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “fragrant flowers” or “fragrant blossoms from the henna plant”
1:14 zh75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֶשְׁכֹּ֨ל הַ⁠כֹּ֤פֶר ׀ דּוֹדִ⁠י֙ לִ֔⁠י בְּ⁠כַרְמֵ֖י עֵ֥ין גֶּֽדִי 1 Here, **vineyards of En Gedi** is probably a reference to the woman’s body because at that time **vineyards** were often used to convey a sexual meaning and because the phrase **in the vineyards of Engedi** is in parallel to phrase in the previous verse in which the woman refers to her body by saying that her “beloved” is like a “bundle of myrrh“ which “stays” (the night) “between” her “breasts.” In this verse the woman makes a comparison between the pleasurable experience of the smell of henna blossoms and her enjoyment of having the man she loves near her body. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a simile to show the comparison. Because the woman describes her body in a poetic way with images, it is recommended that you either maintain these images or select images from your context and language that communicate the same concepts. Alternate translation: “I enjoy being near my beloved’s body like I enjoy the smell of the henna flowers in the vineyards of Engedi” or “I delight in my beloved being near my body like I enjoy the smell of the henna flowers in the vineyards of Engedi”
1:14 nop3 עֵ֥ין גֶּֽדִי 1
1:15 tae6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation הִנָּ֤⁠ךְ…הִנָּ֥⁠ךְ 1 The man is using the term **Look** to focus attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Behold! … Behold!”
1:15 x2d5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism הִנָּ֤⁠ךְ יָפָה֙ רַעְיָתִ֔⁠י הִנָּ֥⁠ךְ יָפָ֖ה עֵינַ֥יִ⁠ךְ יוֹנִֽים 1 The man uses the phrase **Look at you—you are beautiful** two times for emphasis. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one and provide emphasis in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Look at you—you are beautiful, my darling. Your eyes are doves”
1:15 m114 רַעְיָתִ֔⁠י 1 See how you translated the phrase **my darling** in [1:9](../01/09.md)
1:15 fb4x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֵינַ֥יִ⁠ךְ יוֹנִֽים 1 The man makes a comparison between the beauty and gentleness of doves and the woman’s eyes. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a simile to show the comparison or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your eyes are like doves” or “your eyes are gentle and beautiful”
1:16 sbi4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation הִנְּ⁠ךָ֨ 1 The woman is using the term **Look** to focus attention on what she is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Behold!”
1:16 febl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure הִנְּ⁠ךָ֨ יָפֶ֤ה דוֹדִ⁠י֙ אַ֣ף נָעִ֔ים אַף־ עַרְשֵׂ֖⁠נוּ רַעֲנָנָֽה 1 If it would be more natural in your language you could either begin or end this verse with the phrase **my beloved**.
1:16 x3pr דוֹדִ⁠י֙ 1 See how you translated the phrase **my beloved** in [1:13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: “my lover”
1:16 km29 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אַ֣ף נָעִ֔ים 1 The woman is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “you are truly pleasant”
1:16 q43e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַרְשֵׂ֖⁠נוּ 1 Here, **couch** does not refer to a literal couch but rather to the place where the couple would lie down in the forest. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the place where we lie down is” or “the place we lie down on like a bed is”
1:16 xed8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit רַעֲנָנָֽה 1 Here, the original language word that the ULT translates as **leafy** refers to plants that are the green color. You could translate **leafy** in a general way such as “green” or if it would help your readers you could indicate specifically what vegetation the word **leafy** refers to. Here, **leafy** could refer to: (1) the grass that the couple layed down on. Alternate translation: “grass” (2) the branches above their meeting place in the forest. Alternate translation: “under the cover of branches” or “shaded by branches”
1:17 v14z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor קֹר֤וֹת בָּתֵּ֨י⁠נוּ֙ אֲרָזִ֔ים רַהִיטֵ֖נוּ בְּרוֹתִֽים 1 Here the woman is speaking of the forest as though it were a **house**, the cedar trees as if they were the **beams** of the house and **pine** trees as if they were the **rafters** of the house. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly or use a simile as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “Our meeting place is shaded by cedar and pine trees” or “Branches of cedar and pine trees will be a canopy over our meeting place”
1:17 c3e5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בְּרוֹתִֽים 1 **pine** is a type of tree that grows tall and close to other trees so that they provide shade from the sun. If your readers would not be familiar with **pine** trees, you could use general phrase describing them or use the name of a tree that grows tall and densely in your area. Alternate translation: “tall leafy trees”
2:intro u8uv 0 # Song of Songs 2 General Notes\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphor\n\nWomen are compared to flowers in this chapter. This metaphor may describe a woman’s beauty and delicacy. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n### Euphemisms\n\nIt is possible that some of the metaphors used in this chapter are actually euphemisms. These euphemisms would refer to sex or the physical love between a husband a wife. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 2:intro u8uv 0 # Song of Songs 2 General Notes\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphor\n\nWomen are compared to flowers in this chapter. This metaphor may describe a woman’s beauty and delicacy. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n### Euphemisms\n\nIt is possible that some of the metaphors used in this chapter are actually euphemisms. These euphemisms would refer to sex or the physical love between a husband a wife. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
2:1 bw25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 # General Information:\n\n(See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 2:1 bw25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 # General Information:\n\n(See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2:1 cne2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I am a meadow flower of Sharon 0 The woman speaks as if she were one of many flowers in a land known for beautiful flowers. 2:1 cne2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I am a meadow flower of Sharon 0 The woman speaks as if she were one of many flowers in a land known for beautiful flowers.
@ -255,7 +276,8 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General
4:13 uvg6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism Your branches 0 branches or channels of rivers, a clear euphemism for the female body part. If any reference to this would be offensive, translate it as a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “You” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 4:13 uvg6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism Your branches 0 branches or channels of rivers, a clear euphemism for the female body part. If any reference to this would be offensive, translate it as a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “You” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
4:13 i3mi a grove 0 a place where many trees grow together 4:13 i3mi a grove 0 a place where many trees grow together
4:13 eji6 with choice fruits 0 Alternate translation: “with the best kinds of fruits” 4:13 eji6 with choice fruits 0 Alternate translation: “with the best kinds of fruits”
4:13 q938 nard plants 0 plants that give oil that people used to make their skin soft and to have a pleasant odor. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:14](../01/12.md). 4:13 q938 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown נְרָדִֽים 1 See how you translated the word **nard** in [1:12](../01/12.md).
4:14 e6n8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown נֵ֣רְדְּ 1 See how you translated the word **nard** in [1:12](../01/12.md).
4:13 dju5 henna 0 small desert trees that people used as a perfume. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:14](../01/12.md). 4:13 dju5 henna 0 small desert trees that people used as a perfume. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:14](../01/12.md).
4:14 dxj9 saffron 0 a spice that comes from the dried parts from the yellow thread in the center of a certain flower 4:14 dxj9 saffron 0 a spice that comes from the dried parts from the yellow thread in the center of a certain flower
4:14 ujr7 calamus 0 a reed with a pleasant smell that people used to make anointing oil. 4:14 ujr7 calamus 0 a reed with a pleasant smell that people used to make anointing oil.

1 Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note
15 1:3 z9t3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שֶׁ֖מֶן תּוּרַ֣ק שְׁמֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 The woman is describing the man she loves and his reputation by association with his **name**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “oil poured out is your reputation” or “oil poured out is the honor that people give to you”
16 1:3 ijen rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֶׁ֖מֶן תּוּרַ֣ק שְׁמֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 The woman makes a comparison between the man’s reputation (which she refers to as his **name**) and scented oil that is poured out after which the good smell of the oil spreads as the air moves. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the comparison. Alternate translation: “your reputation spreads more and more like the scent of perfume which spreads after it has been poured out”
17 1:3 pj62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result עַל־כֵּ֖ן 1 The words translated as **Therefore** indicate that what follows is a result of what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a result of what came before. Alternate translation: “As a result”
18 1:4 v83t gec8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you with you מָשְׁכֵ֖⁠נִי 0 1 The word “you” refers to the man and so is singular. Alternate translation: “Lead me”
19 1:4 gec8 v83t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you Take אַחֲרֶ֣י⁠ךָ 0 1 “Pull” or “Drag.” Here the woman described as being like a captive who is willing to follow her captor. The word **you** refers to the man and so is singular. Your language may require you to mark this form. In this book every occurrence of the words **you** and **your** are singular.
20 1:4 ty2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive we will run נָּר֑וּצָה 0 1 The word “we” refers to the young woman together with the man. The word **us** refers to the young woman and the man that she is addressing so **us** is inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. Alternate translation: “let you and I run”
21 1:4 isr6 xpoe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit We are glad … We rejoice … let us celebrate נָּר֑וּצָה 0 1 The woman speaks of herself as if she were more than one person. Many versions change the pronoun to “I” as the UST does. Other versions present these as the words of the woman’s friends speaking about either the woman or the man. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) Here, the woman uses **run** as a poetic way of expressing her desire that she and the man she loves hurry and go away together. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “let us hurry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
22 1:4 at7l vpdi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor about you הַ⁠מֶּ֜לֶךְ 0 1 Alternate translation: “because of you” Here, the woman speaks of the man she loves as if he were **The king**. Here, the term **king** is a term of endearment and is an affectionate way for the woman to refer to the man she loves. The woman is not speaking of an actual king but rather this is a poetic way of speaking. The woman is still speaking of the same man that she was speaking of in [1:2-3](../01/02.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning by using a simile. Alternate translation: “He whom I love is like a king to me”
23 1:4 geq4 at7l let us celebrate נָגִ֤ילָה וְ⁠נִשְׂמְחָה֙ בָּ֔⁠ךְ נַזְכִּ֤ירָה דֹדֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ מִ⁠יַּ֔יִן 0 1 Alternate translation: “let us praise” The **us** in these two lines could: (1) be a group of young women speaking about the man. Alternate translation: “We will be glad and rejoice in you. We will profess your love more than wine” (2) be the woman continuing to speak to the man she loves and using **us** to refer to herself. Alternate translation: “May I be glad and rejoice in you. May I profess your love more than wine” (3) be the woman continuing to speak and using **us** to refer to herself and the man. Alternate translation: “Let you and I be glad and rejoice in you. Let you and I profess your love more than wine”\n
24 1:4 ag8r isr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive It is natural for the other women to adore you נָּר֑וּצָה…נָגִ֤ילָה…נַזְכִּ֤ירָה 0 1 Alternate translation: “Women who adore you are doing as they should do” The word *us** is inclusive all three times that it occurs in this verse. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
25 1:5 1:4 ez2x ku0t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet I am dark but lovely נָגִ֤ילָה וְ⁠נִשְׂמְחָה֙ 0 1 Alternate translation: “My skin is dark, but I am still beautiful” or “Even though my skin is dark, I am beautiful” The terms **glad** and **rejoice** mean similar things. The author is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “Let us greatly rejoice” or “Let us rejoice greatly”
26 1:5 1:4 rbb3 geq4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile dark like the tents of Kedar נַזְכִּ֤ירָה 0 1 The nomadic tribes in Kedar used black goat skins to build their homes. The woman is comparing her skin to these tents. Alternate translation: “Let us praise”
27 1:5 1:4 dc13 rc0e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile lovely like the curtains of Solomon מִ⁠יַּ֔יִן 0 1 Solomon produced beautiful curtains either for his own palace or for the Temple. She says that her skin is beautiful. The phrase **more than wine** could mean: (1) that the women would **profess** the man’s **love** as **more** delightful **than wine**. Alternate translation: “as being more delightful than wine” (2) that the women would **profess** the delightfulness of the man’s **love more than** they would **profess** the delightfulness of **wine**. Alternate translation: “more than we profess wine”
28 1:6 1:4 thz7 so9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole scorched מֵישָׁרִ֖ים אֲהֵבֽוּ⁠ךָ 0 1 This exaggeration for “burned” or “made black” refers to the sun changing her skin from light to dark. Here the speaker could be: (1) the woman speaking to the man about the young women who admire him. Alternate translation: “rightly do the young women love you” (2) the young women speaking of other women who admire the man. Alternate translation: “rightly do the other young women love you” or “rightly do the young women love you”. You may wish to indicate who the presumed speaker is here by placing a heading above this section as modeled by the UST.
29 1:6 1:4 fz9h gxfw My mother’s sons אֲהֵבֽוּ⁠ךָ 0 1 “My half-brothers.” These brothers probably had the same mother as the woman but not the same father. Alternate translation: “do they admire you”
30 1:6 1:4 v86f ag8r made me keeper of the vineyards מֵישָׁרִ֖ים אֲהֵבֽוּ⁠ךָ 0 1 Alternate translation: “made me take care of the vineyards” Alternate translation: “it is right that other young women adore you” or “no wonder other young women adore you”
31 1:6 1:5 w18k ez2x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit but my own vineyard I have not kept שְׁחוֹרָ֤ה אֲנִי֙ 0 1 The woman compares herself to a vineyard. Alternate translation: “but I have not been able to take care of myself” Here, **I am black** means “My skin is black” or “My skin is very dark.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “My skin is black” or “My skin is very dark”
32 1:7 1:5 f9hi jpj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast my soul loves וְֽ⁠נָאוָ֔ה 0 1 The soul is a metonym for the person. Alternate translation: “I love” Here, the word **But** is introducing a contrast. What follows the word **But** is in contrast to what was expected, because in the author’s culture it was not considered attractive for a woman to have skin that was dark as a result of much exposure to the sun. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “yet lovely” or “but still lovely”
33 1:7 1:5 v54w ck9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit feed your flock בְּנ֖וֹת יְרוּשָׁלִָ֑ם 0 1 Alternate translation: “graze your flocks” The phrase **daughters of Jerusalem** is a poetic way of referring to women who were born in Jerusalem and/or were from the city of Jerusalem (These are probably the same women as the “marriageable women” in [1:3](../01/03.md) and the women referred to as “they” in [1:4](../01/04.md)). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “young women of Jerusalem” or “young women from Jerusalem”
34 1:7 1:5 f5eb rbb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile rest your flock כְּ⁠אָהֳלֵ֣י קֵדָ֔ר כִּ⁠ירִיע֖וֹת שְׁלֹמֹֽה 0 1 Alternate translation: “have your flock lie down” The Kedar were a tribe of people who used black goat skins to make their tents, thus their tents were dark in color. The woman is comparing her skin to these tents which were dark in color. The phrase **the curtains of Solomon** refers to the curtains in Solomon’s palace which were very beautiful. The point of the first comparison is that the woman’s skin was dark (referring back to and further describing the word **black**) and the point of the second comparison is that the woman was beautiful (referring back to and further describing the word **lovely**). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use equivalent comparisons from your culture or you could retain these similes and express these meanings as plainly as possible. Alternate translation: “like the dark color of the tents of the people of the tribe Kedar, like the curtains of Solomon’s palace” or “as dark as the color of the tents of Kedar, as beautiful as the curtains in Solomon’s palace”
35 1:7 1:6 v6rs avcq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Why should I be like someone who wanders beside the flocks of your companions? אַל־ תִּרְא֨וּ⁠נִי֙ 0 1 The woman asks this question to emphasize that she has a closer relationship to the man than other women do. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “Tell me so that I will not need to wander around among the flocks of your companions when I am looking for you.” The phrase **Do not look at me** could mean: (1) that the woman does not want people to look at her with contempt. Alternate translation: “Do not look at me with contempt” or “Do not look down on me” or “Do not look at me disapprovingly” (2) that the woman does not want people to stare at her in admiration of her beauty. Alternate translation: “Do not stare at me because I am so beautiful”
36 1:7 1:6 bq95 gy5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result who wanders שֶׁ⁠אֲנִ֣י 0 1 “who goes all around.” She does not want to have to look for the man. Perhaps she is afraid other men will think she is a prostitute looking for business. The word **that** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “because”
37 1:7 1:6 b552 nqqb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit your companions שֶׁ⁠אֲנִ֣י שְׁחַרְחֹ֔רֶת 0 1 Alternate translation: “your friends” or “your co-workers” Here, **I am black** means “my skin is black” or “my skin is very dark” as it did in [1:5](../01/05.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “that my skin is black” or “that my skin is very dark”
38 1:8 1:6 nky4 im6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result most beautiful among women שֶׁ⁠שֱּׁזָפַ֖תְ⁠נִי הַ⁠שָּׁ֑מֶשׁ 0 1 Alternate translation: “you who are the most beautiful of all women” The word **that** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “because the sun scorched me”
39 1:8 1:6 al9c thz7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit follow the tracks of my flock שֶׁ⁠שֱּׁזָפַ֖תְ⁠נִי הַ⁠שָּׁ֑מֶשׁ 0 1 Alternate translation: “follow along behind the flock” The phrase **the sun scorched me** refers to sunlight shining on the skin and means “the sun burned me” or “the sun tanned my skin dark.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “that the sun burned me” or “that the sun turned my skin brown” or “that the sun tanned my skin.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
40 1:8 1:6 i8sl v86f tracks נֹטֵרָ֣ה אֶת־הַ⁠כְּרָמִ֔ים כַּרְמִ֥⁠י שֶׁ⁠לִּ֖⁠י לֹ֥א נָטָֽרְתִּי 0 1 marks of the hooves of the flock on the ground Alternate translation: “as caretaker of the vineyards—my vineyard that is mine, I have not taken care of”
41 1:8 1:6 fis9 w18k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor pasture your young goats כַּרְמִ֥⁠י שֶׁ⁠לִּ֖⁠י לֹ֥א נָטָֽרְתִּי 0 1 Alternate translation: “graze your young goats” or “let your young goats eat” The woman is probably using the phrase **my vineyard** to refer to her complexion. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “my skin, I have not protected from the sun” or “my complexion, I have not protected from the sun”
42 1:9 1:7 gw76 f9hi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche I compare you, my love, to a mare among Pharaoh’s chariot horses שֶׁ֤⁠אָהֲבָה֙ נַפְשִׁ֔⁠י 0 1 The Jews of those days considered horses beautiful, and the Pharaoh’s horses would have been the most beautiful he could find. The man considers the young woman beautiful. Alternate translation: “My love, you are as beautiful as any of Pharaoh’s chariot horses” The woman is using one part of herself, her **soul**, to represent all of her. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you whom I love”
43 1:9 1:7 l3q7 mpbu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis my love אֵיכָ֣ה תִרְעֶ֔ה 0 1 Alternate translation: “you whom I love” The woman is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “where do you graze your flock” or “where do you graze your sheep”
44 1:9 1:7 zyj5 wsmm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Pharaoh’s chariot horses אֵיכָ֣ה תִרְעֶ֔ה אֵיכָ֖ה תַּרְבִּ֣יץ בַּֽ⁠צָּהֳרָ֑יִם 0 1 Alternate translation: “the horses that pull Pharaoh’s chariots” The phrase **where do you graze** and the phrase **Where do you make your flocks lie down at noontime** mean basically the same thing. The second phrase emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if saying very similar things twice might confuse your readers, you could combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “Where do you pasture your flocks in the middle of the day”
45 1:10 1:7 u7h9 v54w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Your cheeks are beautiful with ornaments שַׁ⁠לָּ⁠מָ֤ה אֶֽהְיֶה֙ כְּ⁠עֹ֣טְיָ֔ה עַ֖ל עֶדְרֵ֥י חֲבֵרֶֽי⁠ךָ 0 1 These ornaments could be: (1) jewels hanging from a band around the head or (2) earrings or (3) a metaphor for her long hair. The woman is not asking for information, but is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate her words as a statement, a request, or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “I do not want to be like a woman who covers herself\nbeside the flocks of your companions” or “Please do not let me be like a woman who covers herself\nbeside the flocks of your companions” or “Tell me so that I will not be like a woman who covers herself\nbeside the flocks of your companions”
46 1:11 1:7 dza7 f5eb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit We will make כְּ⁠עֹ֣טְיָ֔ה עַ֖ל עֶדְרֵ֥י חֲבֵרֶֽי⁠ךָ 0 1 The man speaks as if he were many people. Some versions change this to singular “I.” Other versions take these to be the words of the woman’s friends. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) The phrase **covers herself** means **covers herself with a veil** and the phrase **your companions** refers to the other shepherds who pastured their animals near the flocks of the man and were probably his friends. If it would help your readers, you could express these phrases explicitly. Alternate translation: “like a woman who covers herself with a veil beside the flocks of the other shepherds”
47 1:11 1:7 bp6l v6rs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile with silver studs שַׁ⁠לָּ⁠מָ֤ה אֶֽהְיֶה֙ כְּ⁠עֹ֣טְיָ֔ה עַ֖ל עֶדְרֵ֥י חֲבֵרֶֽי⁠ךָ 0 1 Alternate translation: “with spots of silver” In the authors culture women who were prostitutes often covered their faces with a veil so that people would not recognize them. It would not be normal for a young unmarried woman to be wandering among shepherds and the woman did not want to be mistaken for a prostitute. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the basis of this comparison. Alternate translation: “Tell me where you pasture your flocks so that I will not need to wander around among the flocks of your companions like a prostitute when I am looking for you” or “For why should I be like a prostitute who covers herself with a veil and wanders about\nbeside the flocks of your companions”
48 1:12 1:8 zt7d lc64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical lay on his couch אִם־ לֹ֤א תֵדְעִי֙ לָ֔⁠ךְ הַ⁠יָּפָ֖ה בַּ⁠נָּשִׁ֑ים צְֽאִי־ לָ֞⁠ךְ 0 1 “sat eating his special meal.” This probably refers to one of the couches on which people would lie around a table at a banquet. You could translate using the common word for what people do with their bodies when they eat special meals. If it would help your readers to see that this is a conditional statement then you could supply a word like “then” in your translation. Alternate translation: “If you do not know, most beautiful among women, then go out”
49 1:12 1:8 ur66 fu4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure nard אִם־ לֹ֤א תֵדְעִי֙ לָ֔⁠ךְ הַ⁠יָּפָ֖ה בַּ⁠נָּשִׁ֑ים 0 1 an oil that people got from the expensive nard or spikenard (valerian plant with small pink or white flowers) and used to make their skin soft and to have a pleasant odor. If it would be more natural in your language you could begin this verse with the phrase **most beautiful among women**. Alternate translation: “Most beautiful among women, if you do not know”
50 1:12 1:8 lp8f nky4 emitted its fragrance הַ⁠יָּפָ֖ה בַּ⁠נָּשִׁ֑ים 0 1 Alternate translation: “gave off its good smell” Alternate translation: “you who are the most beautiful of all women”
51 1:13 1:8 vc5v sy7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go My beloved is to me like a bag of myrrh … breasts צְֽאִי־ לָ֞⁠ךְ 0 1 Women would place a small bag or pouch of myrrh on a necklace so it would lie between their breasts and they could enjoy its pleasant fragrance. This woman enjoys having her beloved close to her. She adds “to me” to show that she does not expect anyone else to enjoy her beloved in this way. Alternate translation: “I enjoy my beloved as much as I enjoy having a bag of myrrh … breasts” Your language may say “come” rather than **go** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “come out”
52 1:13 1:8 bzs7 al9c My beloved וּ⁠רְעִי֙ אֶת־ גְּדִיֹּתַ֔יִ⁠ךְ 0 1 This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” Alternate translation: “My dear one” or “My lover” Alternate translation: “and let your young goats graze” or “and graze your young goats”
53 1:13 1:8 f8y8 fis9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism lying between my breasts וּ⁠רְעִי֙ אֶת־ גְּדִיֹּתַ֔יִ⁠ךְ 0 1 If this phrase would offend your readers, you could use a euphemism. Alternate translation: “close to me” Alternate translation: “graze your young goats” or “let your young goats eat”
54 1:14 1:9 zh75 j8xv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure My beloved is to me like a cluster of henna flowers לְ⁠סֻסָתִ⁠י֙ בְּ⁠רִכְבֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה דִּמִּיתִ֖י⁠ךְ רַעְיָתִֽ⁠ 0 1 Henna flowers have a fragrance that people enjoy. The woman enjoys her beloved. She adds “to me” to show that she does not expect anyone else to enjoy her beloved in this way. Alternate translation: “I enjoy my beloved as much as I enjoy the smell of clusters of henna flowers” If it would be more natural in your language you could begin this verse with the phrase **my darling**. Alternate translation: “My darling, I liken you to a mare among the chariots of Pharaoh”
55 1:14 1:9 a6jk gw76 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile henna flowers לְ⁠סֻסָתִ⁠י֙ בְּ⁠רִכְבֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה דִּמִּיתִ֖י⁠ךְ 0 1 flowers from a small desert tree that people used as a perfume Here, it is implied that the man is comparing the woman to the beauty of a mare and not to other other qualities of a horse. The king of Egypt’s horses were known to be the best in the world and so they would have been very beautiful. If it would help your readers you could explain the point of this comparison. Alternate translation: “Your beauty is like the beauty of Pharaoh’s chariot horses” or “I compare your beauty to the beauty of Pharaoh’s chariot horses”
56 1:15 1:9 x2d5 zyj5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Listen, you בְּ⁠רִכְבֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה 0 1 Alternate translation: “Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: you” The man is using the phrase **the chariots** to mean “the horses that pull the chariots.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “among the horses that pull Pharaoh’s chariots” or “among the horses that pull the chariots of Pharaoh”
57 1:15 1:9 m114 lnbo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit my love פַרְעֹ֔ה 0 1 “you whom I love.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:9](./09.md) Here, the term **Pharaoh** does not refer to a specific Egyptian king but is a title used to designate the acting king of Egypt. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the king of Egypt”
58 1:15 1:10 fb4x hrjd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown your eyes are doves בַּ⁠תֹּרִ֔ים 0 1 This could mean: (1) the Israelites considered doves to be gentle and soft birds, and the man considers the woman’s eyes beautiful because the way the woman looks at him makes him think she is gentle. Alternate translation: “you are very gentle” or (2) the man is speaking of the woman’s white eyeballs or the shape of her eyes as being like the shape of a dove. The term the man uses, which the ULT translates as **earrings**, is a term which refers to strings of small ornaments or jewels which apparently hung down the side of one’s face. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of jewelry you could use a more general term and, if you are using footnotes, you could make a footnote explaining this type of jewelry. Alternate translation: “with neck ornaments” or “strings of jewels”
59 1:16 1:10 sbi4 u7h9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown Listen, you בַּ⁠חֲרוּזִֽים 0 1 Alternate translation: “Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: you” **necklaces** are a type of jewelry worn around the neck in order to make a person look more attractive. If your readers would not be familiar with **necklaces**, you could use the name of something similar in your area worn around the neck for the purpose of looking nice or you could use a more general term and, if it would help your readers, you could make a footnote explaining what a necklace is if you are using footnotes. Alternate translation: “with neck ornaments” or “strings of jewels”
60 1:16 1:11 km29 yuyp rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown handsome תּוֹרֵ֤י 0 1 Use the word in your language that describes a good-looking man. See how you translated the term “earrings” in the previous verse.
61 1:16 1:11 x3pr dza7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns my beloved נַעֲשֶׂה 0 1 This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one” or “my lover” The man speaks as if he were many people. Some versions change this to singular “I.” Other versions take these to be the words of the woman’s friends. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
62 1:16 1:11 q43e bp6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor lush plants are our bed עִ֖ם נְקֻדּ֥וֹת הַ⁠כָּֽסֶף 0 1 This speaks of the lush plants as if they were a bed. Alternate translation: “lush plants are what we lie down on to sleep” Alternate translation: “with beads of silver” or “that are decorated with silver”
63 1:16 1:12 xed8 kec9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The lush plants שֶׁ֤⁠הַ⁠מֶּ֨לֶךְ֙ 0 1 plants that are green, moist, and grow abundantly See how you translated the phrase “The king” in [1:4](../01/04.md) where it is used with the same meaning.
64 1:17 1:12 v14z zt7d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The beams of our house are cedars; our rafters are firs בִּ⁠מְסִבּ֔⁠וֹ 0 1 The woman describes the forest as though it were a house in which they were lying down. The word which the ULT translates as **couch** could: (1) refer to a couch and be translated as **couch** as modeled by the ULT. (2) refer to a table. Alternate translation: “was at his table”
65 1:17 1:12 q6r8 ur66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown beams … rafters נִרְדִּ֖⁠י 0 1 This could mean: (1) “beams” refers to large logs used to support everything above the walls and “rafters” refers to the large pieces of wood to which the roof is attached or (2) “beams” refers to the rafters and “rafters” refers to the strips attached to the beams, onto which the builders attached the roofing materials. The term **nard** refers to pleasant smelling perfumed oil that was made from the roots of the **nard** plant. If your readers would not be familiar with *nard** plants, you could use a general expression or describe what **nard** is. Alternate translation: “my perfumed oil” or “my pleasant smelling perfume made from the nard plant”
66 1:17 1:12 c3e5 lp8f rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown cedars … firs נָתַ֥ן רֵיחֽ⁠וֹ 0 1 Cedars were large and strong trees. The word translated “firs” is a general term for trees like cedars but smaller. If cedar and fir trees are unknown in your area, you could use general terms for the tallest and strongest trees. Alternate translation: “gave off its good smell” or “spread its pleasant smell”
67 1:13 vc5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor צְר֨וֹר הַ⁠מֹּ֤ר ׀ דּוֹדִ⁠י֙ לִ֔⁠י בֵּ֥ין שָׁדַ֖⁠י יָלִֽין 1 In the author’s culture women would sometimes place a small bag or pouch of myrrh on a necklace so it would hang on their neck and they could enjoy its pleasant smell. The woman makes a comparison between the enjoyable experience of having a bag of myrrh near her and the enjoyable experience of having the man she loves near her. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a simile to show the comparison. Alternate translation: “I enjoy having my beloved near me throughout the night like I enjoy the smell of a bag of myrrh”
68 1:13 d77b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַ⁠מֹּ֤ר 1 **myrrh** was a pleasant smelling incense that was made from resin taken from the bark of a certain kind of tree. One of the things it was used for was to make a person smell good. If your readers would not be familiar with **myrrh**, you could use the name of something pleasant smelling in your area that might be used for this purpose or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “pleasant smelling perfume”
69 1:13 bzs7 דּוֹדִ⁠י֙ 1 Alternate translation: “is my lover”
70 1:13 f8y8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism אֶשְׁכֹּ֨ל הַ⁠כֹּ֤פֶר ׀ דּוֹדִ⁠י֙ לִ֔⁠י 1 If using the word **breasts** would offend your readers, you could use an appropriate euphemism for **breasts** or state the meaning of the phrase **between my breasts it stays** using a more general expression. Alternate translation: “My beloved stays very close to me during the night, like a bundle of myrrh hanging near my chest”
71 1:13 bl0z יָלִֽין 1 Here, the original language word that the ULT translates with the phrase **it stays** is ambiguous regarding what it is that **stays**. This word could: (1) indicate that the **bundle of myrrh** is what **stays**, in which case it should be translated as something similar to **it stays** as modeled by the ULT. (2) mean that the man **stays**. Alternate translation: “he stays”
72 1:13 jw0u יָלִֽין 1 Here, the word **stays** could: (1) refer to staying in one place for a prolonged period of time in which case you could translate this word with something similar to **stays** as modeled by the ULT. (2) refer to lying down. Alternate translation: “it lies”
73 1:14 a6jk rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַ⁠כֹּ֤פֶר 1 The phrase **henna blossoms** refers to **blossoms** from the **henna** plant which produces clusters of flower blossoms which have a pleasant smell. If your readers would not be familiar with this plant, you could use the name of a plant in your area that has a pleasant smell, you could explain in your translation that henna is a plant that produces fragrant blossoms, or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “fragrant flowers” or “fragrant blossoms from the henna plant”
74 1:14 zh75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֶשְׁכֹּ֨ל הַ⁠כֹּ֤פֶר ׀ דּוֹדִ⁠י֙ לִ֔⁠י בְּ⁠כַרְמֵ֖י עֵ֥ין גֶּֽדִי 1 Here, **vineyards of En Gedi** is probably a reference to the woman’s body because at that time **vineyards** were often used to convey a sexual meaning and because the phrase **in the vineyards of Engedi** is in parallel to phrase in the previous verse in which the woman refers to her body by saying that her “beloved” is like a “bundle of myrrh“ which “stays” (the night) “between” her “breasts.” In this verse the woman makes a comparison between the pleasurable experience of the smell of henna blossoms and her enjoyment of having the man she loves near her body. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a simile to show the comparison. Because the woman describes her body in a poetic way with images, it is recommended that you either maintain these images or select images from your context and language that communicate the same concepts. Alternate translation: “I enjoy being near my beloved’s body like I enjoy the smell of the henna flowers in the vineyards of Engedi” or “I delight in my beloved being near my body like I enjoy the smell of the henna flowers in the vineyards of Engedi”
75 1:14 nop3 עֵ֥ין גֶּֽדִי 1
76 1:15 tae6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation הִנָּ֤⁠ךְ…הִנָּ֥⁠ךְ 1 The man is using the term **Look** to focus attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Behold! … Behold!”
77 1:15 x2d5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism הִנָּ֤⁠ךְ יָפָה֙ רַעְיָתִ֔⁠י הִנָּ֥⁠ךְ יָפָ֖ה עֵינַ֥יִ⁠ךְ יוֹנִֽים 1 The man uses the phrase **Look at you—you are beautiful** two times for emphasis. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one and provide emphasis in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Look at you—you are beautiful, my darling. Your eyes are doves”
78 1:15 m114 רַעְיָתִ֔⁠י 1 See how you translated the phrase **my darling** in [1:9](../01/09.md)
79 1:15 fb4x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֵינַ֥יִ⁠ךְ יוֹנִֽים 1 The man makes a comparison between the beauty and gentleness of doves and the woman’s eyes. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a simile to show the comparison or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your eyes are like doves” or “your eyes are gentle and beautiful”
80 1:16 sbi4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation הִנְּ⁠ךָ֨ 1 The woman is using the term **Look** to focus attention on what she is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Behold!”
81 1:16 febl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure הִנְּ⁠ךָ֨ יָפֶ֤ה דוֹדִ⁠י֙ אַ֣ף נָעִ֔ים אַף־ עַרְשֵׂ֖⁠נוּ רַעֲנָנָֽה 1 If it would be more natural in your language you could either begin or end this verse with the phrase **my beloved**.
82 1:16 x3pr דוֹדִ⁠י֙ 1 See how you translated the phrase **my beloved** in [1:13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: “my lover”
83 1:16 km29 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אַ֣ף נָעִ֔ים 1 The woman is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “you are truly pleasant”
84 1:16 q43e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַרְשֵׂ֖⁠נוּ 1 Here, **couch** does not refer to a literal couch but rather to the place where the couple would lie down in the forest. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the place where we lie down is” or “the place we lie down on like a bed is”
85 1:16 xed8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit רַעֲנָנָֽה 1 Here, the original language word that the ULT translates as **leafy** refers to plants that are the green color. You could translate **leafy** in a general way such as “green” or if it would help your readers you could indicate specifically what vegetation the word **leafy** refers to. Here, **leafy** could refer to: (1) the grass that the couple layed down on. Alternate translation: “grass” (2) the branches above their meeting place in the forest. Alternate translation: “under the cover of branches” or “shaded by branches”
86 1:17 v14z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor קֹר֤וֹת בָּתֵּ֨י⁠נוּ֙ אֲרָזִ֔ים רַהִיטֵ֖נוּ בְּרוֹתִֽים 1 Here the woman is speaking of the forest as though it were a **house**, the cedar trees as if they were the **beams** of the house and **pine** trees as if they were the **rafters** of the house. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly or use a simile as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “Our meeting place is shaded by cedar and pine trees” or “Branches of cedar and pine trees will be a canopy over our meeting place”
87 1:17 c3e5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בְּרוֹתִֽים 1 **pine** is a type of tree that grows tall and close to other trees so that they provide shade from the sun. If your readers would not be familiar with **pine** trees, you could use general phrase describing them or use the name of a tree that grows tall and densely in your area. Alternate translation: “tall leafy trees”
88 2:intro u8uv 0 # Song of Songs 2 General Notes\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphor\n\nWomen are compared to flowers in this chapter. This metaphor may describe a woman’s beauty and delicacy. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n### Euphemisms\n\nIt is possible that some of the metaphors used in this chapter are actually euphemisms. These euphemisms would refer to sex or the physical love between a husband a wife. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
89 2:1 bw25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 # General Information:\n\n(See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
90 2:1 cne2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I am a meadow flower of Sharon 0 The woman speaks as if she were one of many flowers in a land known for beautiful flowers.
276 4:13 uvg6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism Your branches 0 branches or channels of rivers, a clear euphemism for the female body part. If any reference to this would be offensive, translate it as a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “You” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
277 4:13 i3mi a grove 0 a place where many trees grow together
278 4:13 eji6 with choice fruits 0 Alternate translation: “with the best kinds of fruits”
279 4:13 q938 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown nard plants נְרָדִֽים 0 1 plants that give oil that people used to make their skin soft and to have a pleasant odor. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:14](../01/12.md). See how you translated the word **nard** in [1:12](../01/12.md).
280 4:14 e6n8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown נֵ֣רְדְּ 1 See how you translated the word **nard** in [1:12](../01/12.md).
281 4:13 dju5 henna 0 small desert trees that people used as a perfume. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:14](../01/12.md).
282 4:14 dxj9 saffron 0 a spice that comes from the dried parts from the yellow thread in the center of a certain flower
283 4:14 ujr7 calamus 0 a reed with a pleasant smell that people used to make anointing oil.