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TN edits through 2:10 (#2133) 

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Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote
PHP front intro pv9j 0 # Introduction to Philippians<br><br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of the Philippians<br><br>1. Greeting, thanksgiving and prayer (1:1-11)<br>1. Paul’s report on his ministry (1:12-26)<br>1. Instructions<br> - To be steadfast (1:27-30)<br> - To be united (2:1-2)<br> - To be humble (2:3-11)<br> - To work out our salvation with God working in you (2:12-13)<br> - To be innocent and light (2:14-18)<br>1. Timothy and Epaphroditus (2:19-30)<br>1. Warning about false teachers (3:1-4:1)<br>1. Personal instruction (4:2-5)<br>1. Rejoice and do not be anxious (4:4-6)<br>1. Final remarks<br> - Values (4:8-9)<br> - Contentment (4:10-20)<br> - Final Greetings (4:21-23)<br><br>### Who wrote the Book Philippians?<br><br>Paul wrote Philippians. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.<br><br>Paul wrote this letter while in prison in Rome.<br><br>### What is the Book of Philippians about?<br><br>Paul wrote this letter to the believers in Philippi, a city in Macedonia. He wrote it to thank the Philippians for the gift they had sent him. He wanted to tell them about how he was doing in prison and to encourage them to rejoice even if they are suffering. He also wrote to them about a man named Epaphroditus. He was the one who brought the gift to Paul. While visiting Paul, Epaphroditus became ill. So, Paul decided to send him back to Philippi. Paul encouraged the believers in Philippi to welcome and to be kind to Epaphroditus when he returns.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Philippians.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “Paul’s Letter to the Church in Philippi,” or “A Letter to the Christians in Philippi.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What was the city of Philippi like?<br><br>Philip, the father of Alexander the Great, founded Philippi in the region of Macedonia. This meant that the citizens of Philippi were also considered citizens of Rome. The people of Philippi were proud of being citizens of Rome. But Paul told the believers that they are citizens of heaven (3:20).<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### Singular and plural “you”<br><br>In this book, the word “I” refers to Paul. The word “you” is almost always plural and refers to the believers in Philippi. The exception to this is 4:3. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])<br><br>### Who were the “enemies of the cross of Christ” (3:18) in this letter?<br><br>The “enemies of the cross of Christ” were probably people who called themselves believers, but they did not obey God’s commands. They thought that freedom in Christ meant that believers could do whatever they desired and God would not punish them (3:19).<br><br>### Why were the words “joy” and “rejoice” frequently used in this letter?<br><br>Paul was in prison when he wrote this letter (1:7). Even though he suffered, Paul said many times that he was joyful because God had been kind to him through Jesus Christ. He wanted to encourage his readers to have the same trust in Jesus Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])<br><br>### What does Paul mean by the expression “in Christ,” “in the Lord,” etc.?<br><br>This kind of expression occurs in 1:1, 8, 13, 14, 26, 27; 2:1, 5, 19, 24, 29; 3:1, 3, 9, 14; 4:1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 13, 19, 21. Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. See the introduction to the Book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression.<br><br>### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Philippians?<br><br>Some versions have “Amen” at the end of the final verse in the letter (4:23). The ULT, UST, and other many modern versions do not. If “Amen” is included, it should be put inside square brackets ([]) to indicate that it is probably not original to the Book of Philippians.<br><br>(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
PHP front intro pv9j 0 # Introduction to Philippians<br><br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of the Philippians<br><br>1. Greeting, thanksgiving and prayer (1:1-11)<br>1. Paul’s report on his ministry (1:12-26)<br>1. Instructions<br> - To be steadfast (1:27-30)<br> - To be united (2:1-2)<br> - To be humble (2:3-11)<br> - To work out our salvation with God working in you (2:12-13)<br> - To be innocent and light (2:14-18)<br>1. Timothy and Epaphroditus (2:19-30)<br>1. Warning about false teachers (3:1-4:1)<br>1. Personal instruction (4:2-5)<br>1. Rejoice and do not be anxious (4:4-6)<br>1. Final remarks<br> - Values (4:8-9)<br> - Contentment (4:10-20)<br> - Final Greetings (4:21-23)<br><br>### Who wrote the Book Philippians?<br><br>Paul wrote Philippians. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.<br><br>Paul wrote this letter while in prison in Rome.<br><br>### What is the Book of Philippians about?<br><br>Paul wrote this letter to the believers in Philippi, a city in Macedonia. He wrote it to thank the Philippians for the gift they had sent him. He wanted to tell them about how he was doing in prison and to encourage them to rejoice even if they are suffering. He also wrote to them about a man named Epaphroditus. He was the one who brought the gift to Paul. While visiting Paul, Epaphroditus became ill. So, Paul decided to send him back to Philippi. Paul encouraged the believers in Philippi to welcome and to be kind to Epaphroditus when he returns.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Philippians.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “Paul’s Letter to the Church in Philippi,” or “A Letter to the Christians in Philippi.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What was the city of Philippi like?<br><br>Philip, the father of Alexander the Great, founded Philippi in the region of Macedonia. This meant that the citizens of Philippi were also considered citizens of Rome. The people of Philippi were proud of being citizens of Rome. But Paul told the believers that they are citizens of heaven (3:20).<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### Singular and plural “you”<br><br>In this book, the word “I” refers to Paul. The words “you” and “your” always refer to the believers in Philippi except for one time in 4:3. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])<br><br>### Who were the “enemies of the cross of Christ” (3:18) in this letter?<br><br>The “enemies of the cross of Christ” were probably people who called themselves believers, but they did not obey God’s commands. They thought that freedom in Christ meant that believers could do whatever they desired and God would not punish them (3:19).<br><br>### Why were the words “joy” and “rejoice” frequently used in this letter?<br><br>Paul was in prison when he wrote this letter (1:7). Even though he suffered, Paul said many times that he was joyful because God had been kind to him through Jesus Christ. He wanted to encourage his readers to have the same trust in Jesus Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])<br><br>### What does Paul mean by the expression “in Christ,” “in the Lord,” etc.?<br><br>This kind of expression occurs in 1:1, 8, 13, 14, 26, 27; 2:1, 5, 19, 24, 29; 3:1, 3, 9, 14; 4:1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 13, 19, 21. Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. See the introduction to the Book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression.<br><br>### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Philippians?<br><br>Some versions have “Amen” at the end of the final verse in the letter (4:23). The ULT, UST, and other many modern versions do not. If “Amen” is included, it should be put inside square brackets ([]) to indicate that it is probably not original to the Book of Philippians.<br><br>(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
PHP 1 intro kd3g 0 # Philippians 1 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Paul includes a prayer in the beginning of this letter. At that time, religious leaders sometimes began informal letters with a prayer.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### The day of Christ<br><br>This probably refers to the day when Christ returns. Paul often connected the return of Christ with motivating godly living. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Paradox<br><br>A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. This statement in verse 21 is a paradox: “to die is gain.” In verse 23 Paul explains why this is true. ([Philippians 1:21](../../php/01/21.md))
PHP 1 1 xk9z translate-names Παῦλος καὶ Τιμόθεος 1 Paul and Timothy These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
PHP 1 2 uuep translate-blessing χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη 1 Grace to you and peace This is a common greeting and blessing that Paul often uses in the beginning of his letters. Use a form in your language that makes it clear that this is a greeting and blessing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing]])
@ -135,22 +135,30 @@ PHP 2 6 hs4q ἐν μορφῇ Θεοῦ ὑπάρχων 1 existing in the form
PHP 2 6 xo2l ἐν μορφῇ Θεοῦ ὑπάρχων 1 The phrase **existing in the form of God** means that Jesus had the very nature of God. It does not mean that Jesus only appeared to be God but was not. This phrase is saying that Jesus was fully God. The rest of this verse, and the next two verses, explain that Jesus, while being fully God, humbled himself and acted as a servant in obedience to God. Avoid any translation that would suggest that Jesus was not fully God. Alternate translation: “being fully God”
PHP 2 6 els2 ἁρπαγμὸν 1 did not consider being equal with God something to be grasped Alternate translation: “something to be held onto” or “something to be retained”
PHP 2 6 kd1l οὐχ…ἡγήσατο 1 Alternate translation: “did not think” or “did not regard”
PHP 2 7 x5rt grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλὰ 1 The word **Instead** introduces a contrast between the preceding clause in [2:6](../02/6.md) and what follows in this verse and the next two verses. The contrast is made between the possible choice of hanging onto divine right and privileges and choosing to surrender these for the sake of service as Jesus did. The rest of this verse, as well as the following two verses, explain how Jesus gave up many of his divine rights and privileges to act as a servant. Alternate translation: “On the contrary” or “Rather” of “But” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
PHP 2 7 x5rt grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλὰ 1 The word **Instead** introduces a contrast between the preceding clause in [2:6](../02/6.md) and what is expressed about Jesus in this verse and the next two verses. The contrast is made between the choice of hanging onto divine rights and privileges or choosing to surrender them. The rest of this verse, as well as the following two verses, explain how Jesus gave up many of his divine rights and privileges to act as a servant. Alternate translation: “On the contrary” or “Rather” of “But” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
PHP 2 7 kvjd writing-pronouns ἀλλὰ ἑαυτὸν ἐκένωσεν 1 Here, the pronoun **he** refers to Jesus. Alternate translation: “Instead, Jesus emptied himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])<br>
PHP 2 7 yu25 figs-metaphor ἑαυτὸν ἐκένωσεν 1 he emptied himself Here, when Paul says that Christ **emptied himself**, he is speaking figuratively and not literally. By using this phrase, Paul is vividly expressing that Christ chose to give up many of his divine rights and privileges when he became human. Paul expresses this truth in a metaphorical way in order to more vividly make his point. If this would be unclear in your language consider using a similar expression that would be clear in your language or use plain language. Alternate translation: “he gave up divine rights and privileges” or “he willingly set aside divine privileges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 2 7 c64i figs-rpronouns ἑαυτὸν ἐκένωσεν 1 Here, the reflexive pronoun **himself** refers to Jesus and is used to emphasize the fact that Jesus freely and intentionally chose to empty himself of divine rights and privileges. Consider the best way, in your language, to express the emphatic element of this pronoun. Alternate translation: “he willingly set aside divine privileges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
PHP 2 7 s95d ἑαυτὸν ἐκένωσεν, μορφὴν δούλου λαβών 1 The phrase **having taken the form of a servant** means that Jesus acted as a servant while on earth. It does not mean that Jesus simply appeared to be a servant. The phrase **having taken the form of a servant** modifies the phrase **he emptied himself** by explaining just how Jesus emptied himself, namely by acting as a servant. Consider the best way, in your language, to show the connection between these two phrases. Alternate translation: “Jesus emptied himself by acting as a servant” or “he emptied himself by becoming a servant”
PHP 2 7 tc8n figs-gendernotations ἐν ὁμοιώματι ἀνθρώπων 1 in the likeness of men Here, the word **men** is emphasizing the idea of Jesus’ humanity rather than his gender. If your language has a way of expressing this emphasis on Jesus’ humanity, consider using the term that would most clearly express this. Alternate translation: “in the likeness of human beings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])<br><br>
PHP 2 7 qetl ἐν ὁμοιώματι ἀνθρώπων γενόμενος 1 The phrase **having been born in the likeness of men** means that Jesus became a human being. Alternate translation: “having become a human being” or see UST.
PHP 2 7 uizd καὶ σχήματι εὑρεθεὶς ὡς ἄνθρωπος 1 The phrase **having been found in appearance as a man** does not mean that Jesus only appeared to be a man but was not. Rather, this phrase continues the thought of the the previous phrase **having been born in the likeness of men** and means that Jesus became a human being and therefore was fully human in appearance. The phrase **in appearance** points out that Jesus was fully human in appearance but also indicates that while Jesus was fully human, Jesus was distinct in that he retained his full deity and was not only human but rather both human and divine at the same time. Alternate translation: “and while being found in the form of a human being” or see UST.
PHP 2 7 yu25 figs-metaphor ἑαυτὸν ἐκένωσεν 1 he emptied himself Here, Paul saying that Christ **emptied himself** is figurative and not literal. By using this phrase, Paul is vividly expressing that Christ chose to give up many of his divine rights and privileges when he became human. The phrase **emptied himself** is a figurative way of saying that Jesus chose to give up divine privileges and honors. Paul expresses this in a metaphorical way in order to more vividly make his point. If this would be unclear in your language consider using a similar expression that would be clear in your language or use plain language. Alternate translation: “he gave up divine rights and privileges” or “he willingly set aside divine privileges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 2 7 s95d ἑαυτὸν ἐκένωσεν, μορφὴν δούλου λαβών 1 The phrase **having taken the form of a servant** modifies the phrase **he emptied himself** by explaining just how Jesus emptied himself, namely by acting as a servant. Consider the best way, in your language, to show the connection between these two phrases. Alternate translation: “Jesus emptied himself by acting as a servant” or “he emptied himself by becoming a servant”
PHP 2 7 r5dn μορφὴν δούλου λαβών 1 The phrase **having taken the form of a servant** means that Jesus acted as a servant while on earth. It does not mean that Jesus simply appeared to be a servant.
PHP 2 7 qetl ἐν ὁμοιώματι ἀνθρώπων γενόμενος 1 The phrase **having been born in the likeness of men** means that Jesus became a human being. It does not mean that Jesus only appeared to be human. Rather, it means that Jesus who always existed as God, chose to take on a human body and therefore he appeared on earth in human form. Alternate translation: “having become a human being” or see UST.
PHP 2 7 tc8n figs-gendernotations ἐν ὁμοιώματι ἀνθρώπων 1 in the likeness of men Here, the word **men** is emphasizing the idea of Jesus’ humanity rather than his gender. The word **men** is plural in form to emphasize the idea that Jesus resembled humanity in general. If your language has a way of expressing this emphasis on Jesus’ humanity, consider the most clear way to express this. Alternate translation: “in the likeness of human beings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])<br><br>
PHP 2 7 uizd καὶ σχήματι εὑρεθεὶς ὡς ἄνθρωπος 1 The phrase **having been found in appearance as a man** does not mean that Jesus appeared to be a man but was not. Rather, this phrase continues the thought of the the previous phrase **having been born in the likeness of men** and means that Jesus became a human being and therefore was fully human in appearance. The phrase **in appearance**, points out that Jesus was fully human in appearance but also indicates that while being fully human, Jesus was distinct from the rest of humanity because he retained his full deity while being human; and therefore was both human and divine at the same time. Alternate translation: “and while being found in the form of a human being” or see UST.
PHP 2 7 jmr8 figs-gendernotations ἄνθρωπος 1 Here, the word **man** is emphasizing the idea of Jesus’ humanity rather than his gender. If your language has a way of expressing this emphasis on Jesus’ humanity, consider using the term that would most clearly express this. Alternate translation: “a human being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])<br><br>
PHP 2 8 t8a6 figs-metaphor γενόμενος ὑπήκοος μέχρι θανάτου 1 having become obedient to the point of death Paul speaks of death here in a figurative way. The translator can understand **to the point of death** either as a metaphor of location (Christ went all the way to death) or as a metaphor of time (Christ was obedient even until the time that he died). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 2 8 hi57 θανάτου δὲ σταυροῦ 1 even death on a cross “even to dying on a cross”
PHP 2 9 mvb7 figs-metonymy τὸ ὄνομα τὸ ὑπὲρ πᾶν ὄνομα 1 the name that is above every name Here, **name** is a metonym that refers to rank or honor. Alternate translation: “the rank that is above any other rank” or “the honor that is above any other honor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 2 9 qsy9 figs-metaphor ὑπὲρ πᾶν ὄνομα 1 above every name His **name** is more important, more to be praised than any other name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 2 10 tk45 figs-synecdoche ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Ἰησοῦ, πᾶν γόνυ κάμψῃ 1 at the name of Jesus every knee would bend Here, **knee** is a synecdoche for the whole person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PHP 2 10 xz1u figs-metonymy ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Ἰησοῦ, πᾶν γόνυ κάμψῃ 1 at the name of Jesus every knee would bend Here bending the knee to kneel on the ground is a metonym for worship. **In the name of** here is a metonym for the person, telling who it is they will worship. Alternate translation: “every person will worship Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 2 10 kfb4 καταχθονίων 1 under the earth This could mean: (1) This refers to the place where people go when they die. (2) This refers to the place where demons dwell.
PHP 2 8 t8a6 ἐταπείνωσεν ἑαυτὸν, γενόμενος ὑπήκοος μέχρι θανάτου 1 having become obedient to the point of death The phrase **having become** could be: (1) introducing the way Jesus **humbled himself**, namely that he humbled himself by becoming **obedient to the point of death**. Alternate translation: “Jesus humbled himself by becoming obedient to the point of dying” or “Jesus humbled himself this way, by obeying to the point of death” (2) explaining what the phrase **he humbled himself** refers to. If this is how this phrase is being used then **having become** is clarifying that **he humbled himself** by **death on a cross**. Alternate translation: “he humbled himself, specifically, by being obeying to the point of death”
PHP 2 8 ttys figs-rpronouns ἑαυτὸν 1 The word **himself** is a reflexive pronoun which refers to Jesus. The reflexive pronoun **himself** is used here to emphasize Jesus’ action of humbling himself. Consider the best way, in your language, to express the emphatic element of this pronoun. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
PHP 2 8 r5f0 figs-abstractnouns γενόμενος ὑπήκοος μέχρι θανάτου 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **obey** with a verb such as “obeying”. Alternate translation: “having obeyed to the point of death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 8 hi57 figs-abstractnouns θανάτου δὲ σταυροῦ 1 even death on a cross If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **death** with a verb such as “dying”. Alternate translation: “even to dying on a cross” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])<br><br><br>
PHP 2 8 flk2 θανάτου δὲ σταυροῦ 1 The word **even** combined with the repetition of the word **death** emphasize that dying on a cross was considered extremely humiliating. Paul’s readers would have been familiar with crucifixion and understood that it was very humiliating. This phrase emphasizes that Jesus’ death on the cross showed the great extent of his humility and obedience. Think about the best way, in your language, to show the emphatic nature of this phrase. Alternate translation: “even to death on a cross” or “even as so far as dying on a cross” or “even to the extent of dying on a cross”
PHP 2 9 f3ek grammar-connect-logic-result διὸ 1 The word **Therefore** introduces the result of Jesus humbling himself. How Jesus humbled himself is described in [2:6-8](../2/6-8.md). What follows the word **Therefore** is the result of what Jesus did in [2:6-8](../2/6-8.md). The word**Therefore** shows the reason and result relationship between what comes before this word and what follows it. Choose the best way in your language to express the reason and result relationship expressed by the word **Therefore**. Alternate translation: “Because of this” or “Because Jesus acted this way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
PHP 2 9 wmvd αὐτὸν ὑπερύψωσεν 1 Alternate translation: “greatly honored him”
PHP 2 9 qsy9 καὶ ἐχαρίσατο αὐτῷ τὸ ὄνομα τὸ ὑπὲρ πᾶν ὄνομα 1 above every name Alternate translation: “and gave him the position that was higher than any other position”
PHP 2 9 mvb7 figs-metonymy τὸ ὄνομα τὸ ὑπὲρ πᾶν ὄνομα 1 the name that is above every name Here, **name** is a metonym that refers to status or position. Alternate translation: “the position that is above every other position” or “the rank that is above every other rank” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 2 10 b3ai grammar-connect-logic-result ἵνα 1 The phrase **so that** connects this verse with the preceding verse,<br>[2:9](../02/9.md), and shows that this verse and the next verse are the result of [2:9](../02/9.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])<br>
PHP 2 10 tk45 figs-idiom ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Ἰησοῦ, πᾶν γόνυ κάμψῃ 1 at the name of Jesus every knee would bend Here, every knee bending is an idiomatic way of saying that Jesus will be worshiped and honored. If this would be clear in your language consider using this expression but if it would not be clear in your language consider using an equivalent expression to communicate the the idea of worship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PHP 2 10 xz1u figs-metonymy ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Ἰησοῦ, πᾶν γόνυ κάμψῃ 1 at the name of Jesus every knee would bend Here, **at the name of** is a metonym for the person, telling who it is they will worship. Alternate translation: “every person will worship Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 2 10 ec1a ὀνόματι 1 See how you translated **name** in [2:9](../02/9.md).
PHP 2 10 xn7a ἐπουρανίων καὶ ἐπιγείων καὶ καταχθονίων 1 The phrase **in heaven and on earth and under the earth** literally means “of heavenly things and of earthly things and of things under the earth” or “of heavenly beings and of earthly beings and of beings under the earth”. This phrase refers to all beings, including human beings and angels. This phrase emphasizes that all beings everywhere will bow in reverence to Jesus. Alternate translation: “every being in heaven, and on earth, and under the earth”<br><br> 
PHP 2 11 xy4f figs-synecdoche πᾶσα γλῶσσα 1 every tongue Here, **tongue** refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “every person” or “every being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PHP 2 11 mr2i figs-metaphor εἰς δόξαν Θεοῦ Πατρὸς 1 to the glory of God the Father Here the word **to** expresses result: “with the result that they will praise God the Father” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 2 12 jnp3 0 Connecting Statement: Paul encourages the Philippian believers and shows them how to live the Christian life before others and reminds them of his example.

1 Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote
2 PHP front intro pv9j 0 # Introduction to Philippians<br><br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of the Philippians<br><br>1. Greeting, thanksgiving and prayer (1:1-11)<br>1. Paul’s report on his ministry (1:12-26)<br>1. Instructions<br> - To be steadfast (1:27-30)<br> - To be united (2:1-2)<br> - To be humble (2:3-11)<br> - To work out our salvation with God working in you (2:12-13)<br> - To be innocent and light (2:14-18)<br>1. Timothy and Epaphroditus (2:19-30)<br>1. Warning about false teachers (3:1-4:1)<br>1. Personal instruction (4:2-5)<br>1. Rejoice and do not be anxious (4:4-6)<br>1. Final remarks<br> - Values (4:8-9)<br> - Contentment (4:10-20)<br> - Final Greetings (4:21-23)<br><br>### Who wrote the Book Philippians?<br><br>Paul wrote Philippians. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.<br><br>Paul wrote this letter while in prison in Rome.<br><br>### What is the Book of Philippians about?<br><br>Paul wrote this letter to the believers in Philippi, a city in Macedonia. He wrote it to thank the Philippians for the gift they had sent him. He wanted to tell them about how he was doing in prison and to encourage them to rejoice even if they are suffering. He also wrote to them about a man named Epaphroditus. He was the one who brought the gift to Paul. While visiting Paul, Epaphroditus became ill. So, Paul decided to send him back to Philippi. Paul encouraged the believers in Philippi to welcome and to be kind to Epaphroditus when he returns.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Philippians.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “Paul’s Letter to the Church in Philippi,” or “A Letter to the Christians in Philippi.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What was the city of Philippi like?<br><br>Philip, the father of Alexander the Great, founded Philippi in the region of Macedonia. This meant that the citizens of Philippi were also considered citizens of Rome. The people of Philippi were proud of being citizens of Rome. But Paul told the believers that they are citizens of heaven (3:20).<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### Singular and plural “you”<br><br>In this book, the word “I” refers to Paul. The word “you” is almost always plural and refers to the believers in Philippi. The exception to this is 4:3. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])<br><br>### Who were the “enemies of the cross of Christ” (3:18) in this letter?<br><br>The “enemies of the cross of Christ” were probably people who called themselves believers, but they did not obey God’s commands. They thought that freedom in Christ meant that believers could do whatever they desired and God would not punish them (3:19).<br><br>### Why were the words “joy” and “rejoice” frequently used in this letter?<br><br>Paul was in prison when he wrote this letter (1:7). Even though he suffered, Paul said many times that he was joyful because God had been kind to him through Jesus Christ. He wanted to encourage his readers to have the same trust in Jesus Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])<br><br>### What does Paul mean by the expression “in Christ,” “in the Lord,” etc.?<br><br>This kind of expression occurs in 1:1, 8, 13, 14, 26, 27; 2:1, 5, 19, 24, 29; 3:1, 3, 9, 14; 4:1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 13, 19, 21. Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. See the introduction to the Book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression.<br><br>### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Philippians?<br><br>Some versions have “Amen” at the end of the final verse in the letter (4:23). The ULT, UST, and other many modern versions do not. If “Amen” is included, it should be put inside square brackets ([]) to indicate that it is probably not original to the Book of Philippians.<br><br>(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) # Introduction to Philippians<br><br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of the Philippians<br><br>1. Greeting, thanksgiving and prayer (1:1-11)<br>1. Paul’s report on his ministry (1:12-26)<br>1. Instructions<br> - To be steadfast (1:27-30)<br> - To be united (2:1-2)<br> - To be humble (2:3-11)<br> - To work out our salvation with God working in you (2:12-13)<br> - To be innocent and light (2:14-18)<br>1. Timothy and Epaphroditus (2:19-30)<br>1. Warning about false teachers (3:1-4:1)<br>1. Personal instruction (4:2-5)<br>1. Rejoice and do not be anxious (4:4-6)<br>1. Final remarks<br> - Values (4:8-9)<br> - Contentment (4:10-20)<br> - Final Greetings (4:21-23)<br><br>### Who wrote the Book Philippians?<br><br>Paul wrote Philippians. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.<br><br>Paul wrote this letter while in prison in Rome.<br><br>### What is the Book of Philippians about?<br><br>Paul wrote this letter to the believers in Philippi, a city in Macedonia. He wrote it to thank the Philippians for the gift they had sent him. He wanted to tell them about how he was doing in prison and to encourage them to rejoice even if they are suffering. He also wrote to them about a man named Epaphroditus. He was the one who brought the gift to Paul. While visiting Paul, Epaphroditus became ill. So, Paul decided to send him back to Philippi. Paul encouraged the believers in Philippi to welcome and to be kind to Epaphroditus when he returns.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Philippians.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “Paul’s Letter to the Church in Philippi,” or “A Letter to the Christians in Philippi.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What was the city of Philippi like?<br><br>Philip, the father of Alexander the Great, founded Philippi in the region of Macedonia. This meant that the citizens of Philippi were also considered citizens of Rome. The people of Philippi were proud of being citizens of Rome. But Paul told the believers that they are citizens of heaven (3:20).<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### Singular and plural “you”<br><br>In this book, the word “I” refers to Paul. The words “you” and “your” always refer to the believers in Philippi except for one time in 4:3. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])<br><br>### Who were the “enemies of the cross of Christ” (3:18) in this letter?<br><br>The “enemies of the cross of Christ” were probably people who called themselves believers, but they did not obey God’s commands. They thought that freedom in Christ meant that believers could do whatever they desired and God would not punish them (3:19).<br><br>### Why were the words “joy” and “rejoice” frequently used in this letter?<br><br>Paul was in prison when he wrote this letter (1:7). Even though he suffered, Paul said many times that he was joyful because God had been kind to him through Jesus Christ. He wanted to encourage his readers to have the same trust in Jesus Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])<br><br>### What does Paul mean by the expression “in Christ,” “in the Lord,” etc.?<br><br>This kind of expression occurs in 1:1, 8, 13, 14, 26, 27; 2:1, 5, 19, 24, 29; 3:1, 3, 9, 14; 4:1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 13, 19, 21. Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. See the introduction to the Book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression.<br><br>### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Philippians?<br><br>Some versions have “Amen” at the end of the final verse in the letter (4:23). The ULT, UST, and other many modern versions do not. If “Amen” is included, it should be put inside square brackets ([]) to indicate that it is probably not original to the Book of Philippians.<br><br>(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
3 PHP 1 intro kd3g 0 # Philippians 1 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Paul includes a prayer in the beginning of this letter. At that time, religious leaders sometimes began informal letters with a prayer.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### The day of Christ<br><br>This probably refers to the day when Christ returns. Paul often connected the return of Christ with motivating godly living. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Paradox<br><br>A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. This statement in verse 21 is a paradox: “to die is gain.” In verse 23 Paul explains why this is true. ([Philippians 1:21](../../php/01/21.md))
4 PHP 1 1 xk9z translate-names Παῦλος καὶ Τιμόθεος 1 Paul and Timothy These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
5 PHP 1 2 uuep translate-blessing χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη 1 Grace to you and peace This is a common greeting and blessing that Paul often uses in the beginning of his letters. Use a form in your language that makes it clear that this is a greeting and blessing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing]])
135 PHP 2 6 xo2l ἐν μορφῇ Θεοῦ ὑπάρχων 1 The phrase **existing in the form of God** means that Jesus had the very nature of God. It does not mean that Jesus only appeared to be God but was not. This phrase is saying that Jesus was fully God. The rest of this verse, and the next two verses, explain that Jesus, while being fully God, humbled himself and acted as a servant in obedience to God. Avoid any translation that would suggest that Jesus was not fully God. Alternate translation: “being fully God”
136 PHP 2 6 els2 ἁρπαγμὸν 1 did not consider being equal with God something to be grasped Alternate translation: “something to be held onto” or “something to be retained”
137 PHP 2 6 kd1l οὐχ…ἡγήσατο 1 Alternate translation: “did not think” or “did not regard”
138 PHP 2 7 x5rt grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλὰ 1 The word **Instead** introduces a contrast between the preceding clause in [2:6](../02/6.md) and what follows in this verse and the next two verses. The contrast is made between the possible choice of hanging onto divine right and privileges and choosing to surrender these for the sake of service as Jesus did. The rest of this verse, as well as the following two verses, explain how Jesus gave up many of his divine rights and privileges to act as a servant. Alternate translation: “On the contrary” or “Rather” of “But” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) The word **Instead** introduces a contrast between the preceding clause in [2:6](../02/6.md) and what is expressed about Jesus in this verse and the next two verses. The contrast is made between the choice of hanging onto divine rights and privileges or choosing to surrender them. The rest of this verse, as well as the following two verses, explain how Jesus gave up many of his divine rights and privileges to act as a servant. Alternate translation: “On the contrary” or “Rather” of “But” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
139 PHP 2 7 kvjd writing-pronouns ἀλλὰ ἑαυτὸν ἐκένωσεν 1 Here, the pronoun **he** refers to Jesus. Alternate translation: “Instead, Jesus emptied himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])<br>
PHP 2 7 yu25 figs-metaphor ἑαυτὸν ἐκένωσεν 1 he emptied himself Here, when Paul says that Christ **emptied himself**, he is speaking figuratively and not literally. By using this phrase, Paul is vividly expressing that Christ chose to give up many of his divine rights and privileges when he became human. Paul expresses this truth in a metaphorical way in order to more vividly make his point. If this would be unclear in your language consider using a similar expression that would be clear in your language or use plain language. Alternate translation: “he gave up divine rights and privileges” or “he willingly set aside divine privileges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
140 PHP 2 7 c64i figs-rpronouns ἑαυτὸν ἐκένωσεν 1 Here, the reflexive pronoun **himself** refers to Jesus and is used to emphasize the fact that Jesus freely and intentionally chose to empty himself of divine rights and privileges. Consider the best way, in your language, to express the emphatic element of this pronoun. Alternate translation: “he willingly set aside divine privileges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
141 PHP 2 7 s95d yu25 figs-metaphor ἑαυτὸν ἐκένωσεν, μορφὴν δούλου λαβών ἑαυτὸν ἐκένωσεν 1 he emptied himself The phrase **having taken the form of a servant** means that Jesus acted as a servant while on earth. It does not mean that Jesus simply appeared to be a servant. The phrase **having taken the form of a servant** modifies the phrase **he emptied himself** by explaining just how Jesus emptied himself, namely by acting as a servant. Consider the best way, in your language, to show the connection between these two phrases. Alternate translation: “Jesus emptied himself by acting as a servant” or “he emptied himself by becoming a servant” Here, Paul saying that Christ **emptied himself** is figurative and not literal. By using this phrase, Paul is vividly expressing that Christ chose to give up many of his divine rights and privileges when he became human. The phrase **emptied himself** is a figurative way of saying that Jesus chose to give up divine privileges and honors. Paul expresses this in a metaphorical way in order to more vividly make his point. If this would be unclear in your language consider using a similar expression that would be clear in your language or use plain language. Alternate translation: “he gave up divine rights and privileges” or “he willingly set aside divine privileges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
142 PHP 2 7 tc8n s95d figs-gendernotations ἐν ὁμοιώματι ἀνθρώπων ἑαυτὸν ἐκένωσεν, μορφὴν δούλου λαβών 1 in the likeness of men Here, the word **men** is emphasizing the idea of Jesus’ humanity rather than his gender. If your language has a way of expressing this emphasis on Jesus’ humanity, consider using the term that would most clearly express this. Alternate translation: “in the likeness of human beings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])<br><br> The phrase **having taken the form of a servant** modifies the phrase **he emptied himself** by explaining just how Jesus emptied himself, namely by acting as a servant. Consider the best way, in your language, to show the connection between these two phrases. Alternate translation: “Jesus emptied himself by acting as a servant” or “he emptied himself by becoming a servant”
143 PHP 2 7 qetl r5dn ἐν ὁμοιώματι ἀνθρώπων γενόμενος μορφὴν δούλου λαβών 1 The phrase **having been born in the likeness of men** means that Jesus became a human being. Alternate translation: “having become a human being” or see UST. The phrase **having taken the form of a servant** means that Jesus acted as a servant while on earth. It does not mean that Jesus simply appeared to be a servant.
144 PHP 2 7 uizd qetl καὶ σχήματι εὑρεθεὶς ὡς ἄνθρωπος ἐν ὁμοιώματι ἀνθρώπων γενόμενος 1 The phrase **having been found in appearance as a man** does not mean that Jesus only appeared to be a man but was not. Rather, this phrase continues the thought of the the previous phrase **having been born in the likeness of men** and means that Jesus became a human being and therefore was fully human in appearance. The phrase **in appearance** points out that Jesus was fully human in appearance but also indicates that while Jesus was fully human, Jesus was distinct in that he retained his full deity and was not only human but rather both human and divine at the same time. Alternate translation: “and while being found in the form of a human being” or see UST. The phrase **having been born in the likeness of men** means that Jesus became a human being. It does not mean that Jesus only appeared to be human. Rather, it means that Jesus who always existed as God, chose to take on a human body and therefore he appeared on earth in human form. Alternate translation: “having become a human being” or see UST.
145 PHP 2 7 tc8n figs-gendernotations ἐν ὁμοιώματι ἀνθρώπων 1 in the likeness of men Here, the word **men** is emphasizing the idea of Jesus’ humanity rather than his gender. The word **men** is plural in form to emphasize the idea that Jesus resembled humanity in general. If your language has a way of expressing this emphasis on Jesus’ humanity, consider the most clear way to express this. Alternate translation: “in the likeness of human beings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])<br><br>
146 PHP 2 7 uizd καὶ σχήματι εὑρεθεὶς ὡς ἄνθρωπος 1 The phrase **having been found in appearance as a man** does not mean that Jesus appeared to be a man but was not. Rather, this phrase continues the thought of the the previous phrase **having been born in the likeness of men** and means that Jesus became a human being and therefore was fully human in appearance. The phrase **in appearance**, points out that Jesus was fully human in appearance but also indicates that while being fully human, Jesus was distinct from the rest of humanity because he retained his full deity while being human; and therefore was both human and divine at the same time. Alternate translation: “and while being found in the form of a human being” or see UST.
147 PHP 2 7 jmr8 figs-gendernotations ἄνθρωπος 1 Here, the word **man** is emphasizing the idea of Jesus’ humanity rather than his gender. If your language has a way of expressing this emphasis on Jesus’ humanity, consider using the term that would most clearly express this. Alternate translation: “a human being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])<br><br>
148 PHP 2 8 t8a6 figs-metaphor γενόμενος ὑπήκοος μέχρι θανάτου ἐταπείνωσεν ἑαυτὸν, γενόμενος ὑπήκοος μέχρι θανάτου 1 having become obedient to the point of death Paul speaks of death here in a figurative way. The translator can understand **to the point of death** either as a metaphor of location (Christ went all the way to death) or as a metaphor of time (Christ was obedient even until the time that he died). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) The phrase **having become** could be: (1) introducing the way Jesus **humbled himself**, namely that he humbled himself by becoming **obedient to the point of death**. Alternate translation: “Jesus humbled himself by becoming obedient to the point of dying” or “Jesus humbled himself this way, by obeying to the point of death” (2) explaining what the phrase **he humbled himself** refers to. If this is how this phrase is being used then **having become** is clarifying that **he humbled himself** by **death on a cross**. Alternate translation: “he humbled himself, specifically, by being obeying to the point of death”
149 PHP 2 8 hi57 ttys figs-rpronouns θανάτου δὲ σταυροῦ ἑαυτὸν 1 even death on a cross “even to dying on a cross” The word **himself** is a reflexive pronoun which refers to Jesus. The reflexive pronoun **himself** is used here to emphasize Jesus’ action of humbling himself. Consider the best way, in your language, to express the emphatic element of this pronoun. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
150 PHP 2 9 8 mvb7 r5f0 figs-metonymy figs-abstractnouns τὸ ὄνομα τὸ ὑπὲρ πᾶν ὄνομα γενόμενος ὑπήκοος μέχρι θανάτου 1 the name that is above every name Here, **name** is a metonym that refers to rank or honor. Alternate translation: “the rank that is above any other rank” or “the honor that is above any other honor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **obey** with a verb such as “obeying”. Alternate translation: “having obeyed to the point of death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
151 PHP 2 9 8 qsy9 hi57 figs-metaphor figs-abstractnouns ὑπὲρ πᾶν ὄνομα θανάτου δὲ σταυροῦ 1 above every name even death on a cross His **name** is more important, more to be praised than any other name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **death** with a verb such as “dying”. Alternate translation: “even to dying on a cross” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])<br><br><br>
152 PHP 2 10 8 tk45 flk2 figs-synecdoche ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Ἰησοῦ, πᾶν γόνυ κάμψῃ θανάτου δὲ σταυροῦ 1 at the name of Jesus every knee would bend Here, **knee** is a synecdoche for the whole person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) The word **even** combined with the repetition of the word **death** emphasize that dying on a cross was considered extremely humiliating. Paul’s readers would have been familiar with crucifixion and understood that it was very humiliating. This phrase emphasizes that Jesus’ death on the cross showed the great extent of his humility and obedience. Think about the best way, in your language, to show the emphatic nature of this phrase. Alternate translation: “even to death on a cross” or “even as so far as dying on a cross” or “even to the extent of dying on a cross”
153 PHP 2 10 9 xz1u f3ek figs-metonymy grammar-connect-logic-result ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Ἰησοῦ, πᾶν γόνυ κάμψῃ διὸ 1 at the name of Jesus every knee would bend Here bending the knee to kneel on the ground is a metonym for worship. **In the name of** here is a metonym for the person, telling who it is they will worship. Alternate translation: “every person will worship Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) The word **Therefore** introduces the result of Jesus humbling himself. How Jesus humbled himself is described in [2:6-8](../2/6-8.md). What follows the word **Therefore** is the result of what Jesus did in [2:6-8](../2/6-8.md). The word**Therefore** shows the reason and result relationship between what comes before this word and what follows it. Choose the best way in your language to express the reason and result relationship expressed by the word **Therefore**. Alternate translation: “Because of this” or “Because Jesus acted this way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
154 PHP 2 10 9 kfb4 wmvd καταχθονίων αὐτὸν ὑπερύψωσεν 1 under the earth This could mean: (1) This refers to the place where people go when they die. (2) This refers to the place where demons dwell. Alternate translation: “greatly honored him”
155 PHP 2 9 qsy9 καὶ ἐχαρίσατο αὐτῷ τὸ ὄνομα τὸ ὑπὲρ πᾶν ὄνομα 1 above every name Alternate translation: “and gave him the position that was higher than any other position”
156 PHP 2 9 mvb7 figs-metonymy τὸ ὄνομα τὸ ὑπὲρ πᾶν ὄνομα 1 the name that is above every name Here, **name** is a metonym that refers to status or position. Alternate translation: “the position that is above every other position” or “the rank that is above every other rank” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
157 PHP 2 10 b3ai grammar-connect-logic-result ἵνα 1 The phrase **so that** connects this verse with the preceding verse,<br>[2:9](../02/9.md), and shows that this verse and the next verse are the result of [2:9](../02/9.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])<br>
158 PHP 2 10 tk45 figs-idiom ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Ἰησοῦ, πᾶν γόνυ κάμψῃ 1 at the name of Jesus every knee would bend Here, every knee bending is an idiomatic way of saying that Jesus will be worshiped and honored. If this would be clear in your language consider using this expression but if it would not be clear in your language consider using an equivalent expression to communicate the the idea of worship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
159 PHP 2 10 xz1u figs-metonymy ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Ἰησοῦ, πᾶν γόνυ κάμψῃ 1 at the name of Jesus every knee would bend Here, **at the name of** is a metonym for the person, telling who it is they will worship. Alternate translation: “every person will worship Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
160 PHP 2 10 ec1a ὀνόματι 1 See how you translated **name** in [2:9](../02/9.md).
161 PHP 2 10 xn7a ἐπουρανίων καὶ ἐπιγείων καὶ καταχθονίων 1 The phrase **in heaven and on earth and under the earth** literally means “of heavenly things and of earthly things and of things under the earth” or “of heavenly beings and of earthly beings and of beings under the earth”. This phrase refers to all beings, including human beings and angels. This phrase emphasizes that all beings everywhere will bow in reverence to Jesus. Alternate translation: “every being in heaven, and on earth, and under the earth”<br><br> 
162 PHP 2 11 xy4f figs-synecdoche πᾶσα γλῶσσα 1 every tongue Here, **tongue** refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “every person” or “every being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
163 PHP 2 11 mr2i figs-metaphor εἰς δόξαν Θεοῦ Πατρὸς 1 to the glory of God the Father Here the word **to** expresses result: “with the result that they will praise God the Father” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
164 PHP 2 12 jnp3 0 Connecting Statement: Paul encourages the Philippian believers and shows them how to live the Christian life before others and reminds them of his example.