diff --git a/en_tn_20-PRO.tsv b/en_tn_20-PRO.tsv deleted file mode 100644 index df6e224c78..0000000000 --- a/en_tn_20-PRO.tsv +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1973 +0,0 @@ -Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote -PRO front intro spe4 0 # Introduction to Proverbs

## Part 1: General Introduction

### Outline of Proverbs

1. Solomon introduces his proverbs (1:1–7)
1. Collection of teachings (1:8–9:18)
1. Proverbs of Solomon (10:1–22:16)
1. Words of wise men (22:17–24:22)
1. More words of wise men (24:23–34)
1. More proverbs of Solomon (25:1–29:27)
1. The words of Agur (30:1–33)
1. The words of Lemuel (31:1–9)
1. A good wife praised (31:10–31)

### What is the book of Proverbs about?

A proverb is a short statement that expresses some wisdom or truth. Most societies have their own proverbs. People that speak a given language can readily understand proverbs in that language.

The Book of Proverbs is a collection of proverbs. It also includes teachings about how to live wisely. Scholars refer to Proverbs, Psalms, Job, Ecclesiastes, and the Song of Songs as wisdom literature. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]])

### How should the title of this book be translated?

The title of this book is often translated as “Proverbs.” A more general translation would be “Words for Wise People,” “Words that Give Wisdom,” or something similar.

### Who wrote the book of Proverbs?

Proverbs begins with the words, “The Proverbs of Solomon, son of David and King of Israel.” But Solomon did not write all of the proverbs. Unnamed wise men may have written some of them. Agur the son of Jakeh (30:1) and King Lemuel (31:1) identify themselves as writing some of the proverbs.

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

### What is meant by “wisdom” and “foolishness” in the Book of Proverbs?

“Wisdom” means the understanding and doing of what is true and morally right. A wise person understands and does what Yahweh would judge to be right. Anyone living in this way will also learn to live well with other people and to make good practical decisions in life. The book of Proverbs also acknowledges that it is important to maintain one’s honor or reputation in the opinion of other people. Those who fail to live in this way are called “foolish.” For this reason, it is possible for a person to be very intelligent and still be foolish. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]])

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

### What form do the individual proverbs have?

Most proverbs have two parts or two lines that are “parallel” to each other. The second part may strengthen the first, may give more details about the first, or may even say what seems the opposite of the first. Translators should take into account that each proverb is also part of a larger group of proverbs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])

### How should personification be represented in translation?

In Proverbs, certain qualities such as wisdom and understanding are often represented as if they were wise women, as in [Proverbs 3:15-18](../03/15.md), [Proverbs 4:6-9](../04/06.md), and elsewhere. In languages where it is possible for a woman figure to represent these qualities, the translator should translate in this way. However, in many languages this kind of direct translation is not possible. In such a case, the translator may be able to translate these personifications as similes instead. This means they would present wisdom or understanding as being like a wise woman whom people should obey. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 1 intro y4et 0 # Proverbs 1 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

The first chapter of proverbs begins with a type of introduction in verses 1-7. It mentions Solomon, son of David. Verse 7 contains a foundational verse for the whole book. It defines wisdom.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Parallelism

Proverbs are often written without any surrounding context and in two lines of text. Each line will have a certain relationship to the other line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 1 1 q6pn writing-poetry 0 General Information: Verses 2-33 are poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]]) -PRO 1 2 iaq1 figs-abstractnouns 0 to teach wisdom and instruction This can be reworded so that the abstract nouns “wisdom” and “instruction” can be stated as adjectives or verbs. Alternate translation: “to teach you how to be wise and to instruct you about how to live moral lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 1 2 rs3p 0 to teach words of insight Alternate translation: “to help you understand wise teachings” -PRO 1 3 ew1z figs-you 0 that you may receive Here “you” refers to the readers. If it is more natural in your language you can state it as an inclusive “we.” Alternate translation: “that we may receive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -PRO 1 3 aun5 figs-abstractnouns 0 may receive instruction in order to live If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **instruction**, you could express the same idea with a verb. Alternate translation: “may be instructed how to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 1 4 be4c figs-abstractnouns 0 are also to give wisdom to the naive This can be reworded so that If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wisdom**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “wise.” This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “also teach to those who are naive how to be wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 1 4 j62d 0 naive inexperienced or immature -PRO 1 4 p2ca figs-abstractnouns 0 to give knowledge and discretion to young people The abstract nouns “knowledge” and “discretion” can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: “and to teach to young people what they need to know and how to discern the right thing to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 1 4 wxv5 0 discretion knowing what should be done in a particular situation -PRO 1 5 lrm2 0 Let wise people listen and increase their learning Alternate translation: “Let those who are wise pay attention and learn even more” -PRO 1 5 r7sn 0 let discerning people get guidance Alternate translation: “let people who have understanding learn from these proverbs how to make good decisions” -PRO 1 6 rcl9 0 riddles sayings that one can understand only after thinking about them -PRO 1 7 r9nd 0 General Information: A father teaches his child. -PRO 1 7 ga71 0 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this. -PRO 1 7 l9za 0 fools despise wisdom and instruction Alternate translation: “those who do not value what is wise and instructive are fools” -PRO 1 8 p2x9 figs-idiom 0 do not lay aside This is an idiom that means “do not ignore” or “do not reject” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 1 9 qxp8 figs-metaphor 0 they will be a graceful wreath for your head and pendants hanging from your neck The rules and instructions that parents teach their children are so valuable and important that they are spoken of as if they were a beautiful wreath or pendant that a person wears. Alternate translation: “they will make you wise just as wearing a wreath on your head or a pendant around your neck makes you beautiful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 1 9 h55y 0 wreath an woven circle made of leaves or flowers -PRO 1 9 l3ql 0 pendants jewelry that is worn around the neck -PRO 1 10 y9bt 0 try to entice you into their sin Alternate translation: “try to persuade you to sin as they do” -PRO 1 10 e1wu 0 refuse to follow them Alternate translation: “refuse them” or “do not listen to them” -PRO 1 11 f89h figs-hypo 0 If they say Here the speaker gives an example of what sinners may try to entice someone to do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -PRO 1 11 nvn9 0 lie in wait Alternate translation: “hide and wait for the right time” -PRO 1 12 b8bq 0 General Information: Verses 12-14 end the imagined statement of the sinners who are trying to entice others to sin. -PRO 1 12 w4w6 figs-metaphor 0 Let us swallow them up alive, like Sheol takes away those who are healthy The sinners speak of murdering innocent people as if they were Sheol and they would take a living and healthy person down to the place where dead people go. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 1 12 jg5z figs-personification 0 Let us swallow … like Sheol takes away This speaks of the grave as if it were a person that swallows humans and takes them down to the place of the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 1 12 kea4 0 like Sheol takes away those who are healthy The wicked expect to destroy their victims in the same way Sheol, the place of the dead, takes away even healthy people. -PRO 1 12 ayt4 0 make them like those who fall into the pit This could mean: (1) this refers to travelers who fall into a deep hole where no one will ever find them or (2) here “pit” is another word that means Sheol or the place where dead people go. -PRO 1 14 x2p6 figs-idiom 0 Throw in your lot with us This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “Join us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 1 14 l56r figs-metonymy 0 we will all have one purse together Here “purse” represents everything that they steal. Alternate translation: “we will equally share everything that we steal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 1 14 ci4y 0 purse a bag for carrying money -PRO 1 15 t25u figs-metaphor 0 do not walk down that road with them; do not let your foot touch where they walk To avoid behaving the same way as the sinners do is spoken of as if the son were to avoid walking on or even touching the roads that sinners walk on. Alternate translation: “do not go with the sinners or do what they do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 1 16 vap2 figs-metaphor 0 their feet run to evil The sinners having an eager interest in doing evil things is spoken of as if they were running to evil. Alternate translation: “they are eager to do wicked things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 1 16 v6fc figs-synecdoche 0 their feet run Here “feet” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “they run” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 1 16 m7ui figs-metonymy 0 to shed blood Here “blood” represents a person’s life. To “shed blood” means to murder someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 1 17 g5jd figs-metaphor 0 For it is useless to spread the net in the sight of any bird This metaphor compares the wisdom of birds who avoid traps that they see to the foolishness of sinners who get caught in traps they make for themselves. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 1 18 ulr3 figs-metaphor 0 These men lie in wait for their own blood—they set an ambush for their own lives This finishes the comparison started in [Proverbs 1:17](../01/17.md). The men destroying themselves by doing sinful things is spoken of as if they set a trap and kill themselves. Alternate translation: “But these men are more foolish than the birds. They kill themselves with their own traps” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 1 18 b16m figs-metaphor 0 These men lie in wait for their own blood To lie in wait is to hide, ready to do something wicked. Alternate translation: “It is as if they are looking for an opportunity to kill themselves” or “They themselves will be killed because they try to kill others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 1 18 vs5n figs-metonymy 0 their own blood Here “blood” is a metonym for a violent death. Alternate translation: “to kill themselves violently” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 1 18 rih3 figs-metonymy 0 they set an ambush for their own lives Here “their own lives” is a metonym for themselves. Alternate translation: “it is as if they are the ones who are waiting to suddenly attack and kill them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 1 19 fz7s figs-metaphor 0 So are the ways of everyone A person’s fate or destiny is spoken of as if it were a road a person walks on. Alternate translation: “This is what happens to everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 1 19 su23 figs-metaphor 0 unjust gain takes away the lives of those who hold on to it A person destroying themselves by trying to gain wealth through violence, theft, and deceit is spoken of as if the unjust gains will kill those who take it. Alternate translation: “it is like the unjust gains will destroy those who hold on to it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 1 20 xza5 figs-personification 0 General Information: In 1:20-1:33 Wisdom is spoken of as if it were a woman speaking to the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 1 20 pj5i figs-personification 0 Wisdom cries aloud If your language does not allow you to treat wisdom as a woman shouting to the people in the city, you might try something like “Grandmother Wisdom cries aloud” or “Honored Miss Wisdom cries aloud” or “Wisdom is like a woman who cries aloud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 1 20 u7zc figs-idiom 0 raises her voice This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “speaks with a loud voice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 1 20 pj5v figs-explicit 0 in the open places This means places where there would be a lot of people. Alternate translation: “in the markets” or “in the town squares” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 1 21 ggk1 0 at the head of the noisy streets This could mean: (1) “head” refers to the place where busy streets intersect or (2) “head” refers to the top of a wall where people on noisy streets could see and hear wisdom speaking. -PRO 1 22 jk3x figs-rquestion 0 How long, you naive people, will you love being naive? Wisdom uses this question to rebuke those who are not wise. Alternate translation: “You who are naive must stop loving being naive.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 1 22 v3nj 0 naive inexperienced or immature -PRO 1 22 j83h figs-rquestion 0 How long, you mockers, will you delight in mockery, and how long, you fools, will you hate knowledge? Wisdom uses this question to rebuke the mockers and the fools. Alternate translation: “You who mock must stop delighting in mockery, and you fools must stop hating knowledge.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 1 23 uv1b 0 Pay attention Alternate translation: “Listen carefully” -PRO 1 23 t4c9 figs-metaphor 0 I will pour out my thoughts to you Wisdom telling the people everything she thinks about them is spoken of as if her thoughts were a liquid that she would pour out. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 1 23 c7ci 0 I will make my words known to you Alternate translation: “I will tell you what I think” -PRO 1 24 i835 figs-idiom 0 I reached out with my hand This phrase is an idiom that means to beckon someone or to invite a person to come. Alternate translation: “I invited you to come to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 1 26 r8lx grammar-connect-words-phrases 0 I will laugh This can be stated with the word “therefore” to show that the woman wisdom laughs at them because they ignored her. Alternate translation: “Therefore I will laugh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) -PRO 1 26 p97h 0 at your calamity Alternate translation: “when bad things happen to you” -PRO 1 27 kd9m figs-simile 0 when your fearful dread comes like a storm … like a whirlwind … come upon you Terrible things happening to the people is compared to a storm hitting them and causing fear and suffering. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 1 27 uy59 0 whirlwind a very strong wind storm that causes damage -PRO 1 28 m9t9 figs-personification 0 Wisdom continues speaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 1 28 g5w7 0 Then they will call upon me Alternate translation: “Then those who ignored me will cry out to me for help” -PRO 1 29 xk1e figs-abstractnouns 0 Because they hate knowledge If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **knowledge**, you could express the same idea with the verb “learn.” Alternate translation: “Because they refused to learn to be wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 1 29 iu3z figs-abstractnouns 0 did not choose the fear of Yahweh If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **fear**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “did not fear Yahweh” or “did not honor and respect Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 1 30 h1ds 0 would not follow my instruction Alternate translation: “would not accept my instruction” or “rejected my advice” -PRO 1 31 nr9k 0 General Information: Verse 33 ends wisdom’s statement that began in [Proverbs 1:22](../01/22.md). -PRO 1 31 wkf7 figs-metaphor 0 eat the fruit of their ways Here a person’s behavior is spoken of as if it were a way or road. Also, a person receiving the results of their behavior is spoken as if the person were eating the fruit of their behavior. Alternate translation: “experience the consequences of their actions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 1 31 c1jc figs-metaphor 0 with the fruit of their schemes they will be filled “they will eat the fruit of their schemes until they are full.” A person receiving the results of their own evil plans is spoken of as eating the fruit of their schemes. Alternate translation: “they will suffer the consequences of their own evil plans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 1 32 t8af 0 naive inexperienced or immature -PRO 1 32 d3pk figs-metaphor 0 are killed when they turn away A person rejecting wisdom is spoken of as if the person physically turns away from wisdom. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “die because they refuse to learn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 1 32 le64 figs-abstractnouns 0 the indifference of fools will destroy them If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **indifference**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “fools will die because they do not care about what should be done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 1 32 cmi9 0 indifference a lack of interest about something -PRO 2 intro wr6i 0 # Proverbs 2 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Chapter 2 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### My Son
Occasionally, the author addresses a proverb to “my son.” This is not intended to restrict the words of that proverb to only males. Instead, it is simply a form used to pass on advice as a father does to his son. -PRO 2 1 gj7r figs-parallelism 0 General Information: A father teaches his child using poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 2 1 wtm1 0 if you receive my words Alternate translation: “if you listen to what I am teaching you” -PRO 2 1 jh3i figs-metaphor 0 treasure up my commandments with you Valuing what is commanded is spoken of as if the commandments were a treasure and the person were a safe place to store the treasure. Alternate translation: “consider my commands to be as valuable as a treasure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 2 2 an5c figs-idiom 0 make your ears pay attention This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “force yourself to listen carefully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 2 2 w1il figs-abstractnouns 0 to wisdom This abstract noun can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “to the wise things I am teaching you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 2 2 gme3 figs-metonymy 0 incline your heart to understanding Here “heart” represents a person’s mind. The phrase “incline your heart” is an idiom that means to commit or fully dedicate one’s mind to a task. Alternate translation: “try hard to understand what is wise” or “fully dedicate yourself to understanding wise teachings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 2 3 j5n7 figs-parallelism 0 If you cry out for understanding and raise your voice for it Both of these phrases have the same meaning. It is implied that the person is strongly asking Yahweh for understanding. Alternate translation: “If you urgently ask God and plead for understanding” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 2 3 q192 figs-idiom 0 raise your voice This is an idiom that means to speak loudly or to shout. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 2 4 ci1k figs-parallelism 0 if you seek it like you would seek silver and search for understanding as you would seek hidden treasures Both phrases have the same meaning. These similes emphasize the great effort a person should make to understand what is wise. Alternate translation: “if you seek understanding with as much effort as you search for a valuable object” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 2 4 ll3n figs-metaphor 0 you seek it … search for understanding Trying very hard to understand what is wise is spoken of as if understanding were an object for which a person must search. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 2 5 h49h figs-metaphor 0 you will find the knowledge of God To succeed in knowing God is spoken of as if the knowledge of God were an object that a person finds after searching. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 2 6 g5bj figs-synecdoche 0 from his mouth comes knowledge and understanding Here “mouth” represents Yahweh himself or what he says. Alternate translation: “from Yahweh comes knowledge and understanding” or “Yahweh tells us what we need to know and understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 2 7 jn6b figs-metaphor 0 He stores up sound wisdom for those who please him Yahweh teaching wisdom to people is spoken of as if wisdom were an item that Yahweh stores and gives to people. Alternate translation: “He teaches what is truly wise to those who please him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 2 7 dv7k 0 sound Alternate translation: “dependable” -PRO 2 7 m2mi figs-metaphor 0 he is a shield for those Yahweh being able to protect his people is spoken of as if he were a shield. Alternate translation: “God protects those” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 2 7 u4zr figs-metaphor 0 who walk in integrity A person behaving with integrity is spoken of as if they were walking in integrity. Alternate translation: “who behave with integrity” or “who live their lives as they should” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 2 8 qt7r figs-metaphor 0 he guards the paths of justice This could mean: (1) justice itself is spoken of as if it were a path. Alternate translation: “God makes sure that people act justly” or (2) a person’s life is spoken of as if it were a path. Alternate translation: “God protects those who act justly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 2 8 t2qd figs-metaphor 0 preserve the way of his faithful ones A person’s life is spoken of as if it were a way or road. Alternate translation: “protect those who are faithful to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 2 9 qn9x 0 equity fairness -PRO 2 9 ex8y figs-metaphor 0 every good path A behavior that is wise and pleases Yahweh is spoken of as if it were a good path. Alternate translation: “ways to live that are pleasing to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 2 10 kf4i figs-metonymy 0 wisdom will come into your heart Here “heart” represents a person’s inner being. A person becoming wise is spoken of as if wisdom would enter into a person’s heart. Alternate translation: “you will gain much wisdom” or “you will learn how to be truly wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 2 10 z4e2 figs-synecdoche 0 pleasant to your soul Here “soul” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “pleasing to you” or “enjoyable to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 2 11 jbm7 figs-personification 0 Discretion will watch over you, understanding will guard you This speaks of “discretion” and “understanding” as if they were persons who could watch over someone else. Both statements mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “Because you think carefully and understand what is right and wrong you will be safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 2 11 q2th 0 Discretion the quality of being careful in actions and speech -PRO 2 11 dnu8 0 watch over to guard, protect or take care of someone or something -PRO 2 12 ix2e figs-personification 0 They will rescue you from the way of evil “They” refers to discretion and understanding, which are spoken of as if they were persons who could rescue someone else. Alternate translation: “You will know to stay away from what is evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 2 12 vs4c figs-metaphor 0 from the way of evil Evil behaviors are spoken of as if evil were a way or path on which a person walks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 2 13 a5k8 figs-metaphor 0 who abandon the right paths and walk in the ways of darkness A person no longer doing what is right but deciding to do what is evil is spoken of as if the person stops walking on the correct path and chooses to walk down a dark path. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 2 13 tc6p 0 who abandon The word “who” refers to the people who speak perverse things. -PRO 2 13 q9by 0 abandon to leave and never return to someone or something -PRO 2 14 e571 0 They rejoice “They” refers to the same people as in [Proverbs 2:12](../02/12.md). -PRO 2 14 t4yz figs-parallelism 0 delight in the perversities of evil This means basically the same thing as the first part of the sentence. Alternate translation: “delight in doing what they know is evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 2 15 jpq2 figs-metaphor 0 They follow crooked paths People who lie to others are spoken of as if they walk on crooked or twisted paths. Alternate translation: “They deceive other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 2 15 lsl5 figs-metaphor 0 using deception they hide their tracks People lying so that others will not find out what they did is spoken of as if they covered the tracks on a path so that no one could follow them. Alternate translation: “they lie so that no one will know what they have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 2 16 p5k9 figs-personification 0 Wisdom and discretion will save you The writer speaks of wisdom and discretion as if they were people who save the one who possesses them. Alternate translation: “If you have wisdom and discretion, you will save yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 2 17 c2iu 0 the companion of her youth This refers to her husband, whom she married when she was young. -PRO 2 17 awb4 0 the covenant of her God This likely refers to the marriage covenant that she made with her husband in the presence of God. -PRO 2 18 dn9d 0 her house sinks down to death This could mean: (1) “going to her house leads to death” or (2) “the road to her house is the road to death.” -PRO 2 18 kl7y figs-metaphor 0 her tracks will lead you This could mean: (1) “the paths to her house will lead you.” This refers to the tracks or path that lead to her house, or (2) this is a metaphor that speaks of her way of life as if it were a path on which she walks. Alternate translation: “her way of life will lead you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 2 18 hwl4 figs-metonymy 0 to those in the grave This refers to the spirits of dead people and is a metonym for the place of the dead. Alternate translation: “to the grave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 2 19 n7tg figs-euphemism 0 go in to her This means to go into her house to sleep with her, as one would with a prostitute. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -PRO 2 19 zg4r 0 they will not find the paths of life This could mean: (1) “they will not return to the land of the living” or (2) “they will never live a happy life again.” -PRO 2 20 ts71 0 So The writer tells the result of getting understanding and discretion. -PRO 2 20 fiw6 figs-metaphor 0 you will walk in the way … follow the paths A person’s conduct is spoken of as if it were walking on a path. Alternate translation: “you will live in the way … follow the example” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 2 22 r5sm figs-metaphor 0 the wicked will be cut off from the land The writer speaks of Yahweh removing people from the land as if he were cutting the people off, like a person might cut a branch from a tree. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will remove the wicked from the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 2 22 w94m figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked … the faithless These are nominal adjectives that can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “those who are wicked … those who are faithless” or “wicked people … faithless people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 2 22 cmv9 figs-metaphor 0 the faithless will be cut off from it The writer speaks of Yahweh removing people from the land as if he were cutting the people off, like a person might cut a branch from a tree. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he will remove the faithless from it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 3 intro a94e 0 # Proverbs 3 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Chapter 3 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### My Son
Occasionally, the author addresses a proverb to “my son.” This is not intended to restrict the words of that proverb to only males. Instead, it is simply a form used to pass on advice as a father does to his son.

### Wisdom is feminine

You may notice that wisdom is referenced using a feminine pronoun. This is a feature that is carried in from the Hebrew language. This may apply well in your language but if it does not, follow the conventions of your language. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -PRO 3 1 p6r4 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: The writer speaks as a father teaching his child using poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 3 1 f5cv figs-abstractnouns 0 do not forget my commands The word “commands” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “do not forget what I command you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 3 1 tk78 figs-parallelism 0 keep my teachings in your heart This phrase says in positive terms what the previous phrase says in negative terms. Here the word “heart” represents the mind. The word “teachings” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “always remember what I teach you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 3 2 r3ia figs-doublet 0 for the length of your days and years of your life These two phrases share similar meanings and refer to the duration of a person’s life. Alternate translation: “all your life” or “as long as you live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 3 3 w5in figs-personification 0 Do not let covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness ever leave you The writer speaks of “covenant faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” as if they were people who could leave someone. The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” can be stated as “faithful” and “trustworthy.” And, the negative command can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “Always be trustworthy and be faithful to the covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 3 3 xj6j figs-metaphor 0 tie them together about your neck The writer speaks of faithfulness and trustworthiness as if they were objects that a person could tie around the neck like a necklace. The image suggests that these are valuable things that the person displays outwardly. Alternate translation: “display them proudly like one would wear a necklace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 3 3 i4pt figs-metonymy 0 write them on the tablet of your heart Here the heart represents a person’s mind. The mind is spoken of as if it were a tablet upon which someone can write messages and commands. Alternate translation: “always remember them, as if you had written them permanently on a tablet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 3 4 g3fy figs-metaphor 0 in the sight of God and man Here sight represents judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “in the judgment of God and man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 3 5 w345 figs-metonymy 0 all your heart Here the word “heart” represents the inner person. Alternate translation: “your whole being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 3 5 m1v4 figs-metaphor 0 do not lean on your own understanding The writer speaks of relying on one’s own understanding as if “understanding” were an object on which a person can lean. Alternate translation: “do not rely on your own understanding” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 3 6 c7br figs-metaphor 0 in all your ways The writer speaks of a person’s actions as if they were paths on which the person walks. Alternate translation: “in everything you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 3 6 m1v6 figs-metaphor 0 he will make your paths straight The writer speaks of Yahweh making a person’s actions prosperous as if that person’s actions were paths on which he walks and which Yahweh makes free of obstacles. Alternate translation: “he will give you success” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 3 7 y6is figs-metaphor 0 Do not be wise in your own eyes The writer speaks of a person’s opinion as if that person were seeing something with his eyes. Alternate translation: “Do not be wise in your own opinion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 3 7 au5s figs-metaphor 0 turn away from evil The writer speaks of not committing evil actions as if it were turning away from evil. Alternate translation: “do not commit evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 3 8 du95 figs-explicit 0 It will be healing to your flesh The word “it” refers to the instructions that the writer gives in the previous verse. The full meaning of this can be made clear. The word “flesh” represents the whole body. Alternate translation: “If you do this, it will be healing for your body” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 3 9 thp2 0 all your produce Alternate translation: “all the food you harvest” -PRO 3 10 z9am figs-activepassive 0 your storehouses will be filled up If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “your storehouses will be full” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 3 10 y7db 0 storehouses buildings or rooms where food is stored -PRO 3 10 vtx6 0 your vats will be bursting your storage containers will be extremely full, as if ready to break open. -PRO 3 11 f4sx 0 General Information: The writer writes as a father teaching his son. -PRO 3 12 gpk5 figs-explicit 0 a son who pleases him “a son in whom he delights.” This refers to the father’s affection for the son, and not to the father’s approval of the son’s behavior. Alternate translation: “a son whom he loves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 3 13 d1nq figs-metaphor 0 The one who finds wisdom The writer speaks of “wisdom” as if it were an object that one finds. Alternate translation: “The one who attains wisdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 3 14 gy74 0 what silver will give in return This refers to the profit that one can make from trading or investing silver. -PRO 3 15 y2yl figs-personification 0 General Information: The author speaks of wisdom as if it were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 3 15 vxz8 0 more precious Alternate translation: “more valuable” -PRO 3 16 p6g3 figs-personification 0 She has the length of her days in her right hand; in her left hand are riches and honor The writer speak of the benefits that one gains from having wisdom as if wisdom were a woman who held these qualities in her hands and offered them to people. Alternate translation: “Wisdom gives a person length of days and riches and honor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 3 16 k6ir figs-idiom 0 length of her days This idiom refers to the duration of person’s life and may imply a long life. Alternate translation: “long life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 3 17 mfb4 figs-personification 0 Her ways are ways of kindness and all her paths are peace The writer speaks of wisdom as if it were a woman and of the benefits that wisdom gives a person as if wisdom were leading that person along a path. Alternate translation: “Wisdom will always treat you kindly and give you peace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 3 18 le9q figs-metaphor 0 She is a tree of life to those who take hold of it The writer speaks of wisdom as if it were a tree that bears life-giving fruit and of a person who benefits from wisdom as if that person ate of the fruit. Alternate translation: “Wisdom is like a tree that sustains the life of those who eat of its fruit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 3 18 l7hn 0 a tree of life Alternate translation: “a tree that gives life” or “a tree whose fruit sustains life” -PRO 3 18 ka8x 0 those who hold on to it Alternate translation: “those who hold on to its fruit” -PRO 3 19 c1nf figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh founded the earth … established the heavens The writer speaks of Yahweh creating the earth and the heavens as if he were laying the foundation of a building. Alternate translation: “Yahweh created the earth … made the heavens” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 3 20 ulw3 figs-explicit 0 the depths broke open In ancient thought, water existed under the earth. This phrase refers to Yahweh causing that water to come out of the earth and make the oceans and rivers exist. Alternate translation: “he caused the rivers to flow” or “he caused the oceans to exist” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 3 20 b6d2 0 dew water that forms on the ground at night -PRO 3 21 xa9f figs-metaphor 0 do not lose sight of them The writer speaks of not forgetting something as if it were always being able to see it. Alternate translation: “do not forget them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 3 22 mr5l figs-synecdoche 0 They will be life to your soul Here the word “soul” represents the person. Alternate translation: “They will be life for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 3 22 x4q3 figs-metaphor 0 an adornment of favor to wear around your neck The writer speaks of “sound judgment” and “discernment” as if they were objects that a person could tie around the neck like a necklace. The image suggests that these are valuable things that the person displays outwardly. Alternate translation: “a display of favor like one would adorn themselves with a necklace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 3 22 r2k8 0 adornment of favor This could mean: (1) “a favorable adornment” or (2) “an adornment that displays Yahweh’s favor.” -PRO 3 23 k64j figs-metaphor 0 you will walk on your way in safety The writer speaks of living one’s life as if the person were walking along a path. Alternate translation: “you will live your life in safety” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 3 23 d5hd figs-synecdoche 0 your foot will not stumble The word “foot” represents the whole person. The writer speaks of doing wrong as if a person stumbled over an object in his path. Alternate translation: “you will not do things that are wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 3 24 f69h figs-explicit 0 when you lie down It is implied that a person lies down in order to sleep. The meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “when you lie down to sleep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 3 24 q2v4 figs-metaphor 0 your sleep will be sweet The writer speaks of sleep that is peaceful and refreshing as if it tasted sweet to the person sleeping. The word “sleep” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “your sleep will be pleasant” or “you will sleep peacefully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 3 25 ds94 figs-activepassive 0 devastation caused by the wicked, when it comes If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “when the wicked cause devastation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 3 26 aw88 figs-idiom 0 Yahweh will be on your side “Yahweh will be by your side.” A person standing by another person’s side is an idiom that means that the one person will help and support the other. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will support and defend you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 3 26 z3ye figs-metaphor 0 will keep your foot from being caught in a trap The writer speaks of a person experiencing harm from “terror” and “devastation” as if the person were caught in a trap. The word “foot” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “will protect you from those who want to harm you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 3 27 yl8a 0 Do not withhold good Alternate translation: “Do not withhold good things” or “Do not withhold good actions” -PRO 3 27 sqz5 0 when it is in your power to act Alternate translation: “when you are able to help” -PRO 3 28 e1qg 0 when you have the money with you “when you have the money with you now.” The meaning here is that the person has the money to help today, but tells his neighbor to come back tomorrow. -PRO 3 31 pae7 figs-explicit 0 Do not … choose any of his ways It is implied that he is not to choose to imitate the actions of the violent person. Alternate translation: “Do not … choose to imitate any of his ways” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 3 32 eu7k 0 the devious person is detestable to Yahweh Alternate translation: “Yahweh detests the devious person” -PRO 3 32 n8ed 0 the devious person the person who is dishonest or deceitful -PRO 3 32 uy1e figs-explicit 0 he brings the upright person into his confidence Yahweh shares his thoughts with the those who do right as with a close, trusted friend. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is a close friend to the upright” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 3 33 h6ns figs-metaphor 0 The curse of Yahweh is on the house of the wicked person The writer speaks of Yahweh’s curse as if it were an object that he placed on top of the wicked person’s house. The word “house” is a metonym for family. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has cursed the family of the wicked person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 3 33 q866 figs-metonymy 0 he blesses the home of righteous people The word “home” represents the family. Alternate translation: “he blesses the families of righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 3 34 kb65 figs-metaphor 0 he gives his favor to humble people The writer speaks of Yahweh’s favor as if it were an object that he gives to people. Alternate translation: “he shows his favor to humble people” or “he is gracious to humble people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 3 35 y7vz figs-metaphor 0 Wise people inherit honor The writer speaks of wise people obtaining a reputation of honor as if they inherited honor as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “Wise people will obtain honor” or “Wise people will gain an honorable reputation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 3 35 b6jx figs-metaphor 0 fools will be lifted up in their shame The writer speaks of Yahweh making the shame of fools evident to everyone as if Yahweh were lifting fools up for everyone to see them. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cause everyone to see the shame of fools” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 4 intro z4ah 0 # Proverbs 4 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Chapter 4 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### My Son
Occasionally, the author addresses a proverb to “my son.” This is not intended to restrict the words of that proverb to only males. Instead, it is simply a form used to pass on advice as a father does to his son.

### Wisdom is feminine

You may notice that wisdom is referenced using a feminine pronoun. This is a feature that is carried in from the Hebrew language. This may apply well in your language but if it does not, follow the conventions of your language. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -PRO 4 1 hqv1 0 General Information: The writer speaks as a father teaching his children. -PRO 4 1 zck6 0 pay attention Alternate translation: “listen carefully” -PRO 4 1 s4lm 0 you will know what understanding is Alternate translation: “you will know how to understand” or “you will gain understanding” -PRO 4 2 paf3 0 I am giving you good instructions Alternate translation: “What I am teaching you is good” -PRO 4 3 y999 figs-explicit 0 When I was a son of my father This refers to the time when the writer was a child still living under his father’s care. Alternate translation: “When I was still a boy learning from my father” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 4 3 n5ke figs-hendiadys 0 the tender and only child Here the word “tender” refers to a young age at which the child is still weak. It forms a hendiadys with the word “only.” Alternate translation: “the tender only child” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) -PRO 4 4 b7y3 figs-metonymy 0 Let your heart hold fast to my words Here the word “heart” represents the person’s mind. The writer speaks of remembering words as if the heart were holding on tightly to them. Alternate translation: “Always remember what I am teaching you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 4 5 ft42 0 Acquire wisdom Alternate translation: “Work hard to gain for yourself wisdom” or “Get wisdom” -PRO 4 5 fb3y 0 do not forget Alternate translation: “remember” -PRO 4 5 m3uv 0 do not reject Alternate translation: “accept” -PRO 4 5 su5g figs-synecdoche 0 the words of my mouth Here the word “mouth” represents the person who speaks. Alternate translation: “what I am saying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 4 6 zc73 figs-personification 0 do not abandon wisdom and she will watch over you; love her and she will keep you safe The writer speaks of wisdom as if it were a woman who protects the person who is faithful to her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 4 6 vrf5 0 do not abandon wisdom This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “hold tightly to wisdom” or “be faithful to wisdom” -PRO 4 6 h75g 0 love her Alternate translation: “love wisdom” -PRO 4 7 zu2p 0 General Information: The father finishes teaching his children what his father taught him. -PRO 4 7 guq5 0 spend all you own so you can get understanding Alternate translation: “value understanding more than all you own” -PRO 4 8 pa2i figs-personification 0 Cherish wisdom and she will exalt you The writer speaks of wisdom as if it were a woman and of wisdom giving great honor to a person as if wisdom lifted that person to a high position. Alternate translation: “If you cherish wisdom, she will give you great honor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 4 8 x13z 0 Cherish to feel or show great love for someone or something -PRO 4 8 k4fl figs-personification 0 she will honor you when you embrace her The writer speaks of wisdom as if it were a woman and of a person valuing wisdom as if the person placed his arms around her. Alternate translation: “if you love wisdom greatly, wisdom will cause people to honor you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 4 9 z38e figs-metaphor 0 She will put a wreath of honor on your head The writer speaks of the honor that a person will have from gaining wisdom as if wisdom placed a wreath upon that person’s head. Alternate translation: “Wisdom will be like a wreath on your head that shows your great honor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 4 9 beu8 0 wreath a woven circle made of leaves or flowers -PRO 4 9 z184 figs-metaphor 0 she will give you a beautiful crown The writer speaks of the honor that a person will have from gaining wisdom as if wisdom placed a crown upon that person’s head. Alternate translation: “wisdom will be like a beautiful crown on your head” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 4 10 p1f4 0 pay attention to my words Alternate translation: “listen carefully to what I teach you” -PRO 4 10 l7bx 0 you will have many years in your life Alternate translation: “you will live many years” -PRO 4 11 h1ql figs-metaphor 0 I direct you in the way of wisdom; I lead you down straight paths The writer speaks of teaching his son to live wisely as if he were leading his son along the paths where one may find wisdom. Alternate translation: “I am teaching you how to live wisely; I am explaining the right way to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 4 12 xxp4 figs-metaphor 0 When you walk, no one will stand in your way and if you run, you will not stumble These two lines share similar meanings. The writer speaks of the decisions and actions that a person makes as if that person were walking or running along a path and of the person being successful as if the path were free of obstacles that might make the person stumble. Alternate translation: “When you plan something, you will succeed in doing it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 4 13 d7gk figs-metaphor 0 Hold on to instruction, do not let it go The writer speaks of a person remembering what he has learned as if “instruction” were an object that the person can hold tightly. Alternate translation: “Continue to obey what I have taught you and never forget it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 4 13 ljf9 figs-metonymy 0 for it is your life The writer speaks of discipline preserving a person’s life as if it were that person’s life. Alternate translation: “for it will preserve your life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 4 14 gi8l figs-metaphor 0 Do not follow the path of the wicked and do not go along the way of those who do evil The writer speaks of a person’s actions as if that person were walking along a path. Alternate translation: “Do not do what wicked people do and do not join in the actions of people who do evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 4 15 cr8d 0 Avoid it Alternate translation: “Avoid the path of the wicked” -PRO 4 16 n1jz figs-hyperbole 0 they cannot sleep until they do evil They probably could literally sleep, but the writer uses an exaggeration to express how intensely they desire to commit evil actions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -PRO 4 16 a2jq figs-hyperbole 0 they are robbed of sleep The writer speaks of people being unable to sleep as if sleep were an object that someone stole from them. They probably could literally sleep, but the writer uses an exaggeration to express how intensely they desire to commit evil actions. Alternate translation: “they are unable to sleep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 4 16 bvp7 figs-metaphor 0 until they cause someone to stumble The writer speaks of causing harm to another person as if it were causing that person to stumble. Alternate translation: “until they harm someone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 4 17 vfi9 figs-metaphor 0 they eat the bread of wickedness and drink the wine of violence This could mean: (1) this is a metaphor in which the writer speaks of these people constantly committing wickedness and violence as if they ate and drank them like one would drink bread and wine. Alternate translation: “wickedness is like the bread that they eat and violence is like the wine that they drink” or (2) these people get their food and drink by committing wickedness and violence. Alternate translation: “they eat bread that they obtain by doing wicked things and drink wine that they obtain through violence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 4 18 w7hu figs-metaphor 0 the path of righteous people The writer speaks of the actions and lifestyles of righteous people as if they were a “path” or “way” upon which they walk. Alternate translation: “the lifestyle of righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 4 18 etf9 figs-simile 0 the path of righteous people is like the first light that grows brighter The writer compares the path of righteous people to the sunrise, meaning that they are safe because they have light to see where they are walking. Alternate translation: “righteous people walk along their path safely because the morning sun shines on it and grows brighter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 4 18 i5k7 0 the first light This refers to the dawn or sunrise. -PRO 4 18 jv88 figs-idiom 0 until the fullness of the day comes This refers to the time of day at which the sun shines the brightest. Alternate translation: “until the sun shines most brightly” or “until full daylight” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 4 19 bqj5 figs-metaphor 0 The way of the wicked The writer speaks of the actions and lifestyles of wicked people as if they were a “path” or “way” upon which they walk. Alternate translation: “The lifestyle of the wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 4 19 mj9l figs-simile 0 The way of the wicked is like darkness The writer compares the way of wicked people to darkness, meaning that they are always in danger because they have no light to see where they are walking. Alternate translation: “Wicked people walk dangerously along their path because they have no light to be able to see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 4 19 m9yh figs-metaphor 0 they do not know what it is they stumble over The writer speaks of experiencing harm as if it were stumbling over an object in the path along which the person walks. Alternate translation: “they do not know why they experience harm and misfortune” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 4 20 w8jd 0 pay attention Alternate translation: “listen carefully” -PRO 4 20 kji2 figs-synecdoche 0 incline your ear to my sayings Here the word “ear” represents the person who is listening. The writer speaks of listening attentively to someone as if it were leaning forward so that the ear is closer to the one speaking. The word “sayings” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “listen attentively to the things that I am saying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 4 21 zdv5 figs-metaphor 0 Do not let them turn away from your eyes The writer speaks of always thinking about something as if it were keeping it where one can see it. Alternate translation: “Do not stop thinking about them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 4 21 a189 figs-metaphor 0 keep them in your heart The writer speaks of remembering something as if it were keeping it within one’s heart. Alternate translation: “always remember them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 4 22 jnu1 figs-metonymy 0 my words are life The writer speaks of his words preserving a person’s life as if they were that person’s life. Alternate translation: “my words give life” or “the things I say give life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 4 22 lby5 figs-metaphor 0 to those who find them The writer speaks of fully understanding his words as if the person searches for them and finds them. Alternate translation: “to those who understand and practice them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 4 22 d57y figs-ellipsis 0 health to their whole body The word “their” refers to “those who find them.” The subject for this phrase can be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “my words will give health to the whole body of those who find them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PRO 4 23 pf19 figs-metonymy 0 Keep your heart safe and guard it Here the word “heart” represents a person’s mind and thoughts. Alternate translation: “Keep your mind safe and guard your thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 4 23 klv3 0 with all diligence with constant and earnest effort -PRO 4 23 n8vd figs-metonymy 0 from it flow the springs of life The word “it” refers to the heart, which is a metonym for the mind and thoughts. The writer speaks of a person’s life as if it were a flowing spring that originates from the heart. Alternate translation: “from your thoughts comes everything you say and do” or “your thoughts determine your course of life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 4 24 a2sw figs-metaphor 0 Put crooked speech away from you and put corrupt talk far from you The writer speaks of lying or deceitful speech as if it were crooked and of a person not using this kind of language as if it were removing it far away from oneself. Alternate translation: “Do not lie and do not speak deceitfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 4 25 il8g figs-synecdoche 0 Let your eyes look straight ahead and fix your gaze straight before you Here the word “eyes” represents the person who is looking. The writer speaks of a person being committed to doing the right thing as if that person were constantly looking forward without turning his head to look in another direction. Alternate translation: “Always look straight ahead and fix your gaze straight before you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 4 26 nt2z figs-synecdoche 0 Make a level path for your foot Here the word “foot” represents the person who is walking. The writer speaks of a person’s actions as if he were walking along a path, and of planning those actions carefully as if it were making that path level. Alternate translation: “Make a level path to walk on” or “Prepare well what you want to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 4 26 g2a2 0 a level path Alternate translation: “a smooth path” or “an even path” -PRO 4 26 xyn9 figs-metaphor 0 then all your ways will be secure The writer speaks of a person’s actions as if the person were walking along a path and of those actions being successful as if the path were safe and secure. Alternate translation: “then everything that you do will be right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 4 27 h89u figs-merism 0 Do not turn aside to the right or to the left The directions “right” and “left” form a merism, meaning that the person is not to leave the level path in any direction. Alternate translation: “Walk straight ahead and do not leave the level path” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -PRO 4 27 j3tn figs-synecdoche 0 turn your foot away from evil Here the word “foot” represents the person who walks. The writer speaks of not committing evil actions as if the person were walking away from evil. Alternate translation: “turn away from evil” or “stay away from evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 5 intro jxf1 0 # Proverbs 5 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Chapter 5 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### My Son
Occasionally, the author addresses a proverb to “my son.” This is not intended to restrict the words of that proverb to only males. Instead, it is simply a form used to pass on advice as a father does to his son.

### Adulteress

This chapter is unusual because it holds a theme about the adulteress and warns the young man to avoid her. An adulteress is a woman who commits adultery. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adultery]]) -PRO 5 1 vi27 0 General Information: The writer speaks as a father teaching his children. -PRO 5 1 nl9h figs-synecdoche 0 incline your ears Here the word “ears” represents the person who is listening. The writer speaks of listening attentively to someone as if it were leaning forward so that the ears are closer to the one speaking. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 4:20](../04/20.md). Alternate translation: “listen attentively” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 5 2 cei4 0 discretion Discretion is the quality of being careful with regard to one’s actions and speech. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 1:4](../01/04.md). -PRO 5 2 la7f figs-synecdoche 0 your lips may protect knowledge Here the word “lips” represents the person who speaks. The writer speaks of a person being careful only to say what is true as if the person’s lips were protecting knowledge. Alternate translation: “you will speak only what is true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 5 3 zxr9 figs-metonymy 0 the lips of an adulteress drip with honey This could mean: (1) the word “lips” represents the words of the adulteress and the writer speaks of the attractiveness of her words as if her lips dripped with honey. Alternate translation: “the words of an adulteress are sweet, as if dripping with honey” or (2) the writer speaks of the allure of kissing the adulteress as if her lips dripped with honey. Alternate translation: “the kisses of an adulteress are sweet, as if her lips dripped with honey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 5 3 z9rm figs-metonymy 0 her mouth is smoother than oil This could mean: (1) the word “mouth” represents the speech of the adulteress and the writer speaks of the persuasiveness of her speech as if her mouth were smoother than olive oil. Alternate translation: “her speech is persuasive and smoother than olive oil” or (2) the writer speaks of the pleasure of kissing the adulteress as if her mouth were smoother than oil. Alternate translation: “her kisses are smoother than olive oil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 5 4 pd3g figs-metaphor 0 but in the end she is as bitter as wormwood The writer speaks of the harm that comes from having a relationship with an adulteress as if she tasted as bitter as wormwood. Alternate translation: “but in the end, she is like bitter-tasting wormwood and will cause you harm” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 5 4 m3sn 0 wormwood a plant that tastes bitter -PRO 5 4 jy84 figs-metaphor 0 cutting like a sharp sword The writer speaks of the pain that the adulteress will cause to the one who has a relationship with her as if she were a sharp weapon that cuts the person. Alternate translation: “she wounds a person, as if she were a sharp sword” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 5 5 kc88 figs-synecdoche 0 Her feet go down to death Here “her feet” represent the adulteress as she walks. The writer speaks of her conduct as if she were walking along a path. Alternate translation: “She is walking along a path that leads to death” or “Her lifestyle leads to death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 5 5 g7qf figs-metaphor 0 her steps go all the way to Sheol The writer speaks of her conduct as if she were walking along a path. Alternate translation: “she walks all the way to Sheol” or “her conduct takes her all the way to Sheol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 5 6 nxc1 figs-metaphor 0 She gives no thought to the path of life The writer speaks of behavior that gives a person long life as if it were a path that leads to life. Alternate translation: “She does not think about walking along the path that leads to life” or “She is not concerned about conduct that leads to life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 5 6 iki3 0 Her footsteps wander This could mean: (1) “She wanders about as if she were lost” or (2) “She walks along the wrong path.” -PRO 5 7 dwp8 0 Now Here the teacher shifts from warning about the adulteress to giving advice. -PRO 5 7 ry9i figs-parallelism 0 listen to me … do not turn away from listening These two phrases express the same idea to make the student pay attention. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 5 7 e4q8 figs-metaphor 0 do not turn away from listening The writer speaks of stopping an action as if the person physically turned away from it. Alternate translation: “do not stop listening” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 5 7 ih1h figs-synecdoche 0 the words of my mouth Here the word “mouth” represents the person who is speaking. Alternate translation: “my words” or “what I am saying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 5 8 y32e figs-metonymy 0 Keep your path far away from her Here the word “path” represents the person’s daily conduct and circumstances. Alternate translation: “Keep yourself far away from her” or “Stay away from her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 5 8 jw5h figs-synecdoche 0 do not come near the door of her house Here “the door of her house” represents the house itself. It may be more appropriate to use the word “go” instead of “come” since the latter might imply that the speaker is at the door of her house. Alternate translation: “do not go near the door of her house” or “do not even go near her house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) -PRO 5 9 pl7u 0 In that way “If you do this.” This phrase refers to what he has just said in previous verses. -PRO 5 9 b54w 0 you will not give away your honor to others Possible meanings for the word **honor** are: (1) it refers to one’s reputation. Alternate translation: “You will not lose your good reputation among other people” or (2) it refers to one’s wealth and possessions. Alternate translation: “You will not give away your wealth to other people” or (3) it refers to strength and represents the prime years of one’s life. Alternate translation: “You will not give away the best times of your life to other people” -PRO 5 9 bc5b figs-ellipsis 0 or years of your life to a cruel person The writer speaks of a person dying prematurely, possibly by murder, as if the years of his life were items that he gives away to another person. The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “or give years of your life to a cruel person” or “or cause a cruel person to kill you while you are still young” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 5 9 yb9a 0 a cruel person This may refer to the husband of the adulteress, who will deal cruelly with the person who sleeps with her. -PRO 5 10 d9br figs-metaphor 0 strangers will not feast on your wealth The writer speaks of people taking and enjoying another person’s wealth as if they were feasting on the wealth. Alternate translation: “strangers will not take all of your wealth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 5 10 ksf3 figs-metonymy 0 what you have worked for will not go into the house of strangers Here the word “house” represents the person’s family. Alternate translation: “the things that you have obtained will not end up belonging to the families of strangers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 5 11 la5h figs-doublet 0 your flesh and your body waste away The words “flesh” and “body” mean basically the same thing and represent the whole person. Alternate translation: “your body wastes away” or “you waste away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PRO 5 11 i4yh 0 waste away Alternate translation: “physically wear down” or “become weak and unhealthy” -PRO 5 12 x4di figs-parallelism 0 I hated instruction … my heart despised correction These two phrases express the same idea and emphasize how much this person disliked what the teacher had said. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 5 12 m4gr figs-exclamations 0 How I hated instruction The word “How” is an exclamation that emphasizes the strength of his hatred. The word “instruction” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “I hated it so much when someone would instruct me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 5 12 b7lf figs-synecdoche 0 my heart despised correction Here the word “heart” represents the person and his emotions. The word “correction” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “I despised people when they corrected me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 5 13 kvf5 figs-synecdoche 0 incline my ear to my instructors Here the word “ear” represents the person who is listening. The writer speaks of listening attentively to someone as if it were leaning forward so that the ear is closer to the one speaking. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Proverbs 4:20](../04/20.md). Alternate translation: “listen to those who instructed me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 5 14 he4c figs-parallelism 0 in the midst of the assembly, among the gathering of the people These two phrases mean basically the same thing and refer to the person’s community that has gathered together either: (1) to worship God or (2) to judge him for his offense. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 5 15 f76j figs-parallelism 0 water from your own cistern … running water from your own well These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The writer speaks of a man sleeping only with his wife as if he drank water only from his own cistern or well. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 5 15 t8av figs-metaphor 0 running water The writer speaks of fresh or flowing water as if the water were running. Alternate translation: “fresh water” or “flowing water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 5 16 pe1s figs-rquestion 0 Should your springs … your streams of water flow in the public squares? The writer asks this rhetorical question to emphasize that his son should not do these things. Alternate translation: “Your springs should not … your streams of water should not flow in the public squares.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 5 16 u3ua figs-euphemism 0 Should your springs … your streams of water flow in the public squares? Here the words “springs” and “streams of water” are likely euphemisms for male reproductive fluids. Possible meanings for these metaphorical phrases are: (1) sleeping with women other than one’s wife is spoken of as if it were allowing one’s water to flow in the public streets or (2) having children with women other than one’s wife is spoken of as if it were allowing one’s water to flow in the public streets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 5 16 ss2w 0 public squares Open areas in a city or town where two or more streets meet. A common place for people to meet each other and talk. -PRO 5 17 f7ge 0 Let them be The word “them” refers to the “springs” and “streams of water” and what they stand for. -PRO 5 17 s9wf 0 not for strangers with you Alternate translation: “do not share them with strangers” -PRO 5 18 xd81 figs-metaphor 0 May your fountain be blessed The writer speaks of the son’s wife as if she were a fountain. Here the word “blessed” refers to the sense of joy that the man has in his wife. Alternate translation: “May you always find joy with your wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 5 18 tz7f 0 the wife of your youth This could mean: (1) “the wife whom you married when you were young” or (2) “your young wife.” -PRO 5 19 n93j figs-metaphor 0 she is a loving deer and a graceful doe The writer speaks of the son’s wife as if she were “a loving deer and a graceful doe.” Here “deer” and “doe” mean a female deer. They were symbols of beauty both in their appearance and in their movements. Alternate translation: “she is as beautiful and graceful as a deer or a doe” or “she is as beautiful and graceful as a female deer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 5 19 dv45 0 graceful This word does not mean “full of grace,” but “beautiful while moving.” -PRO 5 19 x1vq figs-synecdoche 0 Let her breasts satisfy you This could mean: (1) the wife’s breasts excite the husband’s sexual desire and possibly represent the wife’s entire body. Alternate translation: “Let her breasts satisfy your desires” or “Let her body satisfy your desires” or (2) this is a metaphor in which the writer speaks of the wife’s breasts satisfying the husband’s desires as they would satisfy the thirst of a hungry baby. Alternate translation: “Let her breasts fill you with delight as a mother’s breasts fill her child with food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 5 19 pb8m figs-activepassive 0 may you be continually intoxicated by her love Intense excitement and joy from the romantic love of one’s wife is spoken of as if he was drunk from that love. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “let her love control you as alcohol controls someone who is drunk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 5 19 elf2 0 by her love This could mean: (1) “by your love for her” or (2) “by her love for you.” -PRO 5 20 d78f figs-rquestion 0 For why should you, my son, be captivated by an adulteress; why should you embrace the breasts of an immoral woman? The writer asks these rhetorical questions to emphasize that his son must not do these things. Alternate translation: “My son, do not be captivated by an adulteress! Do not embrace the breasts of an immoral woman!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 5 20 z71k figs-activepassive 0 be captivated by an adulteress Intense excitement that arises from the desire for a woman is spoken of as if he were being held captive by that woman. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “allow an adulteress to captivate you” or “allow an adulteress to fascinate you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 5 20 zr1u figs-synecdoche 0 why should you embrace the breasts of an immoral woman Here the word “breasts” represents the immoral woman and her sexual attractiveness. Alternate translation: “why should you embrace an immoral woman” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 5 20 x9gw 0 an immoral woman This could mean: (1) “a woman who is not your wife” or (2) “a woman who is another man’s wife.” -PRO 5 21 jh86 figs-parallelism 0 sees everything … watches all the paths These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that God knows everything that everyone does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 5 21 p1ar figs-metaphor 0 all the paths he takes The writer speaks of a person’s actions or lifestyle as if it were a path on which the person walks. Alternate translation: “everywhere he goes” or “everything he does” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 5 22 u9ya figs-personification 0 A wicked person will be seized by his own iniquities The writer speaks of a wicked person being unable to avoid the consequences of his iniquities as if those iniquities were people who capture the wicked person. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “A wicked person’s own iniquities will seize him” or “A wicked person will be unable to avoid the consequences of his iniquities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 5 22 he5d figs-metaphor 0 the cords of his sin will hold him tight The writer speaks of a wicked person being unable to avoid the consequences of his sin as if that sin were a trap made of cords in which the person is caught. Alternate translation: “because of his sin, he will be like an animal caught in a trap” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 5 23 x16k figs-activepassive 0 he is led astray by his great foolishness If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “his great foolishness leads him astray” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 5 23 n1a7 0 by his great foolishness Alternate translation: “because he is very foolish” -PRO 6 intro xq95 0 # Proverbs 6 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Chapter 6 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### My Son

Occasionally, the author addresses a proverb to “my son.” This is not intended to restrict the words of that proverb to only males. Instead, it is simply a form used to pass on advice as a father does to his son.

### Adulteress

The latter part of this chapter comes back to the theme about the adulteress and warns the young man to avoid her. An adulteress is a woman who commits adultery. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adultery]])

### Numbers

Occasionally, the author will mention a list of six things, or seven things, that Yahweh hates. These numbers are used to draw attention to the list of things. It is not important whether there are six or seven things in the list.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Rhetorical questions

The author will use rhetorical questions to draw the reader’s attention to important points. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Animals used as types

The gazelle and the ant have certain characteristics which the author uses to give wisdom. If your language does not recognize these characteristics in those animals, you could add a footnote to explain or possibly substitute another animal from your culture that would help explain the same concept. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -PRO 6 1 sb1b figs-explicit 0 set aside your money Implied here is that your promise and the circumstances forced you to save up your money. Alternate translation: “had to save up some of your money” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 6 1 z256 0 a guarantee for your neighbor’s loan This could mean: (1) your neighbor may come to you to ask for a loan or (2) your neighbor wants to take out a loan from someone else, but you promise to pay the lender back if your neighbor cannot. -PRO 6 1 p3wd 0 neighbor This same Hebrew word can also mean “friend.” -PRO 6 2 p9iu figs-idiom 0 you have laid a trap for yourself This is a figure of speech saying that you are going to trap yourself. Alternate translation: “you have made a trap in which you yourself are caught” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 6 2 qta7 0 the words of your mouth Alternate translation: “what you said” or “what you promised to do” -PRO 6 3 d6yp 0 save yourself Alternate translation: “protect yourself” or “help yourself out of these problems” -PRO 6 3 zn5u figs-idiom 0 you have fallen into the hand of your neighbor This is a figure of speech using the term “hand” to mean “harm.” Alternate translation: “your neighbor can bring harm to you if he wants to” or “your neighbor has power over you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 6 3 mzx9 0 neighbor Alternate translation: “friend” -PRO 6 4 be5i figs-parallelism 0 Give your eyes no sleep and your eyelids no slumber “Do not let your eyes sleep; do not let your eyelids slumber.” These two phrases mean the same thing and are repeated to emphasize how important it is not to be lazy. It is also stated negatively for even more emphasis. Alternate translation: “Stay awake, and do what you can” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PRO 6 4 n831 figs-synecdoche 0 your eyes … your eyelids This is a figure of speech using parts of your face to mean your whole body. Alternate translation: “yourself … yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 6 5 xjb3 0 Save yourself like a gazelle from the hand of the hunter Alternate translation: “Escape from your neighbor like a gazelle that flees from a hunter” -PRO 6 5 lcv3 0 gazelle This is a big, lean animal that eats grass and that people often hunt for meat. It is famous for running away quickly. -PRO 6 5 ffv9 figs-metonymy 0 from the hand of the hunter The hand of the hunter refers to the hunter’s control. Alternate translation: “from the control of the hunter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 6 5 fn1g 0 like a bird from the hand of the fowler Alternate translation: “and escape like a bird that flies away from a bird-hunter” -PRO 6 6 il7a 0 Look at … consider Alternate translation: “Study … think about” or “carefully observe … ponder” -PRO 6 6 xh1r 0 ant An ant is a small insect that lives underground or in a self-built hill. They usually live in groups of thousands, and they can lift things that are much bigger than they are. -PRO 6 6 uze2 figs-metonymy 0 consider her ways This is a figure of speech using the “ways” of an ant to refer to the behavior of the ant. Alternate translation: “consider how the ant behaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 6 7 tmb7 figs-doublet 0 commander, officer, or ruler These three words mean basically the same thing and are used to emphasized that no one has formal authority over an individual ant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PRO 6 8 w9jc figs-parallelism 0 it prepares its food in the summer … during the harvest it stores up what it will eat These two phrases mean basically the same thing and are repeated to show how responsible the ant is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 6 8 c8we 0 summer Summer is the time of the year when some trees bear their fruit. -PRO 6 9 r6u4 figs-parallelism 0 How long will you sleep … When will you rise from your sleep? The teacher uses these questions to scold the lazy person for sleeping too much. Alternate translation: “Wake up, you lazy person! Get out of your bed!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 6 10 q6ab 0 A little sleep … of the hands to rest These are the kinds of things that lazy people say. -PRO 6 10 f9h7 figs-parallelism 0 A little sleep, a little slumber Both of these statements mean the same thing. They can be stated as complete sentences. Alternate translation: “I will just sleep a little longer. Let me sleep lightly a little longer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PRO 6 10 c54p figs-metonymy 0 folding of the hands to rest People often fold their hands while reclining in order to rest more comfortably. Alternate translation: “I will just cross my arms comfortably and rest a little” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 6 11 qm7m figs-explicit 0 and your poverty will come This can be stated as a new sentence to make clear that this is a result of being lazy. Alternate translation: “If you continue to be lazy, your poverty will come” or “While you sleep, poverty will come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 6 11 zz4v figs-simile 0 your poverty will come like a robber The sudden way a lazy person becomes poor is like the sudden way a robber comes and steals things. Alternate translation: “you will suddenly become poor, just as if a robber came and stole everything you have” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 6 11 r7za figs-simile 0 and your needs like an armed soldier The sudden way a lazy person becomes in need of things is like the sudden way an armed soldier takes things from a person. This can be stated as a complete sentence. Alternate translation: “and your needs will come to you like an armed soldier” or “and you will become needy just as if an armed soldier stole all your things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PRO 6 11 vt3g 0 an armed soldier Alternate translation: “a soldier who is holding a weapon” or “a man with a weapon” -PRO 6 12 sk3y figs-doublet 0 A worthless person—a wicked man These two words have the same meaning and emphasize how bad this person is. Alternate translation: “A person with no value—an evil man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PRO 6 12 q9ly figs-metaphor 0 lives by the crookedness of his speech Here lies are spoken of as speech that is crooked. Alternate translation: “constantly tells lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 6 13 b2zu 0 winking his eyes, making signals with his feet and pointing with his fingers All three of these phrases describe a way in which the evil person communicates secretly to deceive other people. -PRO 6 13 kq86 0 winking his eyes If someone winks, he closes one eye very briefly as a secret signal to another person. This might be a sign of trust, of approval, or of something else. -PRO 6 14 za5w 0 He plots evil Alternate translation: “He plans evil” or “He prepares to do evil deeds” -PRO 6 14 bbx6 0 he always stirs up discord Alternate translation: “he always causes discord” or “he is constantly looking for conflict and escalating it” -PRO 6 15 n8uw 0 Therefore Alternate translation: “For that reason” -PRO 6 15 fz64 figs-personification 0 his disaster will overtake him This implies that the disaster is chasing him like a person or an animal, and that it will catch him soon. Alternate translation: “his disaster will catch him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 6 15 j5gd 0 his disaster This refers to the disaster that will happen to him, but also the disaster that he himself caused. -PRO 6 15 h6bm 0 in an instant; in a moment Both mean the same thing, and one or both of them can be replaced by “suddenly” or “very quickly.” -PRO 6 16 it1e figs-parallelism 0 six things that Yahweh hates, seven that This whole verse is a parallelism that emphasizes that God hates several things and not just one. Alternate translation: “six things that Yahwah hates; seven things that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 6 16 akh6 0 that are disgusting to him Alternate translation: “that make him feel disgust” or “that make you disgusting according to him” -PRO 6 17 zib9 0 Connecting Statement: This is the list of things that Yahweh hates that was introduced in [Proverbs 6:16](./16.md). -PRO 6 17 kpi4 figs-synecdoche 0 eyes … tongue … hands All of these body parts refer to a whole person. You can translate each of these with “people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 6 17 cip3 0 shed the blood of Alternate translation: “kill” or “murder” -PRO 6 18 jq4t figs-synecdoche 0 heart … feet All of these body parts refer to a whole person. You can translate each of these with “people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 6 18 ex5v 0 wicked schemes Alternate translation: “evil plans” -PRO 6 19 g2tz figs-idiom 0 breathes out lies This figure of speech uses “breathes” to refer to lying constantly. Alternate translation: “constantly lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 6 19 r9n1 0 discord See how you translated this in [Proverbs 6:14](../06/14.md). -PRO 6 19 avm1 figs-metaphor 0 one who sows discord This figure of speech is using “sows” to refer to causing or bringing about discord. Alternate translation: “a person who causes discord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 6 20 e5gm figs-parallelism 0 obey the command of your father … do not forsake the teaching of your mother These two phrases on the one hand mean the same thing. On the other hand, the repeated emphasis on both “father” and “mother” explicitly includes women in the whole teaching-learning process. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 6 20 u11d figs-litotes 0 do not forsake the teaching of your mother This figure of speech is using the negative “forsake” to mean the positive “obey.” Alternate translation: “obey the teaching of your mother” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PRO 6 21 qz2z figs-metaphor 0 bind them on your heart; tie them about your neck These two phrases mean basically the same thing. They describe the commands and instructions as if they are written down so that you can put it in or on your body to remind yourself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 6 21 b76k 0 bind them on your heart Alternate translation: “love them” or “think about them” -PRO 6 22 r61q figs-parallelism 0 When you walk … when you sleep … when you wake up These three phrases are used together to emphasize that the lessons are valuable all the time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 6 22 hw2r figs-parallelism 0 they will guide you … they will watch over you … they will teach you The repetition of these phrases is to show that the lessons are valuable for all sorts of things. It also speaks of those lessons as if they were people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 6 23 u5p1 figs-parallelism 0 the commands … the teaching … the corrections that come by instruction These three phrases mean basically the same thing, and together they show the various types of lessons a father and a mother teach. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 6 23 s8lq figs-metaphor 0 a lamp … a light … the way of life All three of these mean basically the same thing and are repeated to emphasize the fact that the lessons make life better and easier. Alternate translation: “as useful as a lamp … as helpful as light in the darkness … as necessary to follow as the way of life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 6 23 n5j2 0 the way of life Alternate translation: “the way that leads to life” or “the way of living that God approves of” -PRO 6 24 p7az figs-123person 0 It keeps you from Here the word “it” refers to the lessons taught by the father and mother in [Proverbs 6:20](../06/20.md). Alternate translation: “It saves you from” or “It protects you from” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -PRO 6 24 sjp3 0 the immoral woman … an immoral woman These two words mean basically the same thing. See how you translated the word “adulteress” in [Proverbs 5:3](../05/03.md). -PRO 6 24 sw14 0 immoral Alternate translation: “morally evil” -PRO 6 25 ty32 figs-metaphor 0 do not let her capture you with her eyelashes The writer speaks of the woman’s eyelashes as if they were a trap into which the young man could fall. They are a synecdoche for her beauty and a metonym for the way the woman looks at the young man to make her want her. Alternate translation: “do not allow her to gain control over you by being beautiful and by the way she looks at you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 6 25 rx3p figs-metonymy 0 in your heart Here “heart” represents the mind. Alternate translation: “in your thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 6 25 m7d2 figs-metonymy 0 her beauty “what is beautiful about her.” This can also be a metonym for the woman. Alternate translation: “her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 6 25 f4km 0 capture you Alternate translation: “gain control over you” -PRO 6 25 vnr8 figs-synecdoche 0 her eyelashes The “eyelashes” stand for the beautiful things about her body that she uses to catch a man’s attention. Alternate translation: “her beautiful eyes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 6 26 p3jv 0 the price of a loaf of bread This is talking about the material cost, not the spiritual cost or the moral cost. Alternate translation: “a little bit” -PRO 6 26 k5fu 0 may cost you your very life This could mean: (1) the wife of another man will destroy your life because she always wants more or (2) the husband of the other woman will hunt you down and kill you. -PRO 6 27 gzh2 figs-rquestion 0 Can a man carry a fire against his chest without burning his clothes? This action would be very dangerous and would cause harm. The implied answer to the question is “no.” Alternate translation: “Every man who carries a fire in his chest will burn his clothes.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 6 27 sew8 0 without burning Alternate translation: “without destroying” or “and not destroy” -PRO 6 27 pt18 figs-metonymy 0 his clothes His clothes stand for him as a whole person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 6 28 r98z figs-rquestion 0 Can a man walk on hot coals without scorching his feet? Walking on hot coals will scorch a person’s feet, so the implied answer is “no.” Alternate translation: “Every man who walks on hot coals will have scorched feet.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 6 28 tw8h figs-metaphor 0 walk on hot coals This stands for committing adultery. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 6 28 fy6m 0 walk That is to slowly walk a long distance, without using tricks or magic. -PRO 6 28 kf2l 0 scorching Alternate translation: “burning” -PRO 6 29 gh7k figs-euphemism 0 the man who goes in to his neighbor’s wife This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “the man who has sexual relations with his neighbor’s wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -PRO 6 30 fwq5 0 despise a thief Alternate translation: “do not regard a thief with contempt” or “do not think a thief is evil” -PRO 6 31 n1t7 figs-activepassive 0 if he is caught If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “if someone catches him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 6 31 b9ns figs-idiom 0 in his house This figure of speech is saying that everything in his house is all that he owns. Alternate translation: “that he owns” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 6 32 s8mh 0 The one Alternate translation: “The person” or “The man” -PRO 6 33 m2lu 0 what he deserves Alternate translation: “the appropriate punishment for what he has done” -PRO 6 33 t99k figs-metonymy 0 his disgrace This figure of speech is using the term “disgrace” to refer to the feeling of him acting shamefully. Alternate translation: “the memory of his shameful act” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 6 33 c8nh figs-litotes 0 will not be wiped away This figure of speech is using the negative “will not be wiped away” to refer to it always being there. Alternate translation: “will always remain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PRO 6 34 lyk4 0 furious very angry -PRO 6 34 qsy2 figs-litotes 0 he will show no mercy The “he” is the neighbor whose wife has committed adultery with another man. Alternate translation: “he will not limit the pain he will cause you” or “he will hurt you as much as he can” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PRO 6 34 rc71 0 when he takes his revenge Alternate translation: “in the moment of his revenge” or “when the moment arrives when he can take his revenge” -PRO 6 34 tk3n 0 takes his revenge If a person takes revenge, it is to cause hurt to the person who hurt him first. -PRO 6 35 b2ym 0 compensation payment by one who does wrong to the person to whom he has done wrong -PRO 6 35 fly2 figs-activepassive 0 he cannot be bought off If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you cannot pay him enough money to change his mind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 6 35 pc8x 0 off, though Alternate translation: “off. This will be true even if” -PRO 7 intro pk5f 0 # Proverbs 7 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Chapter 7 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Parallelism

Proverbs are often written without any surrounding context and in two lines of text. Each line will have a certain relationship to the other line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])

Many of the proverbs are stated as promises or commands, but they are intended to be advice.

### My Son

Occasionally the author addresses a proverb to “my son.” This is not intended to restrict the words of that proverb to only males, but is still given in the context of a father warning his son.

### Adulteress

This chapter continues the theme about the adulteress and warns the young man to avoid her. -PRO 7 1 at6w figs-metaphor 0 keep my words Here keeping represents obeying. Alternate translation: “obey my words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 7 1 k635 figs-metaphor 0 store up my commands within yourself Here God’s commands are spoken of as if they were objects that someone could put into a storeroom. Alternate translation: “memorize my commands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 7 2 a8m4 figs-metaphor 0 keep my instruction Here keeping represents obeying. Alternate translation: “obey my instructions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 7 2 xfb2 figs-idiom 0 as the apple of your eye The apple of the eye is the pupil inside the eye, which people normally instinctively protect when an object flies at their face. Here “the apple of the eye” represents whatever a person values and protects the most. Alternate translation: “as your most valuable possession” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 7 3 g5jv figs-metaphor 0 Tie them on your fingers This could mean: (1) that the writer wanted his son to engrave certain commands from God on a ring and wear it, or (2) that the writer wanted his son to always remember God’s commands, as if he always wore a certain ring. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 7 3 c4yy figs-metaphor 0 write them on the tablet of your heart Here the heart represents a person’s mind, and remembering something well is spoken of as if the person were writing it on a stone tablet. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 3:3](../03/03.md). Alternate translation: “remember my commands well as if you were writing them in stone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 7 4 jn44 figs-personification 0 Say to wisdom, “You are my sister Here wisdom is spoken of as if it were a person. Alternate translation: “Value wisdom as you would love your sister” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 7 4 z4x8 figs-personification 0 call understanding your kinsman Here the quality of understanding is spoken of as if it were a kinsman or relative. Alternate translation: “treat understanding as you would treat your kinsman” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 7 4 j17k 0 kinsman Alternate translation: “relative” or “family member” -PRO 7 5 xkl2 0 the adulterous woman This refers to any woman to whom a man is not married. Alternate translation: “the woman whom you should have nothing to do with” -PRO 7 5 y9gh 0 the immoral woman This refers to any woman who is not known to a man. -PRO 7 5 s251 0 with her smooth words Words intended to deceive are spoken of as if they were smooth objects. Alternate translation: “who says pleasant things, but wants to deceive you” -PRO 7 6 v7n1 0 lattice a covering over a window made of thin strips of wood that cross one another in a slanted pattern that forms square-shaped openings in the pattern -PRO 7 7 ie51 0 naive inexperienced or immature -PRO 7 8 i1kl 0 her corner Here “her” refers to any female stranger, as referred to in [Proverbs 7:5](../07/05.md). She was standing at a certain corner, waiting for a suitable man to pass by. Alternate translation: “the corner where a female stranger was standing” -PRO 7 8 v7v4 0 corner This refers to where two roads meet. -PRO 7 9 zn5n 0 twilight the time of day when it is getting darker and about to become night -PRO 7 10 bu68 figs-metaphor 0 with a false heart Here “heart” represents intentions or plans. Alternate translation: “she planned to deceive someone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 7 11 vkd8 0 She was loud and wayward Alternate translation: “She talked loudly and acted in the ways she wished to” -PRO 7 11 es4s figs-synecdoche 0 her feet did not stay at home The phrase “her feet” represent the woman. Alternate translation: “she did not stay at home” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 7 12 h64f figs-metaphor 0 she waited in ambush Here the woman is spoken of as if she were preparing to physically trap a person or an animal. Also, the idea of trapping someone here represents persuading someone to commit sin. Alternate translation: “she waited to trap someone” or “she waited to find someone she could persuade to sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 7 13 l1ic 0 she the woman who was introduced in [Proverbs 7:10](./10.md) -PRO 7 13 sa2m 0 grabbed him Alternate translation: “took hold of him firmly” -PRO 7 13 vef7 figs-idiom 0 with a strong face Here “strong” represents “stubborn.” A “strong face” means a stubborn expression on a person’s face. This implies that the woman is acting in a stubborn way, that she is deliberately doing what she knows is wrong. Alternate translation: “with a shameless expression on her face” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 7 14 ei2g figs-metonymy 0 I paid my vows Here “vows” represents what the person promised to sacrifice to God. Alternate translation: “I made the sacrifices I promised to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 7 15 fys2 figs-synecdoche 0 seek your face Here “face” represents the person and especially the person’s presence. Alternate translation: “look for you” or “find out where you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 7 17 g7k4 0 sprinkled my bed with Alternate translation: “scattered on my bed” -PRO 7 17 ibk7 0 aloes A type of wood from a tree that smells good. -PRO 7 17 q1mx 0 cinnamon This is a spice made from the bark of a tree that smells and tastes good. -PRO 7 18 h91x figs-metaphor 0 let us drink our fill of love Here the pleasures of romantic love are spoken of as if they were something good to drink. Alternate translation: “let us make love to each other as much as we want” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 7 19 vc42 0 is not at his house Alternate translation: “is not at home” -PRO 7 20 zw96 0 full moon The moon is said to be full when it is a perfectly round disk, shining at its brightest. -PRO 7 21 ptg3 figs-metaphor 0 she turned him To persuade someone to act in a certain way is spoken of as if it were changing the direction that person was walking. Alternate translation: “she persuaded him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 7 21 ev91 0 her … she … him The female is the married woman who wants to sleep with “him,” the young man. -PRO 7 21 l3nt figs-metonymy 0 smooth lips Here “lips” represents what a person says. When a person flatters someone else by saying things that are not sincere, these words are spoken of as if they were a smooth object. Alternate translation: “flattering, deceiving words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 7 21 c6k6 0 she misled him Alternate translation: “she convinced him to sin with her” -PRO 7 22 rvi9 figs-explicit 0 He went after her suddenly This seems to imply that the young man took very little time to think about what he should do. Alternate translation: “He quickly decided to go after her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 7 22 tal5 figs-simile 0 like an ox going to slaughter … a deer caught in a trap The naive and unsuspecting way the young man follows the adulteress is compared to the way two animals are unaware of the danger they are in. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 7 22 pk4m 0 slaughter This refers to killing an animal in order to eat its meat. -PRO 7 22 qrn6 0 deer See how you translated this word in [Proverbs 5:19](../05/19.md). -PRO 7 23 r6zr figs-simile 0 like a bird rushing into a snare The naive and unsuspecting way the young man follows the adulteress is compared to the way an animal is unaware of the danger he is in. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 7 23 t5u4 figs-explicit 0 until an arrow pierces through its liver This passage implies that a hunter has trapped the deer in order to shoot it with arrows. Alternate translation: “until a hunter shoots it in its most important part” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 7 23 i4e6 0 liver Here this organ represents a very important part of the deer’s body. -PRO 7 23 zvp5 figs-idiom 0 it would cost his life This is a way of saying that this person will die as a result. Alternate translation: “it would kill him” or “he would die soon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 7 24 wen3 0 Now This is to focus the attention of the speaker’s sons on the conclusion of this lesson. -PRO 7 25 gk8c figs-metaphor 0 May your heart not turn aside onto her paths Here “ways” means the paths that a person chooses to walk on. It represents the person’s behavior, the things that he decides to do in life. Alternate translation: “Make your heart stay far away from the ways of the adulterous woman” or “Do not let your heart want to do the things that the adulterous woman does” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 7 25 wm1h figs-synecdoche 0 your heart Here “heart” represents a person, emphasizing his desires. Alternate translation: “you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 7 25 l3s9 figs-parallelism 0 do not be led astray onto her paths This means the same as the sentence before it. It strengthens the first warning. Alternate translation: “do not leave the right path in order to go on her paths” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 7 26 xx9k figs-metonymy 0 She has caused many people to fall down pierced Being pierced by spears or arrows represents being killed. Alternate translation: “She has caused many people to fall dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 7 27 g21s 0 Her house is on the paths to Sheol … they go down Here “paths” represents the kinds of behavior that foolish people participate in. Sheol was the name for the world of the dead. -PRO 7 27 ry42 figs-parallelism 0 on the paths to Sheol … down to the dark bedrooms of death These two phrases basically mean the same thing and are repeated to emphasize that the woman’s victims will be destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 7 27 prr1 figs-metaphor 0 the dark bedrooms of death This expression pictures the dead as sleeping in many different rooms in Sheol. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 8 intro z8jj 0 # Proverbs 8 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Chapter 8 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine. These chapters operate more as a unit then many of the following chapters in this book.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Wisdom calls out

The addressee of this chapter is broader than “my son,” but is personal like the previous chapters’ use of “my son.” In this case, Wisdom is calling out for all to come and learn of her, in contrast to the adulteress mentioned in chapters 5-7. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -PRO 8 1 qsc7 figs-personification 0 General Information: In chapter 8 wisdom is spoken of as a woman who teaches people how to be wise. Many verses in chapter 8 have parallelisms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 8 1 v9h5 figs-rquestion 0 Does not Wisdom call out? This question is used to remind the readers of something they should already know. Alternate translation: “Wisdom calls out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 8 1 i9hu figs-personification 0 Does not Wisdom call out? Here wisdom is imagined as a woman. If a language does not allow this kind of metaphor, other possible translations are: (1) “Is not wisdom like a woman who calls out?” (2) “Does not a woman named Wisdom call out?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 8 1 pt6p figs-rquestion 0 Does not Understanding raise her voice? Here “Understanding” means the same as “Wisdom.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 8 1 k4ug 0 raise her voice Alternate translation: “speak” -PRO 8 3 z73y 0 the gates at the entrance into the city In ancient times, cities usually had outer walls with gates in them. -PRO 8 3 nkc9 figs-personification 0 she calls out This continues to refer to Wisdom, personified as a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 8 4 gv2w 0 General Information: Wisdom speaks to the people in verses 4-36. -PRO 8 4 jxm5 figs-metonymy 0 my voice is for the sons of mankind Here “voice” represents the words that are spoken. Alternate translation: “my words are for the sons of mankind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 8 4 j5l1 figs-metonymy 0 the sons of mankind This is metonymy representing all human beings. Alternate translation: “all people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 8 5 er9q 0 naive inexperienced or immature -PRO 8 5 t3h2 figs-abstractnouns 0 learn wisdom The abstract word “wisdom’ refers to what a wise person believes and to the way in which he acts. Alternate translation: “learn how a wise person acts” or “learn what it means to be wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 8 5 bg5r 0 you must get an understanding mind Alternate translation: “you must begin to understand things with your mind” -PRO 8 6 uv73 figs-synecdoche 0 when my lips open Here “lips” represents a person’s mouth, with which he speaks. Alternate translation: “when I open my mouth to speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 8 6 a3zk 0 upright proper or just -PRO 8 7 s9bj figs-synecdoche 0 my mouth speaks Here “mouth” represents a person who speaks. Alternate translation: “I speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 8 7 f6mp 0 what is trustworthy Alternate translation: “what people should believe” -PRO 8 7 juy2 figs-synecdoche 0 wickedness is disgusting to my lips Here “lips” represents a person who is speaking. Alternate translation: “wickedness is disgusting to me” or “saying wicked things would be disgusting to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 8 7 hz9e figs-abstractnouns 0 wickedness Here, **wickedness** represents wicked speech. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wickedness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 8 8 am3k figs-synecdoche 0 the words of my mouth The “mouth” stands for the person who is speaking. Alternate translation: “The things I teach” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 8 8 btx5 figs-metaphor 0 nothing twisted Twisting a message is a metaphor for changing a true message into a false one. Alternate translation: “nothing false” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 8 9 nn5r 0 straight honest and clear -PRO 8 9 jyh4 figs-metonymy 0 my words are upright for those who find knowledge This probably means that those who find knowledge will easily understand that the speaker’s words are upright. Here “words” represent a message or teaching. Alternate translation: “those who know what is right and what is wrong consider what I teach to be right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 8 9 f1c2 0 upright true and honest -PRO 8 10 w8ks 0 Acquire my instruction rather than silver Alternate translation: “You should try much harder to understand my instructions than to get silver” -PRO 8 11 wl6p figs-quotations 0 For Wisdom is better than jewels; no treasure is equal to her Here Wisdom, personified as a woman, is not speaking. However, it is possible to make Wisdom the speaker here as well. Alternate translation: “For I, Wisdom, am better than jewels; no treasure is equal to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -PRO 8 12 mj24 figs-personification 0 I, Wisdom, live with Prudence Prudence is also represented here as a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 8 12 b8xj 0 Prudence caution or good judgment -PRO 8 12 jk94 figs-abstractnouns 0 I possess knowledge and discretion The abstract ideas “knowledge” and “discrete” can be expressed in other ways. Alternate translation: “I am knowledgeable and discreet” or “I know many things, and I am careful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 8 12 xcu8 0 discretion being careful about what we say and do; being cautious not to cause hurt or harm to others -PRO 8 13 rf21 0 perverted speech Alternate translation: “wicked talk” -PRO 8 13 gp8g 0 perverted turned from what is right -PRO 8 14 cnc2 0 good advice Alternate translation: “wise suggestions” -PRO 8 14 guc9 0 advice counsel that is given to help someone -PRO 8 14 sne9 0 sound good, reliable -PRO 8 14 w3ju figs-personification 0 I am insight Here Wisdom is spoken of as if she were insight. Alternate translation: “I have insight” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 8 16 hg7e 0 nobles noblemen, leading members of important families in the nation -PRO 8 17 xz9h 0 love This refers to brotherly love or love for a friend or family member. This is natural human love between friends or relatives. -PRO 8 17 e3jr 0 diligently with careful and continued effort -PRO 8 18 k7hf 0 With me are riches and honor Alternate translation: “I have riches and honor” -PRO 8 18 a275 grammar-connect-words-phrases 0 lasting wealth and righteousness This explains what is meant by “riches and honor.” This can be made clear with the connecting statement “therefore.” Alternate translation: “therefore, I will give lasting wealth and righteousness to those who find me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) -PRO 8 18 q481 0 righteousness Alternate translation: “the ability to live in a right way” -PRO 8 19 eyc2 0 My fruit what wisdom produces or causes -PRO 8 19 rqy3 0 my produce the benefit or gain that wisdom causes -PRO 8 20 tks1 figs-metaphor 0 I walk in the path of righteousness Living the right way is spoken of as walking on the right road. Alternate translation: “I live right” or “I do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 8 20 rg74 figs-metaphor 0 in the midst of the paths of justice This tells more of what is meant by “the path of righteousness.” Alternate translation: “I do what is perfectly just” or “I only do what is just” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 8 21 mg4q figs-metaphor 0 treasuries storehouses for valuable things. Wisdom is spoken of as a woman who fills the storehouses of her followers with valuable things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 8 22 xu3p 0 the first of his deeds then Alternate translation: “I was the first of the things he created then” -PRO 8 23 mh2d 0 In ages long ago Alternate translation: “Very long ago” -PRO 8 23 v4tq 0 ages The word “age” refers to a general, extended period of time. -PRO 8 23 mth7 figs-abstractnouns 0 from the beginnings of the earth The idea of beginnings can be translated in a less abstract way. Alternate translation: “from when God created the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 8 25 u2m1 figs-activepassive 0 Before the mountains were settled “Before the bases of the mountains were put into place.” This can also be put into active form. Alternate translation: “Before God made the foundations of the mountains and put them into their proper places” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 8 26 z5y4 figs-personification 0 I was born This is wisdom speaking about herself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 8 26 asn5 0 was born Alternate translation: “I was alive” -PRO 8 27 nk15 figs-personification 0 I was there This is wisdom speaking about herself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 8 27 z8lx 0 established To establish something is to bring into being on a stable basis. Alternate translation: “created” or “made” -PRO 8 27 b5db figs-explicit 0 when he drew a circle on the surface of the deep This refers to setting a limit to how far someone in a ship at sea can see all around himself. Alternate translation: “when he marked on the ocean’s surface how far a person at sea can see in every direction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 8 27 ae6e 0 the deep Alternate translation: “the ocean” -PRO 8 28 wnj8 0 established brought into permanent being -PRO 8 28 z2v2 figs-activepassive 0 when the springs in the deep became fixed This can be put into active form. Alternate translation: “when God fixed the springs in the deep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 8 28 zv8f 0 the springs in the deep The ancient Hebrews thought that the ocean got its water from springs at the bottom of the sea. -PRO 8 29 pd76 0 when he made his limit for the sea “when he created the shorelines for the oceans. The “limit for the sea” divided the oceans from the dry land. -PRO 8 29 vk7f 0 when there was set the limit for the foundations of the dry land The Hebrew word for “earth” also often means “land.” -PRO 8 29 f3j9 figs-activepassive 0 when there was set the limit for the foundations of the dry land This can be put into active form. Alternate translation: “when God set the limit for the foundations of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 8 30 ph2f figs-personification 0 I was beside him This is still wisdom speaking. Wisdom now says she was right next to Yahweh, implying that she was his assistant in creating the world. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 8 30 ky7x 0 skilled craftsman This is a person who has trained for years to make useful things very well, like furniture or houses. -PRO 8 30 k4ct figs-abstractnouns 0 I was his delight “I was what made him happy.” The word “delight” is an abstract noun that can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “he was happy because of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 8 30 a22n figs-idiom 0 day after day This is a way to express the idea of a habitual action or of a continuous condition. Alternate translation: “continually” or “the whole time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 8 31 pw91 0 his whole world Alternate translation: “the whole world he created” or “everything he created” -PRO 8 31 wnq9 figs-idiom 0 the sons of mankind This refers to human beings in general. Alternate translation: “the people he brought into existence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 8 32 ly1a 0 Now This is to focus the attention of the children to the conclusion of this lesson. -PRO 8 32 hwt3 figs-personification 0 listen to me This is still wisdom talking about herself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 8 32 m6ib figs-metaphor 0 those who keep my ways Here “my ways” represents wisdom’s behavior. Alternate translation: “those who do what I teach” or “the people who follow my example” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 8 33 ky6l figs-litotes 0 do not neglect “do not disregard” Alternate translation: “be sure to pay attention to” or “be sure to follow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PRO 8 34 i55j figs-parallelism 0 watching every day at my doors, waiting beside the posts of my doors These two phrases basically mean the same thing. Wisdom is described as having a home; possible meanings of **watching** are: (1) a wise person waits outside wisdom’s home in the morning in order to serve her, or (2) a wise person waits outside wisdom’s house for her to come and teach him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 8 35 z6lm figs-personification 0 finds me This is still wisdom talking about herself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 8 36 hfn9 figs-personification 0 hate me This is still wisdom talking about herself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 8 36 yl6t figs-explicit 0 he who fails The complete thought is, “he who fails to find me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 8 36 w73k figs-metonymy 0 his own life Here “life” represents the person’s self. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 9 intro y75r 0 # Proverbs 9 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Chapter 9 concludes a collection of proverbs that operate as a unit about wisdom. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Wisdom calls out

The addressee of chapters 8 and 9 is broader than “my son,” but is personal like the previous chapters’ use of “my son.” In this case, Wisdom is calling out for all to come and learn of her. -PRO 9 1 m12a figs-personification 0 General Information: These verses begin a parable in which wisdom is imagined to be a woman who is giving good advice to people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 9 1 s64d figs-personification 0 Wisdom has built The writer speaks about wisdom as if it were a woman who has built her own house. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 9 2 x5sw figs-metonymy 0 She has slaughtered her animals This refers to animals whose meat will be eaten in the dinner that Wisdom will give. Alternate translation: “She has killed the animals for meat at dinner” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 9 2 ywr6 figs-explicit 0 mixed her wine In ancient Israel, people often mixed wine with water. Alternate translation: “prepared her wine by mixing it with water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 9 2 h2zm 0 she has set her table Alternate translation: “she has prepared her table” -PRO 9 3 p6e2 figs-personification 0 General Information: These verses begin to give the message of Wisdom, who is personified as a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 9 3 akl3 0 She has sent out her maids These maids went out and invited people to come to the feast that Wisdom had prepared. -PRO 9 3 ugn5 0 her maids Young women or girls who are in the service of a respectable, adult woman, such as Wisdom. -PRO 9 3 n6ha 0 she calls out Alternate translation: “she loudly recites her invitation” -PRO 9 3 x798 0 the highest points of the city The invitation is shouted from the highest points so that it will be best heard by all the people. -PRO 9 4 h6sj 0 Who is naive? Let … the one lacking good sense These two phrases describe the same group of people, those who need more wisdom in their lives. Here the question is addressed to all such people. Alternate translation: “Anyone who is naive, let … anyone lacking good sense” -PRO 9 4 dj7m 0 is naive Alternate translation: “is inexperienced or immature” -PRO 9 4 s4da 0 turn aside here Alternate translation: “leave his path and come into my house” -PRO 9 5 h6ck 0 General Information: These verses continue the message of Wisdom. -PRO 9 5 n3eu figs-you 0 Come … eat … drink All of these commands are plural; Wisdom is addressing many people at the same time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -PRO 9 5 stm9 figs-explicit 0 the wine I have mixed In ancient Israel, people often mixed wine with water. Alternate translation: “prepared her wine by mixing it with water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 9 6 b9ma figs-you 0 Leave … live … walk All of these commands are plural; Wisdom is addressing many people at the same time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -PRO 9 6 ejw3 figs-metaphor 0 Leave your naive actions Here naive actions are spoken of as if they were a place that a person could leave. Alternate translation: “Stop your naive behavior” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 9 6 f53k 0 naive actions Alternate translation: “inexperienced, immature actions” -PRO 9 6 lpn8 figs-metaphor 0 the path of understanding Here the process of understanding wisdom is spoken of as if it were a path that a person could follow. Alternate translation: “the manner of living that a wise person has” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 9 7 x5sc 0 General Information: These verses continue the message of Wisdom. -PRO 9 7 vif7 figs-parallelism 0 Whoever disciplines … whoever rebukes These two phrases basically say the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 9 7 kjm2 0 a mocker Someone who habitually mocks people. Alternate translation: “someone who says insulting things about other people” or “someone who likes to make other people look bad” -PRO 9 7 m22a 0 receives abuse Alternate translation: “receives harsh treatment” -PRO 9 7 g88g 0 whoever rebukes Alternate translation: “whoever corrects” -PRO 9 8 fpc4 0 Do not reprove Alternate translation: “Do not correct” -PRO 9 9 c8r2 0 Give to a wise person, and he … teach a righteous person, and he These two commands actually represent conditional statements. Alternate translation: “If you give to a wise person, he … if you teach a righteous person, he” -PRO 9 9 y95j figs-parallelism 0 Give to a wise person … teach a righteous person These two phrases basically say the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 9 9 n1f2 figs-explicit 0 Give to a wise person This refers to giving instruction to a wise person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 9 10 s7rg 0 General Information: These verses finish the message of Wisdom. -PRO 9 10 l6yl 0 The fear of Yahweh See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 1:7](../01/07.md). -PRO 9 11 uv8i figs-activepassive 0 through me your days will be multiplied This may be put into active form. Alternate translation: “I will multiply your days” or “I will cause you to live many more days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 9 11 wpx5 figs-personification 0 through me Wisdom, personified as a woman, continues to speak here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 9 11 rk9c figs-parallelism 0 your days will be multiplied, and years of life will be added to you These two phrases basically mean the same thing and are used to emphasize the great benefits wisdom has. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 9 11 u5qf figs-metaphor 0 years of life will be added to you Wisdom speaks of years of life as if they were physical objects. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will add years of life to you” or “I will add years to your life” or “I will enable you to live longer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 9 12 z3ez 0 If you are wise … and if you mock These two statements seem to mean that wise people gain advantages for themselves because of their wisdom, and mockers suffer because of their behavior. -PRO 9 12 zei6 figs-metaphor 0 you will carry it This speaks of the consequence of one’s bad behavior as if it were a heavy load that one had to carry on his back. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 9 13 q38d figs-personification 0 General Information: These verses begin to describe foolishness, which is also personified as a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 9 13 ix9a figs-personification 0 The woman of foolishness It is possible to translate “foolishness” as a description such as “A foolish woman.” However, if a language allows wisdom to be personified, as in the previous part of this chapter, it may also allow foolishness to be personified. Alternate translation: “The woman Foolishness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 9 13 lbv9 figs-parallelism 0 she is untaught and knows nothing These two expressions basically mean the same thing, which is repeated to show how useless the foolish woman is. Alternate translation: “she does not know anything at all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 9 13 tk38 0 she is untaught Alternate translation: “she has not learned from experience” or “she is young and naive” -PRO 9 15 cqd1 figs-idiom 0 walking straight on their way This seems to be an idiom for “thinking only of their own affairs” or “minding their own business.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 9 16 ck1n 0 is naive Alternate translation: “is inexperienced or immature” -PRO 9 16 rs92 0 turn aside here Alternate translation: “leave his path and come here” -PRO 9 16 zyq4 0 she says This is the foolish woman who was introduced in [Proverbs 9:13](./13.md). -PRO 9 16 lfx9 0 those who have no sense Alternate translation: “those who do not have wisdom” or “those who are not wise” -PRO 9 17 jsi6 figs-metaphor 0 Stolen waters are sweet, and bread of secrecy is delicious The foolish woman speaks of the pleasure of stolen waters and bread of secrecy to tell men that if they sleep with her, they will have pleasure. This can be stated clearly in a simile: “You can enjoy me just as you enjoy water that you have stolen or bread that is secret” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 9 18 kg4h 0 that the dead are there Alternate translation: “that the men who have gone to her are now dead” -PRO 9 18 k1fh 0 in the depths of Sheol “Sheol” refers to the world of the dead. -PRO 10 intro fhy5 0 # Proverbs 10 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Chapter 10 starts a new section of the book, which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Themes

There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often using contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, and wicked/righteous. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -PRO 10 1 i2yb figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Many verses in Chapter 10 are contrasting parallelisms (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 10 1 tab7 0 The proverbs of Solomon After the introduction of Chapters 1-9, Chapter 10 begins the collection of the proverbs; short sayings that teach wisdom. -PRO 10 2 ffz8 0 accumulated acquired over time -PRO 10 3 df3m figs-synecdoche 0 Yahweh does not let the soul of the righteous person go hungry Here “soul” refers to the person. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh makes sure those who do what is right have food to eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PRO 10 4 e3ef figs-metonymy 0 A lazy hand “Hand” represents the strength and ability of a person. Alternate translation: “A person unwilling to work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 10 4 yly7 figs-metonymy 0 hand of the diligent “Hand” represents the strength and ability of a person. Alternate translation: “person who works hard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 10 6 k7j2 figs-idiom 0 are upon the head The “head” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “are given to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 10 6 y4mb figs-metonymy 0 mouth of the wicked The “mouth” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “words the wicked speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 10 6 k4dp 0 covers up hides the truth -PRO 10 7 e1w8 figs-metonymy 0 name The word “name” represents a person’s reputation. Alternate translation: “memory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 10 8 e725 0 come to ruin Alternate translation: “be destroyed” or “be made useless” -PRO 10 9 ps6l 0 crooked not straight; deformed; dishonest; deceitful -PRO 10 10 mi1k translate-symaction 0 He who winks the eye “Winking the eye” represents a secretive sign for being cruel to someone else. Alternate translation: “He who makes a signal with a gesture” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -PRO 10 10 p957 figs-metaphor 0 will be thrown down A person who is ruined is spoken of as if he were thrown down. Alternate translation: “others will ruin him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 10 11 f47s figs-metonymy 0 The mouth of the righteous Here “mouth” represents what a persons says. Alternate translation: “The speech of a righteous person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 10 11 tv58 figs-genericnoun 0 the righteous This refers to righteous people in general. Alternate translation: “righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -PRO 10 11 h2ny figs-metaphor 0 is a water spring of life This person’s speech is spoken of as if it preserved living animals or people, as a water spring would do in a dry land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 10 11 bz8g figs-metaphor 0 the mouth of the wicked covers up violence That is, the wicked person appears to say harmless things, but plans to violent things against other people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 10 11 elp1 figs-metonymy 0 the mouth of the wicked Here “mouth” represents what a persons says. Alternate translation: “the speech of a wicked person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 10 11 jt58 figs-genericnoun 0 the wicked This refers to wicked people in general. Alternate translation: “wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -PRO 10 12 ph1a figs-personification 0 love covers over Love acts like a person who quiets trouble between people instead of stirring it up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 10 13 n8pk figs-metonymy 0 on the lips of a discerning person “Lips” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “in what a sensible person says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 10 13 ww93 figs-metonymy 0 a rod is for the back “Rod” represents strong, physical punishment and “the back” represents the person who receives the punishment. Alternate translation: “a person who has no sense needs forceful punishment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 10 14 ej72 figs-metonymy 0 the mouth of a fool “Mouth” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “the words from a foolish person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 10 15 fd3s figs-metaphor 0 his fortified city This represents wealth as a safe place. Alternate translation: “his safety” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 10 16 im19 figs-metaphor 0 The wage … the profit These terms normally refer to the money a worker earns. Here they represents the results of either doing what is right or doing what is wrong. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 10 17 k6n3 0 There is a path to life for the one who follows discipline Alternate translation: “The person who obeys wise instruction will have a long and happy life” -PRO 10 17 st2j figs-activepassive 0 but the one who rejects correction is led astray If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but the one who does not obey wise instruction will not have a good life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 10 18 d6bj figs-metonymy 0 has lying lips “Lips” represent what a person says. Alternate translation: “tells lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 10 19 zc3a figs-litotes 0 transgression is not lacking This phrase uses a negative to emphasize a positive idea. Alternate translation: “there is much sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PRO 10 20 h1pz figs-metonymy 0 The tongue of the righteous person “Tongue” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “Whatever a righteous person says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 10 20 pvj4 figs-metaphor 0 is pure silver “Silver” represents valuable sayings. Alternate translation: “is extremely valuable” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 10 21 h4rr figs-metonymy 0 The lips of the righteous “Lips” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “The sayings of a righteous man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 10 21 kp6k 0 nourish cause them to develop or grow stronger -PRO 10 23 l951 figs-metaphor 0 Wickedness is a game a fool plays A game is an activity people do for pleasure. Alternate translation: “Fools find pleasure in wickedness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 10 24 xai5 0 overtake overcome someone -PRO 10 25 ci43 figs-simile 0 The wicked are like the storm Just as storm comes and sweeps everything away so wicked people will disappear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 10 25 v58h figs-metaphor 0 is a foundation that lasts forever “Foundation” represents the base or a beginning of something that people build over. Alternate translation: “is a start for something that lasts forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 10 26 fk5l figs-simile 0 Like vinegar on the teeth and smoke in the eyes, so is the sluggard to those who send him “Vinegar” and “smoke” represent things that hurt a person’s teeth and eyes. Alternate translation: “Sending a lazy person to accomplish a task is irritating and unpleasant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 10 26 i1xh 0 vinegar a sour liquid used to flavor or preserve foods -PRO 10 27 rv8w figs-metaphor 0 the years of the wicked “Years” represent the time a person lives. Alternate translation: “the lifetime of the evil person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 10 28 pds2 figs-metaphor 0 the years of wicked people Here “years” represent the time a person lives. Alternate translation: “the lifetime of the evil person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 10 30 ub25 figs-litotes 0 will never be overthrown This can be stated as active and positive: Alternate translation: “will be secure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 10 31 f7hy figs-metonymy 0 Out of the mouth of the righteous person “Mouth” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “From the righteous man’s words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 10 31 amx2 figs-metonymy 0 the perverse tongue will be cut out “Tongue” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “God will shut the mouths of people who say what is false” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 10 32 y79y figs-metonymy 0 lips of the righteous person know what is acceptable “Lips” represent what a person says. Alternate translation: “righteous person knows how to speak acceptably” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 10 32 ay8q figs-metonymy 0 mouth of the wicked “Mouth” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “the words of the wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 11 intro uk6v 0 # Proverbs 11 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Chapter 11 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with individual proverbs.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Themes

There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often using contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -PRO 11 1 hzq7 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Many verses in Chapter 11 are contrasting parallelisms (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 11 1 g3jt figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh hates scales that are not accurate “Scales” represent measuring accurately in negotiating. Alternate translation: “God hates deceiving scales” or “God hates it when people are deceitful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 11 1 pe2q 0 but he delights in a precise weight Here, **precise weight** represents accuracy in negotiating. Alternate translation: “but he delights in honest ways” or “but he is happy when people are honest” -PRO 11 3 rj24 figs-nominaladj 0 the treacherous This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “treacherous people” or “those who are treacherous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 11 4 r538 figs-explicit 0 Wealth is worthless on the day of wrath The “day of wrath” represents a specific event, such as the “day of Yahweh” or “judgment day” or “last days.” Alternate translation: “A person’s wealth will do him no good when God comes to judge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 11 5 lc4r 0 makes his way straight Alternate translation: “has clear direction” -PRO 11 5 vhe9 figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “those who are wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 11 6 v49j figs-nominaladj 0 the treacherous This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “those who are treacherous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 11 6 b5vy 0 the treacherous are trapped by their cravings Alternate translation: “those who do evil are captured by their passions” -PRO 11 6 rhq7 0 treacherous ready to betray trust; traitorous; deceptive -PRO 11 7 dz8x 0 the hope that was in his strength Alternate translation: “the confidence he has in his own power” -PRO 11 7 zn33 0 comes to nothing Alternate translation: “disappears” -PRO 11 8 z4am figs-activepassive 0 The righteous person is kept away from trouble If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God keeps away from trouble the person who does what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 11 8 u873 0 it comes Alternate translation: “trouble comes” -PRO 11 9 r7vl figs-metonymy 0 With his mouth the godless “Mouth” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “The words of the godless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 11 11 sim1 figs-metonymy 0 the city becomes great “City” represents the community or people group. Alternate translation: “the people group prospers” or “the community becomes prosperous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 11 11 p4sd figs-metonymy 0 by the mouth of the wicked “Mouth” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “the words of evil people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 11 13 en2e figs-metaphor 0 keeps a matter covered “Covered” represents keeping things concealed as much as possible. Alternate translation: “does not tell” or “does not speak about the matter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 11 14 a9wq 0 advisors those who give recommendations as a guide to action; counselors -PRO 11 15 j2ce 0 one who hates giving Alternate translation: “one who refuses to give” -PRO 11 16 bvh9 0 ruthless people people without pity or compassion; cruel people -PRO 11 16 h7rd 0 grasp for wealth Alternate translation: “are greedy for wealth” -PRO 11 17 dxp9 0 one who Alternate translation: “a person who” -PRO 11 18 imr8 figs-metaphor 0 sows what is right To “sow” represents spreading out to gain more. Alternate translation: “spreads out what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 11 18 ln8a figs-metaphor 0 reaps the wages of truth To “reap” represents acquiring or gathering in” Alternate translation: “will surely be rewarded” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 11 19 ibb6 0 the one who Alternate translation: “the person who” -PRO 11 19 un2d 0 pursues evil Alternate translation: “chases after evil” or “seeks to do evil” -PRO 11 20 r5lt figs-metonymy 0 whose hearts are perverse “Heart” represents the feelings, attitudes and motivations of a person. Alternate translation: “who have wicked thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 11 21 gh2a figs-litotes 0 will not go unpunished This phrase uses a negative to emphasize a positive idea. Alternate translation: “will certainly be punished” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PRO 11 22 y2me figs-simile 0 Like a gold ring … without discretion A beautiful woman without discretion is compared to a useless and unsuitable golden ring in a pig’s nose. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 11 22 fe2p 0 without discretion Alternate translation: “without common sense” or “who is foolish” -PRO 11 24 x29n figs-metaphor 0 There is one who scatters—he will accumulate even more This is a metaphor for a person who becomes more wealthy by being generous. Alternate translation: “Some people give freely to others and yet become more wealthy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 11 24 v6x4 figs-explicit 0 one who scatters You may need to make explicit that the person scatters seeds for crops to grow. Alternate translation: “one who scatters much seed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 11 24 gmp8 0 will accumulate even more Alternate translation: “will gain even more” -PRO 11 24 p1q7 0 withholds what he should give This refers to a person who thinks that he can become rich by refusing to be generous. -PRO 11 25 q9vb 0 will prosper Alternate translation: “will gain more” -PRO 11 25 lf1i 0 the one who Alternate translation: “the generous person who” or “anyone who” -PRO 11 26 eb69 0 the man who refuses to sell This describes the person who hoards his wealth instead of helping those in need. -PRO 11 26 h1qp figs-metaphor 0 good gifts crown the head of him who sells it “Crown” represents the reward or award for the person who is willing to sell grain. Alternate translation: “good gifts are given as a crown of honor to him who sells it” or “the person who sells it is honored with many blessings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 11 27 k6ug 0 The one who diligently seeks the one who seeks with careful and continued effort -PRO 11 28 q218 figs-idiom 0 will fall This is an idiom. Here “fall” represents destruction or failure. Alternate translation: “will be destroyed” or “awaits a bad future” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 11 28 p1e2 figs-simile 0 like the leaf, righteous people will flourish “Leaf” represents growth and prosperity. Alternate translation: “righteous people will prosper in the same way a healthy green leaf grows” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 11 28 mf6v 0 righteous people will flourish This means that righteous people will thrive or prosper. -PRO 11 29 p1pb figs-metaphor 0 inherit the wind The “wind” is a metaphor for something that cannot be grasped or has no value. Alternate translation: “inherit nothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 11 30 q7ul figs-simile 0 The righteous person will be like a tree of life A person who does what is right is compared to a tree that produces life as its fruit. Alternate translation: “Those who do right will bring life to themselves and others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 11 30 hlz7 0 tree of life See how you translated this in [Proverbs 3:18](../03/18.md). -PRO 11 31 s8p9 0 how much more Alternate translation: “even more so” -PRO 12 intro x2lg 0 # Proverbs 12 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Chapter 12 continues the section of the book (Chapter 10-22) which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Themes

There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often using contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility and integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -PRO 12 1 ktr2 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: The author uses [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] throughout this chapter. Verses 1-15 contrast wisdom and foolishness. -PRO 12 1 r7h6 0 Whoever Alternate translation: “Any person who” -PRO 12 1 tz7m 0 the one who hates correction Alternate translation: “the person who does not want to be told what to do” -PRO 12 1 nj5f 0 is stupid Alternate translation: “is foolish” or “is unwise” -PRO 12 3 nly2 figs-activepassive 0 A person cannot be established by wickedness If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “No one can become safe and secure by doing what is wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 12 3 md5p figs-metaphor 0 cannot be uprooted “Uprooted” represents being pulled out of the ground like a plant or a tree. This cannot happen to those who do right. Alternate translation: “are as stable as a tree with deep roots” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 12 4 wh4l figs-metaphor 0 A worthy wife is her husband’s crown A crown represents the greatest honor a person can receive. Alternate translation: “A good wife is a sign of great honor for her husband” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 12 4 ced6 figs-simile 0 she who brings shame is like a disease that rots his bones A disease that rots the bones represents the spoiling of a person’s life. Alternate translation: “a wife’s shameful acts destroy her husband’s influence and happiness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 12 6 sw3s figs-metaphor 0 The words of wicked people are an ambush waiting for a chance to kill The deceitful things that wicked people say in order to harm other people are spoken of as if their words are waiting to kill someone by surprise. Alternate translation: “The deceitful things wicked people say are like a person who waits to kill someone by surprise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 12 6 n6s7 0 the words of the upright keep them safe Alternate translation: “the advice from an upright person keeps people safe” -PRO 12 6 au1h 0 the upright Alternate translation: “the righteous person” or “the honest person” or “the just person” -PRO 12 7 qw8f figs-activepassive 0 Wicked people are overthrown If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People will overthrow the wicked people” or “People will remove the wicked people from power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 12 7 t5c3 figs-metonymy 0 house The term “house” is often used figuratively in the Bible to refer to a person’s ancestors, descendants or other relatives. Alternate translation: “family” or “descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 12 8 hfu6 figs-activepassive 0 A person is praised by how much wisdom he has If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People will praise those who have wisdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 12 8 hq69 figs-activepassive 0 the one who makes perverse choices is despised If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will hate the one who always thinks evil thoughts” or “people will hate the one who takes good things and twists them into bad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 12 10 uxx4 0 is cruel Alternate translation: “causes suffering” -PRO 12 11 wl9h 0 worthless projects Alternate translation: “worthless plans” or “worthless tasks” -PRO 12 12 b6y1 0 the fruit This refers to a person’s actions and thoughts. Just as fruit on a tree shows what kind of tree it is, in the same way a person’s words and actions reveal what his character is like. -PRO 12 13 ak1y figs-metonymy 0 An evil person is trapped by his wicked talk “Trapped” represents being caught in a snare or being tricked. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The wicked things an evil person says will trap him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 12 14 z5v9 figs-metonymy 0 just as the work of his hands rewards him The phrase, “the work of his hands” represents work done by physical labor. Alternate translation: “just as the good work he does rewards him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 12 15 lr2l figs-idiom 0 in his own eyes This phrase represents the idea he has from his own observation, imagination or memory. Alternate translation: “in his own opinion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 12 15 wlp9 0 advice wise suggestions -PRO 12 16 n8pr 0 is prudent Alternate translation: “is wise” or “has good sense.” -PRO 12 18 k26n figs-simile 0 The words of one who speaks rashly are like the thrusts of a sword The phrase, “thrusts of a sword” represents cruel words that hurt another. Alternate translation: “What a person says without thinking can hurt as much as if he stabbed with a sword” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 12 18 avt2 figs-metonymy 0 the tongue of the wise “Tongue” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “what wise people say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 12 18 mpg6 0 brings healing Alternate translation: “comforts and heals” -PRO 12 19 wm6n figs-metonymy 0 Truthful lips last forever “Lips” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “A truthful person endures forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 12 19 r5ql figs-metonymy 0 a lying tongue is only for a moment “Tongue” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “the one who lies lasts only for a moment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 12 20 xs9w 0 advisors those who give recommendations as a guide to action; counselors -PRO 12 21 d4zt figs-litotes 0 No ill comes The negative, “No” cancels out the idea of “ill” (bad things that happen). Alternate translation: “Good things come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PRO 12 22 x3ha figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh hates lying lips “Lips” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “Yahweh detests those who tell lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 12 23 qi9m 0 conceals his knowledge Alternate translation: “does not tell everything he knows” -PRO 12 24 j53h figs-metonymy 0 The hand of the diligent “Hand” represents what a person does -- his works. Alternate translation: “Diligent people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 12 24 ymw6 figs-metonymy 0 will be put to forced labor “Forced labor” describes what a person must do who is not free to do what he wants. Alternate translation: “will become a slave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 12 25 qts2 0 Anxiety uneasy feeling of fear or dread, worry -PRO 12 25 n82f figs-metaphor 0 weighs him down “Weighing down” represents the idea of putting a very heavy load on a person so he cannot move freely. This phrase means to make a person sad or depressed. Alternate translation: “causes him to become sad or depressed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 12 25 z6n9 figs-abstractnouns 0 but a good word makes him glad If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **word**, you could express the same idea with the verb “speak.” Alternate translation: “but when others speak kindly to him, he is cheerful again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 12 27 gdt7 0 would not roast their own game “Game” means animals caught and killed while hunting. And “roast” is a way of cooking food. -PRO 12 27 vz9v 0 precious wealth Alternate translation: “valuable treasure” -PRO 13 intro nh7k 0 # Proverbs 13 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Chapter 13 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Themes

There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -PRO 13 1 ugs5 figs-metonymy 0 A wise son hears Here “hears” represents listening in order to do it. Alternate translation: “A wise son obeys” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 13 1 sy9c figs-metonymy 0 will not listen to rebuke Here “listen” represents paying attention in order to do it. Alternate translation: “will not learn from rebuke” or “will not obey, despite rebuke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 13 2 zu98 figs-metonymy 0 From the fruit of his mouth Here “fruit” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “From the words of his mouth” or “From what he says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 13 2 w883 0 the appetite the desire or liking for something -PRO 13 2 mgn1 figs-nominaladj 0 the treacherous This nominal adjective can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “the treacherous person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 13 3 xb3d figs-metonymy 0 his mouth Here “mouth” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “what he says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 13 3 bd6a figs-metaphor 0 opens wide his lips Opening the lips represents speaking, and opening them wide represents speaking too often or too much. Alternate translation: “speaks a lot” or “talks too much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 13 4 c7yc 0 The appetite … the appetite See how you translated this in [Proverbs 13:2](../13/02.md). -PRO 13 4 z2sk 0 craves but gets nothing Alternate translation: “strongly desires but gets nothing” -PRO 13 4 rj8j figs-activepassive 0 the appetite of diligent people will be richly satisfied Here “appetite” represents desire. Alternate translation: “diligent people will have a richly satisfied life” or “being diligent will make people richly satisfied” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 13 4 z1wm 0 diligent people people who work with careful and continued effort -PRO 13 5 i9t2 0 repugnant causing a strong feeling of disgust -PRO 13 6 gt48 figs-personification 0 Righteousness protects those “Righteousness” represents a way of life approved by Yahweh. This quality acts like a person who protects. Alternate translation: “A way of life approved by Yahweh protects” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 13 6 iac2 figs-metonymy 0 who are faultless in their path Here “path” represents how a person directs his life. Alternate translation: “who are faultless in their way of living” or “who live lives of integrity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 13 6 r21h figs-personification 0 wickedness turns away those who commit sin Here “wickedness” represents an evil conduct of life. This quality acts like a person who turns away those who commit sin. Alternate translation: “wickedness turns sinners away from a successful path” or “wickedness ruins sinners’ lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 13 7 z16h 0 who enriches himself Alternate translation: “who makes himself rich” -PRO 13 8 mre8 0 does not hear a threat This could mean: (1) no one will threaten to steal from him because he has nothing anyone would want to steal or (2) he will not listen when people correct him because he has nothing to lose if they punish him. Alternate translation: “does not listen to rebuke” -PRO 13 9 ev8k figs-metaphor 0 The light of righteous people rejoices Here the light represents the righteous person’s life or good behavior, and rejoicing represents causing people to rejoice. Alternate translation: “The life of a righteous person is like a light that causes people to rejoice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 13 9 ibt9 figs-metaphor 0 the lamp of wicked people will be put out Here the lamp represents the life or behavior of wicked people, and “be put out” is an idiom that means that a fire is stopped. The lamp being put out represents either the person dying or the person’s life not giving any joy. Alternate translation: “the lives of wicked people are like a lamp whose fire will be stopped” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 13 10 c8hy 0 Pride only breeds conflict Alternate translation: “Pride always causes conflict” -PRO 13 10 n32q 0 listen to Alternate translation: “heed” or “follow” -PRO 13 10 ujq3 0 good advice suggestions that are helpful and profitable -PRO 13 11 u1q4 0 Wealth dwindles away Alternate translation: “Wealth decreases” or “Wealth slowly disappears” -PRO 13 11 i2l4 figs-metonymy 0 working with his hand The phrase “working with his hand” refers to physical work instead of only mental or other types of work. Many people give physical work a low value. Alternate translation: “working with physical strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 13 11 j3nn figs-metaphor 0 make his money grow Money is compared to a tree that grows. Alternate translation: “make his money increase” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 13 12 v8h6 figs-metonymy 0 When hope is postponed Here “hope” represents the thing a person hopes for. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “When a person hopes for something but does not receive it for a very long time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 13 12 gfi6 figs-idiom 0 it breaks the heart Breaking a person’s heart represents overwhelming that person with sadness. Alternate translation: “it causes intense sadness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 13 12 k7pf figs-metaphor 0 a longing fulfilled is a tree of life Someone receiving what they hoped for and becoming very happy is spoken of as if the fulfillment of their hope were a tree that gives life. Alternate translation: “a longing fulfilled is like a tree of life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 13 12 isa3 0 tree of life “a tree that gives life” or “a tree whose fruit sustains life.” See how you translated this in [Proverbs 3:18](../03/18.md). -PRO 13 13 a5vy figs-activepassive 0 he who respects the commandment will be rewarded If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they will reward the one who respects the command” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 13 14 uhi9 figs-metaphor 0 fountain of life A fountain is a good source of water and here represents a source of life. Alternate translation: “a bountiful source of life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 13 14 h871 figs-metaphor 0 snares of death Here “snares” represent dangers that will kill. Alternate translation: “traps that lead to death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 13 15 r4vi figs-metaphor 0 but the way of the treacherous is never-ending Here a person’s behavior or conduct is spoken of as if it were a way or path that a person walks. A person being ruined by their own treachery is spoken of as if they are on a way or path that never ends. Alternate translation: “but the behavior of the treacherous will cause their own destruction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 13 15 up13 figs-nominaladj 0 the treacherous This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “the treacherous person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 13 16 g6vs figs-metaphor 0 a fool parades his folly To “parade” means to display in front of everyone. Alternate translation: “a fool displays his foolishness to everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 13 17 h4gr 0 falls into trouble Alternate translation: “is unreliable” or “does something evil” -PRO 13 17 pfh6 0 a faithful envoy Alternate translation: “a faithful messenger” or “a faithful diplomat” -PRO 13 18 m4d7 figs-abstractnouns 0 learns from correction If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **correction**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “learns when someone corrects him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 13 19 h11i 0 is sweet Alternate translation: “is a delight” or “brings joy” -PRO 13 19 fv8k 0 the appetite the desire or liking for something -PRO 13 20 k77z 0 will suffer harm Alternate translation: “will experience harm” or “will be ruined” -PRO 13 21 ddh8 figs-personification 0 Disaster runs after sinners “Disaster” is given human characteristics like the ability to run. Alternate translation: “Sinners have trouble wherever they go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 13 21 ecr7 figs-activepassive 0 righteous people are rewarded with good If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God rewards righteous people with good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 13 22 amv1 0 his grandchildren Alternate translation: “the sons of his sons” or “the children of his children” or “his descendants” -PRO 13 22 fi9c figs-activepassive 0 a sinner’s wealth is stored up for the righteous person If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the one who does right will receive the wealth that a sinner has stored up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 13 23 z3px 0 An unplowed field Alternate translation: “A field that is not prepared for food production” or “An empty field not ready for planting” -PRO 13 23 h46l figs-metaphor 0 but it is swept away by injustice “Swept away” represents completely removing something. This can be stated in active from. Alternate translation: “but injustice takes away that food” or “but unjust people take the food away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 13 24 jp8a 0 is careful to instruct him Alternate translation: “makes sure to instruct him” -PRO 13 25 a593 0 he satisfies his appetite Alternate translation: “he has satisfied himself” or “he fulfills his desires” -PRO 13 25 azl9 figs-metonymy 0 the stomach of the wicked is always hungry Here “stomach” represents the desires of a person. Alternate translation: “the wicked person is always hungry for more” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 14 intro gbj2 0 # Proverbs 14 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Chapter 14 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Themes

There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -PRO 14 1 r3rp 0 builds her house Alternate translation: “builds up her house” or “makes her house better” -PRO 14 1 tv3l 0 house This could mean: (1) this may refer to her actual house, that is the building she lives in or (2) this may refer to her family. -PRO 14 1 l2y8 figs-synecdoche 0 with her own hands The woman is represented by her “hands.” Alternate translation: “by herself” or “by the way she behaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 14 2 qgn4 0 The one who … the one who Alternate translation: “The person who … the person who” -PRO 14 2 qnc4 figs-metaphor 0 walks uprightly “Walks” represents the conduct of life. Alternate translation: “conducts his life in a just and honest way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 14 2 we9s 0 despises him Alternate translation: “grossly disrespects him” or “shows that he hates him” -PRO 14 2 c17i 0 in his ways despises him The word “his” refers to the dishonest man and “him” refers to Yahweh. -PRO 14 3 a16n figs-metonymy 0 the mouth of … the lips of The mouth and the lips both refer to what a person says. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 14 3 ixb4 figs-metonymy 0 a rod for his back The rod with which people will punish the fool by hitting him on his back for his foolish words is a metonym for the words that come out of his mouth. Alternate translation: “words that will cause people to punish him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 14 3 c2ir 0 the wise This word is plural. “wise men” or “wise people” -PRO 14 3 gru7 0 will preserve them Alternate translation: “will keep them from harm” or “will keep them safe” -PRO 14 4 w12s 0 the feeding trough A “trough” is a container in which you put the food for animals. -PRO 14 4 e3k8 0 an abundant crop Alternate translation: “a good harvest” -PRO 14 4 diy9 figs-metonymy 0 by the strength of an ox “Strength” represents the strong work an ox can do. Alternate translation: “because of the work an ox does” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 14 5 j6d2 figs-idiom 0 breathes out lies This figure of speech uses “breathes” to refer to lying constantly. Alternate translation: “constantly lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 6:19](../06/19.md). -PRO 14 6 wm35 0 and there is none Alternate translation: “and wisdom is not there” or “but he will not find wisdom” -PRO 14 6 ek6h 0 comes easy to Alternate translation: “is easily found by” or “acquires without difficulty” -PRO 14 6 xv2j 0 the one who is discerning Alternate translation: “the one who is wise” or “a person who has understanding” -PRO 14 7 ud4w figs-metonymy 0 on his lips The word “lips” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “from his speech” or “with his comments” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 14 8 e2qn 0 the prudent a person who has good judgment or sense -PRO 14 8 vp9q figs-metonymy 0 his own way The word “way” represents the conduct of life of a person. Alternate translation: “his conduct” or “how he lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 14 8 vug2 0 the folly of fools is deception The foolishness of fools is that they think they are wise, when they are not. -PRO 14 9 m1s1 0 when the guilt offering is sacrificed “at guilt” or “at the guilt offering” The meaning behind this phrase is that fools do not apologize to God or men for the things they do wrong. -PRO 14 9 t24p figs-activepassive 0 but among the upright favor is shared If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but the upright enjoy favor together” or “but God’s favor is experienced together among the upright” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 14 10 xxe9 0 its own bitterness Alternate translation: “its own sorrow” or “its own sadness” -PRO 14 10 y94d 0 no stranger Alternate translation: “those who do not know him” -PRO 14 11 c5yp figs-metonymy 0 the tent The word “tent” represents everything that happens within it. Alternate translation: “the household” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 14 11 d165 figs-metaphor 0 flourish The word “flourish” means vigorous blooming of flowers and so represents anything that grows strongly. Alternate translation: “to do well and last long” or “to be healthy” or “to be very successful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 14 12 y8gw figs-metaphor 0 There is a way that seems right to a man The word “way” represents the conduct of life a person follows. Alternate translation: “People think that the way they are living is the right way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 14 13 n7lp figs-metaphor 0 A heart can laugh The word “heart” represents a person’s feelings, attitudes and motivations. Alternate translation: “A person’s feelings can show laughter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 14 13 j3ih 0 be in pain Alternate translation: “experience pain” or “hurt” -PRO 14 14 a8j9 0 The one who Alternate translation: “The person who” -PRO 14 14 c5in figs-metaphor 0 what his ways deserve The word “ways” represents a person’s conduct of life. Alternate translation: “what he deserves, based on how he lived” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 14 14 qe8k 0 what is his Alternate translation: “what belongs to him” or “what he has a right to” -PRO 14 15 i558 0 naive inexperienced or immature -PRO 14 15 h73m figs-metaphor 0 his steps Here the idea of footsteps represents a person’s behavior. Alternate translation: “his actions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 14 16 z79v figs-metaphor 0 turns away from evil Here evil is spoken of as if it were a place. Alternate translation: “avoids doing evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 14 16 dy6s 0 confidently dismisses Alternate translation: “boldly ignores” -PRO 14 17 yez8 0 is quick to become angry Alternate translation: “becomes angry quickly” -PRO 14 18 j5kv 0 naive inexperienced or immature -PRO 14 18 c2ql figs-metonymy 0 inherit foolishness Here “inherit” represents having permanent possession of something. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 14 18 aj35 0 foolishness The word “foolishness” is an abstract noun that represents foolish thinking and foolish actions. -PRO 14 18 rq9a 0 prudent people Alternate translation: “wise people” -PRO 14 18 spn1 figs-metaphor 0 are crowned with knowledge Here knowledge is spoken of as if it were a beautiful ornament worn on one’s head, such as a turban with jewels. Alternate translation: “wear knowledge as a turban” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 14 19 b4i8 translate-symaction 0 bow down This means to bend over to humbly express respect and submission toward someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -PRO 14 19 e892 figs-metonymy 0 at the gates of the righteous The word “gates” represents an entrance to meet with another. This means the wicked will have to wait for the righteous person and beg to enter his presence. Alternate translation: “to meet with the righteous person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 14 20 h5ns figs-activepassive 0 The poor person is hated even by his own companions If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Everyone hates the poor person even his own neighbors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 14 21 fy3m 0 The one … the one Alternate translation: “The person … the person” -PRO 14 21 d4gp 0 the poor Alternate translation: “poor people” -PRO 14 22 m1cw figs-rquestion 0 Do not those who plot evil go astray? The assumed answer to this question is “yes.” Alternate translation: “Those who plot evil will go astray.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 14 22 ie8f 0 who plot evil Alternate translation: “who make evil plans” or “who make plans to do evil things” -PRO 14 22 mmn3 figs-abstractnouns 0 those who plan to do good will receive covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” can be stated as “faithful” and “trustworthy.” Alternate translation: “God will show himself to be trustworthy and faithful to his covenant to those who plan to do what is good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 14 23 k11f 0 but when there is only talk Alternate translation: “but if you only talk” or “but when all a person does is talking” -PRO 14 24 dc97 figs-metaphor 0 The crown of wise people The word “crown” represents the highest achievement possible and visible to all. Alternate translation: “The reward of wise people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 14 24 u3bw 0 the folly of fools See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 14:8](../14/08.md). -PRO 14 25 wkc7 figs-idiom 0 breathes out lies This figure of speech uses “breathes” to refer to lying constantly. See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 6:19](../06/19.md). Alternate translation: “constantly lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 14 27 c8u2 figs-metaphor 0 fountain of life A “fountain” is a bountiful source of water and represents here the source of life. Alternate translation: “source of life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 14 27 r5t6 figs-metaphor 0 from the snares of death A “snare” is a sort of trap used to hunt animals and represents something tricky and dangerous that will kill. Alternate translation: “from the trap that will kill” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 14 28 vxf7 0 the great number of his people Alternate translation: “how many people he rules” -PRO 14 28 yp94 0 the prince is ruined Alternate translation: “the prince has nothing and his kingdom will fall” -PRO 14 29 n61r 0 the quick-tempered a person who is quick to become angry -PRO 14 30 lqn3 0 A tranquil heart Alternate translation: “A peaceful mindset” or “An attitude that is at peace” -PRO 14 30 l819 figs-metaphor 0 rots the bones The word “rots” represents the decay of a person and “bones” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “causes a person to be unhealthy in body and spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 14 31 k67r 0 The one who … the one who Alternate translation: “The person who … the person who” -PRO 14 31 b6nz 0 curses This means to express a desire that bad things will happen to someone. -PRO 14 31 xhv2 0 the poor … the needy Alternate translation: “a poor person … a needy person” -PRO 14 31 k2td 0 shows favor to Alternate translation: “is kind to” or “helps” -PRO 14 32 t8gr figs-activepassive 0 is brought down by his evil actions If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “evil actions push over” or “evil actions destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 14 33 axk6 figs-metaphor 0 Wisdom rests in the heart The word “heart” represents the feelings, attitudes and motivations of a person. Alternate translation: “Wisdom is in the attitude” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 14 33 t41l 0 the discerning Alternate translation: “a discerning person” -PRO 14 33 r61l figs-activepassive 0 she lets herself be known If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “she makes sure people know her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 14 33 xi3x figs-personification 0 she The word “she” refers to wisdom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 14 34 dl6h 0 is a disgrace Alternate translation: “brings shame upon to any people” or “should cause any people to be ashamed” -PRO 14 35 qjf7 0 who acts prudently Alternate translation: “who acts wisely” or “who makes sure bad things do not happen” -PRO 14 35 vi56 0 the one who Alternate translation: “the servant who” -PRO 15 intro l872 0 # Proverbs 15 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Chapter 15 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Themes

There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -PRO 15 1 x2lh figs-metaphor 0 A gentle answer turns away wrath Causing a person to stop being angry is spoken of as if it were turning that person’s wrath away. Alternate translation: “Answering a person gently will calm that person’s wrath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 15 1 hu6m figs-metaphor 0 but a harsh word stirs up anger Causing a person to become more angry is spoken of as if it were stirring up or awakening anger. Alternate translation: “but speaking harshly causes that person to become more angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 15 2 w6ic figs-synecdoche 0 The tongue of wise people compliments knowledge Here the word “tongue” refers to the person who speaks. Alternate translation: “Wise people compliment knowledge when they speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 15 2 sjz8 0 compliments knowledge Alternate translation: “makes knowledge attractive” or “uses knowledge correctly” -PRO 15 2 ncr7 figs-metaphor 0 the mouth of fools pours out folly The writer speaks of fools’ mouths as if they were containers and of folly as if it were the liquid that filled them. When fools speak, their mouths pour out the liquid. The word “mouth” represents those who speak. Alternate translation: “fools are always speaking folly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 15 3 w8rc figs-synecdoche 0 The eyes of Yahweh are everywhere Here the word “eyes” represents Yahweh and emphasizes his ability to see everything. Alternate translation: “Yahweh sees everything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 15 3 bw6f figs-nominaladj 0 the evil and the good The words “evil” and “good” refer to people. Alternate translation: “evil people and good people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 15 4 wt85 figs-metonymy 0 A healing tongue is a tree of life The word “tongue” refers to speech. The writer speaks of the words of a person who says things that help and encourage others as if they were a tree that provides life-giving nourishment. Alternate translation: “Kind words are like a tree that gives life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 15 4 eg2w figs-metonymy 0 a deceitful tongue crushes the spirit The phrase “a deceitful tongue” refers to speech that is deceitful or hurtful. The writer speaks of a person being hurt or in despair as if that person’s spirit were an object that words have crushed. Alternate translation: “deceitful speech causes a person to despair” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 15 5 kix4 figs-abstractnouns 0 he who learns from correction The word “correction” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “he who learns when someone corrects him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 15 5 x86t 0 is prudent Alternate translation: “is wise” -PRO 15 6 h7yy figs-abstractnouns 0 the earnings of the wicked person give The word “earnings” can be translated as a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “the wealth that a wicked person earns gives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 15 7 tk6t figs-metaphor 0 The lips of wise people scatter knowledge about The word “lips” represents what wise people say. The writer speaks of knowledge as if it were seeds that wise people scatter around when they speak. Alternate translation: “The speech of wise people spreads knowledge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 15 7 wet2 figs-synecdoche 0 not so the hearts of fools This could mean: (1) the word “hearts” is synecdoche for the fools themselves and means that they do not scatter knowledge like wise people do. Alternate translation: “fools do not scatter knowledge about” or (2) fools do not have knowledge in their hearts, with “hearts” being a metonym for the thoughts. Alternate translation: “fools do not understand knowledge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 15 8 a5ry 0 upright people Alternate translation: “people who live rightly” -PRO 15 8 fci9 0 is his delight Alternate translation: “pleases him” -PRO 15 9 ui9i figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh hates the way of wicked people The lifestyles of wicked people are spoken of as if they are paths on which those people walk. Alternate translation: “Yahweh hates the way that wicked people live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 15 9 pj1l figs-metaphor 0 the one who pursues what is right Being diligent to live rightly is spoken of as if it were chasing after right things. Alternate translation: “the person who strives to live rightly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 15 10 j3mw figs-metaphor 0 anyone who forsakes the way Here “the way” refers to the way of righteousness. A person who stops doing what is right is spoken of as if he has stopped walking on the correct path. Alternate translation: “anyone who stops living rightly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 15 10 jus3 figs-abstractnouns 0 he who hates correction The word “correction” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “the person who hates it when others correct him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 15 11 n1e2 figs-doublet 0 Sheol and destruction are open before Yahweh The words “Sheol and destruction” both refer to the place of the dead. Yahweh knowing everything about the place of the dead is spoken of as if it were open before Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Yahweh knows everything about the place where dead people are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 15 11 b6if figs-rquestion 0 how much more the hearts of the sons of mankind? This rhetorical question emphasizes that since Yahweh knows everything about the place of the dead, it is more obvious that he knows everything about the hearts of men. Alternate translation: “so he certainly knows the hearts of the sons of mankind!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 15 11 r3gz figs-metonymy 0 the hearts of the sons of mankind Here the word “hearts” represents the thoughts and motivations. The phrase “the sons of mankind” is an idiom for humanity. Alternate translation: “the thoughts of humans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 15 12 dl8g figs-abstractnouns 0 The mocker resents correction The word “correction” can be translated with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “The mocker hates when others correct him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 15 12 f5d9 figs-explicit 0 he will not go to the wise It is implied that he will not go to the wise to seek their counsel or advice. Alternate translation: “he will not go to the wise to seek their counsel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 15 13 b4lv figs-synecdoche 0 A joyful heart makes the face cheerful Here the word “heart” represents the person. Alternate translation: “When a person is joyful, his face is cheerful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 15 13 dm7a figs-metaphor 0 crushes the spirit The writer speaks of a person being discouraged as if that person’s spirit were an object that is crushed. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 15:4](../15/04.md). Alternate translation: “makes a person discouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 15 14 d9uh figs-metonymy 0 The heart of the discerning Here the word “heart” represents the mind and thoughts. Alternate translation: “The mind of the discerning person” or “The discerning person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 15 14 k3ct figs-synecdoche 0 the mouth of fools feeds on folly Here the word “mouth” represents the person. The writer speaks of fools desiring foolish things as if they ate foolish things. Alternate translation: “foolish people desire folly as if it were the food that they eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 15 15 r1yn 0 All the days of oppressed people are miserable Alternate translation: “Oppressed people are miserable all of their days” -PRO 15 15 en6x figs-synecdoche 0 a cheerful heart has an unending feast Here the word “heart” represents the person. The writer speaks of a cheerful person enjoying life as if that person were celebrating a feast that does not end. Alternate translation: “the cheerful person enjoys life, as if he were celebrating an unending feast” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 15 15 m9lg 0 an unending feast Alternate translation: “a feast that never ends” -PRO 15 16 iix3 0 with confusion Alternate translation: “with anxiety” -PRO 15 17 via5 figs-metonymy 0 a meal with vegetables The vegetables represent a small meal with very little food. Alternate translation: “a small meal” or “very little food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 15 17 ux23 figs-abstractnouns 0 where there is love The word “love” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “where people love one another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 15 17 m9u4 figs-activepassive 0 a fatted calf served with hatred This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “a fatted calf that someone serves with hatred” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 15 17 x4f2 figs-metonymy 0 a fatted calf This refers to a calf that has been fed a lot of food so that it will become fat. Here it represents a delicious meal or a feast. Alternate translation: “a luxurious meal” or “a feast” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 15 17 vw92 figs-abstractnouns 0 with hatred The word “hatred” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “where people hate one another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 15 18 p4ji figs-metaphor 0 stirs up arguments Causing people to argue more is spoken of as if it were stirring up or awakening arguments. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **arguments**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “argue.” Alternate translation: “causes people to argue more” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 15 19 awv2 figs-metaphor 0 The path of the sluggard … the path of the upright The writer speaks of a person’s life as if it were a path on which the person walks. Alternate translation: “The life of the sluggard … the life of the upright” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 15 19 gy92 figs-simile 0 The path of the sluggard is like a place with a hedge of thorns The writer compares the lifestyle of the sluggard with trying to walk through a hedge of thorns. Both cause the person to suffer pain. Alternate translation: “The life of the sluggard is like a person trying to walk through a hedge of thorns” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 15 19 zqz8 figs-metaphor 0 the path of the upright is a built-up highway The writer speaks of the blessings that upright people experience in life as if they were walking on a smooth road. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 15 19 c95z 0 built-up highway This is a road that is wide, flat, and without obstacles or potholes. -PRO 15 21 itu5 figs-metaphor 0 the one who has understanding walks a straight path The writer speaks of a person doing the right thing as if he were walking straight ahead on a path. Alternate translation: “the person who has understanding does what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 15 22 p1yb 0 Plans go wrong Alternate translation: “Plans fail” -PRO 15 22 et1u 0 where there is no advice Alternate translation: “when there is no one to give advice” -PRO 15 22 re1s 0 advisors people who give recommendations as a guide to action -PRO 15 22 q31z 0 they succeed Alternate translation: “plans succeed” -PRO 15 23 wg81 0 a pertinent reply Alternate translation: “a fitting reply” or “an appropriate answer” -PRO 15 23 jnm2 figs-exclamations 0 how good is a timely word This exclamation emphasizes that a word spoken at the right time is very good. Alternate translation: “a word that a person speaks at the right time is very good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) -PRO 15 24 b9kb figs-metaphor 0 The path of life leads upward … from Sheol beneath The writer speaks of a lifestyle that results in life as if it were a path that goes upward towards life and of a lifestyle that results in death as if it were a path that leads down to the place of the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 15 25 h2dg figs-synecdoche 0 house This is a synecdoche for the person’s household, property, and wealth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 15 26 h9s4 0 the words of kindness are pure Alternate translation: “kind words are pure” or “pleasant words are pure” -PRO 15 28 avu5 figs-metonymy 0 The heart of the righteous person ponders before it answers Here the word “heart” is a metonym for the mind and thoughts. This represents the person who thinks. Alternate translation: “The person who does right ponders what to say before he answers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 15 28 zzd4 figs-metaphor 0 the mouth of wicked people pours out all its evil The writer speaks of wicked people’s mouths as if they were containers and speaks of evil as if it were the liquid that filled them. When wicked people speak, their mouths pour out the liquid. The word “mouths” represents those who speak. Alternate translation: “wicked people are always saying evil things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 15 28 zr4l 0 the mouth of wicked people pours out all its evil It may be more natural in you language to translate all these words as either singular or plural. Alternate translation: “the mouth of the wicked person pours out all its evil” or “the mouths of wicked people pour out all their evil” -PRO 15 29 nq5q figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh is far away from wicked people The writer speaks of Yahweh not listening to wicked people as if he were physically far away from them. Alternate translation: “Yahweh does not listen to wicked people” or “Yahweh does not answer wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 15 30 msq2 figs-metaphor 0 The light of the eyes The writer speaks of an expression of joy on one’s face as if the person’s eyes emitted light. Alternate translation: “A cheerful expression” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 15 30 d2bg figs-synecdoche 0 brings joy to the heart The word “heart” represents the person. This could mean: (1) the person who has a cheerful expression becomes joyful or (2) other people become joyful when they see someone with a cheerful expression. Alternate translation: “causes a person to be joyful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 15 30 hhj8 figs-synecdoche 0 good news is health to the body Here the word “body” represents the person. Alternate translation: “receiving good news makes a person feel good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 15 31 vet3 0 you will remain among wise people This could mean: (1) people will continue to consider you to be a wise person or (2) you will continue to enjoy the company of wise people. -PRO 15 32 l9cd figs-abstractnouns 0 listens to correction The word “correction” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “listens when others correct him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 15 33 nhk9 figs-abstractnouns 0 The fear of Yahweh teaches wisdom The words “fear” and “wisdom” can be translated with verbal phrases. Alternate translation: “When one fears Yahweh, he will learn to be wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 15 33 t56g 0 The fear of Yahweh See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 1:7](../01/07.md). -PRO 15 33 w2h2 0 humility comes before honor This means that a person must first learn humility before Yahweh will honor him. -PRO 16 intro mu2u 0 # Proverbs 16 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Chapter 16 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### King and royalty

Some of these proverbs mention a king. As in other cases, this is intended to apply to all rulers.

### Themes

There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -PRO 16 1 bqu9 figs-metonymy 0 The plans of the heart belong to a person Here the word “heart” represents the person’s mind and thoughts. Alternate translation: “A person makes plans in his mind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 16 1 hf8a figs-metaphor 0 from Yahweh comes the answer from his tongue This could mean: (1) Yahweh speaks his answer to a person’s plans, which is a metaphor meaning that Yahweh determines the outcome of that person’s plans or (2) Yahweh enables a person to speak words about the plans that he has made. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 16 1 j1hu figs-synecdoche 0 the answer from his tongue The person is represented by his “tongue” to emphasize his speech. Alternate translation: “the answer that he speaks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 16 2 m6li figs-metaphor 0 All of a person’s ways are pure in his own eyes The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. The writer speaks of what a person does as if that person were walking down a path. Alternate translation: “A person thinks that everything he does is pure” or “A person judges everything he does as pure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 16 2 ky4t figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh weighs the spirits Here the word “spirits” represents people’s desires and motives. The writer speaks of Yahweh discerning and judging a person’s desires and motives as if he were weighing that person’s spirit. Alternate translation: “Yahweh judges the person’s motives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 16 4 ccq1 figs-ellipsis 0 even the wicked for the day of trouble The verbal phrase may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “he has made even the wicked for the day of trouble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PRO 16 5 lkb8 figs-synecdoche 0 everyone who has an arrogant heart Here the word “heart” represents the person. Alternate translation: “everyone who is arrogant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 16 5 cq2g figs-litotes 0 they will not go unpunished The two negatives in this phrase strongly emphasize the positive. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will certainly punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 16 6 t6t9 figs-abstractnouns 0 By covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness iniquity is atoned for The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” can be stated as “faithful” and “trustworthy.” If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. This could mean: (1) Alternate translation: “Because Yahweh is faithful to his covenant and trustworthy he forgives people’s sins” or (2) Alternate translation: “Yahweh will forgive the sins of those who are faithful to the covenant and trustworthy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 16 6 sn15 figs-metaphor 0 people turn away from evil The writer speaks of people no longer doing evil things as if they were turning away from evil. Alternate translation: “people stop doing evil things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 16 7 i6tc 0 he makes Alternate translation: “Yahweh makes” -PRO 16 8 u992 0 a large income Alternate translation: “earning a lot of money” -PRO 16 8 a4dx 0 with injustice Alternate translation: “with wrongdoing” -PRO 16 9 wyx2 figs-metonymy 0 In his heart a person plans out his way Here the word “heart” represents the mind and thoughts. The writer speaks of a person’s actions as if the person were walking on a path. Alternate translation: “A person plans in his mind what he will do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 16 9 y8rt figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh directs his steps The writer speaks of Yahweh determining the outcome of a person’s plans as if Yahweh were telling that person where to walk. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 16 10 ak2q figs-metonymy 0 Insightful decisions are on the lips of a king Here the word “lips” is a metonym for what the king says. Alternate translation: “What a king says are insightful decisions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 16 10 ul24 figs-synecdoche 0 his mouth should not betray justice The word “mouth” represents the king himself. Alternate translation: “he should not speak deceitfully when he judges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 16 11 hb1i figs-explicit 0 Honest scales come from Yahweh Yahweh requires justice and fairness when doing business. Dishonest people used heavier or lighter weights in their scales in order to gain more when buying or selling. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 16 11 c4kd 0 all the weights in the bag are his work Merchants carried their weights in bags. This could mean: (1) Yahweh has determined how much every weight must weigh or (2) Yahweh is concerned with every weight that a merchant uses. -PRO 16 12 tie4 figs-activepassive 0 that is something to be despised If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that is something that people despise” or “that is something that Yahweh despises” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 16 12 yr8j figs-metonymy 0 for a throne is established by doing what is right Here the word “throne” represents the king’s rule. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “for the king establishes his reign by doing what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 16 13 sfa1 figs-synecdoche 0 lips that say what is right Here the word “lips” represents the person who speaks. Alternate translation: “a person who speaks the truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 16 14 lfm4 figs-metaphor 0 A king’s wrath is a messenger of death The writer speaks of an angry king causing someone to die as if the king’s wrath were a messenger that he sends out to kill someone. Alternate translation: “An angry king can put people to death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 16 15 av7j 0 General Information: Verse 15 contrasts with verse 14. -PRO 16 15 f1pr figs-metaphor 0 In the light of a king’s face is life The writer speaks of an expression of joy on the king’s face as if his face emitted light. Alternate translation: “When the king is cheerful, people live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 16 15 a5n5 figs-simile 0 his favor is like a cloud that brings a spring rain The writer compares the king showing favor towards someone with a cloud that brings rain to make crops grow. Both promise blessing to those who receive them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 16 16 rgj4 figs-exclamations 0 How much better it is to get wisdom than gold This exclamation emphasizes that having wisdom is much better than having gold. Alternate translation: “It is much better to get wisdom than to get gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) -PRO 16 16 bn5c figs-activepassive 0 To get understanding should be chosen more than silver If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “A person should choose to get understanding more than to get silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 16 17 ffx6 figs-metaphor 0 The highway of upright people The writer speaks of the lifestyle of upright people as if it were a well-built road, free of obstacles. Alternate translation: “The righteous way that upright people live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 16 17 a2qn figs-metaphor 0 turns away from evil The writer speaks of avoiding or no longer doing evil things as if it were turning away from evil. Alternate translation: “keeps them from doing evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 16 18 qp3l figs-metonymy 0 a haughty spirit Here the word “spirit” represents the person’s attitude and temperament. Alternate translation: “an arrogant attitude” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 16 18 yz53 0 a downfall Alternate translation: “ruin” or “failure” -PRO 16 19 s4fk 0 spoil goods taken in battle -PRO 16 20 zg3i figs-activepassive 0 what they are taught If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “what someone has taught them” or “what they have learned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 16 21 lrv9 figs-activepassive 0 The one who is wise in heart is called discerning This person will have a reputation of being a discerning person. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People will call the one who is wise in heart discerning” or “The one who is wise in heart will have a reputation of being a discerning person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 16 21 hq6m figs-metonymy 0 The one who is wise in heart Here the heart represents the mind and thoughts. Alternate translation: “The one who is wise” or “The one who is wise in his thinking” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 16 21 w5ly figs-metaphor 0 sweetness of speech The writer speaks of kind or pleasant speech as if it were something that tastes sweet. Alternate translation: “kind speech” or “pleasant speech” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 16 22 y5ux figs-metaphor 0 Understanding is a fountain of life The writer speaks of “Understanding” as if it were a fountain that continuously flows with water and which sustains the life of those who drink from it. Alternate translation: “Understanding is like a fountain flowing with life-giving water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 16 23 rbc8 figs-metonymy 0 The heart of a wise person gives Here the word “heart” represents the mind and thoughts. Alternate translation: “The thoughts of a wise person gives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 16 23 qa4q figs-metonymy 0 gives insight to his mouth Here the word “mouth” is a metonym for speech. Alternate translation: “makes his speech wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 16 23 i4qn figs-metonymy 0 to his lips Here the word “lips” is a metonym for speech. Alternate translation: “to what he says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 16 24 r6ef figs-metonymy 0 sweet to the soul Here, **soul** could mean: (1) it represents a person’s inward desires and pleasures. Alternate translation: “sweet enough to make a person happy” or (2) it can mean “throat” and is a metonym for a person’s tongue and ability to taste. Alternate translation: “sweet to a person’s taste” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 16 24 ye3n figs-synecdoche 0 healing to the bones Here the word “bones” represent a person’s body. Alternate translation: “healing to the body” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 16 25 v8l9 figs-metonymy 0 There is a way that seems right to a man The writer speaks of a person’s conduct or behavior as if it were a road on which the person is traveling. Alternate translation: “A person thinks that the way he is living is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 16 25 es6x 0 but its end is the way to death The word “its” refers to “way” in the previous line. This “way” is the road that leads to death. -PRO 16 26 fc7p figs-personification 0 The laborer’s appetite works for him The writer speaks of the appetite as if it were a person who works on behalf of the laborer. This means that the person who labors is motivated by his desire to eat. Alternate translation: “The laborer works to satisfy his appetite” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 16 26 gb4l figs-personification 0 his hunger urges him on The writer speaks of “hunger” as if it were a person who urges the laborer to continue working. Alternate translation: “he keeps on working because he is hungry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 16 27 r16q figs-metaphor 0 A worthless person digs up mischief The writer speaks of a person trying to find ways to harm other people as if that person were digging in the ground to find something buried. Alternate translation: “A worthless person looks for mischief as if he were digging for something in the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 16 27 sga2 0 worthless Alternate translation: “useless” or “wicked” -PRO 16 27 q5zk 0 mischief trouble -PRO 16 27 xs7m figs-simile 0 his speech is like a scorching fire The writer compares the way this person’s words hurt others with the way that fire burns things. Alternate translation: “he hurts people with his words, like a fire scorches the things it touches” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 16 28 x2b5 0 a gossip a person who gossips or spreads rumors -PRO 16 29 mk94 figs-explicit 0 A man of violence lies to his neighbor It is implied that this man lies to his neighbor in order to get his neighbor to join him in violent actions. Alternate translation: “A man of violence entices his neighbor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 16 29 i6a5 0 A man of violence Alternate translation: “A violent man” or “A man who practices violence” -PRO 16 29 f3dd figs-metaphor 0 leads him down a path that is not good The writer speaks of a person’s actions as if they were a road on which the person walks. Alternate translation: “gets him to do things that are not good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 16 29 m8qs figs-explicit 0 a path that is not good The writer uses an understatement to emphasize how bad this path is. Alternate translation: “a very bad path” or “a terrible path” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 16 30 p1tu 0 The one who winks the eye … those who purse the lips Both of these are facial gestures which people might use to signal their plans to others. See how you translated “winks the eye” in [Proverbs 10:10](../10/10.md). -PRO 16 30 wy6w 0 will bring evil to pass Alternate translation: “will do evil things” -PRO 16 31 aj89 figs-metaphor 0 Gray hair is a crown of glory The writer speaks of gray hair as if it were a crown. “Gray hair” is a metonym for old age. Alternate translation: “A person who has lived long enough to have gray hair is like one who wears a glorious crown on his head” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 16 31 y1am figs-activepassive 0 it is gained If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “a person gains it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 16 32 x3rg figs-metaphor 0 one who rules his spirit The writer speaks of a person being able to control his own temper and emotions as if he ruled over his spirit like a king rules his people. Alternate translation: “one who controls his temper” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 16 33 ei8c figs-activepassive 0 The lots are cast into the lap If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “A person throws the lots into his lap” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 16 33 js5x 0 the decision is from Yahweh This could mean: (1) Yahweh decides how the lots will land or (2) it is not the lots, but Yahweh who determines what will happen. -PRO 17 intro br3v 0 # Proverbs 17 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Chapter 17 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Themes
There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -PRO 17 1 ecu4 figs-metonymy 0 to have quiet Here “quiet” refers to “peace.” Alternate translation: “to have peace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 17 1 p2y8 figs-ellipsis 0 than a house full of feasting with strife The words “to have” are understood from the previous phrase. They can be repeated. Alternate translation: “than to have a house full of feasting with strife” or “than to be in a house full of feasting where there is strife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PRO 17 3 fh66 figs-explicit 0 The crucible is for silver and the furnace is for gold This refers to how gold and silver are refined. A metal is refined by heating it to a high temperature so that it melts and the impurities may be removed. Alternate translation: “The crucible is used to refine silver and the furnace is used to refine gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 17 3 fi3n 0 crucible a pot in which metals are melted at a very high temperature -PRO 17 3 aq7i figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh refines hearts This speaks of Yahweh testing people to help them stop being evil and foolish as if their hearts were a metal that Yahweh was refining to remove everything that is impure. Alternate translation: “Yahweh tests peoples’ hearts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 17 4 bar9 figs-synecdoche 0 wicked lips The word **lips** can be translated as either: (1) a synecdoche for the person or (2) a metonym for the words that come out from those lips. Alternate translation: “a wicked person” or “wicked talk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 17 4 cj9s figs-idiom 0 gives ear This idiom means “listens.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 17 4 ef8i figs-synecdoche 0 destructive tongue The word **tongue** can be translated as either: (1) a synecdoche for the person or (2) a metonym for the words that the tongue produces. Alternate translation: “a destructive person” or “destructive talk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 17 5 a5ue figs-nominaladj 0 the poor This refers to poor people. Alternate translation: “those who are poor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 17 5 gs4i figs-abstractnouns 0 his Maker This is a name that refers to Yahweh. This is also an abstract noun that can be written as a verb. Alternate translation: “the one who made him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 17 5 dj8b figs-explicit 0 at misfortune This refers to the misfortune of others. Alternate translation: “at others’ misfortune” or “at other peoples’ troubles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 17 6 y71i figs-metaphor 0 are the crown of This speaks of older peoples’ grandchildren being a sign of honor for them as if their grandchildren were a crown. Alternate translation: “bring honor and respect to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 17 6 v99u figs-nominaladj 0 the aged This refers to older people. Alternate translation: “those who are older” or “older people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 17 7 i2ze 0 Eloquent speech Alternate translation: “Fine speech” or “Excellent speech” -PRO 17 7 clc1 figs-synecdoche 0 much less are lying lips suitable for royalty This describes people lying as if it were actually their “lips” that were lying. Alternate translation: “even more it is not suitable for royalty to lie” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 17 8 mi9y figs-simile 0 A bribe is like a magic stone to the one who gives it This speaks of a person’s bribe working by comparing it to a magical stone or amulet. Alternate translation: “A bribe works like a magical stone for the one who gives it” or “A bribe works like magic for the one who is giving the bribe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 17 8 iq11 figs-idiom 0 wherever he turns Here “turning” refers to the various things the person does. Specifically, this refers to the different things the person does by bribery. Alternate translation: “in whatever he does” or “in everything he tries to do by giving bribes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 17 9 nk6k 0 an offense an action or word that has hurt him -PRO 17 9 r2e2 figs-explicit 0 who repeats a matter This refers to bringing up a past situation in which a friend was hurt or offended. Alternate translation: “who repeats a past offense” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 17 9 s8p6 0 alienates close friends Alternate translation: “causes people to stop being close friends” or “causes close friends to stop liking each other” -PRO 17 10 dra2 figs-metaphor 0 A rebuke goes deeper into a person … than a hundred blows go into a fool This compares how a rebuke effects a man of understanding to how a beating effects a fool. This speaks of the effect on these people as if it could be measured by the depth that it goes into them. Alternate translation: “A rebuke has more effect on a person … than a hundred blows have on a fool” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 17 10 fs5v figs-abstractnouns 0 a person who has understanding “a person who has good judgment.” The word “understand” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “a person who understands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 17 10 hy6y 0 a hundred blows go Alternate translation: “a beating of a hundred blows goes” -PRO 17 11 rz73 figs-abstractnouns 0 seeks rebellion The word “rebellion” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “seeks to rebel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 17 11 zqf6 figs-activepassive 0 a cruel messenger will be sent against him If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “a cruel messenger will come against him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 17 11 suj6 figs-idiom 0 will be sent against him To be “sent against” someone means to be sent to harm them. Alternate translation: “will be sent to harm him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 17 12 fk5m figs-activepassive 0 a bear robbed of her cubs If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “a bear who has just lost her cubs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 17 12 j1ly figs-abstractnouns 0 in his foolishness The word “foolishness” can be expressed as an adjective. Alternate translation: “who is acting foolish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 17 13 p537 figs-personification 0 evil will never leave his house Here “evil” is spoken of as if it were a person who would not leave the man’s house. Here the word “house” may be taken literally, but it is also a metonym for his family. Alternate translation: “bad things will continue to happen to him and his family” or “bad things will never stop happening to him and his family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 17 14 e1bw figs-simile 0 The beginning of conflict is like one who releases water everywhere This compares how easily a conflict spreads to how spilled water flows everywhere. Alternate translation: “Starting a conflict is like pumping water and letting it run everywhere” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 17 14 al2h 0 has broken out Alternate translation: “starts”or “begins” -PRO 17 15 z95a 0 acquits justifies, declares someone not guilty -PRO 17 16 kk5n figs-rquestion 0 Why should a fool pay money to learn about wisdom, when he has no ability to learn it? This rhetorical question emphasizes that the fool should not do this. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “A fool should not pay money to learn about wisdom because he does not have the ability to learn it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 17 17 az6z figs-explicit 0 a brother is born for times of trouble One of the purposes of a brother is to be there to help his brother or sister in times of trouble. Alternate translation: “a brother is there for times of trouble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 17 18 f3yd 0 no sense Alternate translation: “no good judgement” -PRO 17 18 r6wn 0 binding promises This refers to promises that must be kept and are often a burden on the person who made them. -PRO 17 19 bpz3 figs-explicit 0 causes bones to be broken This means that someone will trip on the threshold and break bones, probably in their foot. Alternate translation: “is sure to cause someone trip and break their the bones in their foot” or “is sure to cause someone to trip and injure himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 17 20 a3mi figs-metonymy 0 who has a crooked heart The “heart” represents a person’s feelings, attitudes and motivations. Alternate translation: “who is deceptive” or “who is dishonest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 17 20 s659 figs-metonymy 0 has a perverse tongue The “tongue” represents a person’s speech. Alternate translation: “speaks perversely” or “speaks wickedly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 17 20 qjp9 figs-idiom 0 falls into calamity “falls into trouble” To “fall into” something means to get into that situation. Alternate translation: “will have calamity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 17 22 b1n1 figs-metaphor 0 A cheerful heart is good medicine This speaks of a cheerful heart as being good medicine because it makes you feel better. Alternate translation: “A cheerful heart is like medicine that makes you feel better” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 17 22 ga2p figs-metonymy 0 A cheerful heart The “heart” represents a person’s feelings, attitudes and motivations. Alternate translation: “Being cheerful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 17 22 u1vh figs-metonymy 0 a broken spirit Here the “spirit” represents a person’s feelings and emotional state. A broken spirit refers to a poor emotional state. Alternate translation: “depression” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 17 22 gei3 figs-metonymy 0 dries up the bones A person’s bones represent their physical health and strength. If a person’s bones dry up it means that they are very sick and unhealthy. Alternate translation: “makes a person unhealthy and weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 17 23 r7p6 0 to pervert the ways of justice Alternate translation: “to prevent justice from being rendered” or “to pervert justice” -PRO 17 24 ba2e figs-metaphor 0 sets his face toward wisdom This speaks of a person’s focus on acting wisely as if he were looking at wisdom. Alternate translation: “focuses on acting wisely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 17 24 r7ww figs-synecdoche 0 the eyes of a fool are This refers to a fool by his eyes to emphasize what he is focusing on. Alternate translation: “the fool is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 17 24 qef2 figs-metaphor 0 the ends of the earth This speaks of a fool’s impossible dreams as if they were the ends of the earth to emphasize that they are unrealistic. Alternate translation: “strive for things that are as far from him as the ends of the earth” or “focus on impossible things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 17 25 cn74 0 A foolish son is a grief to his father This speaks of a son causing his father grief as if the son himself were “grief.” Alternate translation: “A foolish son brings grief to his father” -PRO 17 25 mw1t 0 A foolish son … and bitterness to the woman This speaks of a son causing his mother bitterness as if the son himself were “bitterness.” Alternate translation: “A foolish son … and brings bitterness to the woman” -PRO 17 25 t9yj 0 who bore him Alternate translation: “who gave birth to him” -PRO 17 25 lm5j 0 bitterness emotional pain, sorrow -PRO 17 26 lw6w figs-litotes 0 it is never good … neither is it good These statements can be written in positive form. Alternate translation: “it is always wrong … and it is evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PRO 17 26 wfd1 0 the righteous person Another possible meaning is “the innocent person,” anyone whom others have accused of a crime that he did not commit. -PRO 17 26 s7mg 0 flog whip severely -PRO 17 26 dj91 figs-abstractnouns 0 who have integrity The word “integrity” can be expressed with the adjective “honest.” Alternate translation: “who are honest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 17 27 je2b figs-explicit 0 uses few words This refers to the way he speaks. Alternate translation: “speaks with few words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 17 28 b5ay figs-activepassive 0 Even a fool is thought to be wise This can be written in active form. Alternate translation: “People even think a fool is wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 17 28 i81a figs-idiom 0 keeps his mouth shut This means that he does not speak. Alternate translation: “does not speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 17 28 q1jm figs-activepassive 0 he is considered to be intelligent This can be written in active form. Alternate translation: “people consider him to be intelligent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 18 intro k5qz 0 # Proverbs 18 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Chapter 18 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Themes

There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -PRO 18 1 n34r 0 isolates himself Alternate translation: “keeps away from other people” -PRO 18 1 vun3 figs-personification 0 quarrels with all sound judgment This speaks of a person disagreeing with sound judgment as if “sound judgment” were a person he fought with. Alternate translation: “he disagrees with all sound judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 18 1 r3yq 0 sound judgment Alternate translation: “good judgment” or “wise choices” -PRO 18 2 u731 figs-litotes 0 A fool finds no pleasure in understanding, but only “A fool does not care about understanding, but only about” This means the fool considers “understanding” the opposite of pleasure. Alternate translation: “A fool detests understanding and only finds pleasure in” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PRO 18 2 ey4y figs-explicit 0 but only in revealing what is in his own heart This means that the fool only finds pleasure in telling other people what he feels and desires in his heart. Alternate translation: “but only in telling others what is in his own heart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 18 2 yp8r figs-metonymy 0 what is in his own heart The contents of a person’s heart refers to the person’s thoughts and feelings. Alternate translation: “what he thinks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 18 3 fw1y figs-personification 0 contempt comes with him—along with shame and reproach Here “contempt,” “shame,” and “reproach” are spoken of as if they are people who accompany a wicked man. This could mean: (1) people show contempt towards the wicked man and cause him to feel shame and reproach. Alternate translation: “people feel contempt for him along with shame and reproach” or (2) the wicked man shows contempt for others and causes them to feel shame and reproach. Alternate translation: “he shows his contempt for other people and causes them to feel shame and reproach” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 18 3 ps5e figs-doublet 0 shame and reproach These two words have similar meaning and are used together to emphasize the “shame” felt by either the wicked man or other people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PRO 18 4 izv2 figs-parallelism 0 The words of a man’s mouth are deep waters;…the fountain of wisdom is a flowing stream These two lines are parallel and it is implied that the man in the first line is a wise man. Alternate translation: “The words of a wise man’s mouth are deep waters;…the fountain of wisdom is a flowing stream” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 18 4 nv82 figs-metaphor 0 The words of a man’s mouth are deep waters This speaks of a wise man’s words being profound as if they were profound and as deep as deep waters. Alternate translation: “The words of a man’s mouth are as profound as deep waters” or “The words of a man’s mouth are deep and profound” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 18 4 mk4j figs-synecdoche 0 a man’s mouth Here the man is referred to by his mouth to emphasize what he says. Alternate translation: “of a man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 18 4 mn87 figs-metaphor 0 the fountain of wisdom is a flowing stream This speaks of the source of wisdom being plentiful as if it were a gushing spring. The gushing of the spring is spoken of as if it were a flowing stream. Alternate translation: “the source of wisdom is as plentiful as the water of a gushing spring” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 18 5 fi7d figs-litotes 0 It is not good to … to the righteous person These phrases can be written in positive form. Alternate translation: “It is good to treat the wicked person as he deserves, and to be just to the righteous person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PRO 18 6 p2qv figs-synecdoche 0 A fool’s lips bring Here the fool is referred to by his “lips” to emphasize what he says. Alternate translation: “what a fool says brings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 18 6 w2xd 0 bring Alternate translation: “cause” -PRO 18 6 zxu7 figs-metaphor 0 his mouth invites a beating This speaks of the fool saying things that cause people to want to beat him as if he were inviting them to beat him. Alternate translation: “his mouth makes people want to beat him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 18 6 z4ii figs-metonymy 0 his mouth Here what the fool says is referred to as his “mouth.” Alternate translation: “what he says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 18 7 iwj7 figs-metonymy 0 A fool’s mouth … with his lips Both of these phrases refer to what a fool says. Alternate translation: “What a fool says … by what he says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 18 7 v6hu 0 is his ruin Alternate translation: “will ruin him” -PRO 18 7 e4r4 figs-metaphor 0 he ensnares himself This speaks of the man causing problems and trouble for himself as if he were trapping himself like a man traps an animal. Alternate translation: “he will cause problems for himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 18 8 iu3y figs-simile 0 The words of a gossip are like delicious morsels This speaks of the words of a gossip being desirable to listen to as if they were delicious food to eat. Alternate translation: “The words of a gossip are desirable to listen to” or (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 18 8 vd95 figs-possession 0 The words of a gossip This refers to what a gossiping person says. Alternate translation: “The words that a gossiping person speaks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) -PRO 18 8 lms4 0 morsels small bites of food -PRO 18 8 mr15 figs-metaphor 0 they go down into the inner parts of the body This speaks of the words of a gossip going into a person’s mind and affecting his thoughts as if they were food that was going into his stomach. Alternate translation: “and they enter a person’s mind and affect his thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 18 9 uih2 figs-metaphor 0 one who is slack in his work is a brother to the one who destroys This speaks of the one who is slack being similar to the one who destroys as if they were actually related. Alternate translation: “is closely related to” or “is very similar to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 18 9 i66j 0 is slack Alternate translation: “is lazy” or “is not interested” -PRO 18 9 mch5 0 the one who destroys the most Alternate translation: “the one who destroys everything” or “the one who is always destructive” -PRO 18 10 ktq8 figs-metaphor 0 The name of Yahweh is a strong tower This speaks of Yahweh protecting his people as if he were a strong tower in which they could take refuge. Alternate translation: “Yahweh protects like a strong tower” or “Yahweh protects his people like a strong tower” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 18 10 f4nm figs-metonymy 0 The name of Yahweh Here Yahweh is referred to by his name. Alternate translation: “Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 18 10 dtz5 figs-nominaladj 0 the righteous This refers to righteous people. Alternate translation: “those who are righteous” or “righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 18 10 gkx2 figs-metaphor 0 runs into it and is safe This speaks of people seeking safety from Yahweh and Yahweh protecting them as if he were a strong tower that they ran into for safety. Alternate translation: “run to him and they are safe” or “seek him and they are safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 18 11 vhu8 figs-metaphor 0 The wealth of the rich is his fortified city This speaks of a rich person depending on his wealth as if his wealth were a fortified wall that protects him. Alternate translation: “The wealthy person depends on his wealth as a city depends on its fortified wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 18 11 bgq7 figs-nominaladj 0 the rich This refers to people who are rich. Alternate translation: “the rich person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 18 11 tz4b 0 fortified city a city with strong defenses like walls and towers -PRO 18 11 kei5 figs-simile 0 in his imagination it is like a high wall This speaks of the rich person believing his wealth will keep him safe like a high wall keeps those inside a city safe. Alternate translation: “he thinks it protects him as well as a high wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 18 12 r28e 0 Before his downfall a person’s heart is proud Alternate translation: “First a person’s heart is proud, but then comes his downfall” -PRO 18 12 uet1 0 downfall This refers to a significant decline in a person’s reputation or health. -PRO 18 12 t2l5 figs-synecdoche 0 a person’s heart Here a person is referred to by his heart to emphasize his thoughts and feelings. Alternate translation: “a person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 18 12 dy4x figs-abstractnouns 0 humility comes before honor The word “humility” may be expressed as an adjective and the word “honor” may be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “a person must be humble before he can be honored” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 18 13 cj6q figs-abstractnouns 0 it is his folly and shame The abstract nouns “folly” and “shame” may be expressed as adjectives. Alternate translation: “it is foolish of him, and he should be ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 18 14 jnm1 figs-synecdoche 0 A person’s spirit will survive sickness Here a person is referred to by his spirit to emphasize his attitude. Alternate translation: “A person who is hopeful will survive sickness” or “If a person is full of hope in his inner being, he will survive being sick” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 18 14 v3f4 figs-rquestion 0 but a broken spirit who can bear it? This is a rhetorical question, expecting the answer that few can bear it. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “but it is very hard to bear a broken spirit.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 18 14 b1vb figs-idiom 0 a broken spirit This refers to being depressed. Alternate translation: “being depressed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 18 15 e4fm figs-synecdoche 0 The heart of the intelligent acquires Here the intelligent person is referred to by his heart to emphasize his desires. Alternate translation: “The intelligent desire to acquire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 18 15 p7l8 figs-nominaladj 0 the intelligent This refers to people who are intelligent. Alternate translation: “those who are intelligent” or “intelligent people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 18 15 ptl8 0 acquires Alternate translation: “gains” or “obtains” -PRO 18 15 xwh7 figs-metonymy 0 the hearing of the wise seeks it out Here the wise person is referred to by his hearing to emphasize what he desires to listen to. Alternate translation: “the wise seeks to learn about it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 18 15 a1ba figs-nominaladj 0 the wise This refers to people who are wise. Alternate translation: “those who are wise” or “wise people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 18 15 enq3 0 seeks it out Here the word “it” refers to “knowledge” -PRO 18 16 zkj3 figs-idiom 0 may open the way Here to “open the way” means to create an opportunity. Alternate translation: “may create an opportunity for him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 18 16 wr8f figs-idiom 0 bring him before This means to be allowed to see someone. Alternate translation: “let him meet” or “let him be introduced to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 18 17 ct71 translate-ordinal 0 The first to plead his case This refers to the person who pleads his case before his opponent pleads his case. Alternate translation: “The first person to plead his case” or “The person who pleads his case first” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 18 18 qs89 0 Casting the lot Alternate translation: “Casting lots” -PRO 18 18 n3hk figs-explicit 0 separates strong opponents This refers to people who are fighting harshly over a dispute. When they are separated, they are no longer fighting over their dispute. Alternate translation: “causes opponents to stop fighting over their dispute” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 18 19 dcj5 figs-metaphor 0 An offended brother is harder to be won than a strong city This speaks of the difficulty of making peace with a brother you have offended by comparing it to the difficulty of winning a war against a strong city. Alternate translation: “If you offend your brother, finding a way to have peace with him again may be harder than waging a battle to win a city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 18 19 zq5y figs-simile 0 quarreling is like the bars of a castle This speaks of the difficulty of resolving quarreling by comparing it to the difficulty of breaking down the bars of a castle. Alternate translation: “resolving quarreling is as difficult as breaking down the bars of a castle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 18 19 ef13 0 castle a fortified palace -PRO 18 20 qaf4 figs-parallelism 0 From the fruit of his mouth one’s stomach is filled; with the harvest of his lips he is satisfied These two lines have the same meaning and are used together to emphasize what is said. They can be combined. Alternate translation: “A person is satisfied by the results of the good things that he says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 18 20 h4tr figs-metaphor 0 the fruit of his mouth This speaks of the good things that a person says as if they were fruit that came from his mouth. Alternate translation: “his wise speech” or “his good words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 18 20 p1z6 figs-metaphor 0 one’s stomach is filled This speaks of a person being satisfied or content by the result of what they have said as if they had eaten and become satisfied” Alternate translation: “a person is satisfied” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 18 20 r4ee figs-metonymy 0 the harvest of his lips This speaks of the good things that a person says as if they were fruit that is harvested. Alternate translation: “his wise speech” or “his good words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 18 20 x66t 0 he is satisfied Alternate translation: “he is pleased” -PRO 18 21 flt4 figs-activepassive 0 Death and life are controlled by the tongue This can be written in active form. Alternate translation: “The tongue can lead to life of death” or “What people say can lead to life or death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 18 21 n65f figs-metonymy 0 by the tongue … love the tongue Here the “tongue” refers to speech. Alternate translation: “by what people say … love speaking” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 18 21 l141 figs-metaphor 0 will eat its fruit This speaks of a person receiving the consequence for what he says as if the consequences were fruit that he receives. Alternate translation: “will receive its consequences” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 18 24 wg3n figs-activepassive 0 many friends is brought to ruin by them If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “many friends--they will bring him to ruin” or “many friends--his friends will destroy him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 18 24 zc7f 0 comes closer than Alternate translation: “is more faithful than” or “stays more loyal than” -PRO 19 intro nbz8 0 # Proverbs 19 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Chapter 19 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Themes

There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -PRO 19 1 ev8n 0 Better is a poor person Alternate translation: “It is better to be a poor person” -PRO 19 1 bpi4 figs-idiom 0 who walks in his integrity This is an idiom. Here walking refers to living. Alternate translation: “who lives in his integrity” or “who lives an honest life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 19 1 wj4i figs-abstractnouns 0 is perverse in speech The word “speech” may be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “speaks perversely” or “speaks in an evil way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 19 2 u1uj figs-explicit 0 to have desire without knowledge This refers to people trying to do something without the knowledge for how to correctly do it. Alternate translation: “to work hard without knowing what you are doing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 19 2 f2pu figs-metaphor 0 the one who runs too fast misses the path This speaks of a person doing something too quickly and making mistakes as if running too quickly and missing the path. Alternate translation: “the one who acts too quickly makes mistakes” or “the one who acts too quickly makes poor choices” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 19 3 ivv9 figs-synecdoche 0 his heart rages Here a person is referred to by his “heart” to emphasize his emotions. Alternate translation: “he rages” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 19 4 q8uv figs-explicit 0 Wealth adds many friends This means that a person who is wealthy will have many friends because wealth attracts people. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Those who are wealthy easily find many friends” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 19 4 v5qy figs-explicit 0 a poor person is separated from his friends A poor person is separated from many of his friends because of his poverty. The meaning of this can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “poverty causes a person to lose his friends” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 19 5 l99e figs-doublenegatives 0 A false witness will not go unpunished This can be written in positive and active form. Alternate translation: “They will certainly punish a false witness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 19 5 i2ws figs-litotes 0 he who breathes out lies will not escape This means that he will be captured. Alternate translation: “they will capture the one who breathes out lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PRO 19 5 q13j figs-idiom 0 breathes out lies This is an idiom. Here “breathes” refers to lying constantly. See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 6:19](../06/19.md). Alternate translation: “constantly lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 19 6 gms6 0 a generous person someone who often gives away things -PRO 19 6 q978 figs-hyperbole 0 everyone is a friend The word “everyone” is an exaggeration. Alternate translation: “it seems that everyone is a friend” or “almost everyone is a friend” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -PRO 19 7 vs3i figs-explicit 0 how much more do his friends who go far away from him! This phrase is an exclamation to show that this is more likely than the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “therefore his friends will certainly hate him and go far away from him!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 19 8 ll4q figs-metonymy 0 loves his own life Here the person is referred to by his “life” to emphasize himself being alive. Alternate translation: “loves himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 19 8 v9e9 0 keeps understanding Alternate translation: “has understanding” -PRO 19 9 phm9 figs-doublenegatives 0 A false witness will not go unpunished This can be written in positive and active form. See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 19:5](../19/05.md). Alternate translation: “They will certainly punish a false witness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 19 9 a1nm figs-idiom 0 breathes out lies This figure of speech uses “breathes” to refer to lying constantly. See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 6:19](../06/19.md). Alternate translation: “constantly lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 19 10 f4zn 0 It is not fitting Alternate translation: “It is not right” -PRO 19 10 pq5q figs-ellipsis 0 much less for a slave The words “it is” and “fitting” are understood from the previous phrase. They can be repeated. Alternate translation: “it is much less fitting for a slave” or “it is even worse for a slave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PRO 19 11 ah27 0 Discretion makes a person slow to anger Alternate translation: “A person who has discretion is slow to become angry” -PRO 19 11 j1li 0 Discretion This means to know what should be done in a particular situation. See how you translated this word in [Proverbs 1:4](../01/04.md). -PRO 19 11 p96c 0 it is his glory to overlook Alternate translation: “it will bring him glory to overlook” or “others will consider it honorable if he overlooks” -PRO 19 11 gc21 0 to overlook to forget on purpose -PRO 19 12 vbv5 figs-simile 0 The wrath of the king is like the roaring of a young lion Here the lion’s roaring refers to attacking. The wrath of a king is compared to the unpredictable and dangerous attack of a young lion. Alternate translation: “The wrath of the king is as dangerous as the attack of a young lion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 19 12 m29g figs-simile 0 but his favor is like dew on the grass The favor of the king is compared to the refreshing water that appears on grass in the morning. Alternate translation: “but his favor is refreshing like dew on grass” or “but his favor is refreshing like the dew on the ground in the morning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 19 13 v325 0 is ruin to his father Alternate translation: “will ruin a father” -PRO 19 13 s1nw figs-metaphor 0 a quarreling wife is a constant dripping of water This speaks of an annoying wife as if she were the constant dripping of water. Alternate translation: “a quarreling wife is as annoying and distracting as a constant dripping of water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 19 13 l7wk 0 a quarreling wife Alternate translation: “an arguing wife” or “a disagreeing wife” -PRO 19 14 t54q figs-activepassive 0 A house and wealth are inherited from parents If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Children inherit a house and wealth from their parents” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 19 14 csr4 0 prudent See how you translated this word in [Proverbs 12:23](../12/23.md). -PRO 19 14 jw8q figs-activepassive 0 a prudent wife is from Yahweh If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh gives a prudent wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 19 15 ye6v figs-personification 0 Laziness throws a person into a deep sleep This speaks of how laziness causes a person to sleep a lot as if laziness forcefully throws the person into sleep. Alternate translation: “Laziness makes a person sleep a lot” or “A lazy person sleeps a lot” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 19 15 jcb5 figs-idiom 0 go hungry This is an idiom which means to not eat. Alternate translation: “not eat” or “be hungry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 19 16 xr2k 0 the command Alternate translation: “the command that he was taught” -PRO 19 16 v2yl 0 guards his life Alternate translation: “protects his life” -PRO 19 16 ik59 figs-idiom 0 his ways This is an idiom which refers to how he lives. Alternate translation: “the way that he lives” or “how he lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 19 17 zw6r figs-metaphor 0 Whoever is kind to the poor lends to Yahweh Yahweh considers kindness shown to the poor to be kindness shown to him. One of the ways people are kind to the poor is by giving. Alternate translation: “The person who gives to the poor is giving to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 19 17 qx9d figs-nominaladj 0 the poor This refers to poor people. Alternate translation: “those who are poor” or “poor people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 19 18 nw29 figs-explicit 0 while there is hope This refers to while the child is young and will still accept discipline and instruction. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “while he is young” or “while he can still be taught” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 19 18 md5c figs-explicit 0 and do not set your desire on putting him to death This could mean: (1) this phrase describes punishing your child. Alternate translation: “but do not punish him so severely that he might die” or (2) this phrase describes what it is like if you do not punish your child. Alternate translation: “for if you do not punish him you are helping him destroy himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 19 18 hky1 figs-idiom 0 set your desire on putting him This idiom means to be determined to cause something to happen. Alternate translation: “be determined to put him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 19 19 n85t figs-idiom 0 A hot-tempered person This idiom refers to a person who is easily angered. Alternate translation: “A person who does not control his temper” or “A person who becomes angry quickly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 19 19 f2vs figs-idiom 0 must pay the penalty This refers to the person bearing the consequences for what happens when he gets angry. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “must bear the consequences of his anger” or “must bear the consequences of what he does in his anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 19 19 s1da figs-explicit 0 if you rescue him “if you save him.” This refers to rescuing him when he has acted out of his anger. The meaning of this can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “if you rescue him after he has had an outburst” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 19 19 dnq3 translate-ordinal 0 a second time “another time” or “again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -PRO 19 20 gby8 figs-parallelism 0 Listen to advice and accept instruction These two phrases mean basically the same and are repeated to emphasize how important it is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 19 20 egn7 figs-idiom 0 Listen to advice This is an idiom. Here “listening” does not mean to merely listen, but to learn from the advice you are given and to follow it. Alternate translation: “Pay attention to advice” or “Follow advice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 19 21 c7qg figs-metonymy 0 in a person’s heart Here the “heart” is used to refer to the “mind” to emphasize a person’s desire. Alternate translation: “in a person’s mind” or “that a person desires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 19 21 f82d 0 the purpose of Yahweh Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s purpose” or “Yahweh’s plans” -PRO 19 21 q568 figs-idiom 0 that will stand This idiom means to “happen.” Alternate translation: “that will happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 19 23 x7qy figs-explicit 0 Honor for Yahweh leads people to life; anyone who has it will be satisfied This means that they will live a long time if they honor Yahweh. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Those who honor Yahweh will live a long time; anyone who honors Yahweh will be satisfied” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 19 23 h31x 0 anyone who has it Here the word “it” refers to “honor for Yahweh.” -PRO 19 23 gyg5 figs-activepassive 0 satisfied and not afflicted by harm If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “satisfied; nothing will harm him” or “satisfied; he will be safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 19 24 wf2e 0 sluggard See how you translated this word in [Proverbs 10:26](../10/26.md). -PRO 19 24 r5yj 0 buries his hand in the dish “dips his hand in the dish” or “puts his hand in his plate.” In the Biblical culture people usually ate with their hands as people do in many cultures today. -PRO 19 24 r3ts figs-explicit 0 he will not even bring it back up to his mouth He does not bring his hand back to his mouth because he is too lazy. Alternate translation: “but he is too lazy to bring his hand up to his mouth to feed himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 19 25 svj3 0 Strike a mocker, and the naive person Alternate translation: “If you strike a mocker, the naive person” -PRO 19 25 k69j 0 Strike a mocker Alternate translation: “Punish a mocker” -PRO 19 25 zh2b 0 naive person Alternate translation: “inexperienced person” or “immature person” -PRO 19 25 v49d 0 prudent See how you translated this word in [Proverbs 12:23](../12/23.md). -PRO 19 25 m391 0 discipline one who is discerning, and Alternate translation: “if you discipline one who is discerning,” -PRO 19 25 wwq5 figs-abstractnouns 0 he will gain knowledge If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **knowledge**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “know.” Alternate translation: “he will know more” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 19 26 g233 figs-explicit 0 brings shame and reproach This could mean: (1) he brings it to himself. Alternate translation: “brings shame and reproach to himself” or (2) he brings it to his family. Alternate translation: “brings shame and reproach to his family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 19 27 n4av figs-metonymy 0 If you cease to hear instruction Here “listening and obeying” is spoken of as if it were “hearing.” Alternate translation: “If you stop paying attention to instruction” or “If you stop obeying instruction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 19 27 s24z 0 you will stray from Alternate translation: “you will abandon” or “you will turn your back on” -PRO 19 27 y3ln 0 the words of knowledge Alternate translation: “knowledge” -PRO 19 28 d2w1 figs-metaphor 0 the mouth of the wicked swallows iniquity This speaks of how wicked people enjoy doing evil by saying that they swallow iniquity as easily as they swallow food. Alternate translation: “the wicked enjoy doing evil as much as they enjoy eating food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 19 28 aq9f figs-synecdoche 0 the mouth of the wicked swallows The phrase “the mouth of the wicked” represents wicked people. Alternate translation: “wicked people swallow” or “the wicked swallow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 19 28 g9y4 figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked This refers to wicked people. Alternate translation: “the wicked person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 19 29 d4f3 figs-abstractnouns 0 Condemnation is ready for mockers and flogging for The words “condemnation” and “flogging” may be expressed as verbs. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is ready to condemn mockers and to flog” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 19 29 ray2 figs-ellipsis 0 flogging for the backs of fools The words “is ready” are understood from the previous phrase and may be repeated. Alternate translation: “flogging is ready for the backs of fools” or “he is ready to flog the backs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PRO 19 29 r21d 0 flogging beating with a whip or stick -PRO 20 intro e8g2 0 # Proverbs 20 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Chapter 20 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Themes

There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -PRO 20 1 p893 figs-parallelism 0 Wine is a mocker and strong drink is a brawler These two phrases mean basically the same thing and are combined to emphasize the danger of too much alcohol. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 20 1 v7zx figs-metonymy 0 Wine is a mocker Here “wine” refers to the person who is drunk with wine. Alternate translation: “A person who is drunk with wine mocks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 20 1 qa7m figs-metonymy 0 strong drink is a brawler Here “strong drink” refers to a person who is drunk with strong drink. Alternate translation: “a person who is drunk with strong drink starts fights” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 20 1 c6m7 0 a brawler a person who fights noisily, usually in a public place -PRO 20 1 ne6h figs-activepassive 0 whoever is led astray by drink is not wise If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whoever drinks until they can no longer think clearly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 20 1 g7rv 0 by drink Here “drink” refers to alcoholic drinks -PRO 20 1 k4sv figs-litotes 0 is not wise This means the opposite of “wise” which is “foolish.” Alternate translation: “is foolish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PRO 20 2 p628 figs-simile 0 The fear of a king is like the fear of a young lion that is roaring This compares how people fear a king’s wrath to how they fear a young roaring lion. Alternate translation: “The king’s wrath makes people as afraid as if they were facing a young lion roaring at them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 20 2 xa6x 0 makes him angry Alternate translation: “makes the king angry” -PRO 20 2 rl5y figs-euphemism 0 forfeits his life This refers to being killed. “Life” here refers to physical life. Alternate translation: “will die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -PRO 20 3 ru7h 0 It is an honor “It is honorable.” This means that a person will be honored. -PRO 20 3 gf5b figs-metaphor 0 every fool jumps into an argument This speaks of entering an argument quickly as if the argument were something the fool physically jumped into. Alternate translation: “every fool quickly gets into an argument” or “every fool is quick to join an argument” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 20 4 cva3 0 plow to prepare land for planting -PRO 20 4 tdr6 0 in autumn Alternate translation: “during the season for planting crops” -PRO 20 4 z5wi figs-explicit 0 but will have nothing This means that there will be nothing growing in his field for him to harvest. Alternate translation: “but will have nothing to harvest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 20 5 f8de figs-simile 0 The purpose in a human heart is like deep water This speaks of how difficult it is to understand the reasons for a person’s actions by comparing it to the difficulty of reaching the water in a deep well. Alternate translation: “It is as difficult to understand the purpose in the human heart as it is to reach the water in a deep well” or “The purpose of in the human heart is very difficult to understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 20 5 qr3j 0 someone with understanding Alternate translation: “a person who has understanding” -PRO 20 5 fk7w figs-metaphor 0 will draw it out This speaks of figuring out the purpose of the human heart as if it was water being drawn from a deep well. Alternate translation: “will cause the purpose to be known” or “will figure it out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 20 6 lmq9 0 is loyal Alternate translation: “is faithful” or “is trustworthy” -PRO 20 6 xut9 figs-rquestion 0 but who can find one who is faithful? The implicit answer is “few can find someone like that.” This rhetorical question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “but few men can find a person who is faithful!” or “but it is hard to find a person who really is faithful!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 20 7 s7th figs-idiom 0 walks in his integrity Here walking refers to living. See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 19:1](../19/01.md). Alternate translation: “lives by his integrity” or “lives an honest life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 20 7 y2ed figs-explicit 0 his sons who follow after him This simply means that they “follow after him” since they are younger than he and his children. If this phrase is awkward in your language it may be left to be implied. Alternate translation: “his sons after him” or “his sons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 20 8 j9up figs-metaphor 0 is winnowing with his eyes all the evil that is before him This speaks of the king judging between various types of evil as if he were separating them as a person winnows grain. Alternate translation: “sees and sorts the different kinds of evils that are brought before him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 20 9 p5m8 figs-rquestion 0 Who can say, “I have kept my heart pure; I am clean from my sin”? The implicit answer to this question is, “No one can say that.” This rhetorical question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one can say that his heart is clean and that he is free from sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 20 9 s43m figs-metonymy 0 my heart Here a person’s “heart” refers to his thoughts and desires. Alternate translation: “my thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 20 9 d5hx figs-metaphor 0 clean A person who God considers spiritually acceptable is spoken of as if the person where physically clean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 20 9 xb5x 0 I am clean from my sin Alternate translation: “I am without sin” or “I have not sinned” -PRO 20 11 yym3 figs-activepassive 0 Even a youth is known by his actions If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People know a young man by his actions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 20 11 m4db 0 whether his conduct is pure and upright Alternate translation: “whether his conduct is pure and upright or not” -PRO 20 11 xm83 0 his conduct Alternate translation: “his deeds” or “what he does” -PRO 20 11 we5b figs-doublet 0 pure and upright These two words basically mean the same thing and emphasize how good this young person is. They can be combined into one word if necessary. Alternate translation: “pure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PRO 20 13 h9et figs-idiom 0 come to poverty The phrase “come to” here means to transition into a new situation; to become. Alternate translation: “become poor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 20 13 ee3x figs-metonymy 0 open your eyes Here “opening one’s eyes” is spoken of as “being awake.” Alternate translation: “stay awake” or “be alert” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 20 14 zh4l figs-explicit 0 “Bad! Bad!” says the buyer, but when he goes away he boasts Here a buyer is criticizing what someone is selling to get a low price from him. After he buys he boasts about the good price that he pursuaded the seller to give him. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “‘Bad! Bad!’ says the buyer criticizing the seller’s wares, but after he buys he goes away he boasting about the low price that he paid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 20 15 cv2k figs-metaphor 0 lips of knowledge are a precious jewel This speaks of the value of lips of knowledge by comparing them to a precious jewel. Alternate translation: “lips of knowledge are as valuable as an expensive jewel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 20 15 tt4d figs-metonymy 0 lips of knowledge Here “words” are referred to as “lips.” Alternate translation: “wise words” or “words of knowledge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 20 16 sn35 figs-explicit 0 Take a garment of one who has put up security for a stranger When lending money, the lender would take something from the borrower, such as a garment, as a guarantee of repayment. He would return it after the money was repaid. If the borrower was too poor, someone else could give something to the lender as a guarantee for him. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Take a garment as security from the one who guarantees that what a stranger has borrowed will be paid back” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 20 16 cv1m figs-idiom 0 puts up security This is an idiom. It means that someone gives something to a lender as a guarantee that what was borrowed will be paid. Alternate translation: “guarantees that what has been borrowed will be paid back” or “promises to pay a loan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 20 16 e647 figs-idiom 0 hold it in pledge This is an idiom. To “hold something in pledge” means to hold on to something that someone has given as a pledge, or promise, that he will pay a debt. Alternate translation: “hold onto his coat as a guarantee of repayment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 20 17 zi4r figs-activepassive 0 Bread gained by deceit If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Bread that someone gained by deceit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 20 17 gjt2 figs-abstractnouns 0 by deceit The word “deceit” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “by deceiving others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 20 17 lnt5 figs-metonymy 0 Bread Here “bread” refers to food in general. Alternate translation: “Food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 20 17 fz1i 0 tastes sweet Alternate translation: “tastes good” -PRO 20 17 tu5a figs-metaphor 0 but afterward his mouth will be full of gravel This speaks of the food tasting unpleasant as if his mouth were actually full of gravel instead of food. Alternate translation: “but afterwards it tastes like gravel in his mouth” or “but soon it tastes like sand in his mouth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 20 17 du9w 0 gravel small pieces of rock -PRO 20 18 mjl4 figs-activepassive 0 Plans are established by advice If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People establish plans based on advice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 20 19 i4ch 0 A gossip This means someone who gossips a lot. -PRO 20 19 i2mb 0 you should not associate with Alternate translation: “you should not be friends with” -PRO 20 20 v9ff 0 If a person curses This means if a someone express a desire that bad things will happen to someone else. -PRO 20 20 el23 figs-metaphor 0 his lamp will be snuffed out in the middle of darkness This speaks of a person dying suddenly and unexpectedly as if his life were a lamp snuffed out in the dark. Alternate translation: “his life will end as suddenly as the light of a lamp that is snuffed out in the dark” or “he will die suddenly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 20 20 e6a4 figs-activepassive 0 his lamp will be snuffed out If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “his lamp will go out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 20 20 un31 figs-synecdoche 0 his lamp This refers to a lamp with a burning flame. Here the lamp’s flame is referred to as the lamp itself. Alternate translation: “the flame of his lamp” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 20 20 a13a 0 snuffed out to cause a flame to go out -PRO 20 21 mk5b figs-explicit 0 at the beginning This refers to a person receiving his inheritance before he is supposed to receive it. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “before the right time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 20 22 pj94 figs-idiom 0 I will pay you back This means to do wrong to someone because they have done wrong to you. Alternate translation: “I will punish you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 20 22 ti5g figs-idiom 0 Wait for Yahweh This means to have faith that Yahweh will deal with the situation. Alternate translation: “Have faith in Yahweh” or “Hope in Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 20 23 x2rc figs-parallelism 0 Yahweh hates unequal weights and dishonest scales are not good These two phrases basically mean the same thing and are combined to emphasize how bad this is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 20 24 re6n figs-activepassive 0 A person’s steps are directed by Yahweh If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh directs a person’s steps” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 20 24 i9ej figs-synecdoche 0 A person’s steps This refers to the various things a person does. Alternate translation: “A person’s actions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 20 24 mfy9 figs-rquestion 0 how then can he understand his way? The implicit answer is that he cannot understand it. This rhetorical question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “therefore, a person cannot understand his way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 20 24 s44t figs-idiom 0 understand his way This is an idiom. The phrase “his way” refers to the person’s life. Alternate translation: “understand why some things happen in his life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 20 25 qfw5 figs-metaphor 0 It is a snare This speaks of something being dangerous as if it were a trap or a snare. Alternate translation: “It is dangerous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 20 25 x37x 0 to say rashly to say something quickly and without careful consideration of what it might mean -PRO 20 25 tt8z figs-explicit 0 making his vow The person has made a vow declaring that something is holy and dedicated to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “dedicating it to Yahweh” or “declaring it holy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 20 26 cgd9 figs-metaphor 0 winnows the wicked This speaks of the king separating the wicked people as if they were grain that he was winnowing. Alternate translation: “separates the wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 20 26 m44h figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked This refers to wicked people. Alternate translation: “those who are wicked” or “the wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 20 26 rs2y figs-metaphor 0 he turns a threshing wheel over them This speaks of the king punishing the wicked as if he were driving a threshing wheel over them. Alternate translation: “he severely punishes them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 20 26 sy6b 0 threshing wheel “threshing cart.” This is a tool used to crush grain and help separate it from the chaff. -PRO 20 27 x5vx figs-metaphor 0 The spirit of a person is the lamp of Yahweh, searching all his inmost parts This speaks of a person’s spirit as if it were a lamp. A person’s spirit helps him to understand his inner self. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has given us a spirit to understand our deepest selves, just as a lamp makes you see in the dark” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 20 28 f9he figs-activepassive 0 Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness preserve the king The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” can be stated as “faithful” and “trustworthy.” This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The king preserves himself by being trustworthy and faithful to the covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 20 28 dyd6 0 preserve the king keep the king safe from harm -PRO 20 28 dym8 figs-metonymy 0 his throne is made secure by love Here “throne” represents the king’s power to rule. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **love**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Also, If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “a king ensures that he will rule for a long time by loving others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 20 30 g7u1 figs-parallelism 0 Blows that make a wound cleanse away evil and beatings make the innermost parts clean Both statements mean the same thing and are repeated for emphasis. Using physical punishment to correct a person is spoken of as if the evil were dirt and the beatings cleansed him. Alternate translation: “Beating a person who has done wrong will correct him and cause him to be a better person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 21 intro ge8s 0 # Proverbs 21 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Chapter 21 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Themes

There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -PRO 21 1 w5md figs-metaphor 0 The king’s heart is a stream of water in the hand of Yahweh The writer speaks of the king’s heart as if it were an irrigation ditch in a dry area through which people direct water to plants that need it. Alternate translation: “Yahweh controls the king’s heart as a man directs water for irrigation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 21 1 t1m8 figs-metonymy 0 The king’s heart The heart is a metaphor for what a person thinks and what he wants to do. Alternate translation: “The king’s thoughts and actions” or “What the king thinks and what he wants to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 21 2 yz3c figs-metaphor 0 Every person’s way is right in his own eyes The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. The writer speaks of what a person does as if it that person were walking down a path. Alternate translation: “Every person thinks that what he does is good” or “Every person judges what he does as good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 21 2 xmb4 figs-metaphor 0 who weighs the hearts The writer speaks of Yahweh deciding whether a person desires to do what is right as if Yahweh were looking at a physical object and deciding whether it is of good quality. Alternate translation: “who will judge the motives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 21 3 qs6t 0 To do what is right Alternate translation: “To do what Yahweh thinks is right” -PRO 21 3 ezq6 0 To do what is … just Alternate translation: “To treat people the way Yahweh wants people to treat other people” -PRO 21 3 f31f 0 just is more acceptable to Yahweh Alternate translation: “just—Yahweh wants this more” -PRO 21 4 ps7v figs-synecdoche 0 Haughty eyes and a proud heart The words “eyes” and “heart” are synecdoches for a person who considers himself better than other people and wants other people to know it. Alternate translation: “People who want others to think that they are better than other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PRO 21 4 xvr4 figs-synecdoche 0 Haughty eyes This is a synecdoche for a person who wants others to know that he thinks he is better than they are. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 21 4 gk4s figs-synecdoche 0 proud heart This is a synecdoche for a person who thinks he is better than others. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 21 4 y68u figs-metaphor 0 the lamp of the wicked The things that help the wicked are spoken of as a lamp. Alternate translation: “the things that help a wicked person like a lamp helps to see in the dark” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 21 5 mmd8 figs-nominaladj 0 the diligent This nominal adjective can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “a diligent man” or “a man who works hard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 21 5 xi4l figs-abstractnouns 0 comes only to poverty If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **poverty**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “only becomes poor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 21 6 vsi8 0 Acquiring riches Alternate translation: “Gaining wealth” -PRO 21 6 bc5d figs-metonymy 0 a lying tongue The tongue is a metonym for the words a person uses the tongue to speak. Alternate translation: “speaking lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 21 6 w3kd figs-metaphor 0 a fleeting vapor The writer likens the riches a person gains by lying to a mist that quickly goes away in the morning. Alternate translation: “a disappearing mist” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 21 6 l9ag figs-metaphor 0 a snare that kills The writer speaks of the riches that a person gains by lying as if it were the bait in a hunter’s trap; the word “snare” is a metonym for the bait that attracts the animal into the snare. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 21 7 zn7h figs-personification 0 The violence of the wicked will drag them away The writer speaks as though violence were a person who could drag other people away. God will punish wicked people who harm their innocent neighbors. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 21 7 ce4f figs-abstractnouns 0 violence of the wicked Here, **violence** refers to violent deeds or things people do to harm their innocent neighbors. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **violence**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. The word **wicked** is a nominal adjective that refers to wicked people. Alternate translation: “The violent actions of wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 21 7 i5j5 figs-explicit 0 drag them away This phrase refers to dragging a net through water to catch fish. The wicked being destroyed by their own actions is spoken of as if their actions trapped them in a net like one would catch fish. AT “drag them away like fish” or “destroy them as easily as one catches fish in a net” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 21 8 qgr2 figs-idiom 0 The way of a guilty person is crooked This compares the way one lives to a crooked road one may travel. This is also an idiom. Alternate translation: “The way a guilty person lives is crooked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 21 8 y9c2 figs-metaphor 0 crooked Here “crooked” means bent or not straight. This is a metaphor for morally wrong. Alternate translation: “wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 21 9 gff3 figs-explicit 0 a corner of the roof Houses in those days had flat roofs. Ancient Israelites spent much time on their roofs, where it was often cooler than inside the house, and sometimes people would build a shelter large enough for a person to sleep in on one corner of the roof. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 21 9 j9e1 0 quarrelsome wife Alternate translation: “wife who often argues and complains” -PRO 21 10 x3rs figs-personification 0 The appetite of the wicked craves evil The writer speaks of a person’s appetite, the physical desire for food and drink, as if it were a person who could desire something. The word “wicked” is a nominal adjective that refers to evil people, and the word “evil” is a nominal adjective that refers to evil deeds. Alternate translation: “Evil people desire to do evil deeds just as they desire to eat and drink” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 21 10 a2dz 0 craves desires strongly -PRO 21 10 d5qd figs-idiom 0 his neighbor finds no favor in his eyes The idiom to “find favor” means to have someone approve of and act kindly towards the one who finds favor. Also, the eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents a person’s thoughts and attitude towards another person. Alternate translation: “his neighbor does not receive favor from him” or “he does not act kindly towards his neighbor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 21 11 rd8s figs-activepassive 0 When the mocker is punished This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “When someone punishes the mocker” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 21 11 a11r 0 the naive Alternate translation: “those who have no experience” or “those who are not mature” -PRO 21 11 a6a5 0 the mocker Alternate translation: “the person who mocks others” -PRO 21 11 m512 figs-activepassive 0 when the wise person is instructed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “when someone instructs the wise person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 21 11 ylu9 figs-metaphor 0 lays hold of knowledge Here knowledge is spoken of as if it were an object that someone could grasp and keep for himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 21 12 t3bj 0 The righteous This could mean: (1) any righteous person or (2) “Yahweh the one who is righteous.” -PRO 21 12 bc3u 0 watches the house Alternate translation: “pays careful attention to the house” “looks to see what happens to the house” -PRO 21 12 tem1 figs-metaphor 0 he brings wicked people to disaster Here disaster is spoken of as if it were a place that someone could be brought to. Alternate translation: “he destroys them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 21 13 uc5n figs-idiom 0 The one who shuts his ears to the cry of the poor This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “The one who will not listen when poor people ask for help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 21 13 iv38 figs-metonymy 0 he will not be answered The word “answered” is a metonym for a person hearing another person ask for help and acting to help. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will do anything to help him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 21 14 h1vz 0 appeases anger Alternate translation: “makes an angry person feel better so he is no longer angry” -PRO 21 15 p2ln figs-abstractnouns 0 When justice is done If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **justice**, you could express the same idea with a noun phrase. These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “When rulers do what is just” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 21 16 cj4z figs-idiom 0 wanders from the way of understanding This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “no longer lives wisely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 21 16 t6m2 0 he will rest in the assembly of the dead Alternate translation: “he will remain in the assembly of dead spirits” -PRO 21 18 mh2v figs-metaphor 0 is ransom for The word “ransom” is a metaphor for one person who takes the place of another person. Here the person who does what is wrong is punished instead of the person who does what is right. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 21 18 qt7k 0 the treacherous a person who harms those who trust him by lying and otherwise dealing falsely -PRO 21 18 n28n 0 upright people Alternate translation: “righteous people” or “honest people” or “just people” -PRO 21 20 r84p figs-nominaladj 0 wise This nominal adjective can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “wise person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 21 20 nw25 0 swallows it all up Alternate translation: “uses it all for no good purpose” or “wastes it” -PRO 21 22 d84j 0 scales the city Alternate translation: “climbs up and over the wall that surrounds the city” -PRO 21 22 v5jk 0 the city of the mighty ones Alternate translation: “a city in which mighty men are living” or “a city of mighty warriors” -PRO 21 22 p6cm figs-idiom 0 he brings down This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “he destroys” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 21 22 w292 0 the stronghold in which they trusted Alternate translation: “the walls and towers around the city that they did not think anyone would be able to get past into the city, so they felt safe” -PRO 21 23 xw3q figs-doublet 0 Whoever guards his mouth and tongue Both “mouth” and “tongue” refer to what a person says. Alternate translation: “Whoever is careful in what he says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 21 24 c77j 0 The proud and haughty person … acts with arrogant pride Alternate translation: “You can expect a proud and haughty people to act with arrogant pride” -PRO 21 24 m76a figs-doublet 0 proud and haughty These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize how prideful the person is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PRO 21 24 rf25 figs-metonymy 0 “Mocker” is his name The word “name” is a metonym for what people would call him. Alternate translation: “a mocker is what you should call him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 21 25 pzb9 figs-personification 0 The desire of the lazy kills him The writer speaks of what a person wants as if it were a person who could kill a lazy person. Here the lazy person wants to be idle and not work. Alternate translation: “A lazy person only wants to be idle, and because of that he will die” or “A lazy person will die because he does not want to work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 21 25 dt4f figs-synecdoche 0 his hands refuse The hand is a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “he refuses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 21 26 vgt6 0 craves desires strongly -PRO 21 26 es9x figs-litotes 0 gives and does not hold back The phrase “does not hold back” can be stated positively, and what he gives can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “gives everything he should” or “gives generously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PRO 21 27 fq9a 0 The sacrifice of the wicked is detestable The writer does not mention Yahweh here, as in [Proverbs 15:8](../15/08.md), but the reader should understand that it is Yahweh who detests the sacrifice of the wicked. -PRO 21 27 l3le figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked The nominal adjective “wicked” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “the wicked person” or “wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 21 27 iy31 0 it is even more detestable Alternate translation: “Yahweh detests the sacrifice even more” -PRO 21 28 h8d4 0 will speak for all time This is because people will never forget what he said. -PRO 21 29 z6tg figs-idiom 0 makes his face hard This could mean: (1) “pretends to be courageous” or (2) “will not listen to correction.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 21 29 ts1r figs-metaphor 0 is certain about his ways A person’s actions are spoken of as if they were a path upon which the person walks. Alternate translation: “is certain about what he does” or “is confident about what he does” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 21 30 n8kt figs-abstractnouns 0 There is no wisdom, there is no understanding, and there is no advice that The words “there is” are repeated to emphasize the abstract nouns “wisdom,” “understanding,” and “advice.” Yahweh is greater than anything that anyone can know or think or say. Your language may require that you not repeat “there is no.” The abstract nouns can be translated as adjectives or verbs. Alternate translation: “There is no wise person, there is no one who understands anything, and there is no one who tells others what to do who” or “There is no wisdom, understanding, or advice that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 21 30 k3pe 0 stand against Yahweh Alternate translation: “defeat Yahweh” or “work against what Yahweh wants to do” or “show that he is right and Yahweh is wrong” -PRO 21 31 j1hq figs-activepassive 0 The horse is prepared for the day of battle These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Soldiers prepare horses for the day of battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 21 31 i6w8 figs-idiom 0 the day of battle The word “day” refers to time that may be longer or shorter than a day. Alternate translation: “when there is a battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 22 intro t5zj 0 # Proverbs 22 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Chapter 22 ends the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

The second half of this chapter and the first half of the next chapter are attributed to the “Wise Men.” The exact identity of the men is unknown.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Themes

There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Rhetorical questions

With this new section of proverbs, the author begins to use many rhetorical questions. The obvious answers should convince the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 22 1 but9 figs-activepassive 0 A good name is to be chosen over great riches These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “A person should choose a good name rather than great riches” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 22 1 m8c7 0 A good name Alternate translation: “To have others think that one is a good person” -PRO 22 3 nt9p 0 A prudent man “A man who is wise” or “A man who has good sense.” See how you translated “prudent” in [Proverbs 12:16](../12/16.md). -PRO 22 3 cm2a 0 the naive Alternate translation: “the inexperienced and immature” -PRO 22 5 e8f6 figs-metaphor 0 Thorns and snares lie in the path of the perverse The writer speaks of the way perverse people live as if it were a path on which the perverse will have trouble because of the natural “thorns” and man-made “snares.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 22 5 r2h1 0 snares traps to catch animals -PRO 22 5 dku9 figs-nominaladj 0 the perverse This nominal adjective can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “perverse people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 22 5 f1ap figs-metaphor 0 whoever guards his life A person doing what he needs to do so he can live a long time is spoken of as if that person were keeping thieves away from a physical object. Alternate translation: “people who want to live a long time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 22 6 je4e figs-metaphor 0 the way he should go How a person lives is spoken of as if it were a path on which he walks. Alternate translation: “how he should live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 22 7 dk14 figs-explicit 0 borrows … lends You may need to make explicit what it is that is borrowed or lent. Alternate translation: “borrows money … lends money” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 22 8 l36j figs-metaphor 0 He who sows injustice will reap trouble The writer speaks of a ruler or other powerful person treating those less powerful unjustly as if he were planting seeds that will give birth to plants that bring trouble. Alternate translation: “If a person treats those less powerful than he is unjustly, they will cause him trouble later on” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 22 8 htf6 figs-metonymy 0 the rod of his fury will fade away The word “rod” is a metonym for power over other people. This could mean: (1) the unjust ruler will lose the power that he had that allowed him to treat other people unjustly or (2) when the people respond to the injustice he had done by harming him, he will have no power to stop them. Alternate translation: “he will no longer have the power that he had used to harm people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 22 8 yu9g figs-metonymy 0 rod of his fury The word “rod” is a metonym for power over other people. The unjust man was harming innocent people as if he were very angry with them. Alternate translation: “the rod he had used as if he were punishing people” or “the power he used to harm others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 22 8 kpt4 0 will fade away The word translated “fade away” is also used of plants drying up. -PRO 22 9 nxi8 figs-activepassive 0 The one who has a generous eye will be blessed These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will bless the one who has a generous eye” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 22 9 zhf7 figs-metonymy 0 one who has a generous eye The eye is a metonym for seeing what other people need, and the “generous eye” not only sees but gives what the other people need. The eye is also a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “generous person” or “person who is willing to give things to other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 22 9 vs46 figs-metonymy 0 bread Since bread was the main food for many people in biblical times, it is often used to refer to food in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 22 10 t6nt figs-abstractnouns 0 disputes and insults will cease The abstract nouns “disputes” and “insults” can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “people will no longer argue with each other or say things to hurt each other” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 22 11 xzb6 figs-synecdoche 0 loves a pure heart It is his own heart that the person wants to be pure. The heart is a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “loves having a pure heart” or “wants to be pure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 22 11 tlq4 0 is gracious Alternate translation: “is kind” -PRO 22 12 swt2 figs-synecdoche 0 The eyes of Yahweh keep watch over The eyes are a synecdoche for the person. The writer speaks as if Yahweh had physical eyes like a person. Alternate translation: “Yahweh keeps watch over” or “Yahweh guards knowledge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 22 12 s2lr figs-metonymy 0 keep watch over knowledge Keeping watch is s metonym for protecting. Alternate translation: “protect knowledge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 22 12 zw3l 0 he overthrows Alternate translation: “he destroys” -PRO 22 12 q7yt figs-nominaladj 0 the treacherous The nominal adjective treacherous can be translated as a noun phrase. Translate “treacherous” as in [Proverbs 11:3](../11/03.md). Alternate translation: “a treacherous person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 22 13 jg67 0 The lazy person says The quote that follows is a lie and an excuse for not working. If your language introduces false statements in a special way, you can use that here. -PRO 22 14 eq5h figs-metonymy 0 The mouth of an adulteress is a deep pit The word “mouth” is a metonym for the words that come out of the mouth. The writer speaks of a person being unable to escape having people punish him for evil deeds as if that person had fallen into a hole someone had dug in the ground from which he could not escape. Alternate translation: “The words spoken by an adulteress will draw you in, and it will be as if you have fallen into a deep and dangerous pit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 22 14 xrc5 0 an adulteress See how you translated this in [Proverbs 5:3](../05/03.md). -PRO 22 14 l326 figs-idiom 0 Yahweh’s anger is stirred up Here “stirred up” means that his anger increased. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 22 14 fin1 figs-metaphor 0 falls into it Adultery is spoken of as if it is something that a person can fall into. Alternate translation: “sins because of the adulteress” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 22 15 fuj4 0 Foolishness is bound up in the heart of a child Alternate translation: “The heart of a child is full of foolish things” -PRO 22 15 j283 figs-metonymy 0 the rod of discipline The writer speaks of a parent using any form of discipline as if that parent were hitting the child with a wooden rod. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 22 15 dk18 figs-metaphor 0 drives it far away The writer speaks as if foolishness were a person that another person could use a physical rod to drive away. Alternate translation: “will make a child wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 22 16 w7rc 0 to increase his wealth Alternate translation: “to become richer” or “to gain more money” -PRO 22 16 fm7f 0 gives to rich people Alternate translation: “gives money to rich people” -PRO 22 16 d4td figs-idiom 0 will come to poverty This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “will become poor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 22 17 nnv4 0 General Information: Verse 17 begins the introduction to a new section of the Book of Proverbs. -PRO 22 17 lgs9 figs-synecdoche 0 Incline your ear and listen Here the word “ear” represents the person who is listening. The writer speaks of listening attentively to someone as if it were leaning forward so that the ear is closer to the one speaking. See how you translated “incline your ear” in [Proverbs 4:20](../04/20.md). Alternate translation: “Pay attention and listen” or “Listen attentively” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 22 17 l38x 0 the words of the wise Alternate translation: “what wise people say” -PRO 22 17 pi8n figs-idiom 0 apply your heart to This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “do your best to understand and remember” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 22 17 i9n2 figs-abstractnouns 0 my knowledge The person speaking is probably the same as the father from [Proverbs 1:8](../01/08.md). He may be speaking of “the words of the wise” as “my knowledge.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **knowledge**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “know.” Alternate translation: “the knowledge I have, which I am sharing with you” or “what I know” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 22 18 nl9j figs-metonymy 0 all of them are ready on your lips The person being ready to speak is spoken of as if it were the words that were ready. Alternate translation: “you are able to speak of them at any time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 22 19 wr39 0 today—even to you “today. Yes, I am teaching you,” The speaker is emphasizing that it is the hearer, not someone else whom he is teaching, and he is teaching the hearer because the hearer needs to learn. If it is awkward in your language to emphasize in this way, you can emphasize in another way or the words “even to you” can be left untranslated. -PRO 22 20 bb5s 0 General Information: These verses continue and end the introduction that began in [Proverbs 22:17](./17.md). -PRO 22 20 q77c translate-textvariants 0 thirty sayings Some translations read, “excellent sayings.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) -PRO 22 21 q8xu figs-rquestion 0 to teach you … who sent you? These words end the rhetorical question that began with the words “Have I not written” in Proverbs 22:20. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. “You need to know that I have written … to teach you … who sent you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 22 21 l5jf 0 to those who sent you This implies that the hearer is or will be one whom others send to gain and bring back information. -PRO 22 22 y27s 0 General Information: These verses begin the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 22 22 aq5t 0 Do not rob … or crush If your language has a way of showing that this is the way one person would speak strongly to another, different from a general rule that people are supposed to obey, you should use it here. -PRO 22 22 su1v figs-nominaladj 0 the poor This nominal adjective can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “any poor person” or “poor people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 22 22 tq59 figs-metaphor 0 crush grind into powder. This is a metaphor for “treat unjustly.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 22 22 ws7l figs-nominaladj 0 the needy This nominal adjective can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “any needy person” or “any person who does not have what he needs to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 22 22 z1ia figs-metonymy 0 at the gate The place where people bought and sold items and settled legal arguments is used as a metonym for business and legal activity. Alternate translation: “in court” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 22 23 a2vp figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh will plead their case The metaphor is of a lawyer defending the needy in front of a judge. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will defend the needy from those who oppress them” or “Yahweh will see that the needy receive justice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 22 23 m5k2 figs-metaphor 0 he will rob of life those who robbed them Yahweh is not a thief, but like a thief he will take life from those who do not choose to give it. Alternate translation: “he will destroy those who oppress poor people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 22 24 cpi3 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 22 24 w16m figs-metaphor 0 someone who is ruled by anger someone who is unable to control his anger (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 22 24 cc8z 0 rages shows violent anger -PRO 22 25 s2i8 figs-metaphor 0 you will take bait for your soul A person who wants to be like an angry person is like an animal taking the bait in a trap. Alternate translation: “you will be like an animal that eats the bait that closes a trap and is unable to escape” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 22 25 jh2k figs-metonymy 0 bait for your soul The soul is a metonym for the person’s life. Alternate translation: “bait that someone has put out so he can kill you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 22 26 ftq6 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 22 26 rnd6 0 strikes hands A person would strike his hand against another person’s hand to bind himself to do what he had agreed to do. Here the speaker warns the hearer not to strike hands as a way to promise to pay off someone’s debts. -PRO 22 26 wt7u 0 in making a pledge Alternate translation: “and agree to pay what someone owes to another person” -PRO 22 28 tb1b 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 22 28 g63s 0 ancient very old -PRO 22 28 djq5 0 boundary stone a large stone that shows where one person’s land ends and another person’s land begins -PRO 22 28 j4id 0 fathers ancestors -PRO 22 29 y4ub figs-rquestion 0 Do you see a man skilled at his work? This rhetorical question is actually a command. Alternate translation: “Think of someone you know who is skilled at his work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 22 29 e6ii figs-metonymy 0 stand before This represents becoming a servant of the important person. Kings and other important people will think so highly of him that they will use his services. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 23 intro eva7 0 # Proverbs 23 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Chapter 23 continues the section beginning in the previous chapter of the book and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

The second half of this chapter and the first half of the next chapter are attributed to general sayings.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Themes

There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -PRO 23 1 z181 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 23 2 lu62 figs-hyperbole 0 put a knife to your throat Possible meanings of this exaggeration are: (1) “be very careful not to eat too much” or (2) “do not eat anything at all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 23 3 zfk9 0 Do not crave “Do not strongly desire.” See how you translated “craves” in [Proverbs 21:9](../21/09.md). -PRO 23 3 zkz5 0 his delicacies Alternate translation: “his special and expensive food” -PRO 23 3 tjm2 figs-idiom 0 it is the food of lies This is an idiom. “he is giving it to you so he can deceive you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 23 4 a4va 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 23 4 wh19 0 Do not work too hard Alternate translation: “Do not work so much that you are always tired” -PRO 23 5 n9hd figs-metaphor 0 light upon it land like a bird upon the wealth (verse 4). This is a metaphor for looking at the wealth for a short time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 23 5 sp17 figs-metaphor 0 it will surely take up wings like an eagle and fly off A person losing his wealth is spoken of as if the wealth were a bird. Alternate translation: “the wealth will disappear as quickly as an eagle can fly away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 23 5 ryq4 0 wings like an eagle wings like an eagle’s wings -PRO 23 6 afl6 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 23 6 su9w 0 do not crave “do not strongly desire.” See how you translated “craves” in [Proverbs 21:9](../21/09.md). -PRO 23 6 jtt7 0 his delicacies “his special and expensive food.” See how you translated this in [Proverbs 23:3](../23/03.md). -PRO 23 7 lbe8 figs-idiom 0 his heart is not with you This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “he really does not want you to enjoy the meal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 23 8 aw14 figs-hyperbole 0 You will vomit up the little you have eaten This is an exaggeration for wishing one had not eaten anything. Alternate translation: “You will wish that you had not eaten anything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -PRO 23 8 z3l6 figs-metaphor 0 you will have wasted your compliments Compliments are spoken of as if they were valuable objects. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **compliments**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “he will not be happy even if you say good things about him and the food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 23 9 nk6j 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 23 9 u4q5 figs-abstractnouns 0 in the hearing of a fool If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **hearing**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “where a fool can hear you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 23 10 iha4 0 ancient very old. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 22:28](../22/28.md). -PRO 23 10 de8r 0 boundary stone This is a large stone to show where one person’s land ends and another person’s land begins. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 22:28](../22/28.md). -PRO 23 10 a9cb 0 encroach This means to slowly take or begin to use land (or some thing) that belongs to someone else. -PRO 23 10 n6i1 0 orphans children whose parents are dead -PRO 23 11 p1uf 0 their Redeemer Yahweh -PRO 23 11 bgi8 figs-metaphor 0 he will plead their case against you The metaphor is of a lawyer defending the needy in front of a judge. Alternate translation: “he will defend the orphans against you” or “he will see that the orphans receive justice and punish you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 23 12 w7ey 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 23 12 pgj6 figs-idiom 0 Apply your heart to This is an idiom. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 22:17](../22/17.md). Alternate translation: “Do your best to understand and remember” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 23 12 v2r3 0 instruction This could mean: (1) “what people who know what is right and what is wrong tell you” or (2) “what people say and do when they correct you.” -PRO 23 12 jul6 figs-ellipsis 0 your ears The ellipsis can be filled in. Alternate translation: “apply your ears” or “listen carefully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PRO 23 12 gn45 0 to words of knowledge Alternate translation: “to me when I tell you what I know” -PRO 23 13 c9zs 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 23 13 qfa7 figs-abstractnouns 0 Do not withhold instruction from a child If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **instruction**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “Do not neglect to instruct a child” or “Do not refuse to instruct a child” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 23 13 r8dq 0 withhold refuse to give something that one knows another person needs -PRO 23 14 jx2r 0 rod piece of wood -PRO 23 14 e27r 0 It is you who must beat him … and save his soul “You are the one who must beat him … and save his soul.” No one else will do it. The hearer is responsible to save the child’s soul from Sheol, and the way to save him is to beat him. -PRO 23 14 z89f figs-metonymy 0 save his soul from Sheol If the hearer beats his children with the rod, they will not die young because they have done foolish or evil things. The word “soul” is a metonym for the person. Sheol is the world of the dead; going to the world of the dead is a euphemism for dying. Alternate translation: “you will keep him from the world of the dead” or “you will keep him from dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -PRO 23 15 h5yu 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 23 16 sij3 figs-synecdoche 0 when your lips speak “Your lips” means the whole person. Alternate translation: “when you speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 23 17 qz55 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 23 17 zgy6 figs-synecdoche 0 Do not let your heart envy sinners The word “heart” is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “Do not allow yourself to envy sinners” or “Make sure you do not envy sinners” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 23 18 d3fz figs-activepassive 0 your hope will not be cut off This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will not allow anyone to cut off your hope” or “God will keep the promises he made to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 23 19 qj67 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 23 19 f128 0 Hear—you!—my son “Listen carefully, my son.” The speaker speaks an extra word to make sure the hearer is paying attention. -PRO 23 19 jg2g figs-metaphor 0 direct your heart in the way Deciding to do what is right is spoken of as if one person were showing another person the correct path to follow. Alternate translation: “make sure you do what is wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 23 20 sag8 figs-synecdoche 0 gluttonous eaters of meat This could mean: (1) “people who eat more meat than they need to” or (2) “meat” represents food in general. Alternate translation: “people who eat more food than they need to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 23 21 z3sn figs-personification 0 slumber will clothe them with rags The word “slumber” is an exaggeration for a person spending so much time enjoying food and drink that he does not do necessary work. This activity is spoken of as if it were a parent putting clothes on a child. Alternate translation: “because they spend so much time eating and drinking, they will do no work and so will become poor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -PRO 23 22 bzi7 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 23 22 s9it figs-litotes 0 do not despise This can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “show respect for” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PRO 23 23 smm2 figs-abstractnouns 0 Buy the truth, but do not sell it; buy wisdom, instruction, and understanding Another possible meaning is “Buy the truth, and do not sell wisdom, instruction, or understanding.” The words “truth,” “wisdom,” “instruction,” and “understanding” are abstract nouns that are spoken of as if they were physical items that a person can buy and sell in a market. They can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “Do what you need to do so you can know what is true, so you can be wise, so you can learn how to act, and so you can tell good from bad; never think of anything else as more important than these things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 23 24 rzg3 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 23 24 qls1 0 The father of the righteous person will greatly rejoice, and he who begets a wise child will be glad in him Another possible meaning is that the words “he that begets a wise child” explain who “the father of the righteous person” is. Alternate translation: “The father of the righteous person, he who begets a wise child, will greatly rejoice and will be glad in him” -PRO 23 24 b6a9 0 will be glad in him Alternate translation: “will be glad because of him” -PRO 23 26 c77m 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 23 26 ds3t figs-metonymy 0 give me your heart The word “heart” is a metonym for what a person thinks and decides to do. This could mean: (1) “pay careful attention” or (2) “trust me completely.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 23 26 zdk9 figs-synecdoche 0 let your eyes observe The eyes are a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “observe” or “look carefully at” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 23 27 b64j figs-merism 0 prostitute … immoral woman There are two types of sexually immoral women. The “prostitute” is unmarried, “another man’s wife” is married. Together they form a merism for any kind of sexually immoral woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -PRO 23 27 y9ln figs-metaphor 0 a prostitute is a deep pit The word “pit” is a metaphor for what happens to men who sleep with prostitutes. Alternate translation: “sleeping with a prostitute is like falling into a deep pit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 23 27 i17l 0 prostitute Here the word refers to any unmarried woman who engages in sexual activity, not only those who do so for money. -PRO 23 27 zt34 0 deep pit … narrow well These are two places easy to fall into and hard to get out of, the “pit” because it is “deep” and the “well” because it is “narrow.” -PRO 23 27 fys1 figs-metaphor 0 an immoral woman is a narrow well Doing evil for which one will be punished is spoken of as falling into a narrow place from which one cannot escape. Alternate translation: “Sleeping with another man’s wife is like falling into a narrow well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 23 27 ezr3 0 well a hole in the ground that people have dug to get to water -PRO 23 28 x4yu 0 lies in wait stays hidden, ready to attack when a victim approaches -PRO 23 28 ll5s figs-nominaladj 0 the treacherous This nominal adjective can be translated as an adjective or verb. Alternate translation: “treacherous people” or “those who harm others by deceiving them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 23 29 ek29 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 23 29 l7du figs-rquestion 0 Who has woe? Who has sorrow? Who has fights? Who has complaining? Who has wounds for no reason? Who has bloodshot eyes? The writer uses these questions to prepare the reader for the point he is about to make about a particular type of person. He does not expect an answer to each question. Your language may have a different way of introducing a lesson. Alternate translation: “Listen to me while I tell you what kind of person has woe, sorrow, fights, complaining, wounds for no reason, and bloodshot eyes.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 23 29 yw3q 0 bloodshot eyes Alternate translation: “eyes red, like the color of blood” -PRO 23 30 kqg7 0 Those who linger over wine, those who try the mixed wine These words answer the questions in verse 29 and describe people who drink too much wine. -PRO 23 30 g2tp figs-euphemism 0 linger over wine spend much time drinking wine and so drink much wine (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -PRO 23 30 t96n 0 the mixed wine This could mean: (1) different wines mixed together or (2) other drinks that are stronger than wine. -PRO 23 31 v5x1 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 23 32 ip9z 0 In the last Alternate translation: “After you drink it” -PRO 23 32 cr4n figs-metaphor 0 it bites like a serpent … it stings like an adder The word “it” refers to “the wine when it is red.” “Bites” and “stings” are metaphors for the way too much wine makes people feel. Alternate translation: “it makes you feel as bad as if a serpent had bitten you or an adder had stung you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 23 32 q4ct 0 adder a type of poisonous snake -PRO 23 33 qfg7 figs-synecdoche 0 your heart will utter perverse things The “heart” represents the person and emphasize what he thinks and decides to do. Alternate translation: “you will think about and decide to do perverse things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 23 33 d1kc 0 perverse things things that God says are morally wrong and bad; things that are wicked -PRO 23 34 s7qb 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). It is the continuation of the description of a drunk person. -PRO 23 34 q7lv figs-idiom 0 lies on the top of a mast The place on the mast where the person lies can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “lies in the basket near the top of a mast” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 23 34 lxy2 0 mast the long wooden pole to which are attached the sails of a sailing ship -PRO 23 35 c4na 0 They hit me,…but I was not hurt. They beat me, but I did not feel it. Because the drunk person is not thinking clearly, he is imagining that people are hitting and beating him, yet he feels no pain and cannot remember anything. -PRO 23 35 d6ej 0 When will I wake up? The drunk person is wondering when he will be sober again; when the effect of the wine will stop. -PRO 24 intro nl8m 0 # Proverbs 24 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Chapter 24 continues the section beginning in the previous chapter and is mainly filled with short, individual proverbs.

The second half of this chapter finishes the section.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Lazy man story

Unlike much of Proverbs, verses 30-34 tell a short story about a lazy man, which ends in a very memorable proverb.

### Themes
There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -PRO 24 1 d1dq 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 24 2 dw7g figs-synecdoche 0 their hearts The words “their hearts” refer to the whole person. Alternate translation: “they” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 24 2 m8px figs-synecdoche 0 their lips The words “their lips” refer to the whole person. Alternate translation: “they” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 24 2 es5l 0 talk about trouble Alternate translation: “talk about causing harm” or “talk about creating problems” -PRO 24 3 f9id 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 24 3 hiy4 figs-abstractnouns 0 Through wisdom a house is built If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wisdom**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “People need to be wise if they are to build a good house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 24 3 q4cp figs-abstractnouns 0 by understanding it is established If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **understanding**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “People need to understand what is morally good and what is morally bad if they are to establish a house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 24 3 mq3v figs-metonymy 0 it is established The word “established” means made stable and strong. The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house, and the house being physically stable and strong is a metaphor for a family that lives in peace. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 24 4 ry4y figs-abstractnouns 0 By knowledge the rooms are filled If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **knowledge**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “People need to know what is precious and pleasant if they are to fill their rooms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 24 5 gah6 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 24 5 gya2 figs-abstractnouns 0 warrior of wisdom If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wisdom**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “wise.” Alternate translation: “wise warrior” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 24 5 my2f figs-abstractnouns 0 a man of knowledge increases his strength The abstract nouns “knowledge” and “strength” can be translated as the verb “know” and the adjective “strong.” Alternate translation: “a man who knows many things is stronger because he knows these things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 24 6 i9sa figs-abstractnouns 0 by wise direction If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **direction**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “if you have wise people telling you what to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 24 6 e43z 0 wage your war Alternate translation: “fight your war” -PRO 24 6 nll1 0 advisors those who tell government officials what those officials should do -PRO 24 7 ten9 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 24 7 r9t9 figs-idiom 0 too high for a fool This is an idiom. “too difficult for a fool to understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 24 7 e2pv figs-metonymy 0 open his mouth The mouth is a metonym for the words that come from the mouth. Alternate translation: “speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 24 8 f77e 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 24 8 f9l9 0 a master of schemes one who is skillful at making evil plans. Alternate translation: “a mischievous person” or “a troublemaker” -PRO 24 10 xt51 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 24 10 dbq1 figs-idiom 0 your strength is small This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “you have very little strength” or “you are certainly weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 24 11 t92q 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 24 11 xc8k figs-activepassive 0 those who are being taken away These words can be translated in active form by using the term “they” which could be anyone, but are probably government officials. Alternate translation: “those whom they are taking away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 24 11 n8k2 0 taken away Another possible meaning is “dragged away.” -PRO 24 11 ru95 0 staggering walking unsteadily and almost falling. This word would also describe the way a person walks when he is being dragged away. -PRO 24 11 kl46 figs-abstractnouns 0 the slaughter If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **slaughter**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. The writer speaks as if those who take them away think of them as no better than animals. If your language has a word for killing animals that would fit here, you might want to use it. Alternate translation: “where people will kill them as they would kill animals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 24 12 k5el 0 If you say, “Behold,…this,” does The writer is answering something that the reader may wrongly be thinking. Alternate translation: “You may say, ‘Behold,…this,’ but does” -PRO 24 12 akd7 0 Behold, we Alternate translation: “Listen to us! We” or “But we” or “We have done nothing wrong, because we” -PRO 24 12 yi61 figs-rquestion 0 does not the one who weighs the heart understand what you are saying? The writer assumes the readers know the answer and asks this for emphasis. Alternate translation: “the one who weighs the heart understands what you are saying.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 24 12 cx5x figs-euphemism 0 the one who The writer expects the reader to know that “the one” is Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, who” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -PRO 24 12 zda4 figs-metonymy 0 weighs the heart The word “heart” is a metonym for what a person thinks and desires. The writer speaks as if what a person thinks and desires were a physical object that a person could weigh, and weighing an object is a metaphor for looking closely at something to see how good it is. Alternate translation: “knows how good what people really think and desire is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 24 12 pa6x figs-rquestion 0 The one who guards your life, does he not know it? The writer assumes the readers know the answer and asks this for emphasis. Alternate translation: “The one who guards your life knows it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 24 12 m55q figs-rquestion 0 Will God not give to each one what he deserves? The writer assumes the readers know the answer and asks this for emphasis. Alternate translation: “God will give to each one what he deserves.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 24 13 q7s6 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 24 14 p5t6 figs-activepassive 0 your hope will not be cut off This could mean: (1) this is a simple passive that can be translated as in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will take your hope away” or (2) this is litotes that can be translated in positive form. Alternate translation: “your hope will surely continue” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PRO 24 15 i96h 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 24 15 s1ww figs-idiom 0 Do not lie in wait The words “lie in wait” are an idiom. Translate “lie in wait” as in [Proverbs 1:11](../01/11.md). Alternate translation: “Do not hide and wait for the right time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 24 15 g6w6 0 his home the home of the righteous person -PRO 24 16 jrm7 0 rises again Alternate translation: “gets back on his feet” or “stands up again” -PRO 24 16 k8ly figs-personification 0 wicked people are brought down by calamity The writer speaks as if “calamity” were a person who could do bad things to other people. These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will use calamity to bring down the wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 24 16 u49k figs-metaphor 0 are brought down This is a metaphor of a person who was standing but someone has brought him down to the ground or made him fall. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 24 16 ze9b 0 calamity times when bad things happen to people and their property -PRO 24 17 rpu6 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 24 17 t9ei 0 your enemy falls Alternate translation: “something bad happens to your enemy” -PRO 24 17 by2h figs-synecdoche 0 let not your heart be glad This is a strong command. The word “heart” represents the person. Alternate translation: “do not allow yourself to be glad” or “stop yourself from being glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 24 18 b18i figs-idiom 0 turn away his wrath from him The words “turn away his wrath” are an idiom for no longer being angry. What Yahweh would do instead can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “stop being angry with him and be angry with you instead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 24 19 yp9l 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 24 20 mmf6 figs-metaphor 0 the lamp of wicked people will go out The lamp is used as a metaphor for life. The life of wicked people will end just as a lamp goes out. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 24 21 j1fr 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 24 21 vvr9 0 Fear a deep respect and awe for a person in authority -PRO 24 22 jzb3 figs-rquestion 0 who knows the extent of the destruction that will come from both of them? The writer asks this question to emphasize the disaster. Alternate translation: “no one knows the extent of the destruction that will come from both of them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 24 22 ub7e 0 both of them these words refer to Yahweh and the king -PRO 24 23 jq5s 0 These also are sayings of the wise This sentence starts a new collection of proverbs. -PRO 24 23 ci6n 0 a case at law a situation that is brought before a judge in which someone is accused of breaking the law -PRO 24 24 lma6 0 Whoever says to the wicked person,…will be cursed by peoples and hated by nations The word “nations” is a metonym for the people who live in the nations. These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will curse whoever says to the wicked person,…, and the people of other nations will hate him” -PRO 24 24 rfb9 0 the wicked person … a righteous person This could mean: (1) people should never call any wicked person a righteous person or (2) no one should say of a person guilty of a crime that he is innocent. Alternate translation: “a person guilty of a crime … innocent” -PRO 24 25 xwv5 0 will have delight Alternate translation: “will be very happy” -PRO 24 25 ufh1 figs-personification 0 gifts of goodness will come to them Gifts are spoken of as if they were people who could move by themselves. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **goodness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “people will give them good gifts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 24 25 uy7d 0 gifts of goodness Alternate translation: “good things” or “blessings” -PRO 24 26 sz6f figs-idiom 0 gives a kiss on the lips A kiss was a sign of respect and devotion in that culture. Alternate translation: “shows true friendship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 24 28 u5rp figs-metonymy 0 with your lips The lips are a metonym for the words a person speaks. Alternate translation: “by what you say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 24 29 cke7 figs-idiom 0 pay him back This is an idiom. “take revenge against him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 24 31 w3gw 0 Thorns useless plants with sharp spines -PRO 24 31 j4m7 0 nettles plants that are covered with stinging leaves and hairs -PRO 24 31 chw4 0 was broken down Alternate translation: “had fallen down” -PRO 24 32 u9za 0 received instruction Alternate translation: “learned a lesson” -PRO 24 34 d7gx figs-ellipsis 0 and poverty comes This finishes a thought begun with the words “A little sleep, a little slumber, a little folding of the hands to rest” (Proverbs 24:33). You may need to fill in the omitted words. “You may say to yourself, ‘A little sleep, a little slumber, a little folding of the hands to rest,’ but then poverty will come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PRO 24 34 v85w figs-personification 0 poverty comes marching upon you Some translations read, “poverty comes upon you like a robber.” Poverty is spoken of as if it were a person or animal that can attack a lazy person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 24 34 zx1y figs-simile 0 your needs like an armed soldier Needs are spoken of as if they were a person who could attack the lazy person. Alternate translation: “your needs will come to you like an armed soldier” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 25 intro l94s 0 # Proverbs 25 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Chapter 25 begins the second section of the book (Chapter 25-29) which is attributed to Solomon.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Themes

There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -PRO 25 2 x2ec 0 to conceal a matter Alternate translation: “to keep some things secret” -PRO 25 2 cj4p figs-ellipsis 0 but the glory The ellipsis can be filled in. Alternate translation: “but it is the glory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PRO 25 2 dg6e 0 search it out Alternate translation: “search that matter out” or “search for those things that God has concealed” -PRO 25 3 jtp4 figs-simile 0 Like the heavens are for height and the earth is for depth, so the heart of kings is unsearchable The hearts of kings are compared to the size of the heavens and the earth. Alternate translation: “Just as no one can measure the height of the heavens or the depth of the earth, even so no one can understand the heart of kings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 25 3 b947 0 heavens This refers to everything we see above the earth, including the sun, moon, and stars. -PRO 25 4 jgm1 0 dross the material in a metal that people do not want and they remove by heating the metal -PRO 25 5 vvu5 figs-metonymy 0 his throne will be established by doing The throne is a metonym for the power to rule. These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the king will establish his throne by doing” or “he will have the power to rule because he does” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 25 7 w69g figs-explicit 0 It is better for him to say to you, “Come up here,” than Here “up” means to move to a place at the table that is closer to the king. It is a great honor for a person to sit closer to the king. Alternate translation: “It is better for someone to invite you to sit closer to the king than” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 25 7 qf2z 0 before a nobleman Alternate translation: “in front of a nobleman” -PRO 25 8 t9ug figs-rquestion 0 For what will you do in the end when your neighbor puts you to shame? This question is asked to make the reader consider the possibility that he may have misunderstood the situation. The way in which the neighbor might put the reader to shame can be stated plainly. Alternate translation: “For you will not know what to do in the end when your neighbor puts you to shame.” or “For if your neighbor has an explanation, he will put you to shame, and you will have nothing to say to defend yourself.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 25 9 lgk7 0 your case Alternate translation: “your disagreement” -PRO 25 9 c77l 0 do not disclose another’s secret Alternate translation: “do not share your neighbor’s secret with other people” -PRO 25 10 fr3g figs-activepassive 0 an evil report about you that cannot be silenced Here “evil report” refers to harmful things that the person will tell others. The phrase “cannot be silenced” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will not be able to stop him from telling other people harmful things about you” or “he will tell people evil things about you and you will never have a good reputation again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 25 11 e2ay figs-metaphor 0 Apples of gold in settings of silver is a word spoken in the right situation The goodness of “a word spoken at the right time” is spoken of as if it were the physical beauty of “apples of gold in settings of silver.” Most translations translate this metaphor as a simile and change the order of the phrases. Alternate translation: “A word spoken at the right time is beautiful like apples of gold in settings of silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 25 11 sq35 0 Apples of gold in settings of silver The ancient Israelites did not know the apples that most people know today. This could mean: (1) “apples” should be translated as “design.” Alternate translation: “a golden design carved into a silver bowl” or (2) “apples” refers to another type of fruit with a golden color that someone has placed on a silver plate or bowl. Alternate translation: “Golden colored fruit placed in a silver bowl” -PRO 25 11 ptu8 figs-activepassive 0 is a word spoken If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “is a message that someone speaks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 25 12 ir54 figs-metaphor 0 A gold ring or jewelry made of fine gold is a wise rebuke to a listening ear The value and importance of “a wise rebuke” is spoken of as if it had the beauty and value of gold. Most translations translate this metaphor as a simile and change the order of the phrases. Alternate translation: “A wise rebuke to a listening ear is beautiful and valuable like a golden ring or golden jewelry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 25 12 i38p figs-synecdoche 0 listening ear The ear is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “person who is willing to listen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 25 13 tc4q figs-simile 0 Like the cold of snow at harvest time is a faithful messenger Here a faithful messenger is being compared to the cold of snow, because both are pleasant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 25 13 sxk7 figs-metaphor 0 the cold of snow Snow only fell on the tops of mountains, and the harvest took place in hot weather, so this is probably a metaphor for cool, fresh water from a clean stream. If your language has no word for snow, consider “cool, fresh, clean water.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 25 13 v57a 0 snow white flakes of ice that fall from the sky like rain -PRO 25 13 z9pn 0 brings back the life of his masters This means he makes his masters, who are weak and tired, to be strong and rested again. -PRO 25 14 hbd4 figs-metaphor 0 Clouds and wind without rain is the one who boasts … not give Most translations translate this metaphor as a simile and change the order of the phrases. Rain was important to the Israelites because only small amounts of it fell, so a cloud without rain was useless and brought disappointment to the Israelites. Alternate translation: “The one who boasts … not give is like clouds and wind without rain” or “The one who boasts … not give is useless and a disappointment, like clouds and wind without rain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 25 15 v2wv figs-activepassive 0 With patience a ruler can be persuaded These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone who is patient can persuade a ruler” or “Someone who is patient can speak to a ruler and change his mind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 25 15 eed7 figs-metaphor 0 a soft tongue can break a bone The word “tongue” is a metonym for the words the person speaks using the tongue. The word “bone” is a metaphor for strong opposition. Alternate translation: “gentle speech can overcome strong opposition” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 25 16 dc7b figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Verse 16 states a general principle, and verse 17 gives one specific example. The idea of eating too much honey and then vomiting it up is a metaphor for taking too much of any good thing and regretting it later. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 25 18 r378 figs-simile 0 A man who bears false witness against his neighbor is like a club used in war, or a sword, or a sharp arrow A false witness is compared to three weapons that can hurt or kill people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 25 19 p8jx figs-simile 0 An unfaithful man in whom you trust in a time of trouble is like a bad tooth or a foot that slips A foolish man is compared to a part of the body that causes trouble for a person. Alternate translation: “Trusting in an unfaithful man in time of trouble will bring you pain like a bad tooth or a foot that slips” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 25 20 j5q4 0 carbonate of soda This is a kind of mineral that hisses and bubbles violently when it comes into contact with acids like vinegar. Many translations translate this phrase as “a wound.” -PRO 25 20 ef6r figs-explicit 0 sings songs You may need to make explicit what kind of songs the singer sings. Alternate translation: “sings happy songs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 25 20 z9sh figs-synecdoche 0 a heavy heart The heart is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “a sad person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 25 22 eb7p figs-idiom 0 shovel coals of fire on his head This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “cause him to have a guilty conscience and be ashamed of what he has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 25 23 xj7i 0 the north wind In Israel, wind from the north often brought rain. Translators are free to substitute different kinds of wind for the same effect, for example, “a cold wind.” -PRO 25 23 z36v 0 a tongue that tells secrets Some versions read “someone who tells secrets.” -PRO 25 23 gn4t figs-synecdoche 0 result in angry faces The face is a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “makes other people so angry you can see it in their faces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 25 24 siz4 figs-explicit 0 a corner of the roof Houses in those days had flat roofs. Ancient Israelites spent much time on their roofs, where it was often cooler than inside the house, and sometimes people would build a shelter large enough for a person to sleep in on one corner of the roof. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 25 24 urg5 0 a quarreling wife a wife who often argues or complains -PRO 25 25 p4p8 figs-simile 0 Like cold waters to one who is thirsty, so is good news from a far country Cold water is compared to good news that is both refreshing and delightful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 25 26 p3dy figs-simile 0 Like a fouled spring or a ruined fountain is a righteous person tottering before wicked people One expects a spring or fountain to have clear water, just as one expects a righteous man to stand for what he believes. A polluted spring or fountain is compared to a righteous man who falls. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 25 26 tiq8 figs-metaphor 0 tottering before wicked people Tottering is a metaphor for either: (1) refusing to fight wicked people or (2) joining in their wickedness. Alternate translation: “who allows wicked people to do wickedness” or “who starts to do what wicked people do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 25 26 fe9h figs-metaphor 0 tottering This is a metaphor for being unable to continue to do good. Alternate translation: “unable to stand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 25 26 e13r figs-idiom 0 before wicked people This could mean: (1) “when wicked people attack him” or (2) “when wicked people urge him to do evil.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 25 27 h7jf figs-simile 0 It is not good to eat too much honey; that is like searching for honor after honor. Both wanting others to honor you and eating honey are good, but you can eat too much honey, and you can try too hard to have people honor you. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 25 27 x6in figs-litotes 0 It is not good This can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “It is a bad thing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PRO 25 27 ea11 0 that is like searching for honor after honor The meaning of the original language is uncertain. Some versions of the Bible translate this as “that is like speaking too many compliments to people.” Alternate translation: “that is like always thinking about how others should honor you” -PRO 25 28 gl3p figs-simile 0 A person without self-control is like a city breached and without walls. Both a person without self-control and a city without walls are weak and vulnerable. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 25 28 jh45 0 breached and without walls Alternate translation: “whose walls an army has knocked down and destroyed” -PRO 26 intro juh9 0 # Proverbs 26 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Chapter 26 continues the second section of the book (Chapter 25-29) which is attributed to Solomon.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Themes

There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. Wisdom and folly are particularly prominent in this chapter.(See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -PRO 26 1 w8yc figs-simile 0 Like snow in summer or rain in harvest Normally snow does not fall during the summer and rain does not fall during the harvest. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Just as it would be very strange to have snow in summer or rain during the harvest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 26 2 kdg7 figs-simile 0 so an undeserved curse does not alight A curse that does not harm a person is spoken of as if it were a bird that does not land. Alternate translation: “so an undeserved curse does not land on its mark” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 26 2 mf19 figs-activepassive 0 an undeserved curse This can be stated with an active form. Alternate translation: “a curse on a person who does not deserve it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 26 2 t3fg 0 alight land on someone or something -PRO 26 3 v3b7 0 A whip is for the horse, a bridle is for the donkey and a rod is for the back of fools A whip, a bridle, and a rod are things that people use to make the horse, donkey, and fool do what they want. -PRO 26 3 le7r 0 a bridle is for the donkey A bridle is made of straps. People put it on a donkey’s head and hold one of the straps to make the donkey go the way they want it to go. -PRO 26 3 q1bg 0 a rod is for the back of fools In the Bible, people would hit their children or their slaves with a wooden rod in order to discipline them. -PRO 26 5 rz54 0 Answer a fool and join in on his folly Joining in on a fool’s folly when answering him represents answering him in a foolish way. Alternate translation: “Answer a fool according to his folly” or “Answer a fool foolishly” -PRO 26 5 q48w figs-metaphor 0 so he will not become wise in his own eyes The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “so that he will not become wise according to his judgement” or “so that he does not consider himself to be wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 26 6 ang1 figs-metonymy 0 Whoever sends a message by the hand of a fool Here the hand represents the fool’s responsibility to deliver the message. Alternate translation: “Whoever sends a fool to deliver a message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 26 6 ife4 figs-metaphor 0 cuts off his own feet Cutting off one’s own feet is an exaggeration for harming one’s self. Alternate translation: “harms himself like a person who cuts off his own feet and drinks violence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -PRO 26 6 a1zc figs-metaphor 0 drinks violence Violence is spoken of as if it were a poisonous liquid that someone might drink. Alternate translation: “harms himself by being violent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 26 7 h8yx figs-simile 0 Like the legs … is a proverb in the mouth of fools The phrases can be reordered. Alternate translation: “A proverb in the mouth of fools is like the legs of a paralytic which hang down” or “A proverb in the mouth of fools is as useless as the legs of a paralytic which hang down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 26 7 m6mr 0 a paralytic a person who is unable to move or feel all or part of his body -PRO 26 7 nq9k figs-metonymy 0 in the mouth of fools Here “mouth” is a metonym for speaking. Alternate translation: “in the speech of fools” or “that fools say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 26 8 vhn4 figs-explicit 0 tying a stone in a sling In order to throw a stone very far, people put it into a sling and swing the sling so that the stone will fly from it very quickly. The result of tying a stone in a sling can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “tying a stone in a sling so that it cannot be thrown” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 26 8 fy3g 0 giving honor to a fool Alternate translation: “honoring a fool” -PRO 26 9 l82z figs-simile 0 Like a thorn … is a proverb in the mouth of fools How the two are alike can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “A proverb in the mouth of fools is as dangerous as a thorn that goes into the hand of a drunkard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 26 9 z794 figs-synecdoche 0 a thorn that goes into the hand of a drunkard This could mean: (1) if a drunk person holds a thornbush, a thorn will prick his hand, or (2) if a drunk person is angry, he will pick up a thornbush and swing it at people. For the second meaning, the word “thorn” represents a thornbush. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 26 9 q3gg figs-metonymy 0 in the mouth of fools Here “mouth” is a metonym for speaking. Alternate translation: “in the speech of fools” or “that fools say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 26 10 lu8m 0 hires a fool Alternate translation: “gives a job to a fool” -PRO 26 11 dgd2 0 As a dog returns to his own vomit Alternate translation: “As a dog eats its own vomit” -PRO 26 12 cxr5 figs-rquestion 0 Do you see someone who is wise in his own eyes? This question is used to lead the reader to think about someone who is wise in his own eyes. The phrase “is wise in his own eyes” means “thinks he is wise,” and here it implies that the person is not truly wise. Alternate translation: “Consider the person who thinks he is wise but is not.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 26 12 n43z 0 There is more hope for a fool than for him Alternate translation: “A fool can become wise more easily than he can” -PRO 26 13 y1yv 0 The lazy person says, “There is a lion … between the open places!” The lazy person lies and says that he cannot go outside and work because there is a lion on the road or between the open places. -PRO 26 13 xyz8 0 There is a lion on the road See how you translated this in [Proverbs 22:13](../22/13.md). -PRO 26 13 ufn8 0 the open places This refers to the places in town where there is a lot of room for people to walk around or where people gather. Alternate translation: “the town plazas” or “the streets” -PRO 26 14 bfi2 0 hinges metal pieces that attach a door to something and allow it to open and close -PRO 26 14 uv1d figs-simile 0 As the door turns on its hinges, so is the lazy person upon his bed Both the door and the lazy person move, but they do not go anywhere. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 26 15 j4ce 0 puts his hand into the dish Alternate translation: “puts his hand into the dish to get food” or “reaches for food” -PRO 26 15 x6us figs-hyperbole 0 he has no strength to lift it up to his mouth This is an exaggeration for doing necessary work that would clearly do him good. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -PRO 26 16 e6pb figs-metaphor 0 The lazy person is wiser in his own eyes than seven men The phrase “his own eyes” represents his thoughts. Alternate translation: “The lazy person thinks he is wiser than seven men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 26 17 xh36 figs-simile 0 Like one who takes hold of the ears of a dog, is a passerby who becomes angry at a dispute that is not his own This can be reordered. Alternate translation: “A passerby who becomes angry at some other people’s dispute is like a person who grabs hold of a dog’s ears” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 26 17 z69e figs-explicit 0 Like one who takes hold of the ears of a dog The implied information is that the dog will get angry and bite the person. Alternate translation: “Like a person who angers a dog by grabbing its ears” or “Like a person who grabs a dog’s ears and is bitten by the dog” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 26 17 ul2w figs-explicit 0 is a passerby who becomes angry at a dispute that is not his own The implied information is that the passerby will start arguing, and the people who were fighting will get angry with him and hurt him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 26 19 kd8e 0 the one who deceives Both the “madman” (Proverbs 26:18) and the one who deceives hurt people but do not take responsibility for it. -PRO 26 19 g1qd figs-rquestion 0 Was I not telling a joke? The deceiver uses this question to imply that since he his joke was only for fun, he should not be blamed for any harm he has caused. Alternate translation: “I did nothing wrong. I was only telling a joke.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 26 20 ivv3 0 gossiper a person who gossips a lot -PRO 26 21 l2ug figs-explicit 0 As charcoal is to burning coals and wood is to fire What charcoal does to coals and what wood does to fire can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “As charcoal helps coals burn and as wood helps fire burn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 26 21 ud8h figs-metaphor 0 kindling strife To kindle something means to set it on fire. Setting strife on fire is a metaphor for causing people to fight or argue. Alternate translation: “causing people to fight” or “causing people to argue” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 26 22 ye74 figs-simile 0 The words of a gossip are like delicious morsels This speaks of gossip being desirable to listen to as if it were delicious food to eat. Alternate translation: “The words of a gossip are desirable to listen to” or (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 26 22 rb3s figs-metaphor 0 they go down into the inner parts of the body This speaks of the words that a gossip says going into a person’s mind and affecting his thoughts as if they were food that was going into his stomach. This sentence is equivalent to [Proverbs 18:8](../18/08.md). Alternate translation: “and they enter a person’s mind and affect his thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 26 23 i9mz figs-simile 0 Like the glaze overlaying an earthen vessel so are burning lips and an evil heart This simile means that a person who says things to hide the evil in their heart are like a earthen vessel covered in glaze to make it look good. These phrases can be reordered. Alternate translation: “People who have burning lips and an evil heart are like an earthen vessel covered with glaze” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 26 23 ky5d 0 the glaze overlaying an earthen vessel “the shiny glaze that covers a clay pot.” A clay pot is cheap and common. So people covered it was a glaze to make it shiny and appear more expensive. -PRO 26 23 u5wy figs-synecdoche 0 so are burning lips and an evil heart This represents a person who has burning lips and an evil heart. Alternate translation: “so is a person who has burning lips and an evil heart” or “so is a person who says nice things but whose heart is evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 26 23 s94p figs-metaphor 0 burning lips The word “burning” is a metaphor for “strongly emotional” and the word “lips” is a metonym for “speech.” Alternate translation: “emotional speech” or “saying nice things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 26 23 p5hf figs-metonymy 0 an evil heart The heart represents a person’s thoughts, attitudes, desires, or feelings. Alternate translation: “evil thoughts” or “evil desires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 26 24 rhg2 figs-metaphor 0 disguises his feelings with his lips Disguising his feelings represents keeping people from knowing what his feelings are. The phrase “his lips” is a metonym for what he says. Alternate translation: “hides his feelings with what he says” or “speaks in such a way that people cannot know his true feelings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 26 24 qu8b figs-metaphor 0 he lays up deceit within himself Being deceitful is spoken of as if he were storing deceit within himself. Possible meanings are that “deceit” refers to lies. Alternate translation: (1) “he likes his many lies” or (2) deceit refers secret plans to harm people. Alternate translation: “he secretly plans to harm people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 26 25 f4gf 0 but do not believe him Alternate translation: “but do not believe what he says” -PRO 26 25 q7ln figs-metaphor 0 for there are seven abominations in his heart The number seven represents completeness. This could mean: (1) “abominations” refers to attitudes that God hates. Alternate translation: “for his heart is completely filled with hateful things” or (2) “abominations” refers to his hatred for people. Alternate translation: “for his heart is completely filled with hatred” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 26 26 iv6j figs-activepassive 0 Though his hatred is covered with deception This can be stated actively. Alternate translation: “Though deception covers his hatred” or “Though he covers his hatred with deception” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 26 26 d99d figs-metaphor 0 Though his hatred is covered with deception Keeping people from knowing that he hates them is spoken of as covering his hatred. Alternate translation: “Though he lies to keep people from knowing that he hates them” or “Though he lies so that people will not know that he hates them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 26 26 slh6 figs-metaphor 0 his wickedness will be exposed in the assembly Being exposed represents being discovered or becoming known. Alternate translation: “his wickedness will become known in the assembly” or “the assembly will discover his wickedness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 26 26 d2jn 0 the assembly Alternate translation: “the community of Israel” -PRO 26 27 sg61 figs-explicit 0 Whoever digs a pit will fall into it It is implied that the person digs the pit as a trap so that someone will fall into it. Alternate translation: “Whoever digs a pit to trap someone will fall into it” or “If someone digs a pit in order to trap someone, the one who dug it will fall into it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 26 27 nj1w figs-explicit 0 the stone will roll back on the one who pushed it It is implied that the person pushed a large stone so that it would roll downhill and crush someone there. Alternate translation: “if someone pushed a stone so that it would roll downhill and crush someone, the stone will roll back on him instead” or “if someone maked a stone roll so that it would hurt someone, the stone will crush him instead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 26 28 wvw9 figs-synecdoche 0 A lying tongue hates the people it crushes The phrase “a lying tongue” represents a person who tells lies. Crushing people represents causing them trouble. Alternate translation: “A liar hates those he hurts by his lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 26 28 dfi2 figs-synecdoche 0 a flattering mouth brings about ruin The phrase “a flattering mouth” represents a person who flatters people. This could mean: (1) a person who flatters others causes trouble or (2) a person who flatters others ruins them (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 26 28 qp8a 0 flattering praising someone in a manner that is not sincere, or praising someone about things that are not true -PRO 27 intro ec7g 0 # Proverbs 27 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Chapter 27 continues the second section of the book (Chapter 25-29) which is attributed to Solomon.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Themes

There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -PRO 27 1 f85w figs-explicit 0 Do not boast about tomorrow This is a warning not to brag about what you expect to happen tomorrow. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Do not speak proudly about your plans for tomorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 27 1 t368 figs-metaphor 0 what a day may bring Something happening on a certain day is spoken of as if the day were to bring that event. Alternate translation: “what will happen on a day” or “what will happen tomorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 27 2 cyj6 figs-ellipsis 0 and not your own mouth … and not your own lips The words “let praise you” are understood from the first phrase. They can be repeated. Here a person is represented by his “mouth” and “lips” because those are the parts of the body used to speak. Alternate translation: “and do not let your own mouth praise you … and do not let your own lips praise you” or “and do not praise yourself … and do not praise yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 27 2 jhl7 figs-ellipsis 0 a stranger The words “let praise you” are understood from the first phrase. The words can be repeated here. Alternate translation: “let a stranger praise you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PRO 27 3 snl3 figs-metaphor 0 the provocation of a fool is heavier than both The difficulty of being patient with a fool who provokes you is spoken of as if that difficulty were heavy. Alternate translation: “the provocation of a fool is harder to tolerate than either of them” or “It is harder to be patient when a fool provokes you than it is to be patient while carrying them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 27 3 hs8d 0 the provocation of a fool “the trouble caused by a fool.” “Provocation” means actions or words that cause anger or irritation. -PRO 27 4 j57v figs-abstractnouns 0 There is the cruelty of rage and the flood of anger, but who is able to stand before jealousy? The abstract nouns “rage”, “anger” and “jealousy” can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “A raging person is cruel and an angry person is overwhelming, but who can stand before a jealous person?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 27 4 l3ui 0 cruelty Alternate translation: “harshness” -PRO 27 4 srl1 figs-metaphor 0 the flood of anger “the destructiveness of anger.” Anger is spoken of here as if it were a powerful flood. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 27 4 nh38 figs-rquestion 0 but who is able to stand before jealousy? This question implies that no one can stand before jealousy. It can be reworded as a statement. Alternate translation: “but no one is able to stand before jealousy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 27 4 inj9 figs-metaphor 0 to stand before jealousy Here standing represents being strong and resisting being harmed by a jealous person who attacks. Alternate translation: “to resist a jealous person” or “to remain strong when a jealous person attacks him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 27 5 yva8 figs-abstractnouns 0 Better is an open rebuke If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **rebuke**, you could express the same idea with the verb “rebuke.” Alternate translation: “It is better to be openly rebuked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 27 5 pz3x figs-abstractnouns 0 than hidden love “than love that is not openly shown.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **love**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “than to be loved secretly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 27 6 d5v5 figs-metaphor 0 Faithful are the wounds caused by a friend “The wounds that a friend causes are trustworthy.” The word “wounds” here represents the pain and sadness that a person feels when a friend rebukes or corrects him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 27 6 uw1k figs-metonymy 0 Faithful are the wounds caused by a friend The trustworthiness of a friend’s rebuke is spoken of as if the sadness that his rebuke causes is trustworthy. Alternate translation: “Though it causes sadness, a friend’s rebuke is trustworthy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 27 6 wzd4 figs-explicit 0 but an enemy may kiss you profusely It can be stated clearly that the enemy’s kisses are not trustworthy. Alternate translation: “but the enemy’s many kisses are not trustworthy” or “but an enemy may try to deceive you by kissing you profusely” or (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 27 6 d2u7 0 profusely Alternate translation: “abundantly” or “too many times” -PRO 27 7 diy7 0 A person who has eaten to the full Alternate translation: “A person who is satisfied” or “A person who has eaten enough to be full” -PRO 27 7 v4fr 0 rejects even a honeycomb A honeycomb would normally be desirable, but not to the person who has already eaten enough to be satisfied. -PRO 27 7 aj75 0 every bitter thing is sweet Alternate translation: “everything that is bitter tastes sweet” -PRO 27 8 tmr6 figs-simile 0 Like a bird that wanders from its nest is a man who strays from where he lives The words “wanders” and “strays” mean the same thing in this verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 27 9 p2m8 0 Perfume The word “perfume” here means a desirable oil or ointment. -PRO 27 9 zj6k figs-metonymy 0 make the heart rejoice Here “the heart” represents the feelings or emotions of a person. Alternate translation: “make a person feel joyful” or “make a person glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 27 9 fa3b figs-metaphor 0 the sweetness of a friend comes from his sincere counsel This could mean: (1) “sweetness” represents kindness. Alternate translation: “we recognize our friend’s kindness by his counsel” or (2) “sweetness” represents what we appreciate about a person. Alternate translation: “what we appreciate about a friend is his advice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 27 10 c6gz 0 your brother’s house Here the word “brother” is a general reference to relatives, such as members of the same tribe, clan, or people group. -PRO 27 10 zin1 0 calamity extreme troubles and misfortune -PRO 27 11 v2t7 figs-metonymy 0 make my heart rejoice Here the “heart” represents the person’s feelings or emotions. Alternate translation: “make me feel joyful” or “make me glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 27 11 sv31 figs-explicit 0 then I will give back an answer to the one who mocks me Here “answer” does not mean to answer a question. It means to respond or to reply to someone who is mocking. How this relates to the clause before it can be made clear. AT “then I will reply to the one who mocks me by telling him about you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 27 11 gm95 0 mocks makes fun of someone, especially in a cruel way -PRO 27 12 y47t 0 A prudent man sees trouble and hides himself, but the naive people go on and suffer because of it See how you translated a similar phrase in [Proverbs 22:3](../22/03.md). -PRO 27 12 jm89 0 A prudent man Alternate translation: “A man who is wise” or “A man who has good sense” -PRO 27 12 j5th 0 the naive people Alternate translation: “the inexperienced and immature people” -PRO 27 12 bv11 0 suffer experience something very unpleasant, such as illness, pain, or other hardships -PRO 27 13 l1r3 figs-explicit 0 Take a garment of one who has put up security for a stranger When lending money, a lender would take something from the borrower, such as a garment, as a guarantee of repayment. He would return it after the money was repaid. If the borrower was too poor, someone else could give something to the lender as a guarantee for him. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 20:16](../20/16.md). Alternate translation: “Take a garment as security from the one who guarantees that what a stranger has borrowed will be paid back” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 27 13 q6ci figs-idiom 0 who has put up security This means for someone to give something to a lender as a guarantee that what was borrowed will be paid. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 20:16](../20/16.md). Alternate translation: “who has guaranteed that what has been borrowed will be paid back” or “who has promised to pay a loan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 27 13 gvg7 figs-idiom 0 hold it in pledge To “hold something in pledge” means to hold on to something that someone has given as a pledge, or promise, that he will pay a debt. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 20:16](../20/16.md). Alternate translation: “hold onto his coat as a guarantee of repayment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 27 14 xjs1 0 Whoever gives his neighbor a blessing Alternate translation: “If anyone gives his neighbor a blessing” -PRO 27 14 z5ga figs-activepassive 0 that blessing will be considered to be a curse If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the neighbor will consider that blessing to be a curse” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 27 15 bh2v 0 quarreling This means making people angry with each other or causing strong disagreements between people. -PRO 27 15 caj9 figs-explicit 0 the constant dripping The implied information is that it is rain that is constantly dripping. Alternate translation: “the constant dripping of rain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 27 15 ldj6 0 a rainy day Alternate translation: “a day of continual rain” -PRO 27 16 e46j figs-simile 0 restraining her is like restraining the wind, or trying to catch oil in your right hand The implied information is that it is as difficult or useless to try and restrain her as it is to try to restrain the wind or catch oil in your hand (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 27 16 tfg7 figs-explicit 0 restraining her “holding her back” or “keeping her under control.” The implied information is that it is trying to stop her from quarreling. Alternate translation: “restraining her from quarreling” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 27 16 z86v 0 restraining the wind Alternate translation: “holding back the wind” or “keeping the wind under control” -PRO 27 17 w3va figs-simile 0 Iron sharpens iron; in the same way, a man sharpens his friend. These two phrases are comparing how iron and a man can be improved. Alternate translation: “As iron can sharpen another piece of iron, so a man’s character is improved by contact with his friend” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 27 18 gbr2 0 who tends Alternate translation: “who takes care of” -PRO 27 18 d71d figs-activepassive 0 the one who protects his master will be honored If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “a master will honor the one who protects him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 27 19 z68a figs-metonymy 0 a person’s heart Here this means a person’s thoughts. Alternate translation: “what a person thinks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 27 20 nv5h translate-names 0 Abaddon This is a name that means “destroyer.” Alternate translation: “the Destroyer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -PRO 27 20 c28l 0 are never satisfied Alternate translation: “are never filled up” -PRO 27 20 q6ud figs-metonymy 0 a man’s eyes Here the “eyes” represent a man’s desires. Alternate translation: “a man’s desires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 27 21 c4r4 figs-explicit 0 A crucible is for silver and a furnace is for gold This refers to how gold and silver are refined. A metal is refined by heating it to a high temperature so that it melts and the impurities may be removed. See how you translated the very similar phrase in [Proverbs 17:3](../17/03.md). Alternate translation: “A crucible is used to refine silver and a furnace is used to refine gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 27 21 eg8j translate-unknown 0 crucible a container used for heating substances to very high temperatures (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -PRO 27 21 eza1 translate-unknown 0 furnace an oven that can be made extremely hot (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -PRO 27 21 b7qd figs-activepassive 0 a person is tested when he is praised If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “when one praises a person, they are also testing that person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 27 22 m5zv figs-metaphor 0 Even if you crush a fool … yet his foolishness will not leave him This means that even if a fool is made to suffer hardship or pain (being crushed is often a metaphor for suffering in Hebrew), he will remain foolish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 27 22 ir3k translate-unknown 0 pestle a hard tool with a rounded end, used for crushing things in a bowl (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -PRO 27 23 ixh6 figs-parallelism 0 Be sure you know the condition of your flocks and be concerned about your herds These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 27 23 de7k 0 your flocks Alternate translation: “flocks of sheep” -PRO 27 23 b9bu 0 your herds Alternate translation: “herds of goats” -PRO 27 24 v1t6 figs-rquestion 0 Does a crown endure for all generations? This question expects a negative answer to make the point that the reign of earthly rulers does not last forever. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “A crown does not endure for all generations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 27 24 gu92 figs-metonymy 0 a crown Here “crown” is a metonym for a king’s rule over his kingdom. Alternate translation: “a king’s rule” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 27 25 n1ai 0 the new growth appears Alternate translation: “the new sprouts appear” or “the new grass starts to grow” -PRO 27 26 ra5w 0 Connecting Statement: Verses 26 and 27 go together with verses 23 to 25 as one proverb. -PRO 27 26 dar8 figs-explicit 0 Those lambs will provide your clothing The implied information is that the wool (hair) from the lambs can be used to make clothing. Alternate translation: “The lambs’ wool will provide you with clothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 27 26 j2vp figs-explicit 0 the goats will provide the price of the field The implied information is that the money received by selling the goats will be enough to buy a field. Alternate translation: “selling your goats will provide the price of the field” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 27 27 q28m figs-explicit 0 nourishment for your servant girls The implied information is that there will also be enough goats’ milk to feed the servant girls. Alternate translation: “there will be goat’s milk to nourish your servant girls” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 27 27 xjw4 0 nourishment Alternate translation: “food” -PRO 28 intro g91u 0 # Proverbs 28 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Chapter 28 continues the second section of the book (Chapter 25-29) which is attributed to Solomon.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Themes

There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -PRO 28 2 b4c7 figs-abstractnouns 0 Because of the transgression of a land If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **transgression**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “Because of how a land transgresses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 28 2 qks4 figs-metonymy 0 the transgression of a land This is a metonym for the sins of the people living in a land. Alternate translation: “the transgression of the people of a land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 28 2 ivf7 figs-explicit 0 with a man of understanding and knowledge The implied information is that this man is a ruler or leader. The abstract nouns “understanding” and “knowledge” can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “with a man who understands and knows how to rule” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 28 3 tx2c 0 who oppresses Alternate translation: “who severely mistreats” -PRO 28 3 pb4k figs-simile 0 like a beating rain that leaves no food The poor man who oppresses other poor people is compared to a rain that falls so hard that it leaves no crop to harvest. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 28 3 p9vx figs-metaphor 0 beating rain This is a metaphor for a rain coming down hard enough to cause crops to be driven down. Alternate translation: “damaging rain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 28 4 z1ah 0 forsake the law Alternate translation: “forsake God’s law” -PRO 28 4 j98f figs-metaphor 0 those who keep the law To “keep the law” means to do what God’s law requires. Alternate translation: “those who obey God’s law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 28 4 whf7 figs-metaphor 0 fight against them “struggle against them.” This means to strongly oppose or resist them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 28 5 pi7r figs-gendernotations 0 Evil men Here “men” means people in general. Alternate translation: “People who do evil things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -PRO 28 5 t38q figs-abstractnouns 0 do not understand justice If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **justice**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “do not understand what is just” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 28 5 k5mh figs-metaphor 0 those who seek Yahweh Those who want to know Yahweh and please him are spoken of as if they are literally seeking to find Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 28 5 ru6t figs-explicit 0 understand everything The implied information is that those who seek Yahweh understand all about justice. Alternate translation: “completely understand what is just” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 28 6 q4ty 0 It is better for a poor person … than for a rich person Alternate translation: “It is better to be a poor person … than it is to be a rich person” -PRO 28 6 pfi9 figs-metaphor 0 walks in his integrity This represents a person living a life of integrity. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **integrity**, you could express the same idea with an adverb. Alternate translation: “walks honestly” or “lives honestly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 28 6 jdf4 figs-metaphor 0 who is crooked in his ways Rich people who are dishonest are spoken of as if they walk on crooked or twisted paths. Alternate translation: “who is not honest in what he does” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 28 7 b5pv figs-metaphor 0 He who keeps the law To “keep the law” means to do what God’s law requires. Alternate translation: “He who obeys God’s law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 28 7 h42h figs-abstractnouns 0 a son who has understanding If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **understanding**, you could express the same idea with a verb. Alternate translation: “a son who understands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 28 7 rh6n 0 of gluttons “of people who eat too much.” A “glutton” is a person who often eats and drinks excessively. -PRO 28 7 q9hm 0 shames his father Alternate translation: “puts his father to shame” or “dishonors his father” -PRO 28 8 uef7 0 makes his fortune Alternate translation: “increases his wealth” -PRO 28 8 i36g 0 charging too much interest Alternate translation: “charging extra money to borrow” -PRO 28 8 tj5f 0 interest money paid by a borrower for the use of someone else’s money -PRO 28 8 xz6i 0 gathers his wealth Alternate translation: “brings his wealth together” -PRO 28 8 e1qz 0 for another Alternate translation: “for another person” -PRO 28 8 s7xf 0 pity a strong feeling of sadness or sympathy for someone -PRO 28 9 w428 0 If one Alternate translation: “If a person” -PRO 28 9 s7cf figs-synecdoche 0 turns away his ear from hearing the law This represents the whole person turning away from and rejecting God’s law. Alternate translation: “turns away from hearing and obeying the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 28 9 ztw6 figs-activepassive 0 even his prayer is detestable “even his prayer is offensive to God.” This can be written in active form. Alternate translation: “God detests even his prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 28 9 a3bi 0 detestable See how you translated this in [Proverbs 3:32](../03/32.md). -PRO 28 10 hgy2 figs-metaphor 0 Whoever misleads the upright into an evil way This is a metaphor for leading upright people in an evil direction. Alternate translation: “Whoever causes the upright to go in an evil direction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 28 10 pv8z 0 Whoever misleads … evil way will fall Alternate translation: “If anyone misleads … evil way, he will fall” -PRO 28 10 m6rz figs-nominaladj 0 the upright This refers to upright persons in general. Alternate translation: “upright persons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 28 10 tw7h figs-metaphor 0 will fall into his own pit “will fall into the trap that he has dug.” This is a metaphor for ending up in the same bad place as others had been led toward. Alternate translation: “will end up in the same evil place toward which he guided other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 28 10 yg55 figs-nominaladj 0 the blameless This refers to blameless persons in general. Alternate translation: “blameless persons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 28 10 w756 0 will have a good inheritance Alternate translation: “will inherit what is good” -PRO 28 11 eg7v figs-metaphor 0 be wise in his own eyes The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “be wise in his own thoughts” or “think he is wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 28 11 pj9j figs-abstractnouns 0 who has understanding If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **understanding**, you could express the same idea with a verb. Alternate translation: “who understands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 28 11 ynr5 figs-idiom 0 will find him out This is an idiom that means the poor person will be able to determine whether or not the rich person is really wise. Alternate translation: “will see his true nature” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 28 12 qew3 0 When the righteous triumph Alternate translation: “When righteous people succeed” -PRO 28 12 zkn5 figs-idiom 0 when the wicked arise This is an idiom that means when the wicked gain power or start to rule. Alternate translation: “when the wicked rise to power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 28 12 emq6 figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked This refers to wicked people in general. Alternate translation: “wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 28 12 g949 figs-explicit 0 people are sought out You may need to make explicit that those who “are sought out” have hidden themselves to escape from the wicked. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they seek people out” or “they seek out the people who hide from them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 28 13 h8gm figs-metaphor 0 hides his sins “covers his sins.” This is the opposite of confessing and forsaking sins, and is spoken of as covering sins rather than bringing them into the open (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 28 13 e7kw 0 will not prosper Alternate translation: “will not succeed” or “will not advance” -PRO 28 13 m9fz figs-activepassive 0 the one who confesses them and forsakes them will be shown mercy If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will show mercy to the one who confesses and forsakes them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 28 14 nh5t figs-activepassive 0 The one who always lives with reverence is blessed This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “God will bless the one who always lives with reverence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 28 14 ffn2 figs-abstractnouns 0 lives with reverence If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **reverence**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “lives a reverent life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 28 14 ijf7 0 reverence This refers to deeply respecting Yahweh and showing that respect by obeying him. -PRO 28 14 ymm8 0 whoever hardens his heart Alternate translation: “the one who hardens his heart” -PRO 28 14 ebu1 figs-idiom 0 hardens his heart This is an idiom that means to be stubborn or unwilling to obey God. Alternate translation: “refuses to obey God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 28 14 l7ee figs-metaphor 0 will fall into trouble This represents ending up in misery and distress. Alternate translation: “will end up in trouble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 28 15 z8ti figs-simile 0 Like a roaring lion or a charging bear is a wicked ruler over poor people Poor people who are helpless against an evil ruler are compared to people who have a lion roaring at them or a bear attacking them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 28 15 x5l1 translate-unknown 0 a charging bear A bear is a large, furry, dangerous animal that walks on four legs and has sharp claws and teeth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -PRO 28 16 et9j figs-abstractnouns 0 The ruler who lacks understanding If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **understanding**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “The ruler who does not understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 28 16 az95 0 oppressor a person who treats people harshly and makes their lives very difficult -PRO 28 16 lv7n figs-abstractnouns 0 the one who hates dishonesty If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **dishonesty**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “the one who hates being dishonest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 28 16 eae9 figs-idiom 0 prolong his days This could mean: (1) this is an idiom that means his living for more time. Alternate translation: “live longer” or (2) this is an idiom that means extending the length of his reign. Alternate translation: “rule for a longer time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 28 17 rm8g figs-metonymy 0 he has shed someone’s blood Here “blood” represents a person’s life. To “shed blood” means to murder someone. Alternate translation: “he has killed someone” or “he has murdered someone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 28 17 v592 0 fugitive a person who is running away to avoid being captured -PRO 28 17 iz6w figs-idiom 0 until death “until he dies.” This means for the rest of his life. Alternate translation: “all of his life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 28 18 nhr1 figs-activepassive 0 Whoever walks with integrity will be kept safe This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “God will keep safe anyone who walks with integrity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 28 18 u4m5 0 Whoever Alternate translation: “Anyone who” -PRO 28 18 f45f figs-metaphor 0 walks with integrity This represents a person living a life of integrity. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **integrity**, you could express the same idea with an adverb. Alternate translation: “walks honestly” or “lives honestly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 28 18 kvc6 figs-metaphor 0 the one whose way is crooked A dishonest person is spoken of as if he walks on crooked or twisted paths. Alternate translation: “the one who does not live honestly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 28 18 x79a figs-metaphor 0 will suddenly fall What will happen to a dishonest person is spoken of as if he suddenly fell down. Alternate translation: “will suddenly be ruined” or “will suddenly perish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 28 19 dlk7 0 works his land This means to till, sow, and care for his crops. -PRO 28 19 uq9z 0 whoever follows Alternate translation: “anyone who follows” -PRO 28 19 t64p figs-idiom 0 follows worthless pursuits “chases after worthless projects.” The person who is busy doing things that do not produce anything is spoken of as chasing after useless things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 28 19 b8y8 figs-irony 0 will have plenty of poverty The person following worthless pursuits is spoken of as getting the opposite of plenty of food. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **poverty**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “will be very poor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 28 20 ix4q figs-litotes 0 the one who gets rich quickly will not go unpunished The double negative “will not go unpunished” is used for emphasis. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will certainly punish the one who gets rich quickly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 28 20 nt6p figs-explicit 0 the one who gets rich quickly The implied information is that this person gains wealth by unfaithful or dishonest means. Alternate translation: “the one who tries to get rich quickly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 28 21 kg9c figs-hyperbole 0 for a piece of bread a man will do wrong “A piece of bread” here is an exaggeration for a very small bribe or reward. Alternate translation: “a man will sin for very little gain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -PRO 28 21 phu7 0 do wrong Alternate translation: “sin” -PRO 28 22 v63d 0 A stingy man “A selfish man.” This is a person who does not like to share his possessions or spend money. -PRO 28 22 f7a8 figs-idiom 0 hurries after riches The stingy man is spoken of as if he was chasing after wealth. Alternate translation: “is greedy for riches” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 28 22 mz2h figs-idiom 0 poverty will come upon him The result of being stingy is spoken of as if poverty was overtaking the stingy person. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **poverty**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “he will suddenly become poor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 28 23 sr8r figs-activepassive 0 Whoever disciplines someone, afterward will find more favor from him than from the one who flatters him with his tongue If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **favor**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “A person will favor the one who disciplines him more than he favors the person who flatters him with his tongue” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 28 23 q2x8 0 Whoever disciplines Alternate translation: “If a person disciplines” -PRO 28 23 hi86 0 disciplines trains people to obey a set of guidelines for moral behavior -PRO 28 23 k6hl figs-metonymy 0 flatters him with his tongue The tongue here represents speaking. Alternate translation: “flatters him with words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 28 23 l9i1 0 flatters praises someone in a manner that is not sincere, or praises someone about things that are not true -PRO 28 24 xcp2 0 Whoever robs Alternate translation: “The one who robs” -PRO 28 24 qt94 figs-quotations 0 says, “That is no sin,” he This can be expressed as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “says that it is not a sin, he” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -PRO 28 24 ie7m figs-idiom 0 the companion of Possible meanings are: (1) “the friend of” or (2) an idiom that means having the same character as. Alternate translation: “the same kind of person as” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 28 25 e3ce 0 A greedy man a person who selfishly wants more things, money or food than what he needs -PRO 28 25 bkj4 figs-metaphor 0 stirs up conflict The action of the greedy man is spoken of as if he were stirring up or awakening conflict. Alternate translation: “causes conflict” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 28 26 pnc4 figs-synecdoche 0 One who trusts in his own heart Depending on one’s self is spoken of as trusting in one’s own heart. Alternate translation: “The person who relies on himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 28 26 dyj3 0 whoever walks Alternate translation: “any person who walks” -PRO 28 26 g7hy figs-idiom 0 walks in wisdom This could mean: (1) this is an idiom that means to live wisely. Alternate translation: “lives wisely” or (2) this is an idiom that means to follow the teachings of wise people. Alternate translation: “follows wise teachings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 28 27 yhn4 0 The one Alternate translation: “The person” -PRO 28 27 y6e6 figs-nominaladj 0 the poor This refers to poor people in general. Alternate translation: “poor people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 28 27 iwx5 figs-litotes 0 lack nothing This double negative is used for emphasis. Alternate translation: “have everything they need” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PRO 28 27 ykd8 figs-activepassive 0 whoever closes his eyes to them will receive many curses If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. This could mean: (1) they will receive many curses from the poor. Alternate translation: “the poor will give many curses to whoever closes his eyes to them” or (2) they will receive many curses from people in general. Alternate translation: “people will give many curses to whoever closes his eyes to the poor” or (3) they will receive many curses from God. Alternate translation: “God will give many curses to whoever closes his eyes to the poor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 28 27 cgl4 0 whoever closes Alternate translation: “anyone who closes” -PRO 28 27 x8x1 figs-metonymy 0 closes his eyes to Closing the eyes represents not responding to the needs of the poor. Alternate translation: “ignores” or “chooses not to help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 28 28 ku38 figs-idiom 0 When the wicked arise This is an idiom that means when wicked people gain power or start to rule. Alternate translation: “When wicked people rise to power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 28 28 xc51 figs-hyperbole 0 people hide themselves This is an exaggeration for doing everything they can to avoid having wicked people harm them. Alternate translation: “people go into hiding” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -PRO 28 28 vjp8 0 perish This could mean: (1) “go away” or (2) “fall from power” or (3) “are destroyed.” -PRO 28 28 pd87 0 increase This could mean: (1) “multiply” or (2) “rise to power.” -PRO 29 intro pkl4 0 # Proverbs 29 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Chapter 29 concludes the second section of the book (Chapter 25-29) which is attributed to Solomon.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Themes

There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -PRO 29 1 rl7a figs-metaphor 0 who stiffens his neck A person becoming stubborn is spoken of as if he stiffens his neck. Alternate translation: “who becomes stubborn” or “who refuses to listen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 29 1 nb5z figs-activepassive 0 will be broken in a moment If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will suddenly break him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 29 1 y5ft figs-metaphor 0 beyond healing “and no one will be able to heal him.” Sickness is a metaphor for any kind of bad situation. Alternate translation: “and no one will be able to help him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 29 2 w7r2 figs-metonymy 0 the people sigh The people let out long, loud breaths that show that they are weary and sad. Alternate translation: “the people will be weary and sad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 29 4 v6du figs-abstractnouns 0 by justice If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **justice**, you could express the same idea with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “by doing what is just” or “by making just laws” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 29 5 x5x6 0 flatters his neighbor knowingly tells his neighbor things that are not true so that the neighbor will do what the speaker wants him to do -PRO 29 5 udx2 figs-metaphor 0 spreading a net for his feet The writer compares the flattery of a person to setting that person up to being caught in a trap. Alternate translation: “setting a trap to catch that person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 29 6 k8iq figs-idiom 0 In the sin of an evil person is a trap When an evil person sins, it is as if he is stepping into a trap. He desires to do evil to other people, but God will use what he does to punish him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 29 8 g91s figs-metonymy 0 set a city on fire Here the word “city” represents the people who live in the city. Mockers causing the people to experience turmoil and possibly to become violent is spoken of as if they set the city on fire. Alternate translation: “create turmoil for the people of a city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 29 8 vcu6 figs-idiom 0 turn away wrath This idiom means to cause angry people no longer to be angry. Alternate translation: “calm the wrath of angry people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 29 9 el5g 0 has an argument with Another possible meaning is “goes to court against.” -PRO 29 9 tzx7 0 he rages and laughs The fool becomes very angry and tries to keep the wise person from speaking or the court judge from judging. -PRO 29 9 kn5t 0 rages This means to be loud and excited and to move with powerful movements like a strong storm. This is a negative word. -PRO 29 9 qmv5 0 there will be no rest Alternate translation: “they will not be able to settle the problem” -PRO 29 10 jbu4 figs-idiom 0 seek the life of This idiom means to “want to kill.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 29 12 ui7k 0 pays attention “listens.” See how you translated this in [Proverbs 17:4](../17/04.md). -PRO 29 12 b9es figs-metaphor 0 all his officials will be wicked The actions of the ruler are spoken of by stating the result they will cause. Alternate translation: “it is as if he is teaching his officials to be wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 29 13 f56w 0 oppressor a person who treats people harshly and makes their lives very difficult -PRO 29 13 psq6 figs-idiom 0 Yahweh gives light to the eyes of them both This idiom means “Yahweh makes both of them alive.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 29 14 x486 figs-metonymy 0 his throne The throne is a metonym for the kingdom he rules from his throne. Alternate translation: “his kingdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 29 15 ybi8 figs-personification 0 The rod and reproof give wisdom The writer speaks as if a rod and reproof were people who could give wisdom as a physical gift. Alternate translation: “If a parent uses the rod on his child and reproves him, the child will become wise” or “If parents discipline their child and tell him when he has done wrong, the child will learn to live wisely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 29 15 p19z figs-metonymy 0 The rod Parents in Israel used wooden rods as instruments to discipline children by striking them. Alternate translation: “discipline” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 29 15 m43w 0 reproof When a person gives reproof to another person, or reproves that person, he tells that person that he does not approve of what that other person is doing. -PRO 29 16 th5t figs-abstractnouns 0 transgression increases If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **transgression**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “more people will transgress and their sins will become worse” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 29 16 ha78 figs-abstractnouns 0 the downfall of those wicked people If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **downfall**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “fall,” which is a metaphor for losing the power to rule. Alternate translation: “those wicked people fall” or “those wicked people lose their power to rule” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 29 18 s41b figs-activepassive 0 the one who keeps the law is blessed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will bless the one who keeps the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 29 19 kl1y figs-activepassive 0 A slave will not be corrected by words This can be translated in active form.”You will not be able to correct a slave simply by talking to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 29 20 qfr9 figs-rquestion 0 See a man who is hasty in his words? The writer is using a question to get the reader’s attention. Alternate translation: “You should notice what happens to a man who is hasty in his words.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 29 21 k1j6 0 who pampers his slave Alternate translation: “who allows his slave to avoid work and who treats his slave better than he treats other slaves” -PRO 29 21 qas4 0 at the end of it Alternate translation: “at the end of the slave’s youth” or “when the slave is grown” -PRO 29 21 qs95 0 there will be trouble These words translate a Hebrew word whose meaning no one knows for sure. Some understand it to mean that the slave will be weak, others that the slave will rule the household. -PRO 29 22 s7ha figs-metaphor 0 stirs up strife Causing people to argue more is spoken of as if it were stirring up or awakening arguments. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **strife**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “argue.” See how you translated similar words in [Proverbs 15:18](../15/18.md). Alternate translation: “causes people to argue more” or “causes people to argue and fight” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 29 22 ad7m figs-idiom 0 a master of rage This idiom means “a person who becomes angry easily.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 29 23 z268 figs-activepassive 0 one who has a humble spirit will be given honor This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “men will give honor to a person who has a humble spirit” or “a person who has a humble spirit will receive honor from men” or “Yahweh will cause men to honor a person who has a humble spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 29 24 jpz1 0 hates his own life Alternate translation: “becomes his own enemy” -PRO 29 24 ej5k figs-explicit 0 he hears the curse and says nothing This could mean: (1) people have put the “one who shares with a thief” under oath to tell the truth about what he knows about what the thief stole, and he knows he will be punished if he tells the truth. Alternate translation: “he does not dare to testify under oath” or (2) people do not know who the thief is but they call on God to curse the thief, and the “one who shares” is afraid to confess and so come out from under the curse because he is afraid of the thief. Alternate translation: “he says nothing even after people have cursed him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 29 25 t7d5 figs-metaphor 0 The fear of man makes a snare Being afraid of what other people might do is spoken of as stepping into a trap. Alternate translation: “Anyone who is afraid of what other people might do to him is like a person who has become snared in a trap” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 29 25 k5l2 0 a snare a trap that catches animals with ropes -PRO 29 25 t3gk figs-activepassive 0 the one who trusts in Yahweh will be protected This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will protect the one who trusts in him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 29 26 sa3k figs-metonymy 0 Many are those who seek the face of the ruler The word “face” is a metonym for the ruler listening to people telling him what they want him to do and then doing it. Alternate translation: “Many people want their ruler to pay attention to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 29 26 w96b figs-abstractnouns 0 from Yahweh is justice for a person It is Yahweh, not human rulers, who will see that people treat a person justly. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **justice**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “just.” Alternate translation: “it is Yahweh who is truly just towards a person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 29 27 c4s9 0 detestable a person who should be hated. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 3:32](../03/32.md). -PRO 30 intro aud8 0 # Proverbs 30 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Chapter 30 is a chapter in Proverbs attributed to Agur, who is a person otherwise unknown.

## Special concepts in this chapter
### Agur

His full title is Agur, Son of Jakeh. Agur comes from a Hebrew word that means “gatherer” and so some scholars believe this is not a real name, but possibly a way of referring to Solomon as a gatherer of proverbs. However, it is still prudent to simply use this as a name.

### Three things and four

From verses 15 through 32, the author uses a specific technique to explain some things. He says there are three things and even four and lists items that exemplify a feature like “small and yet wise.” The numbering is not meant to be so literal, but as a memory device that introduces the items. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])

### Themes
There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -PRO 30 1 u8l9 translate-names 0 Agur … Jakeh … Ithiel … Ucal These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -PRO 30 1 v8qt 0 Agur son of Jakeh This is the literal son of Jakeh, not a grandchild. -PRO 30 1 ic3d 0 the utterance Alternate translation: “the message” -PRO 30 1 y7qf 0 to Ithiel, to Ithiel and Ucal Alternate translation: “to Ithiel—that is, to Ithiel and Ucal” -PRO 30 2 n4d9 0 Surely Alternate translation: “Certainly” or “There is no doubt that” -PRO 30 2 ij38 figs-abstractnouns 0 I do not have the understanding of a human being If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **understanding**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “I do not understand anything the way human beings are supposed to understand them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 30 3 ln5f figs-abstractnouns 0 nor do I have knowledge of the Holy One If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **knowledge**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “nor do I really know anything about the Holy One” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 30 4 kw1a figs-rquestion 0 Who has … down? Who has … hands? Who has … cloak? Who has … earth? The writer asks these questions to get the reader thinking about how much greater Yahweh is than people. Alternate translation: “No person has ever … down. No person has ever … hands. No person has ever … cloak. No person has ever … earth.” or “Who has … down? Who has … hands? Who has … cloak? Who has … earth? No one has ever done any of these things.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 30 4 eb1b 0 heaven where God lives -PRO 30 4 bz7z figs-metaphor 0 gathered up the wind in the hollow of his hands The writer speaks of the wind as if it were something that a person could catch and hold in his hand. Alternate translation: “has caught the wind in his hands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 30 4 g4i7 0 the hollow of his hands the way his hands are shaped when he is scooping up, for example, water or sand. “his cupped hands” -PRO 30 4 l4kf 0 gathered up brought small scattered objects into a pile so they can be lifted -PRO 30 4 rce5 0 has established all the ends of the earth Alternate translation: “has set up the limits for where the earth ends” or “has marked the boundaries for the ends of the earth” -PRO 30 4 t7g1 figs-rquestion 0 What is his name, and what is the name of his son? The writer uses these questions to command the reader to give an answer. Alternate translation: “Tell me his name and the name of his son, if you know them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 30 4 jv39 figs-irony 0 Surely you know! The writer uses irony to show that neither he nor the reader know any person who can do what the “who” in the earlier questions can do. Alternate translation: “I do not think you really know anyone who can do those things.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -PRO 30 5 mna2 figs-metaphor 0 is tested Words are spoken of as if they were metals that need someone to clean the bad parts out of them. Alternate translation: “is like a precious metal from which someone has removed all the useless material” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 30 5 u15z figs-metaphor 0 he is a shield to those who take refuge in him The word “shield” is a metaphor for something that protects a person. Alternate translation: “he protects those who come and ask him to protect them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 30 6 lu63 0 add to his words say more than he has said -PRO 30 6 e39x figs-activepassive 0 you will be proved to be This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “he will prove that you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 30 8 v3d5 figs-metaphor 0 Put vanity and lies far away from me This could mean: (1) “Do not allow people to speak vanity and lies to me” or (2) “Do not allow me to speak vanity and lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 30 8 jw32 0 vanity false, useless words -PRO 30 8 wk6q figs-metaphor 0 Give me neither poverty nor riches The writer speaks as if “poverty” and “riches” were physical objects that someone could give to another. They are also abstract nouns that can be stated as “poor” and “rich.” Alternate translation: “Do not allow me to be either very poor or very rich” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 30 9 vrk2 figs-hypo 0 if I have too much, I might deny you and say This describes a hypothetical situation that has not happened but is possible if the writer becomes rich. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -PRO 30 9 t24i figs-hypo 0 if I become poor, I might steal and profane This describes a hypothetical situation that has not happened but is possible if the writer becomes poor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -PRO 30 9 f4ah 0 I might steal and profane the name of my God Alternate translation: “I might make people who know that I have stolen things think that there is no God” or “I might harm God’s reputation by stealing” -PRO 30 10 rz4a 0 slander speak falsely about another person with the desire to harm him -PRO 30 10 ycc9 0 he will curse Alternate translation: “the servant will curse” -PRO 30 10 u5fu figs-activepassive 0 you will be held guilty This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will hold you guilty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 30 11 sz6e 0 a generation that curses … and does not bless Alternate translation: “a generation of people who curse … and do not bless” -PRO 30 11 z4bb 0 generation type or class or group -PRO 30 12 h8cq 0 a generation that is Alternate translation: “a generation of people that are” -PRO 30 12 dp6p figs-metaphor 0 is pure in their own eyes The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “considers themselves pure” or “believes they are pure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 30 12 re7r figs-metaphor 0 they are not washed of their filth The words “washed” and “filth” speak of God forgiving people who sin as if he were washing physical filth off of the people. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “God has not forgiven them of their sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 30 12 fyp5 0 filth This should be translated with a polite term that includes human or animal vomit and waste. -PRO 30 13 ey4d figs-metonymy 0 eyes are raised up … their eyelids lifted up This describes people who think that they are better than other people. Their eyes show that they are proud, and the way they look at others shows that they think they are better than those other people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 30 14 zca7 figs-metaphor 0 There is a generation whose teeth are swords, and their jawbones are like knives, so they may devour the poor … and the needy The people of the generation who speak very harmful things is spoken of as if they were wild animals with teeth and jawbones made of swords and knives, and they eat the poor and needy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 30 14 z22j 0 jawbones the bones of the face where teeth grow -PRO 30 15 yr92 figs-metaphor 0 The leech has two daughters This is an example of something that always wants more. Alternate translation: “Greed has two daughters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 30 15 ik61 0 leech a type of worm that attaches itself to the skin and sucks blood -PRO 30 15 n8v6 0 Another possible meaning is “and they are both named Give Me.” Alternate translation: “Give and give” -PRO 30 15 snu6 writing-poetry 0 There are three things that are never satisfied, four that never say, “Enough” This use of the numbers “three” and “four” together here is likely a poetic device. Alternate translation: “There are four things that are never satisfied, who never say, ‘Enough’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]]) -PRO 30 15 xlu4 figs-litotes 0 are never satisfied This can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “always want more” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PRO 30 16 d8p5 figs-personification 0 land that is never satisfied with water Land that is no longer producing food because there has been no rain is spoken of as if it were a person who does not have enough water to drink. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 30 17 hr1j figs-abstractnouns 0 scorns obedience to a mother The word “obedience” is a metonym for the mother herself. It is also an abstract noun that can be stated as “obey.” Alternate translation: “considers his mother worthless and will not obey her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 30 17 pr2u 0 his eyes … the vultures The writer says that the person will die by giving two pictures of what happens to people who die away from where people live. -PRO 30 17 l9a8 figs-activepassive 0 his eyes will be pecked out by the ravens of the valley This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the ravens of the valley will peck out his eyes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 30 17 x3vs 0 ravens large, shiny, black birds that eat plants and dead animals -PRO 30 17 sxz9 figs-activepassive 0 he will be eaten by the vultures This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the vultures will eat him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 30 17 k8je 0 vultures any one of several large birds that eat dead animals and have small, featherless heads -PRO 30 18 njh2 0 There are three things that are … four that I do not understand: The use of the numbers “three” and “four” here is likely a poetic device. Alternate translation: “There are some things that are too wonderful for me that I do not understand—four of them are:” -PRO 30 19 u9rp figs-metaphor 0 in the heart of the sea The “heart” refers to the middle. Alternate translation: “in the middle of the sea” or “on the open sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 30 20 h26k figs-euphemism 0 she eats and she wipes her mouth This seems to be both a euphemism and a metaphor for committing adultery and then taking a bath. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 30 21 s3e3 0 Under three things the earth trembles, and under four it cannot bear up The use of the numbers “three” and “four” here is likely a poetic device. “There are some things that make the earth tremble, that it cannot endure. Four of these are:” -PRO 30 22 xv9v figs-activepassive 0 a fool when he is filled with food This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “a fool who has had enough to eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 30 23 l8m1 figs-activepassive 0 a hated woman when she marries That is, people rightly hated her before she married; once she marries, she will be worse than she was before she married. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “a woman whom good people have hated when she marries” or “an outcast woman when she marries” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 30 23 dwd5 0 takes the place of her mistress rules the household -PRO 30 26 p11p 0 rock badgers an animal with small, rounded ears, short legs, and no tail -PRO 30 28 l4zb 0 lizard a small reptile that has four legs, a long, slender body, and a tail -PRO 30 29 u31f 0 There are three things that are … four that are stately in how they walk The use of the numbers “three” and “four” here is likely a poetic device. Alternate translation: “There are some things that walk stately. Four of these are” -PRO 30 29 dc44 0 stately majestic or dignified, like a king -PRO 30 31 e3z8 0 strutting rooster an adult male chicken that walks proudly -PRO 30 33 kgm4 0 churning strongly stirring -PRO 30 33 nj7p 0 butter Animal milk that someone has stirred and made thick. -PRO 31 intro dd9p 0 # Proverbs 31 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Chapter 31 begins with 9 verses from King Lemuel. The last portion of this chapter is a poem about a godly wife. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])

### King Lemuel

This person is unknown in Scripture, other than here. It is important to recognize that the words in this chapter are words of his mother addressed to him. They are formed like advice of a mother to her son.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### An acrostic poem

Verse 10 through 31 is tightly formed as a poem in the original language. There are 22 lines in the Hebrew language that each begin with a successive letter of the alphabet. However, each language will have a different set of letters. Therefore, it is important to realize this was a single composition with a single theme of a noble or godly wife.

### Themes
There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -PRO 31 2 nw5l figs-rquestion 0 What, my son? What is it, son of my womb? What do you want, son of my vows? The rhetorical question **What** could mean: (1) “What are you doing?” or “You should not be doing what you are doing” or (2) “What shall I tell you?” or “Listen to what I am telling you” or (3) “Do not do the things I am about to warn you against.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 31 2 ag7f 0 my son … son of my womb … son of my vows The speaker wants the hearer to notice carefully and to respect the one who is talking to him. -PRO 31 2 ye5f 0 son of my womb The womb is a synecdoche for the person. It is best to use a polite term for the body part in which babies grow before they are born. -PRO 31 2 p2hh 0 son of my vows Here, **vows** could mean: (1) the mother’s marriage vows or (2) a vow after she married that if God allowed her to have a child she would dedicate him to God. -PRO 31 3 irw8 0 Do not give your strength to women “Do not work hard trying to have sex with women,” either outside of marriage or with concubines. -PRO 31 3 tuq5 0 or your ways to those who destroy kings Alternate translation: “or allow those who destroy kings to advise you” -PRO 31 3 j3yt 0 your ways This could mean: (1) “the way you live your life” or (2) “the work you do” -PRO 31 3 v8um 0 those who destroy kings probably the immoral “women” to whom he is not to give his strength -PRO 31 4 s8mw 0 Lemuel This is the name of a man. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 31:1](../31/01.md). -PRO 31 5 ex8n figs-activepassive 0 what has been decreed This can be translated in active form. This could mean: (1) “what God has decreed” or (2) “what the kings themselves have decreed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 31 5 w2jv 0 pervert the rights of all the afflicted Alternate translation: “deny afflicted people their legal rights” -PRO 31 5 y3ds 0 pervert exchange good for evil -PRO 31 5 mdn6 0 all the afflicted Alternate translation: “all those people whom others wrongfully harm” -PRO 31 6 q63s figs-ellipsis 0 and wine The ellipsis can be filled in. Alternate translation: “and give wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PRO 31 6 i7g7 0 in bitter distress Alternate translation: “who’s souls are bitter” or “who are in misery” -PRO 31 7 f15v figs-abstractnouns 0 his poverty If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **poverty**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “how poor he is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 31 7 cb4b figs-abstractnouns 0 his trouble If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **trouble**, you could express the same idea with a clause. Alternate translation: “the bad things that are happening to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 31 8 r3tl figs-idiom 0 Speak for those who cannot speak Speaking is a metonym for using words to defend innocent people. Alternate translation: “Defend those who cannot defend themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 31 8 mxp7 figs-metonymy 0 for the causes of all who are perishing The cause represents the person whose cause it is. Alternate translation: “so that people will treat all who are perishing justly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 31 8 e1y9 figs-ellipsis 0 for the causes The ellipsis can be filled in. Alternate translation: “speak for the causes” or “speak out for” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PRO 31 9 yc2m figs-doublet 0 poor and needy people These two words have basically the same meaning and are used together for emphasis. Alternate translation: “people who are poor and cannot get the things that they need” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PRO 31 10 ufh2 figs-rquestion 0 Who can find a capable wife? The writer asks a question to show that he is beginning a new section. Alternate translation: “Not many men can find a capable wife.” or “Not many men can find a wife who is able to do many things well.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 31 10 v97s 0 Her value is far more than jewels Alternate translation: “She is more precious than jewels” -PRO 31 11 i7un figs-litotes 0 he will never be poor This litotes can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “he will always have what he needs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PRO 31 13 usy5 0 wool sheep’s hair that is used to make cloth -PRO 31 13 xs1v 0 flax a plant whose fiber is used to make linen -PRO 31 13 n9qr 0 with the delight of her hands Possible meanings are that the word **delight** describes: (1) how she feels as she works, “gladly with her hands,” or (2) how she feels about the wool and flax, “with her hands on things that she enjoys working with” -PRO 31 14 h984 0 merchant someone who buys and sells -PRO 31 15 ry3t 0 distributes the work for her female servants Alternate translation: “tells her female servants what work each of them is to do that day” -PRO 31 16 fgc9 figs-metaphor 0 the fruit of her hands The money she has earned from the work she did with wool and flax ([Proverbs 31:13](../31/13.md)) is spoken of as if it were fruit growing off a tree. The hands are a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “the money she has earned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 31 17 vv53 figs-idiom 0 She dresses herself with strength Putting on clothes is a metonym for preparing for work. Alternate translation: “She prepares herself for hard physical work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 31 17 fn86 0 makes her arms strong Alternate translation: “she strengthens her arms by doing her work” -PRO 31 18 d4np 0 perceives sees by looking carefully -PRO 31 18 jpw6 figs-hyperbole 0 all night long her lamp is not extinguished This is probably an exaggeration: she works late into the night, but not from dusk to dawn. Alternate translation: “She burns a lamp through the night as she works” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 31 19 d3iv 0 spindle a thin rod or stick with pointed ends that is used in making thread -PRO 31 20 en6l figs-metonymy 0 reaches out with her hand to poor The hand is a metonym for the help the woman uses her hand to give. Alternate translation: “helps poor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 31 20 s1we 0 reaches out with her hands to These words translate the same words translated “puts her hands on” in [Proverbs 31:19](../31/19.md). -PRO 31 21 tt96 figs-metonymy 0 are clothed in scarlet Here “scarlet” does not refer to the color of the cloth, but that the clothing is expensive and warm. Alternate translation: “have expensive, warm clothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 31 21 ail4 0 scarlet The color red, but with a hint of orange. -PRO 31 22 a3x1 0 linen cloth made of flax yarn -PRO 31 23 ra37 figs-activepassive 0 Her husband is known This can be translated in active form. The verb “know” is a metonym for respect. Alternate translation: “People respect her husband” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 31 23 dbz1 0 when he sits with the elders of the land to make laws and settle arguments -PRO 31 24 d6wi 0 linen cloth made from flax yarn -PRO 31 24 ghw5 0 sashes long pieces of cloth worn around the waist or over one shoulder -PRO 31 25 k3bi figs-metaphor 0 She is clothed with strength and honor Having strength and honor is spoken of as if the woman were wearing them. This can be translated in active form. The abstract nouns “strength” and “honor” can be translated by an adjective and a verb, respectively. Alternate translation: “Everyone can see that she is strong, and so they honor her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 31 25 a29g figs-hyperbole 0 laughs at the time to come This is probably an exaggeration to show that she is not afraid. Alternate translation: “is not afraid of what will happen in the future” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -PRO 31 26 lb6q figs-metonymy 0 opens her mouth with wisdom The act of opening her mouth is a metonym for speaking. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wisdom**, you could express the same idea with an adverb or an adjective. Alternate translation: “she speaks wisely” or “she speaks wise words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 31 26 q9jl figs-metonymy 0 the law of kindness is on her tongue The phrase “on her tongue” refers to her speaking, as the tongue is part of the mouth. The phrase “the law of kindness” refers to her teaching people to be kind. Alternate translation: “she teaches people to be kind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 31 27 uqe6 figs-metaphor 0 watches over the ways of her household The word “ways” refers to the way people live. Alternate translation: “makes sure her whole family lives in a way that pleases God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 31 27 ynb8 figs-idiom 0 does not eat the bread of idleness To “eat the bread of” something means to do something. Alternate translation: “she is not idle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 31 27 j79l 0 idleness doing nothing and being lazy -PRO 31 28 hq5u figs-metonymy 0 rise up and This could mean: (1) literally “stand up and” or (2) as a metonym, “actively.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 31 28 lqv2 figs-quotations 0 call her blessed saying that good things have happened to her because she has done good things. This can be translated as a direct quote. Alternate translation: “congratulate her” or “say, ‘Yay, Mom!’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -PRO 31 29 fl85 0 you surpassed Alternate translation: “you have done better than” -PRO 31 30 e8cj figs-abstractnouns 0 Elegance is deceptive If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **elegance**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “A gracious woman can deceive people” or “A woman with good manners could really be evil” See how you translated this in [Proverbs 11:16](../11/16.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 31 30 qcq1 figs-abstractnouns 0 beauty is vain If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **beauty**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “a woman who is beautiful now will not always be beautiful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 31 30 k9e4 figs-activepassive 0 she will be praised This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will praise her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 31 31 df11 figs-metaphor 0 the fruit of her hands The money she has earned from the work she did with wool and flax ([Proverbs 31:13](../31/13.md)) is spoken of as if it were fruit growing off a tree. The hands are a synecdoche for the person. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 31:16](./16.md). Alternate translation: “the money she has earned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 31 31 ef6y figs-metonymy 0 let her works praise her in the gates She will be praised for her works, not by her works. Those “in the gates” are the important people of the city who conduct business and legal affairs near the gates of the city. Alternate translation: “may the important people of the city praise her because of the works she has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) diff --git a/tn_PRO.tsv b/tn_PRO.tsv new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e33dce4256 --- /dev/null +++ b/tn_PRO.tsv @@ -0,0 +1,1973 @@ +Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note +front:intro spe4 0 # Introduction to Proverbs\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Proverbs\n\n1. Solomon introduces his proverbs (1:1–7)\n1. Collection of teachings (1:8–9:18)\n1. Proverbs of Solomon (10:1–22:16)\n1. Words of wise men (22:17–24:22)\n1. More words of wise men (24:23–34)\n1. More proverbs of Solomon (25:1–29:27)\n1. The words of Agur (30:1–33)\n1. The words of Lemuel (31:1–9)\n1. A good wife praised (31:10–31)\n\n### What is the book of Proverbs about?\n\nA proverb is a short statement that expresses some wisdom or truth. Most societies have their own proverbs. People that speak a given language can readily understand proverbs in that language.\n\nThe Book of Proverbs is a collection of proverbs. It also includes teachings about how to live wisely. Scholars refer to Proverbs, Psalms, Job, Ecclesiastes, and the Song of Songs as wisdom literature. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]])\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThe title of this book is often translated as “Proverbs.” A more general translation would be “Words for Wise People,” “Words that Give Wisdom,” or something similar.\n\n### Who wrote the book of Proverbs?\n\nProverbs begins with the words, “The Proverbs of Solomon, son of David and King of Israel.” But Solomon did not write all of the proverbs. Unnamed wise men may have written some of them. Agur the son of Jakeh (30:1) and King Lemuel (31:1) identify themselves as writing some of the proverbs.\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What is meant by “wisdom” and “foolishness” in the Book of Proverbs?\n\n“Wisdom” means the understanding and doing of what is true and morally right. A wise person understands and does what Yahweh would judge to be right. Anyone living in this way will also learn to live well with other people and to make good practical decisions in life. The book of Proverbs also acknowledges that it is important to maintain one’s honor or reputation in the opinion of other people. Those who fail to live in this way are called “foolish.” For this reason, it is possible for a person to be very intelligent and still be foolish. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]])\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### What form do the individual proverbs have?\n\nMost proverbs have two parts or two lines that are “parallel” to each other. The second part may strengthen the first, may give more details about the first, or may even say what seems the opposite of the first. Translators should take into account that each proverb is also part of a larger group of proverbs. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])\n\n### How should personification be represented in translation?\n\nIn Proverbs, certain qualities such as wisdom and understanding are often represented as if they were wise women, as in [Proverbs 3:15-18](../03/15.md), [Proverbs 4:6-9](../04/06.md), and elsewhere. In languages where it is possible for a woman figure to represent these qualities, the translator should translate in this way. However, in many languages this kind of direct translation is not possible. In such a case, the translator may be able to translate these personifications as similes instead. This means they would present wisdom or understanding as being like a wise woman whom people should obey. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +1:intro y4et 0 # Proverbs 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThe first chapter of proverbs begins with a type of introduction in verses 1-7. It mentions Solomon, son of David. Verse 7 contains a foundational verse for the whole book. It defines wisdom.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Parallelism\n\nProverbs are often written without any surrounding context and in two lines of text. Each line will have a certain relationship to the other line. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +1:1 q6pn rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nVerses 2-33 are poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]]) +1:2 iaq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns to teach wisdom and instruction 0 This can be reworded so that the abstract nouns “wisdom” and “instruction” can be stated as adjectives or verbs. Alternate translation: “to teach you how to be wise and to instruct you about how to live moral lives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +1:2 rs3p to teach words of insight 0 Alternate translation: “to help you understand wise teachings” +1:3 ew1z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you that you may receive 0 Here “you” refers to the readers. If it is more natural in your language you can state it as an inclusive “we.” Alternate translation: “that we may receive” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) +1:3 aun5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns may receive instruction in order to live 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **instruction**, you could express the same idea with a verb. Alternate translation: “may be instructed how to live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +1:4 be4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns are also to give wisdom to the naive 0 This can be reworded so that If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wisdom**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “wise.” This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “also teach to those who are naive how to be wise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1:4 j62d naive 0 inexperienced or immature +1:4 p2ca rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns to give knowledge and discretion to young people 0 The abstract nouns “knowledge” and “discretion” can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: “and to teach to young people what they need to know and how to discern the right thing to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +1:4 wxv5 discretion 0 knowing what should be done in a particular situation +1:5 lrm2 Let wise people listen and increase their learning 0 Alternate translation: “Let those who are wise pay attention and learn even more” +1:5 r7sn let discerning people get guidance 0 Alternate translation: “let people who have understanding learn from these proverbs how to make good decisions” +1:6 rcl9 riddles 0 sayings that one can understand only after thinking about them +1:7 r9nd General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nA father teaches his child. +1:7 ga71 Yahweh 0 This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this. +1:7 l9za fools despise wisdom and instruction 0 Alternate translation: “those who do not value what is wise and instructive are fools” +1:8 p2x9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom do not lay aside 0 This is an idiom that means “do not ignore” or “do not reject” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +1:9 qxp8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they will be a graceful wreath for your head and pendants hanging from your neck 0 The rules and instructions that parents teach their children are so valuable and important that they are spoken of as if they were a beautiful wreath or pendant that a person wears. Alternate translation: “they will make you wise just as wearing a wreath on your head or a pendant around your neck makes you beautiful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1:9 h55y wreath 0 an woven circle made of leaves or flowers +1:9 l3ql pendants 0 jewelry that is worn around the neck +1:10 y9bt try to entice you into their sin 0 Alternate translation: “try to persuade you to sin as they do” +1:10 e1wu refuse to follow them 0 Alternate translation: “refuse them” or “do not listen to them” +1:11 f89h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo If they say 0 Here the speaker gives an example of what sinners may try to entice someone to do. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +1:11 nvn9 lie in wait 0 Alternate translation: “hide and wait for the right time” +1:12 b8bq General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nVerses 12-14 end the imagined statement of the sinners who are trying to entice others to sin. +1:12 w4w6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Let us swallow them up alive, like Sheol takes away those who are healthy 0 The sinners speak of murdering innocent people as if they were Sheol and they would take a living and healthy person down to the place where dead people go. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1:12 jg5z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Let us swallow & like Sheol takes away 0 This speaks of the grave as if it were a person that swallows humans and takes them down to the place of the dead. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +1:12 kea4 like Sheol takes away those who are healthy 0 The wicked expect to destroy their victims in the same way Sheol, the place of the dead, takes away even healthy people. +1:12 ayt4 make them like those who fall into the pit 0 This could mean: (1) this refers to travelers who fall into a deep hole where no one will ever find them or (2) here “pit” is another word that means Sheol or the place where dead people go. +1:14 x2p6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Throw in your lot with us 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “Join us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +1:14 l56r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy we will all have one purse together 0 Here “purse” represents everything that they steal. Alternate translation: “we will equally share everything that we steal” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1:14 ci4y purse 0 a bag for carrying money +1:15 t25u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor do not walk down that road with them; do not let your foot touch where they walk 0 To avoid behaving the same way as the sinners do is spoken of as if the son were to avoid walking on or even touching the roads that sinners walk on. Alternate translation: “do not go with the sinners or do what they do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1:16 vap2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor their feet run to evil 0 The sinners having an eager interest in doing evil things is spoken of as if they were running to evil. Alternate translation: “they are eager to do wicked things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1:16 v6fc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche their feet run 0 Here “feet” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “they run” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +1:16 m7ui rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy to shed blood 0 Here “blood” represents a person’s life. To “shed blood” means to murder someone. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1:17 g5jd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor For it is useless to spread the net in the sight of any bird 0 This metaphor compares the wisdom of birds who avoid traps that they see to the foolishness of sinners who get caught in traps they make for themselves. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1:18 ulr3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor These men lie in wait for their own blood—they set an ambush for their own lives 0 This finishes the comparison started in [Proverbs 1:17](../01/17.md). The men destroying themselves by doing sinful things is spoken of as if they set a trap and kill themselves. Alternate translation: “But these men are more foolish than the birds. They kill themselves with their own traps” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1:18 b16m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor These men lie in wait for their own blood 0 To lie in wait is to hide, ready to do something wicked. Alternate translation: “It is as if they are looking for an opportunity to kill themselves” or “They themselves will be killed because they try to kill others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1:18 vs5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy their own blood 0 Here “blood” is a metonym for a violent death. Alternate translation: “to kill themselves violently” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1:18 rih3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy they set an ambush for their own lives 0 Here “their own lives” is a metonym for themselves. Alternate translation: “it is as if they are the ones who are waiting to suddenly attack and kill them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1:19 fz7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor So are the ways of everyone 0 A person’s fate or destiny is spoken of as if it were a road a person walks on. Alternate translation: “This is what happens to everyone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1:19 su23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor unjust gain takes away the lives of those who hold on to it 0 A person destroying themselves by trying to gain wealth through violence, theft, and deceit is spoken of as if the unjust gains will kill those who take it. Alternate translation: “it is like the unjust gains will destroy those who hold on to it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1:20 xza5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nIn 1:20-1:33 Wisdom is spoken of as if it were a woman speaking to the people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +1:20 pj5i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Wisdom cries aloud 0 If your language does not allow you to treat wisdom as a woman shouting to the people in the city, you might try something like “Grandmother Wisdom cries aloud” or “Honored Miss Wisdom cries aloud” or “Wisdom is like a woman who cries aloud” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +1:20 u7zc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom raises her voice 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “speaks with a loud voice” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +1:20 pj5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit in the open places 0 This means places where there would be a lot of people. Alternate translation: “in the markets” or “in the town squares” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +1:21 ggk1 at the head of the noisy streets 0 This could mean: (1) “head” refers to the place where busy streets intersect or (2) “head” refers to the top of a wall where people on noisy streets could see and hear wisdom speaking. +1:22 jk3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion How long, you naive people, will you love being naive? 0 Wisdom uses this question to rebuke those who are not wise. Alternate translation: “You who are naive must stop loving being naive.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +1:22 v3nj naive 0 inexperienced or immature +1:22 j83h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion How long, you mockers, will you delight in mockery, and how long, you fools, will you hate knowledge? 0 Wisdom uses this question to rebuke the mockers and the fools. Alternate translation: “You who mock must stop delighting in mockery, and you fools must stop hating knowledge.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +1:23 uv1b Pay attention 0 Alternate translation: “Listen carefully” +1:23 t4c9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will pour out my thoughts to you 0 Wisdom telling the people everything she thinks about them is spoken of as if her thoughts were a liquid that she would pour out. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1:23 c7ci I will make my words known to you 0 Alternate translation: “I will tell you what I think” +1:24 i835 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom I reached out with my hand 0 This phrase is an idiom that means to beckon someone or to invite a person to come. Alternate translation: “I invited you to come to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +1:26 r8lx rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases I will laugh 0 This can be stated with the word “therefore” to show that the woman wisdom laughs at them because they ignored her. Alternate translation: “Therefore I will laugh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) +1:26 p97h at your calamity 0 Alternate translation: “when bad things happen to you” +1:27 kd9m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile when your fearful dread comes like a storm & like a whirlwind & come upon you 0 Terrible things happening to the people is compared to a storm hitting them and causing fear and suffering. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +1:27 uy59 whirlwind 0 a very strong wind storm that causes damage +1:28 m9t9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 Wisdom continues speaking. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +1:28 g5w7 Then they will call upon me 0 Alternate translation: “Then those who ignored me will cry out to me for help” +1:29 xk1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Because they hate knowledge 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **knowledge**, you could express the same idea with the verb “learn.” Alternate translation: “Because they refused to learn to be wise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +1:29 iu3z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns did not choose the fear of Yahweh 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **fear**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “did not fear Yahweh” or “did not honor and respect Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +1:30 h1ds would not follow my instruction 0 Alternate translation: “would not accept my instruction” or “rejected my advice” +1:31 nr9k General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nVerse 33 ends wisdom’s statement that began in [Proverbs 1:22](../01/22.md). +1:31 wkf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor eat the fruit of their ways 0 Here a person’s behavior is spoken of as if it were a way or road. Also, a person receiving the results of their behavior is spoken as if the person were eating the fruit of their behavior. Alternate translation: “experience the consequences of their actions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1:31 c1jc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor with the fruit of their schemes they will be filled 0 “they will eat the fruit of their schemes until they are full.” A person receiving the results of their own evil plans is spoken of as eating the fruit of their schemes. Alternate translation: “they will suffer the consequences of their own evil plans” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1:32 t8af naive 0 inexperienced or immature +1:32 d3pk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor are killed when they turn away 0 A person rejecting wisdom is spoken of as if the person physically turns away from wisdom. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “die because they refuse to learn” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1:32 le64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns the indifference of fools will destroy them 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **indifference**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “fools will die because they do not care about what should be done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +1:32 cmi9 indifference 0 a lack of interest about something +2:intro wr6i 0 # Proverbs 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 2 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### My Son\nOccasionally, the author addresses a proverb to “my son.” This is not intended to restrict the words of that proverb to only males. Instead, it is simply a form used to pass on advice as a father does to his son. +2:1 gj7r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nA father teaches his child using poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +2:1 wtm1 if you receive my words 0 Alternate translation: “if you listen to what I am teaching you” +2:1 jh3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor treasure up my commandments with you 0 Valuing what is commanded is spoken of as if the commandments were a treasure and the person were a safe place to store the treasure. Alternate translation: “consider my commands to be as valuable as a treasure” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2:2 an5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom make your ears pay attention 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “force yourself to listen carefully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +2:2 w1il rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns to wisdom 0 This abstract noun can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “to the wise things I am teaching you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +2:2 gme3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy incline your heart to understanding 0 Here “heart” represents a person’s mind. The phrase “incline your heart” is an idiom that means to commit or fully dedicate one’s mind to a task. Alternate translation: “try hard to understand what is wise” or “fully dedicate yourself to understanding wise teachings” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +2:3 j5n7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism If you cry out for understanding and raise your voice for it 0 Both of these phrases have the same meaning. It is implied that the person is strongly asking Yahweh for understanding. Alternate translation: “If you urgently ask God and plead for understanding” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +2:3 q192 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom raise your voice 0 This is an idiom that means to speak loudly or to shout. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +2:4 ci1k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism if you seek it like you would seek silver and search for understanding as you would seek hidden treasures 0 Both phrases have the same meaning. These similes emphasize the great effort a person should make to understand what is wise. Alternate translation: “if you seek understanding with as much effort as you search for a valuable object” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +2:4 ll3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you seek it & search for understanding 0 Trying very hard to understand what is wise is spoken of as if understanding were an object for which a person must search. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2:5 h49h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you will find the knowledge of God 0 To succeed in knowing God is spoken of as if the knowledge of God were an object that a person finds after searching. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2:6 g5bj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche from his mouth comes knowledge and understanding 0 Here “mouth” represents Yahweh himself or what he says. Alternate translation: “from Yahweh comes knowledge and understanding” or “Yahweh tells us what we need to know and understand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +2:7 jn6b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He stores up sound wisdom for those who please him 0 Yahweh teaching wisdom to people is spoken of as if wisdom were an item that Yahweh stores and gives to people. Alternate translation: “He teaches what is truly wise to those who please him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2:7 dv7k sound 0 Alternate translation: “dependable” +2:7 m2mi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he is a shield for those 0 Yahweh being able to protect his people is spoken of as if he were a shield. Alternate translation: “God protects those” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2:7 u4zr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor who walk in integrity 0 A person behaving with integrity is spoken of as if they were walking in integrity. Alternate translation: “who behave with integrity” or “who live their lives as they should” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2:8 qt7r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he guards the paths of justice 0 This could mean: (1) justice itself is spoken of as if it were a path. Alternate translation: “God makes sure that people act justly” or (2) a person’s life is spoken of as if it were a path. Alternate translation: “God protects those who act justly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2:8 t2qd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor preserve the way of his faithful ones 0 A person’s life is spoken of as if it were a way or road. Alternate translation: “protect those who are faithful to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2:9 qn9x equity 0 fairness +2:9 ex8y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor every good path 0 A behavior that is wise and pleases Yahweh is spoken of as if it were a good path. Alternate translation: “ways to live that are pleasing to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2:10 kf4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy wisdom will come into your heart 0 Here “heart” represents a person’s inner being. A person becoming wise is spoken of as if wisdom would enter into a person’s heart. Alternate translation: “you will gain much wisdom” or “you will learn how to be truly wise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2:10 z4e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche pleasant to your soul 0 Here “soul” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “pleasing to you” or “enjoyable to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +2:11 jbm7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Discretion will watch over you, understanding will guard you 0 This speaks of “discretion” and “understanding” as if they were persons who could watch over someone else. Both statements mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “Because you think carefully and understand what is right and wrong you will be safe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +2:11 q2th Discretion 0 the quality of being careful in actions and speech +2:11 dnu8 watch over 0 to guard, protect or take care of someone or something +2:12 ix2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification They will rescue you from the way of evil 0 “They” refers to discretion and understanding, which are spoken of as if they were persons who could rescue someone else. Alternate translation: “You will know to stay away from what is evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +2:12 vs4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor from the way of evil 0 Evil behaviors are spoken of as if evil were a way or path on which a person walks. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2:13 a5k8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor who abandon the right paths and walk in the ways of darkness 0 A person no longer doing what is right but deciding to do what is evil is spoken of as if the person stops walking on the correct path and chooses to walk down a dark path. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2:13 tc6p who abandon 0 The word “who” refers to the people who speak perverse things. +2:13 q9by abandon 0 to leave and never return to someone or something +2:14 e571 They rejoice 0 “They” refers to the same people as in [Proverbs 2:12](../02/12.md). +2:14 t4yz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism delight in the perversities of evil 0 This means basically the same thing as the first part of the sentence. Alternate translation: “delight in doing what they know is evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +2:15 jpq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor They follow crooked paths 0 People who lie to others are spoken of as if they walk on crooked or twisted paths. Alternate translation: “They deceive other people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2:15 lsl5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor using deception they hide their tracks 0 People lying so that others will not find out what they did is spoken of as if they covered the tracks on a path so that no one could follow them. Alternate translation: “they lie so that no one will know what they have done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2:16 p5k9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Wisdom and discretion will save you 0 The writer speaks of wisdom and discretion as if they were people who save the one who possesses them. Alternate translation: “If you have wisdom and discretion, you will save yourself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +2:17 c2iu the companion of her youth 0 This refers to her husband, whom she married when she was young. +2:17 awb4 the covenant of her God 0 This likely refers to the marriage covenant that she made with her husband in the presence of God. +2:18 dn9d her house sinks down to death 0 This could mean: (1) “going to her house leads to death” or (2) “the road to her house is the road to death.” +2:18 kl7y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor her tracks will lead you 0 This could mean: (1) “the paths to her house will lead you.” This refers to the tracks or path that lead to her house, or (2) this is a metaphor that speaks of her way of life as if it were a path on which she walks. Alternate translation: “her way of life will lead you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2:18 hwl4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy to those in the grave 0 This refers to the spirits of dead people and is a metonym for the place of the dead. Alternate translation: “to the grave” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2:19 n7tg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism go in to her 0 This means to go into her house to sleep with her, as one would with a prostitute. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +2:19 zg4r they will not find the paths of life 0 This could mean: (1) “they will not return to the land of the living” or (2) “they will never live a happy life again.” +2:20 ts71 So 0 The writer tells the result of getting understanding and discretion. +2:20 fiw6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you will walk in the way & follow the paths 0 A person’s conduct is spoken of as if it were walking on a path. Alternate translation: “you will live in the way … follow the example” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2:22 r5sm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the wicked will be cut off from the land 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh removing people from the land as if he were cutting the people off, like a person might cut a branch from a tree. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will remove the wicked from the land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +2:22 w94m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the wicked & the faithless 0 These are nominal adjectives that can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “those who are wicked … those who are faithless” or “wicked people … faithless people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +2:22 cmv9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the faithless will be cut off from it 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh removing people from the land as if he were cutting the people off, like a person might cut a branch from a tree. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he will remove the faithless from it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +3:intro a94e 0 # Proverbs 3 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 3 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### My Son\nOccasionally, the author addresses a proverb to “my son.” This is not intended to restrict the words of that proverb to only males. Instead, it is simply a form used to pass on advice as a father does to his son.\n\n### Wisdom is feminine\n\nYou may notice that wisdom is referenced using a feminine pronoun. This is a feature that is carried in from the Hebrew language. This may apply well in your language but if it does not, follow the conventions of your language. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) +3:1 p6r4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe writer speaks as a father teaching his child using poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +3:1 f5cv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns do not forget my commands 0 The word “commands” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “do not forget what I command you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +3:1 tk78 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism keep my teachings in your heart 0 This phrase says in positive terms what the previous phrase says in negative terms. Here the word “heart” represents the mind. The word “teachings” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “always remember what I teach you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +3:2 r3ia rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet for the length of your days and years of your life 0 These two phrases share similar meanings and refer to the duration of a person’s life. Alternate translation: “all your life” or “as long as you live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +3:3 w5in rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Do not let covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness ever leave you 0 The writer speaks of “covenant faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” as if they were people who could leave someone. The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” can be stated as “faithful” and “trustworthy.” And, the negative command can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “Always be trustworthy and be faithful to the covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +3:3 xj6j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor tie them together about your neck 0 The writer speaks of faithfulness and trustworthiness as if they were objects that a person could tie around the neck like a necklace. The image suggests that these are valuable things that the person displays outwardly. Alternate translation: “display them proudly like one would wear a necklace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +3:3 i4pt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy write them on the tablet of your heart 0 Here the heart represents a person’s mind. The mind is spoken of as if it were a tablet upon which someone can write messages and commands. Alternate translation: “always remember them, as if you had written them permanently on a tablet” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +3:4 g3fy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor in the sight of God and man 0 Here sight represents judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “in the judgment of God and man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +3:5 w345 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy all your heart 0 Here the word “heart” represents the inner person. Alternate translation: “your whole being” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +3:5 m1v4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor do not lean on your own understanding 0 The writer speaks of relying on one’s own understanding as if “understanding” were an object on which a person can lean. Alternate translation: “do not rely on your own understanding” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +3:6 c7br rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor in all your ways 0 The writer speaks of a person’s actions as if they were paths on which the person walks. Alternate translation: “in everything you do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +3:6 m1v6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he will make your paths straight 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh making a person’s actions prosperous as if that person’s actions were paths on which he walks and which Yahweh makes free of obstacles. Alternate translation: “he will give you success” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +3:7 y6is rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Do not be wise in your own eyes 0 The writer speaks of a person’s opinion as if that person were seeing something with his eyes. Alternate translation: “Do not be wise in your own opinion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +3:7 au5s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor turn away from evil 0 The writer speaks of not committing evil actions as if it were turning away from evil. Alternate translation: “do not commit evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +3:8 du95 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit It will be healing to your flesh 0 The word “it” refers to the instructions that the writer gives in the previous verse. The full meaning of this can be made clear. The word “flesh” represents the whole body. Alternate translation: “If you do this, it will be healing for your body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +3:9 thp2 all your produce 0 Alternate translation: “all the food you harvest” +3:10 z9am rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive your storehouses will be filled up 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “your storehouses will be full” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +3:10 y7db storehouses 0 buildings or rooms where food is stored +3:10 vtx6 your vats will be bursting 0 your storage containers will be extremely full, as if ready to break open. +3:11 f4sx General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe writer writes as a father teaching his son. +3:12 gpk5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit a son who pleases him 0 “a son in whom he delights.” This refers to the father’s affection for the son, and not to the father’s approval of the son’s behavior. Alternate translation: “a son whom he loves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +3:13 d1nq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The one who finds wisdom 0 The writer speaks of “wisdom” as if it were an object that one finds. Alternate translation: “The one who attains wisdom” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +3:14 gy74 what silver will give in return 0 This refers to the profit that one can make from trading or investing silver. +3:15 y2yl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe author speaks of wisdom as if it were a woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +3:15 vxz8 more precious 0 Alternate translation: “more valuable” +3:16 p6g3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification She has the length of her days in her right hand; in her left hand are riches and honor 0 The writer speak of the benefits that one gains from having wisdom as if wisdom were a woman who held these qualities in her hands and offered them to people. Alternate translation: “Wisdom gives a person length of days and riches and honor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +3:16 k6ir rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom length of her days 0 This idiom refers to the duration of person’s life and may imply a long life. Alternate translation: “long life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +3:17 mfb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Her ways are ways of kindness and all her paths are peace 0 The writer speaks of wisdom as if it were a woman and of the benefits that wisdom gives a person as if wisdom were leading that person along a path. Alternate translation: “Wisdom will always treat you kindly and give you peace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +3:18 le9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor She is a tree of life to those who take hold of it 0 The writer speaks of wisdom as if it were a tree that bears life-giving fruit and of a person who benefits from wisdom as if that person ate of the fruit. Alternate translation: “Wisdom is like a tree that sustains the life of those who eat of its fruit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +3:18 l7hn a tree of life 0 Alternate translation: “a tree that gives life” or “a tree whose fruit sustains life” +3:18 ka8x those who hold on to it 0 Alternate translation: “those who hold on to its fruit” +3:19 c1nf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh founded the earth & established the heavens 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh creating the earth and the heavens as if he were laying the foundation of a building. Alternate translation: “Yahweh created the earth … made the heavens” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +3:20 ulw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the depths broke open 0 In ancient thought, water existed under the earth. This phrase refers to Yahweh causing that water to come out of the earth and make the oceans and rivers exist. Alternate translation: “he caused the rivers to flow” or “he caused the oceans to exist” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +3:20 b6d2 dew 0 water that forms on the ground at night +3:21 xa9f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor do not lose sight of them 0 The writer speaks of not forgetting something as if it were always being able to see it. Alternate translation: “do not forget them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +3:22 mr5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche They will be life to your soul 0 Here the word “soul” represents the person. Alternate translation: “They will be life for you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +3:22 x4q3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor an adornment of favor to wear around your neck 0 The writer speaks of “sound judgment” and “discernment” as if they were objects that a person could tie around the neck like a necklace. The image suggests that these are valuable things that the person displays outwardly. Alternate translation: “a display of favor like one would adorn themselves with a necklace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +3:22 r2k8 adornment of favor 0 This could mean: (1) “a favorable adornment” or (2) “an adornment that displays Yahweh’s favor.” +3:23 k64j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you will walk on your way in safety 0 The writer speaks of living one’s life as if the person were walking along a path. Alternate translation: “you will live your life in safety” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +3:23 d5hd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche your foot will not stumble 0 The word “foot” represents the whole person. The writer speaks of doing wrong as if a person stumbled over an object in his path. Alternate translation: “you will not do things that are wrong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +3:24 f69h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit when you lie down 0 It is implied that a person lies down in order to sleep. The meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “when you lie down to sleep” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +3:24 q2v4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor your sleep will be sweet 0 The writer speaks of sleep that is peaceful and refreshing as if it tasted sweet to the person sleeping. The word “sleep” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “your sleep will be pleasant” or “you will sleep peacefully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +3:25 ds94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive devastation caused by the wicked, when it comes 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “when the wicked cause devastation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +3:26 aw88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Yahweh will be on your side 0 “Yahweh will be by your side.” A person standing by another person’s side is an idiom that means that the one person will help and support the other. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will support and defend you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +3:26 z3ye rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will keep your foot from being caught in a trap 0 The writer speaks of a person experiencing harm from “terror” and “devastation” as if the person were caught in a trap. The word “foot” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “will protect you from those who want to harm you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +3:27 yl8a Do not withhold good 0 Alternate translation: “Do not withhold good things” or “Do not withhold good actions” +3:27 sqz5 when it is in your power to act 0 Alternate translation: “when you are able to help” +3:28 e1qg when you have the money with you 0 “when you have the money with you now.” The meaning here is that the person has the money to help today, but tells his neighbor to come back tomorrow. +3:31 pae7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Do not & choose any of his ways 0 It is implied that he is not to choose to imitate the actions of the violent person. Alternate translation: “Do not … choose to imitate any of his ways” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +3:32 eu7k the devious person is detestable to Yahweh 0 Alternate translation: “Yahweh detests the devious person” +3:32 n8ed the devious person 0 the person who is dishonest or deceitful +3:32 uy1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit he brings the upright person into his confidence 0 Yahweh shares his thoughts with the those who do right as with a close, trusted friend. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is a close friend to the upright” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +3:33 h6ns rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The curse of Yahweh is on the house of the wicked person 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh’s curse as if it were an object that he placed on top of the wicked person’s house. The word “house” is a metonym for family. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has cursed the family of the wicked person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +3:33 q866 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy he blesses the home of righteous people 0 The word “home” represents the family. Alternate translation: “he blesses the families of righteous people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +3:34 kb65 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he gives his favor to humble people 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh’s favor as if it were an object that he gives to people. Alternate translation: “he shows his favor to humble people” or “he is gracious to humble people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +3:35 y7vz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Wise people inherit honor 0 The writer speaks of wise people obtaining a reputation of honor as if they inherited honor as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “Wise people will obtain honor” or “Wise people will gain an honorable reputation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +3:35 b6jx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor fools will be lifted up in their shame 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh making the shame of fools evident to everyone as if Yahweh were lifting fools up for everyone to see them. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cause everyone to see the shame of fools” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +4:intro z4ah 0 # Proverbs 4 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 4 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### My Son\nOccasionally, the author addresses a proverb to “my son.” This is not intended to restrict the words of that proverb to only males. Instead, it is simply a form used to pass on advice as a father does to his son.\n\n### Wisdom is feminine\n\nYou may notice that wisdom is referenced using a feminine pronoun. This is a feature that is carried in from the Hebrew language. This may apply well in your language but if it does not, follow the conventions of your language. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) +4:1 hqv1 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe writer speaks as a father teaching his children. +4:1 zck6 pay attention 0 Alternate translation: “listen carefully” +4:1 s4lm you will know what understanding is 0 Alternate translation: “you will know how to understand” or “you will gain understanding” +4:2 paf3 I am giving you good instructions 0 Alternate translation: “What I am teaching you is good” +4:3 y999 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit When I was a son of my father 0 This refers to the time when the writer was a child still living under his father’s care. Alternate translation: “When I was still a boy learning from my father” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +4:3 n5ke rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys the tender and only child 0 Here the word “tender” refers to a young age at which the child is still weak. It forms a hendiadys with the word “only.” Alternate translation: “the tender only child” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) +4:4 b7y3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Let your heart hold fast to my words 0 Here the word “heart” represents the person’s mind. The writer speaks of remembering words as if the heart were holding on tightly to them. Alternate translation: “Always remember what I am teaching you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +4:5 ft42 Acquire wisdom 0 Alternate translation: “Work hard to gain for yourself wisdom” or “Get wisdom” +4:5 fb3y do not forget 0 Alternate translation: “remember” +4:5 m3uv do not reject 0 Alternate translation: “accept” +4:5 su5g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the words of my mouth 0 Here the word “mouth” represents the person who speaks. Alternate translation: “what I am saying” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +4:6 zc73 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification do not abandon wisdom and she will watch over you; love her and she will keep you safe 0 The writer speaks of wisdom as if it were a woman who protects the person who is faithful to her. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +4:6 vrf5 do not abandon wisdom 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “hold tightly to wisdom” or “be faithful to wisdom” +4:6 h75g love her 0 Alternate translation: “love wisdom” +4:7 zu2p General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe father finishes teaching his children what his father taught him. +4:7 guq5 spend all you own so you can get understanding 0 Alternate translation: “value understanding more than all you own” +4:8 pa2i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Cherish wisdom and she will exalt you 0 The writer speaks of wisdom as if it were a woman and of wisdom giving great honor to a person as if wisdom lifted that person to a high position. Alternate translation: “If you cherish wisdom, she will give you great honor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +4:8 x13z Cherish 0 to feel or show great love for someone or something +4:8 k4fl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification she will honor you when you embrace her 0 The writer speaks of wisdom as if it were a woman and of a person valuing wisdom as if the person placed his arms around her. Alternate translation: “if you love wisdom greatly, wisdom will cause people to honor you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +4:9 z38e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor She will put a wreath of honor on your head 0 The writer speaks of the honor that a person will have from gaining wisdom as if wisdom placed a wreath upon that person’s head. Alternate translation: “Wisdom will be like a wreath on your head that shows your great honor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +4:9 beu8 wreath 0 a woven circle made of leaves or flowers +4:9 z184 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor she will give you a beautiful crown 0 The writer speaks of the honor that a person will have from gaining wisdom as if wisdom placed a crown upon that person’s head. Alternate translation: “wisdom will be like a beautiful crown on your head” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +4:10 p1f4 pay attention to my words 0 Alternate translation: “listen carefully to what I teach you” +4:10 l7bx you will have many years in your life 0 Alternate translation: “you will live many years” +4:11 h1ql rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I direct you in the way of wisdom; I lead you down straight paths 0 The writer speaks of teaching his son to live wisely as if he were leading his son along the paths where one may find wisdom. Alternate translation: “I am teaching you how to live wisely; I am explaining the right way to live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +4:12 xxp4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor When you walk, no one will stand in your way and if you run, you will not stumble 0 These two lines share similar meanings. The writer speaks of the decisions and actions that a person makes as if that person were walking or running along a path and of the person being successful as if the path were free of obstacles that might make the person stumble. Alternate translation: “When you plan something, you will succeed in doing it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +4:13 d7gk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Hold on to instruction, do not let it go 0 The writer speaks of a person remembering what he has learned as if “instruction” were an object that the person can hold tightly. Alternate translation: “Continue to obey what I have taught you and never forget it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +4:13 ljf9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy for it is your life 0 The writer speaks of discipline preserving a person’s life as if it were that person’s life. Alternate translation: “for it will preserve your life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +4:14 gi8l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Do not follow the path of the wicked and do not go along the way of those who do evil 0 The writer speaks of a person’s actions as if that person were walking along a path. Alternate translation: “Do not do what wicked people do and do not join in the actions of people who do evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +4:15 cr8d Avoid it 0 Alternate translation: “Avoid the path of the wicked” +4:16 n1jz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole they cannot sleep until they do evil 0 They probably could literally sleep, but the writer uses an exaggeration to express how intensely they desire to commit evil actions. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +4:16 a2jq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole they are robbed of sleep 0 The writer speaks of people being unable to sleep as if sleep were an object that someone stole from them. They probably could literally sleep, but the writer uses an exaggeration to express how intensely they desire to commit evil actions. Alternate translation: “they are unable to sleep” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +4:16 bvp7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor until they cause someone to stumble 0 The writer speaks of causing harm to another person as if it were causing that person to stumble. Alternate translation: “until they harm someone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +4:17 vfi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they eat the bread of wickedness and drink the wine of violence 0 This could mean: (1) this is a metaphor in which the writer speaks of these people constantly committing wickedness and violence as if they ate and drank them like one would drink bread and wine. Alternate translation: “wickedness is like the bread that they eat and violence is like the wine that they drink” or (2) these people get their food and drink by committing wickedness and violence. Alternate translation: “they eat bread that they obtain by doing wicked things and drink wine that they obtain through violence” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +4:18 w7hu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the path of righteous people 0 The writer speaks of the actions and lifestyles of righteous people as if they were a “path” or “way” upon which they walk. Alternate translation: “the lifestyle of righteous people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +4:18 etf9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile the path of righteous people is like the first light that grows brighter 0 The writer compares the path of righteous people to the sunrise, meaning that they are safe because they have light to see where they are walking. Alternate translation: “righteous people walk along their path safely because the morning sun shines on it and grows brighter” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +4:18 i5k7 the first light 0 This refers to the dawn or sunrise. +4:18 jv88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom until the fullness of the day comes 0 This refers to the time of day at which the sun shines the brightest. Alternate translation: “until the sun shines most brightly” or “until full daylight” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +4:19 bqj5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The way of the wicked 0 The writer speaks of the actions and lifestyles of wicked people as if they were a “path” or “way” upon which they walk. Alternate translation: “The lifestyle of the wicked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +4:19 mj9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile The way of the wicked is like darkness 0 The writer compares the way of wicked people to darkness, meaning that they are always in danger because they have no light to see where they are walking. Alternate translation: “Wicked people walk dangerously along their path because they have no light to be able to see” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +4:19 m9yh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they do not know what it is they stumble over 0 The writer speaks of experiencing harm as if it were stumbling over an object in the path along which the person walks. Alternate translation: “they do not know why they experience harm and misfortune” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +4:20 w8jd pay attention 0 Alternate translation: “listen carefully” +4:20 kji2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche incline your ear to my sayings 0 Here the word “ear” represents the person who is listening. The writer speaks of listening attentively to someone as if it were leaning forward so that the ear is closer to the one speaking. The word “sayings” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “listen attentively to the things that I am saying” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +4:21 zdv5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Do not let them turn away from your eyes 0 The writer speaks of always thinking about something as if it were keeping it where one can see it. Alternate translation: “Do not stop thinking about them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +4:21 a189 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor keep them in your heart 0 The writer speaks of remembering something as if it were keeping it within one’s heart. Alternate translation: “always remember them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +4:22 jnu1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy my words are life 0 The writer speaks of his words preserving a person’s life as if they were that person’s life. Alternate translation: “my words give life” or “the things I say give life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +4:22 lby5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor to those who find them 0 The writer speaks of fully understanding his words as if the person searches for them and finds them. Alternate translation: “to those who understand and practice them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +4:22 d57y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis health to their whole body 0 The word “their” refers to “those who find them.” The subject for this phrase can be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “my words will give health to the whole body of those who find them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +4:23 pf19 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Keep your heart safe and guard it 0 Here the word “heart” represents a person’s mind and thoughts. Alternate translation: “Keep your mind safe and guard your thoughts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +4:23 klv3 with all diligence 0 with constant and earnest effort +4:23 n8vd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy from it flow the springs of life 0 The word “it” refers to the heart, which is a metonym for the mind and thoughts. The writer speaks of a person’s life as if it were a flowing spring that originates from the heart. Alternate translation: “from your thoughts comes everything you say and do” or “your thoughts determine your course of life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +4:24 a2sw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Put crooked speech away from you and put corrupt talk far from you 0 The writer speaks of lying or deceitful speech as if it were crooked and of a person not using this kind of language as if it were removing it far away from oneself. Alternate translation: “Do not lie and do not speak deceitfully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +4:25 il8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Let your eyes look straight ahead and fix your gaze straight before you 0 Here the word “eyes” represents the person who is looking. The writer speaks of a person being committed to doing the right thing as if that person were constantly looking forward without turning his head to look in another direction. Alternate translation: “Always look straight ahead and fix your gaze straight before you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +4:26 nt2z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Make a level path for your foot 0 Here the word “foot” represents the person who is walking. The writer speaks of a person’s actions as if he were walking along a path, and of planning those actions carefully as if it were making that path level. Alternate translation: “Make a level path to walk on” or “Prepare well what you want to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +4:26 g2a2 a level path 0 Alternate translation: “a smooth path” or “an even path” +4:26 xyn9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor then all your ways will be secure 0 The writer speaks of a person’s actions as if the person were walking along a path and of those actions being successful as if the path were safe and secure. Alternate translation: “then everything that you do will be right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +4:27 h89u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism Do not turn aside to the right or to the left 0 The directions “right” and “left” form a merism, meaning that the person is not to leave the level path in any direction. Alternate translation: “Walk straight ahead and do not leave the level path” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +4:27 j3tn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche turn your foot away from evil 0 Here the word “foot” represents the person who walks. The writer speaks of not committing evil actions as if the person were walking away from evil. Alternate translation: “turn away from evil” or “stay away from evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +5:intro jxf1 0 # Proverbs 5 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 5 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### My Son\nOccasionally, the author addresses a proverb to “my son.” This is not intended to restrict the words of that proverb to only males. Instead, it is simply a form used to pass on advice as a father does to his son.\n\n### Adulteress\n\nThis chapter is unusual because it holds a theme about the adulteress and warns the young man to avoid her. An adulteress is a woman who commits adultery. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/adultery]]) +5:1 vi27 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe writer speaks as a father teaching his children. +5:1 nl9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche incline your ears 0 Here the word “ears” represents the person who is listening. The writer speaks of listening attentively to someone as if it were leaning forward so that the ears are closer to the one speaking. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 4:20](../04/20.md). Alternate translation: “listen attentively” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +5:2 cei4 discretion 0 Discretion is the quality of being careful with regard to one’s actions and speech. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 1:4](../01/04.md). +5:2 la7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche your lips may protect knowledge 0 Here the word “lips” represents the person who speaks. The writer speaks of a person being careful only to say what is true as if the person’s lips were protecting knowledge. Alternate translation: “you will speak only what is true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +5:3 zxr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the lips of an adulteress drip with honey 0 This could mean: (1) the word “lips” represents the words of the adulteress and the writer speaks of the attractiveness of her words as if her lips dripped with honey. Alternate translation: “the words of an adulteress are sweet, as if dripping with honey” or (2) the writer speaks of the allure of kissing the adulteress as if her lips dripped with honey. Alternate translation: “the kisses of an adulteress are sweet, as if her lips dripped with honey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +5:3 z9rm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy her mouth is smoother than oil 0 This could mean: (1) the word “mouth” represents the speech of the adulteress and the writer speaks of the persuasiveness of her speech as if her mouth were smoother than olive oil. Alternate translation: “her speech is persuasive and smoother than olive oil” or (2) the writer speaks of the pleasure of kissing the adulteress as if her mouth were smoother than oil. Alternate translation: “her kisses are smoother than olive oil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +5:4 pd3g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor but in the end she is as bitter as wormwood 0 The writer speaks of the harm that comes from having a relationship with an adulteress as if she tasted as bitter as wormwood. Alternate translation: “but in the end, she is like bitter-tasting wormwood and will cause you harm” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +5:4 m3sn wormwood 0 a plant that tastes bitter +5:4 jy84 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor cutting like a sharp sword 0 The writer speaks of the pain that the adulteress will cause to the one who has a relationship with her as if she were a sharp weapon that cuts the person. Alternate translation: “she wounds a person, as if she were a sharp sword” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +5:5 kc88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Her feet go down to death 0 Here “her feet” represent the adulteress as she walks. The writer speaks of her conduct as if she were walking along a path. Alternate translation: “She is walking along a path that leads to death” or “Her lifestyle leads to death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +5:5 g7qf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor her steps go all the way to Sheol 0 The writer speaks of her conduct as if she were walking along a path. Alternate translation: “she walks all the way to Sheol” or “her conduct takes her all the way to Sheol” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +5:6 nxc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor She gives no thought to the path of life 0 The writer speaks of behavior that gives a person long life as if it were a path that leads to life. Alternate translation: “She does not think about walking along the path that leads to life” or “She is not concerned about conduct that leads to life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +5:6 iki3 Her footsteps wander 0 This could mean: (1) “She wanders about as if she were lost” or (2) “She walks along the wrong path.” +5:7 dwp8 Now 0 Here the teacher shifts from warning about the adulteress to giving advice. +5:7 ry9i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism listen to me & do not turn away from listening 0 These two phrases express the same idea to make the student pay attention. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +5:7 e4q8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor do not turn away from listening 0 The writer speaks of stopping an action as if the person physically turned away from it. Alternate translation: “do not stop listening” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +5:7 ih1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the words of my mouth 0 Here the word “mouth” represents the person who is speaking. Alternate translation: “my words” or “what I am saying” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +5:8 y32e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Keep your path far away from her 0 Here the word “path” represents the person’s daily conduct and circumstances. Alternate translation: “Keep yourself far away from her” or “Stay away from her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +5:8 jw5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche do not come near the door of her house 0 Here “the door of her house” represents the house itself. It may be more appropriate to use the word “go” instead of “come” since the latter might imply that the speaker is at the door of her house. Alternate translation: “do not go near the door of her house” or “do not even go near her house” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) +5:9 pl7u In that way 0 “If you do this.” This phrase refers to what he has just said in previous verses. +5:9 b54w you will not give away your honor to others 0 Possible meanings for the word **honor** are: (1) it refers to one’s reputation. Alternate translation: “You will not lose your good reputation among other people” or (2) it refers to one’s wealth and possessions. Alternate translation: “You will not give away your wealth to other people” or (3) it refers to strength and represents the prime years of one’s life. Alternate translation: “You will not give away the best times of your life to other people” +5:9 bc5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis or years of your life to a cruel person 0 The writer speaks of a person dying prematurely, possibly by murder, as if the years of his life were items that he gives away to another person. The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “or give years of your life to a cruel person” or “or cause a cruel person to kill you while you are still young” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +5:9 yb9a a cruel person 0 This may refer to the husband of the adulteress, who will deal cruelly with the person who sleeps with her. +5:10 d9br rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor strangers will not feast on your wealth 0 The writer speaks of people taking and enjoying another person’s wealth as if they were feasting on the wealth. Alternate translation: “strangers will not take all of your wealth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +5:10 ksf3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy what you have worked for will not go into the house of strangers 0 Here the word “house” represents the person’s family. Alternate translation: “the things that you have obtained will not end up belonging to the families of strangers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +5:11 la5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet your flesh and your body waste away 0 The words “flesh” and “body” mean basically the same thing and represent the whole person. Alternate translation: “your body wastes away” or “you waste away” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +5:11 i4yh waste away 0 Alternate translation: “physically wear down” or “become weak and unhealthy” +5:12 x4di rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism I hated instruction & my heart despised correction 0 These two phrases express the same idea and emphasize how much this person disliked what the teacher had said. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +5:12 m4gr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations How I hated instruction 0 The word “How” is an exclamation that emphasizes the strength of his hatred. The word “instruction” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “I hated it so much when someone would instruct me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +5:12 b7lf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche my heart despised correction 0 Here the word “heart” represents the person and his emotions. The word “correction” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “I despised people when they corrected me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +5:13 kvf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche incline my ear to my instructors 0 Here the word “ear” represents the person who is listening. The writer speaks of listening attentively to someone as if it were leaning forward so that the ear is closer to the one speaking. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Proverbs 4:20](../04/20.md). Alternate translation: “listen to those who instructed me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +5:14 he4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism in the midst of the assembly, among the gathering of the people 0 These two phrases mean basically the same thing and refer to the person’s community that has gathered together either: (1) to worship God or (2) to judge him for his offense. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +5:15 f76j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism water from your own cistern & running water from your own well 0 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The writer speaks of a man sleeping only with his wife as if he drank water only from his own cistern or well. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +5:15 t8av rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor running water 0 The writer speaks of fresh or flowing water as if the water were running. Alternate translation: “fresh water” or “flowing water” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +5:16 pe1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Should your springs & your streams of water flow in the public squares? 0 The writer asks this rhetorical question to emphasize that his son should not do these things. Alternate translation: “Your springs should not … your streams of water should not flow in the public squares.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +5:16 u3ua rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism Should your springs & your streams of water flow in the public squares? 0 Here the words “springs” and “streams of water” are likely euphemisms for male reproductive fluids. Possible meanings for these metaphorical phrases are: (1) sleeping with women other than one’s wife is spoken of as if it were allowing one’s water to flow in the public streets or (2) having children with women other than one’s wife is spoken of as if it were allowing one’s water to flow in the public streets. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +5:16 ss2w public squares 0 Open areas in a city or town where two or more streets meet. A common place for people to meet each other and talk. +5:17 f7ge Let them be 0 The word “them” refers to the “springs” and “streams of water” and what they stand for. +5:17 s9wf not for strangers with you 0 Alternate translation: “do not share them with strangers” +5:18 xd81 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor May your fountain be blessed 0 The writer speaks of the son’s wife as if she were a fountain. Here the word “blessed” refers to the sense of joy that the man has in his wife. Alternate translation: “May you always find joy with your wife” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +5:18 tz7f the wife of your youth 0 This could mean: (1) “the wife whom you married when you were young” or (2) “your young wife.” +5:19 n93j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor she is a loving deer and a graceful doe 0 The writer speaks of the son’s wife as if she were “a loving deer and a graceful doe.” Here “deer” and “doe” mean a female deer. They were symbols of beauty both in their appearance and in their movements. Alternate translation: “she is as beautiful and graceful as a deer or a doe” or “she is as beautiful and graceful as a female deer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +5:19 dv45 graceful 0 This word does not mean “full of grace,” but “beautiful while moving.” +5:19 x1vq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Let her breasts satisfy you 0 This could mean: (1) the wife’s breasts excite the husband’s sexual desire and possibly represent the wife’s entire body. Alternate translation: “Let her breasts satisfy your desires” or “Let her body satisfy your desires” or (2) this is a metaphor in which the writer speaks of the wife’s breasts satisfying the husband’s desires as they would satisfy the thirst of a hungry baby. Alternate translation: “Let her breasts fill you with delight as a mother’s breasts fill her child with food” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +5:19 pb8m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive may you be continually intoxicated by her love 0 Intense excitement and joy from the romantic love of one’s wife is spoken of as if he was drunk from that love. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “let her love control you as alcohol controls someone who is drunk” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +5:19 elf2 by her love 0 This could mean: (1) “by your love for her” or (2) “by her love for you.” +5:20 d78f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion For why should you, my son, be captivated by an adulteress; why should you embrace the breasts of an immoral woman? 0 The writer asks these rhetorical questions to emphasize that his son must not do these things. Alternate translation: “My son, do not be captivated by an adulteress! Do not embrace the breasts of an immoral woman!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +5:20 z71k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive be captivated by an adulteress 0 Intense excitement that arises from the desire for a woman is spoken of as if he were being held captive by that woman. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “allow an adulteress to captivate you” or “allow an adulteress to fascinate you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +5:20 zr1u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche why should you embrace the breasts of an immoral woman 0 Here the word “breasts” represents the immoral woman and her sexual attractiveness. Alternate translation: “why should you embrace an immoral woman” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +5:20 x9gw an immoral woman 0 This could mean: (1) “a woman who is not your wife” or (2) “a woman who is another man’s wife.” +5:21 jh86 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism sees everything & watches all the paths 0 These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that God knows everything that everyone does. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +5:21 p1ar rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor all the paths he takes 0 The writer speaks of a person’s actions or lifestyle as if it were a path on which the person walks. Alternate translation: “everywhere he goes” or “everything he does” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +5:22 u9ya rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification A wicked person will be seized by his own iniquities 0 The writer speaks of a wicked person being unable to avoid the consequences of his iniquities as if those iniquities were people who capture the wicked person. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “A wicked person’s own iniquities will seize him” or “A wicked person will be unable to avoid the consequences of his iniquities” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +5:22 he5d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the cords of his sin will hold him tight 0 The writer speaks of a wicked person being unable to avoid the consequences of his sin as if that sin were a trap made of cords in which the person is caught. Alternate translation: “because of his sin, he will be like an animal caught in a trap” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +5:23 x16k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive he is led astray by his great foolishness 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “his great foolishness leads him astray” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +5:23 n1a7 by his great foolishness 0 Alternate translation: “because he is very foolish” +6:intro xq95 0 # Proverbs 6 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 6 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### My Son\n\nOccasionally, the author addresses a proverb to “my son.” This is not intended to restrict the words of that proverb to only males. Instead, it is simply a form used to pass on advice as a father does to his son.\n\n### Adulteress\n\nThe latter part of this chapter comes back to the theme about the adulteress and warns the young man to avoid her. An adulteress is a woman who commits adultery. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/adultery]])\n\n### Numbers\n\nOccasionally, the author will mention a list of six things, or seven things, that Yahweh hates. These numbers are used to draw attention to the list of things. It is not important whether there are six or seven things in the list.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nThe author will use rhetorical questions to draw the reader’s attention to important points. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Animals used as types\n\nThe gazelle and the ant have certain characteristics which the author uses to give wisdom. If your language does not recognize these characteristics in those animals, you could add a footnote to explain or possibly substitute another animal from your culture that would help explain the same concept. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) +6:1 sb1b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit set aside your money 0 Implied here is that your promise and the circumstances forced you to save up your money. Alternate translation: “had to save up some of your money” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +6:1 z256 a guarantee for your neighbor’s loan 0 This could mean: (1) your neighbor may come to you to ask for a loan or (2) your neighbor wants to take out a loan from someone else, but you promise to pay the lender back if your neighbor cannot. +6:1 p3wd neighbor 0 This same Hebrew word can also mean “friend.” +6:2 p9iu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom you have laid a trap for yourself 0 This is a figure of speech saying that you are going to trap yourself. Alternate translation: “you have made a trap in which you yourself are caught” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +6:2 qta7 the words of your mouth 0 Alternate translation: “what you said” or “what you promised to do” +6:3 d6yp save yourself 0 Alternate translation: “protect yourself” or “help yourself out of these problems” +6:3 zn5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom you have fallen into the hand of your neighbor 0 This is a figure of speech using the term “hand” to mean “harm.” Alternate translation: “your neighbor can bring harm to you if he wants to” or “your neighbor has power over you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +6:3 mzx9 neighbor 0 Alternate translation: “friend” +6:4 be5i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Give your eyes no sleep and your eyelids no slumber 0 “Do not let your eyes sleep; do not let your eyelids slumber.” These two phrases mean the same thing and are repeated to emphasize how important it is not to be lazy. It is also stated negatively for even more emphasis. Alternate translation: “Stay awake, and do what you can” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +6:4 n831 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche your eyes & your eyelids 0 This is a figure of speech using parts of your face to mean your whole body. Alternate translation: “yourself … yourself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +6:5 xjb3 Save yourself like a gazelle from the hand of the hunter 0 Alternate translation: “Escape from your neighbor like a gazelle that flees from a hunter” +6:5 lcv3 gazelle 0 This is a big, lean animal that eats grass and that people often hunt for meat. It is famous for running away quickly. +6:5 ffv9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy from the hand of the hunter 0 The hand of the hunter refers to the hunter’s control. Alternate translation: “from the control of the hunter” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +6:5 fn1g like a bird from the hand of the fowler 0 Alternate translation: “and escape like a bird that flies away from a bird-hunter” +6:6 il7a Look at & consider 0 Alternate translation: “Study … think about” or “carefully observe … ponder” +6:6 xh1r ant 0 An ant is a small insect that lives underground or in a self-built hill. They usually live in groups of thousands, and they can lift things that are much bigger than they are. +6:6 uze2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy consider her ways 0 This is a figure of speech using the “ways” of an ant to refer to the behavior of the ant. Alternate translation: “consider how the ant behaves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +6:7 tmb7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet commander, officer, or ruler 0 These three words mean basically the same thing and are used to emphasized that no one has formal authority over an individual ant. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +6:8 w9jc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism it prepares its food in the summer & during the harvest it stores up what it will eat 0 These two phrases mean basically the same thing and are repeated to show how responsible the ant is. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +6:8 c8we summer 0 Summer is the time of the year when some trees bear their fruit. +6:9 r6u4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism How long will you sleep & When will you rise from your sleep? 0 The teacher uses these questions to scold the lazy person for sleeping too much. Alternate translation: “Wake up, you lazy person! Get out of your bed!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +6:10 q6ab A little sleep & of the hands to rest 0 These are the kinds of things that lazy people say. +6:10 f9h7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism A little sleep, a little slumber 0 Both of these statements mean the same thing. They can be stated as complete sentences. Alternate translation: “I will just sleep a little longer. Let me sleep lightly a little longer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +6:10 c54p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy folding of the hands to rest 0 People often fold their hands while reclining in order to rest more comfortably. Alternate translation: “I will just cross my arms comfortably and rest a little” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +6:11 qm7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit and your poverty will come 0 This can be stated as a new sentence to make clear that this is a result of being lazy. Alternate translation: “If you continue to be lazy, your poverty will come” or “While you sleep, poverty will come” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +6:11 zz4v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile your poverty will come like a robber 0 The sudden way a lazy person becomes poor is like the sudden way a robber comes and steals things. Alternate translation: “you will suddenly become poor, just as if a robber came and stole everything you have” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +6:11 r7za rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile and your needs like an armed soldier 0 The sudden way a lazy person becomes in need of things is like the sudden way an armed soldier takes things from a person. This can be stated as a complete sentence. Alternate translation: “and your needs will come to you like an armed soldier” or “and you will become needy just as if an armed soldier stole all your things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +6:11 vt3g an armed soldier 0 Alternate translation: “a soldier who is holding a weapon” or “a man with a weapon” +6:12 sk3y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet A worthless person—a wicked man 0 These two words have the same meaning and emphasize how bad this person is. Alternate translation: “A person with no value—an evil man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +6:12 q9ly rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor lives by the crookedness of his speech 0 Here lies are spoken of as speech that is crooked. Alternate translation: “constantly tells lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +6:13 b2zu winking his eyes, making signals with his feet and pointing with his fingers 0 All three of these phrases describe a way in which the evil person communicates secretly to deceive other people. +6:13 kq86 winking his eyes 0 If someone winks, he closes one eye very briefly as a secret signal to another person. This might be a sign of trust, of approval, or of something else. +6:14 za5w He plots evil 0 Alternate translation: “He plans evil” or “He prepares to do evil deeds” +6:14 bbx6 he always stirs up discord 0 Alternate translation: “he always causes discord” or “he is constantly looking for conflict and escalating it” +6:15 n8uw Therefore 0 Alternate translation: “For that reason” +6:15 fz64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification his disaster will overtake him 0 This implies that the disaster is chasing him like a person or an animal, and that it will catch him soon. Alternate translation: “his disaster will catch him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +6:15 j5gd his disaster 0 This refers to the disaster that will happen to him, but also the disaster that he himself caused. +6:15 h6bm in an instant; in a moment 0 Both mean the same thing, and one or both of them can be replaced by “suddenly” or “very quickly.” +6:16 it1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism six things that Yahweh hates, seven that 0 This whole verse is a parallelism that emphasizes that God hates several things and not just one. Alternate translation: “six things that Yahwah hates; seven things that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +6:16 akh6 that are disgusting to him 0 Alternate translation: “that make him feel disgust” or “that make you disgusting according to him” +6:17 zib9 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nThis is the list of things that Yahweh hates that was introduced in [Proverbs 6:16](./16.md). +6:17 kpi4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche eyes & tongue & hands 0 All of these body parts refer to a whole person. You can translate each of these with “people.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +6:17 cip3 shed the blood of 0 Alternate translation: “kill” or “murder” +6:18 jq4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche heart & feet 0 All of these body parts refer to a whole person. You can translate each of these with “people.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +6:18 ex5v wicked schemes 0 Alternate translation: “evil plans” +6:19 g2tz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom breathes out lies 0 This figure of speech uses “breathes” to refer to lying constantly. Alternate translation: “constantly lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +6:19 r9n1 discord 0 See how you translated this in [Proverbs 6:14](../06/14.md). +6:19 avm1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor one who sows discord 0 This figure of speech is using “sows” to refer to causing or bringing about discord. Alternate translation: “a person who causes discord” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +6:20 e5gm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism obey the command of your father & do not forsake the teaching of your mother 0 These two phrases on the one hand mean the same thing. On the other hand, the repeated emphasis on both “father” and “mother” explicitly includes women in the whole teaching-learning process. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +6:20 u11d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes do not forsake the teaching of your mother 0 This figure of speech is using the negative “forsake” to mean the positive “obey.” Alternate translation: “obey the teaching of your mother” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +6:21 qz2z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor bind them on your heart; tie them about your neck 0 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. They describe the commands and instructions as if they are written down so that you can put it in or on your body to remind yourself. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +6:21 b76k bind them on your heart 0 Alternate translation: “love them” or “think about them” +6:22 r61q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism When you walk & when you sleep & when you wake up 0 These three phrases are used together to emphasize that the lessons are valuable all the time. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +6:22 hw2r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism they will guide you & they will watch over you & they will teach you 0 The repetition of these phrases is to show that the lessons are valuable for all sorts of things. It also speaks of those lessons as if they were people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +6:23 u5p1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism the commands & the teaching & the corrections that come by instruction 0 These three phrases mean basically the same thing, and together they show the various types of lessons a father and a mother teach. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +6:23 s8lq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor a lamp & a light & the way of life 0 All three of these mean basically the same thing and are repeated to emphasize the fact that the lessons make life better and easier. Alternate translation: “as useful as a lamp … as helpful as light in the darkness … as necessary to follow as the way of life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +6:23 n5j2 the way of life 0 Alternate translation: “the way that leads to life” or “the way of living that God approves of” +6:24 p7az rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person It keeps you from 0 Here the word “it” refers to the lessons taught by the father and mother in [Proverbs 6:20](../06/20.md). Alternate translation: “It saves you from” or “It protects you from” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +6:24 sjp3 the immoral woman & an immoral woman 0 These two words mean basically the same thing. See how you translated the word “adulteress” in [Proverbs 5:3](../05/03.md). +6:24 sw14 immoral 0 Alternate translation: “morally evil” +6:25 ty32 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor do not let her capture you with her eyelashes 0 The writer speaks of the woman’s eyelashes as if they were a trap into which the young man could fall. They are a synecdoche for her beauty and a metonym for the way the woman looks at the young man to make her want her. Alternate translation: “do not allow her to gain control over you by being beautiful and by the way she looks at you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +6:25 rx3p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy in your heart 0 Here “heart” represents the mind. Alternate translation: “in your thoughts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +6:25 m7d2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy her beauty 0 “what is beautiful about her.” This can also be a metonym for the woman. Alternate translation: “her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +6:25 f4km capture you 0 Alternate translation: “gain control over you” +6:25 vnr8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche her eyelashes 0 The “eyelashes” stand for the beautiful things about her body that she uses to catch a man’s attention. Alternate translation: “her beautiful eyes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +6:26 p3jv the price of a loaf of bread 0 This is talking about the material cost, not the spiritual cost or the moral cost. Alternate translation: “a little bit” +6:26 k5fu may cost you your very life 0 This could mean: (1) the wife of another man will destroy your life because she always wants more or (2) the husband of the other woman will hunt you down and kill you. +6:27 gzh2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Can a man carry a fire against his chest without burning his clothes? 0 This action would be very dangerous and would cause harm. The implied answer to the question is “no.” Alternate translation: “Every man who carries a fire in his chest will burn his clothes.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +6:27 sew8 without burning 0 Alternate translation: “without destroying” or “and not destroy” +6:27 pt18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his clothes 0 His clothes stand for him as a whole person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +6:28 r98z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Can a man walk on hot coals without scorching his feet? 0 Walking on hot coals will scorch a person’s feet, so the implied answer is “no.” Alternate translation: “Every man who walks on hot coals will have scorched feet.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +6:28 tw8h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor walk on hot coals 0 This stands for committing adultery. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +6:28 fy6m walk 0 That is to slowly walk a long distance, without using tricks or magic. +6:28 kf2l scorching 0 Alternate translation: “burning” +6:29 gh7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism the man who goes in to his neighbor’s wife 0 This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “the man who has sexual relations with his neighbor’s wife” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +6:30 fwq5 despise a thief 0 Alternate translation: “do not regard a thief with contempt” or “do not think a thief is evil” +6:31 n1t7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive if he is caught 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “if someone catches him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +6:31 b9ns rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom in his house 0 This figure of speech is saying that everything in his house is all that he owns. Alternate translation: “that he owns” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +6:32 s8mh The one 0 Alternate translation: “The person” or “The man” +6:33 m2lu what he deserves 0 Alternate translation: “the appropriate punishment for what he has done” +6:33 t99k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his disgrace 0 This figure of speech is using the term “disgrace” to refer to the feeling of him acting shamefully. Alternate translation: “the memory of his shameful act” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +6:33 c8nh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes will not be wiped away 0 This figure of speech is using the negative “will not be wiped away” to refer to it always being there. Alternate translation: “will always remain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +6:34 lyk4 furious 0 very angry +6:34 qsy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes he will show no mercy 0 The “he” is the neighbor whose wife has committed adultery with another man. Alternate translation: “he will not limit the pain he will cause you” or “he will hurt you as much as he can” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +6:34 rc71 when he takes his revenge 0 Alternate translation: “in the moment of his revenge” or “when the moment arrives when he can take his revenge” +6:34 tk3n takes his revenge 0 If a person takes revenge, it is to cause hurt to the person who hurt him first. +6:35 b2ym compensation 0 payment by one who does wrong to the person to whom he has done wrong +6:35 fly2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive he cannot be bought off 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you cannot pay him enough money to change his mind” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +6:35 pc8x off, though 0 Alternate translation: “off. This will be true even if” +7:intro pk5f 0 # Proverbs 7 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 7 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Parallelism\n\nProverbs are often written without any surrounding context and in two lines of text. Each line will have a certain relationship to the other line. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])\n\nMany of the proverbs are stated as promises or commands, but they are intended to be advice.\n\n### My Son\n\nOccasionally the author addresses a proverb to “my son.” This is not intended to restrict the words of that proverb to only males, but is still given in the context of a father warning his son.\n\n### Adulteress\n\nThis chapter continues the theme about the adulteress and warns the young man to avoid her. +7:1 at6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor keep my words 0 Here keeping represents obeying. Alternate translation: “obey my words” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +7:1 k635 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor store up my commands within yourself 0 Here God’s commands are spoken of as if they were objects that someone could put into a storeroom. Alternate translation: “memorize my commands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +7:2 a8m4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor keep my instruction 0 Here keeping represents obeying. Alternate translation: “obey my instructions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +7:2 xfb2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom as the apple of your eye 0 The apple of the eye is the pupil inside the eye, which people normally instinctively protect when an object flies at their face. Here “the apple of the eye” represents whatever a person values and protects the most. Alternate translation: “as your most valuable possession” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +7:3 g5jv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Tie them on your fingers 0 This could mean: (1) that the writer wanted his son to engrave certain commands from God on a ring and wear it, or (2) that the writer wanted his son to always remember God’s commands, as if he always wore a certain ring. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +7:3 c4yy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor write them on the tablet of your heart 0 Here the heart represents a person’s mind, and remembering something well is spoken of as if the person were writing it on a stone tablet. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 3:3](../03/03.md). Alternate translation: “remember my commands well as if you were writing them in stone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +7:4 jn44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Say to wisdom, “You are my sister 0 Here wisdom is spoken of as if it were a person. Alternate translation: “Value wisdom as you would love your sister” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +7:4 z4x8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification call understanding your kinsman 0 Here the quality of understanding is spoken of as if it were a kinsman or relative. Alternate translation: “treat understanding as you would treat your kinsman” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +7:4 j17k kinsman 0 Alternate translation: “relative” or “family member” +7:5 xkl2 the adulterous woman 0 This refers to any woman to whom a man is not married. Alternate translation: “the woman whom you should have nothing to do with” +7:5 y9gh the immoral woman 0 This refers to any woman who is not known to a man. +7:5 s251 with her smooth words 0 Words intended to deceive are spoken of as if they were smooth objects. Alternate translation: “who says pleasant things, but wants to deceive you” +7:6 v7n1 lattice 0 a covering over a window made of thin strips of wood that cross one another in a slanted pattern that forms square-shaped openings in the pattern +7:7 ie51 naive 0 inexperienced or immature +7:8 i1kl her corner 0 Here “her” refers to any female stranger, as referred to in [Proverbs 7:5](../07/05.md). She was standing at a certain corner, waiting for a suitable man to pass by. Alternate translation: “the corner where a female stranger was standing” +7:8 v7v4 corner 0 This refers to where two roads meet. +7:9 zn5n twilight 0 the time of day when it is getting darker and about to become night +7:10 bu68 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor with a false heart 0 Here “heart” represents intentions or plans. Alternate translation: “she planned to deceive someone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +7:11 vkd8 She was loud and wayward 0 Alternate translation: “She talked loudly and acted in the ways she wished to” +7:11 es4s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche her feet did not stay at home 0 The phrase “her feet” represent the woman. Alternate translation: “she did not stay at home” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +7:12 h64f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor she waited in ambush 0 Here the woman is spoken of as if she were preparing to physically trap a person or an animal. Also, the idea of trapping someone here represents persuading someone to commit sin. Alternate translation: “she waited to trap someone” or “she waited to find someone she could persuade to sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +7:13 l1ic she 0 the woman who was introduced in [Proverbs 7:10](./10.md) +7:13 sa2m grabbed him 0 Alternate translation: “took hold of him firmly” +7:13 vef7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom with a strong face 0 Here “strong” represents “stubborn.” A “strong face” means a stubborn expression on a person’s face. This implies that the woman is acting in a stubborn way, that she is deliberately doing what she knows is wrong. Alternate translation: “with a shameless expression on her face” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +7:14 ei2g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy I paid my vows 0 Here “vows” represents what the person promised to sacrifice to God. Alternate translation: “I made the sacrifices I promised to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +7:15 fys2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche seek your face 0 Here “face” represents the person and especially the person’s presence. Alternate translation: “look for you” or “find out where you are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +7:17 g7k4 sprinkled my bed with 0 Alternate translation: “scattered on my bed” +7:17 ibk7 aloes 0 A type of wood from a tree that smells good. +7:17 q1mx cinnamon 0 This is a spice made from the bark of a tree that smells and tastes good. +7:18 h91x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor let us drink our fill of love 0 Here the pleasures of romantic love are spoken of as if they were something good to drink. Alternate translation: “let us make love to each other as much as we want” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +7:19 vc42 is not at his house 0 Alternate translation: “is not at home” +7:20 zw96 full moon 0 The moon is said to be full when it is a perfectly round disk, shining at its brightest. +7:21 ptg3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor she turned him 0 To persuade someone to act in a certain way is spoken of as if it were changing the direction that person was walking. Alternate translation: “she persuaded him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +7:21 ev91 her & she & him 0 The female is the married woman who wants to sleep with “him,” the young man. +7:21 l3nt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy smooth lips 0 Here “lips” represents what a person says. When a person flatters someone else by saying things that are not sincere, these words are spoken of as if they were a smooth object. Alternate translation: “flattering, deceiving words” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +7:21 c6k6 she misled him 0 Alternate translation: “she convinced him to sin with her” +7:22 rvi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit He went after her suddenly 0 This seems to imply that the young man took very little time to think about what he should do. Alternate translation: “He quickly decided to go after her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +7:22 tal5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like an ox going to slaughter & a deer caught in a trap 0 The naive and unsuspecting way the young man follows the adulteress is compared to the way two animals are unaware of the danger they are in. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +7:22 pk4m slaughter 0 This refers to killing an animal in order to eat its meat. +7:22 qrn6 deer 0 See how you translated this word in [Proverbs 5:19](../05/19.md). +7:23 r6zr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like a bird rushing into a snare 0 The naive and unsuspecting way the young man follows the adulteress is compared to the way an animal is unaware of the danger he is in. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +7:23 t5u4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit until an arrow pierces through its liver 0 This passage implies that a hunter has trapped the deer in order to shoot it with arrows. Alternate translation: “until a hunter shoots it in its most important part” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +7:23 i4e6 liver 0 Here this organ represents a very important part of the deer’s body. +7:23 zvp5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom it would cost his life 0 This is a way of saying that this person will die as a result. Alternate translation: “it would kill him” or “he would die soon” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +7:24 wen3 Now 0 This is to focus the attention of the speaker’s sons on the conclusion of this lesson. +7:25 gk8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor May your heart not turn aside onto her paths 0 Here “ways” means the paths that a person chooses to walk on. It represents the person’s behavior, the things that he decides to do in life. Alternate translation: “Make your heart stay far away from the ways of the adulterous woman” or “Do not let your heart want to do the things that the adulterous woman does” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +7:25 wm1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche your heart 0 Here “heart” represents a person, emphasizing his desires. Alternate translation: “you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +7:25 l3s9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism do not be led astray onto her paths 0 This means the same as the sentence before it. It strengthens the first warning. Alternate translation: “do not leave the right path in order to go on her paths” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +7:26 xx9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy She has caused many people to fall down pierced 0 Being pierced by spears or arrows represents being killed. Alternate translation: “She has caused many people to fall dead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +7:27 g21s Her house is on the paths to Sheol & they go down 0 Here “paths” represents the kinds of behavior that foolish people participate in. Sheol was the name for the world of the dead. +7:27 ry42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism on the paths to Sheol & down to the dark bedrooms of death 0 These two phrases basically mean the same thing and are repeated to emphasize that the woman’s victims will be destroyed. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +7:27 prr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the dark bedrooms of death 0 This expression pictures the dead as sleeping in many different rooms in Sheol. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +8:intro z8jj 0 # Proverbs 8 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 8 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine. These chapters operate more as a unit then many of the following chapters in this book.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Wisdom calls out\n\nThe addressee of this chapter is broader than “my son,” but is personal like the previous chapters’ use of “my son.” In this case, Wisdom is calling out for all to come and learn of her, in contrast to the adulteress mentioned in chapters 5-7. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) +8:1 qsc7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nIn chapter 8 wisdom is spoken of as a woman who teaches people how to be wise. Many verses in chapter 8 have parallelisms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +8:1 v9h5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Does not Wisdom call out? 0 This question is used to remind the readers of something they should already know. Alternate translation: “Wisdom calls out” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +8:1 i9hu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Does not Wisdom call out? 0 Here wisdom is imagined as a woman. If a language does not allow this kind of metaphor, other possible translations are: (1) “Is not wisdom like a woman who calls out?” (2) “Does not a woman named Wisdom call out?” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +8:1 pt6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Does not Understanding raise her voice? 0 Here “Understanding” means the same as “Wisdom.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +8:1 k4ug raise her voice 0 Alternate translation: “speak” +8:3 z73y the gates at the entrance into the city 0 In ancient times, cities usually had outer walls with gates in them. +8:3 nkc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification she calls out 0 This continues to refer to Wisdom, personified as a woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +8:4 gv2w General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nWisdom speaks to the people in verses 4-36. +8:4 jxm5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy my voice is for the sons of mankind 0 Here “voice” represents the words that are spoken. Alternate translation: “my words are for the sons of mankind” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +8:4 j5l1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the sons of mankind 0 This is metonymy representing all human beings. Alternate translation: “all people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +8:5 er9q naive 0 inexperienced or immature +8:5 t3h2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns learn wisdom 0 The abstract word “wisdom’ refers to what a wise person believes and to the way in which he acts. Alternate translation: “learn how a wise person acts” or “learn what it means to be wise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +8:5 bg5r you must get an understanding mind 0 Alternate translation: “you must begin to understand things with your mind” +8:6 uv73 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche when my lips open 0 Here “lips” represents a person’s mouth, with which he speaks. Alternate translation: “when I open my mouth to speak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +8:6 a3zk upright 0 proper or just +8:7 s9bj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche my mouth speaks 0 Here “mouth” represents a person who speaks. Alternate translation: “I speak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +8:7 f6mp what is trustworthy 0 Alternate translation: “what people should believe” +8:7 juy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche wickedness is disgusting to my lips 0 Here “lips” represents a person who is speaking. Alternate translation: “wickedness is disgusting to me” or “saying wicked things would be disgusting to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +8:7 hz9e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns wickedness 0 Here, **wickedness** represents wicked speech. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wickedness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +8:8 am3k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the words of my mouth 0 The “mouth” stands for the person who is speaking. Alternate translation: “The things I teach” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +8:8 btx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor nothing twisted 0 Twisting a message is a metaphor for changing a true message into a false one. Alternate translation: “nothing false” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +8:9 nn5r straight 0 honest and clear +8:9 jyh4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy my words are upright for those who find knowledge 0 This probably means that those who find knowledge will easily understand that the speaker’s words are upright. Here “words” represent a message or teaching. Alternate translation: “those who know what is right and what is wrong consider what I teach to be right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +8:9 f1c2 upright 0 true and honest +8:10 w8ks Acquire my instruction rather than silver 0 Alternate translation: “You should try much harder to understand my instructions than to get silver” +8:11 wl6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations For Wisdom is better than jewels; no treasure is equal to her 0 Here Wisdom, personified as a woman, is not speaking. However, it is possible to make Wisdom the speaker here as well. Alternate translation: “For I, Wisdom, am better than jewels; no treasure is equal to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) +8:12 mj24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification I, Wisdom, live with Prudence 0 Prudence is also represented here as a person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +8:12 b8xj Prudence 0 caution or good judgment +8:12 jk94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns I possess knowledge and discretion 0 The abstract ideas “knowledge” and “discrete” can be expressed in other ways. Alternate translation: “I am knowledgeable and discreet” or “I know many things, and I am careful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +8:12 xcu8 discretion 0 being careful about what we say and do; being cautious not to cause hurt or harm to others +8:13 rf21 perverted speech 0 Alternate translation: “wicked talk” +8:13 gp8g perverted 0 turned from what is right +8:14 cnc2 good advice 0 Alternate translation: “wise suggestions” +8:14 guc9 advice 0 counsel that is given to help someone +8:14 sne9 sound 0 good, reliable +8:14 w3ju rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification I am insight 0 Here Wisdom is spoken of as if she were insight. Alternate translation: “I have insight” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +8:16 hg7e nobles 0 noblemen, leading members of important families in the nation +8:17 xz9h love 0 This refers to brotherly love or love for a friend or family member. This is natural human love between friends or relatives. +8:17 e3jr diligently 0 with careful and continued effort +8:18 k7hf With me are riches and honor 0 Alternate translation: “I have riches and honor” +8:18 a275 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases lasting wealth and righteousness 0 This explains what is meant by “riches and honor.” This can be made clear with the connecting statement “therefore.” Alternate translation: “therefore, I will give lasting wealth and righteousness to those who find me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) +8:18 q481 righteousness 0 Alternate translation: “the ability to live in a right way” +8:19 eyc2 My fruit 0 what wisdom produces or causes +8:19 rqy3 my produce 0 the benefit or gain that wisdom causes +8:20 tks1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I walk in the path of righteousness 0 Living the right way is spoken of as walking on the right road. Alternate translation: “I live right” or “I do what is right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +8:20 rg74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor in the midst of the paths of justice 0 This tells more of what is meant by “the path of righteousness.” Alternate translation: “I do what is perfectly just” or “I only do what is just” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +8:21 mg4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor treasuries 0 storehouses for valuable things. Wisdom is spoken of as a woman who fills the storehouses of her followers with valuable things. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +8:22 xu3p the first of his deeds then 0 Alternate translation: “I was the first of the things he created then” +8:23 mh2d In ages long ago 0 Alternate translation: “Very long ago” +8:23 v4tq ages 0 The word “age” refers to a general, extended period of time. +8:23 mth7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns from the beginnings of the earth 0 The idea of beginnings can be translated in a less abstract way. Alternate translation: “from when God created the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +8:25 u2m1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Before the mountains were settled 0 “Before the bases of the mountains were put into place.” This can also be put into active form. Alternate translation: “Before God made the foundations of the mountains and put them into their proper places” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +8:26 z5y4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification I was born 0 This is wisdom speaking about herself. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +8:26 asn5 was born 0 Alternate translation: “I was alive” +8:27 nk15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification I was there 0 This is wisdom speaking about herself. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +8:27 z8lx established 0 To establish something is to bring into being on a stable basis. Alternate translation: “created” or “made” +8:27 b5db rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit when he drew a circle on the surface of the deep 0 This refers to setting a limit to how far someone in a ship at sea can see all around himself. Alternate translation: “when he marked on the ocean’s surface how far a person at sea can see in every direction” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +8:27 ae6e the deep 0 Alternate translation: “the ocean” +8:28 wnj8 established 0 brought into permanent being +8:28 z2v2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive when the springs in the deep became fixed 0 This can be put into active form. Alternate translation: “when God fixed the springs in the deep” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +8:28 zv8f the springs in the deep 0 The ancient Hebrews thought that the ocean got its water from springs at the bottom of the sea. +8:29 pd76 when he made his limit for the sea 0 “when he created the shorelines for the oceans. The “limit for the sea” divided the oceans from the dry land. +8:29 vk7f when there was set the limit for the foundations of the dry land 0 The Hebrew word for “earth” also often means “land.” +8:29 f3j9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive when there was set the limit for the foundations of the dry land 0 This can be put into active form. Alternate translation: “when God set the limit for the foundations of the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +8:30 ph2f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification I was beside him 0 This is still wisdom speaking. Wisdom now says she was right next to Yahweh, implying that she was his assistant in creating the world. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +8:30 ky7x skilled craftsman 0 This is a person who has trained for years to make useful things very well, like furniture or houses. +8:30 k4ct rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns I was his delight 0 “I was what made him happy.” The word “delight” is an abstract noun that can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “he was happy because of me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +8:30 a22n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom day after day 0 This is a way to express the idea of a habitual action or of a continuous condition. Alternate translation: “continually” or “the whole time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +8:31 pw91 his whole world 0 Alternate translation: “the whole world he created” or “everything he created” +8:31 wnq9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom the sons of mankind 0 This refers to human beings in general. Alternate translation: “the people he brought into existence” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +8:32 ly1a Now 0 This is to focus the attention of the children to the conclusion of this lesson. +8:32 hwt3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification listen to me 0 This is still wisdom talking about herself. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +8:32 m6ib rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor those who keep my ways 0 Here “my ways” represents wisdom’s behavior. Alternate translation: “those who do what I teach” or “the people who follow my example” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +8:33 ky6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes do not neglect 0 “do not disregard” Alternate translation: “be sure to pay attention to” or “be sure to follow” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +8:34 i55j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism watching every day at my doors, waiting beside the posts of my doors 0 These two phrases basically mean the same thing. Wisdom is described as having a home; possible meanings of **watching** are: (1) a wise person waits outside wisdom’s home in the morning in order to serve her, or (2) a wise person waits outside wisdom’s house for her to come and teach him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +8:35 z6lm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification finds me 0 This is still wisdom talking about herself. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +8:36 hfn9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification hate me 0 This is still wisdom talking about herself. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +8:36 yl6t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit he who fails 0 The complete thought is, “he who fails to find me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +8:36 w73k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his own life 0 Here “life” represents the person’s self. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +9:intro y75r 0 # Proverbs 9 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 9 concludes a collection of proverbs that operate as a unit about wisdom. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Wisdom calls out\n\nThe addressee of chapters 8 and 9 is broader than “my son,” but is personal like the previous chapters’ use of “my son.” In this case, Wisdom is calling out for all to come and learn of her. +9:1 m12a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses begin a parable in which wisdom is imagined to be a woman who is giving good advice to people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +9:1 s64d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Wisdom has built 0 The writer speaks about wisdom as if it were a woman who has built her own house. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +9:2 x5sw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy She has slaughtered her animals 0 This refers to animals whose meat will be eaten in the dinner that Wisdom will give. Alternate translation: “She has killed the animals for meat at dinner” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +9:2 ywr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit mixed her wine 0 In ancient Israel, people often mixed wine with water. Alternate translation: “prepared her wine by mixing it with water” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +9:2 h2zm she has set her table 0 Alternate translation: “she has prepared her table” +9:3 p6e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses begin to give the message of Wisdom, who is personified as a woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +9:3 akl3 She has sent out her maids 0 These maids went out and invited people to come to the feast that Wisdom had prepared. +9:3 ugn5 her maids 0 Young women or girls who are in the service of a respectable, adult woman, such as Wisdom. +9:3 n6ha she calls out 0 Alternate translation: “she loudly recites her invitation” +9:3 x798 the highest points of the city 0 The invitation is shouted from the highest points so that it will be best heard by all the people. +9:4 h6sj Who is naive? Let & the one lacking good sense 0 These two phrases describe the same group of people, those who need more wisdom in their lives. Here the question is addressed to all such people. Alternate translation: “Anyone who is naive, let … anyone lacking good sense” +9:4 dj7m is naive 0 Alternate translation: “is inexperienced or immature” +9:4 s4da turn aside here 0 Alternate translation: “leave his path and come into my house” +9:5 h6ck General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the message of Wisdom. +9:5 n3eu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you Come & eat & drink 0 All of these commands are plural; Wisdom is addressing many people at the same time. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +9:5 stm9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the wine I have mixed 0 In ancient Israel, people often mixed wine with water. Alternate translation: “prepared her wine by mixing it with water” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +9:6 b9ma rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you Leave & live & walk 0 All of these commands are plural; Wisdom is addressing many people at the same time. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +9:6 ejw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Leave your naive actions 0 Here naive actions are spoken of as if they were a place that a person could leave. Alternate translation: “Stop your naive behavior” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +9:6 f53k naive actions 0 Alternate translation: “inexperienced, immature actions” +9:6 lpn8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the path of understanding 0 Here the process of understanding wisdom is spoken of as if it were a path that a person could follow. Alternate translation: “the manner of living that a wise person has” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +9:7 x5sc General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the message of Wisdom. +9:7 vif7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Whoever disciplines & whoever rebukes 0 These two phrases basically say the same thing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +9:7 kjm2 a mocker 0 Someone who habitually mocks people. Alternate translation: “someone who says insulting things about other people” or “someone who likes to make other people look bad” +9:7 m22a receives abuse 0 Alternate translation: “receives harsh treatment” +9:7 g88g whoever rebukes 0 Alternate translation: “whoever corrects” +9:8 fpc4 Do not reprove 0 Alternate translation: “Do not correct” +9:9 c8r2 Give to a wise person, and he & teach a righteous person, and he 0 These two commands actually represent conditional statements. Alternate translation: “If you give to a wise person, he … if you teach a righteous person, he” +9:9 y95j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Give to a wise person & teach a righteous person 0 These two phrases basically say the same thing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +9:9 n1f2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Give to a wise person 0 This refers to giving instruction to a wise person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +9:10 s7rg General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses finish the message of Wisdom. +9:10 l6yl The fear of Yahweh 0 See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 1:7](../01/07.md). +9:11 uv8i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive through me your days will be multiplied 0 This may be put into active form. Alternate translation: “I will multiply your days” or “I will cause you to live many more days” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +9:11 wpx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification through me 0 Wisdom, personified as a woman, continues to speak here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +9:11 rk9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism your days will be multiplied, and years of life will be added to you 0 These two phrases basically mean the same thing and are used to emphasize the great benefits wisdom has. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +9:11 u5qf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor years of life will be added to you 0 Wisdom speaks of years of life as if they were physical objects. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will add years of life to you” or “I will add years to your life” or “I will enable you to live longer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +9:12 z3ez If you are wise & and if you mock 0 These two statements seem to mean that wise people gain advantages for themselves because of their wisdom, and mockers suffer because of their behavior. +9:12 zei6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you will carry it 0 This speaks of the consequence of one’s bad behavior as if it were a heavy load that one had to carry on his back. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +9:13 q38d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses begin to describe foolishness, which is also personified as a woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +9:13 ix9a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification The woman of foolishness 0 It is possible to translate “foolishness” as a description such as “A foolish woman.” However, if a language allows wisdom to be personified, as in the previous part of this chapter, it may also allow foolishness to be personified. Alternate translation: “The woman Foolishness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +9:13 lbv9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism she is untaught and knows nothing 0 These two expressions basically mean the same thing, which is repeated to show how useless the foolish woman is. Alternate translation: “she does not know anything at all” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +9:13 tk38 she is untaught 0 Alternate translation: “she has not learned from experience” or “she is young and naive” +9:15 cqd1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom walking straight on their way 0 This seems to be an idiom for “thinking only of their own affairs” or “minding their own business.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +9:16 ck1n is naive 0 Alternate translation: “is inexperienced or immature” +9:16 rs92 turn aside here 0 Alternate translation: “leave his path and come here” +9:16 zyq4 she says 0 This is the foolish woman who was introduced in [Proverbs 9:13](./13.md). +9:16 lfx9 those who have no sense 0 Alternate translation: “those who do not have wisdom” or “those who are not wise” +9:17 jsi6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Stolen waters are sweet, and bread of secrecy is delicious 0 The foolish woman speaks of the pleasure of stolen waters and bread of secrecy to tell men that if they sleep with her, they will have pleasure. This can be stated clearly in a simile: “You can enjoy me just as you enjoy water that you have stolen or bread that is secret” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +9:18 kg4h that the dead are there 0 Alternate translation: “that the men who have gone to her are now dead” +9:18 k1fh in the depths of Sheol 0 “Sheol” refers to the world of the dead. +10:intro fhy5 0 # Proverbs 10 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 10 starts a new section of the book, which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often using contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, and wicked/righteous. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) +10:1 i2yb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nMany verses in Chapter 10 are contrasting parallelisms (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +10:1 tab7 The proverbs of Solomon 0 After the introduction of Chapters 1-9, Chapter 10 begins the collection of the proverbs; short sayings that teach wisdom. +10:2 ffz8 accumulated 0 acquired over time +10:3 df3m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Yahweh does not let the soul of the righteous person go hungry 0 Here “soul” refers to the person. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh makes sure those who do what is right have food to eat” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +10:4 e3ef rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy A lazy hand 0 “Hand” represents the strength and ability of a person. Alternate translation: “A person unwilling to work” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +10:4 yly7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy hand of the diligent 0 “Hand” represents the strength and ability of a person. Alternate translation: “person who works hard” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +10:6 k7j2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom are upon the head 0 The “head” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “are given to” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +10:6 y4mb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy mouth of the wicked 0 The “mouth” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “words the wicked speak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +10:6 k4dp covers up 0 hides the truth +10:7 e1w8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy name 0 The word “name” represents a person’s reputation. Alternate translation: “memory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +10:8 e725 come to ruin 0 Alternate translation: “be destroyed” or “be made useless” +10:9 ps6l crooked 0 not straight; deformed; dishonest; deceitful +10:10 mi1k rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction He who winks the eye 0 “Winking the eye” represents a secretive sign for being cruel to someone else. Alternate translation: “He who makes a signal with a gesture” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +10:10 p957 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will be thrown down 0 A person who is ruined is spoken of as if he were thrown down. Alternate translation: “others will ruin him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +10:11 f47s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The mouth of the righteous 0 Here “mouth” represents what a persons says. Alternate translation: “The speech of a righteous person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +10:11 tv58 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun the righteous 0 This refers to righteous people in general. Alternate translation: “righteous people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) +10:11 h2ny rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor is a water spring of life 0 This person’s speech is spoken of as if it preserved living animals or people, as a water spring would do in a dry land. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +10:11 bz8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the mouth of the wicked covers up violence 0 That is, the wicked person appears to say harmless things, but plans to violent things against other people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +10:11 elp1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the mouth of the wicked 0 Here “mouth” represents what a persons says. Alternate translation: “the speech of a wicked person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +10:11 jt58 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun the wicked 0 This refers to wicked people in general. Alternate translation: “wicked people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) +10:12 ph1a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification love covers over 0 Love acts like a person who quiets trouble between people instead of stirring it up. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +10:13 n8pk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy on the lips of a discerning person 0 “Lips” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “in what a sensible person says” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +10:13 ww93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a rod is for the back 0 “Rod” represents strong, physical punishment and “the back” represents the person who receives the punishment. Alternate translation: “a person who has no sense needs forceful punishment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +10:14 ej72 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the mouth of a fool 0 “Mouth” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “the words from a foolish person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +10:15 fd3s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor his fortified city 0 This represents wealth as a safe place. Alternate translation: “his safety” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +10:16 im19 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The wage & the profit 0 These terms normally refer to the money a worker earns. Here they represents the results of either doing what is right or doing what is wrong. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +10:17 k6n3 There is a path to life for the one who follows discipline 0 Alternate translation: “The person who obeys wise instruction will have a long and happy life” +10:17 st2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive but the one who rejects correction is led astray 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but the one who does not obey wise instruction will not have a good life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +10:18 d6bj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy has lying lips 0 “Lips” represent what a person says. Alternate translation: “tells lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +10:19 zc3a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes transgression is not lacking 0 This phrase uses a negative to emphasize a positive idea. Alternate translation: “there is much sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +10:20 h1pz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The tongue of the righteous person 0 “Tongue” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “Whatever a righteous person says” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +10:20 pvj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor is pure silver 0 “Silver” represents valuable sayings. Alternate translation: “is extremely valuable” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +10:21 h4rr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The lips of the righteous 0 “Lips” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “The sayings of a righteous man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +10:21 kp6k nourish 0 cause them to develop or grow stronger +10:23 l951 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Wickedness is a game a fool plays 0 A game is an activity people do for pleasure. Alternate translation: “Fools find pleasure in wickedness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +10:24 xai5 overtake 0 overcome someone +10:25 ci43 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile The wicked are like the storm 0 Just as storm comes and sweeps everything away so wicked people will disappear. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +10:25 v58h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor is a foundation that lasts forever 0 “Foundation” represents the base or a beginning of something that people build over. Alternate translation: “is a start for something that lasts forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +10:26 fk5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Like vinegar on the teeth and smoke in the eyes, so is the sluggard to those who send him 0 “Vinegar” and “smoke” represent things that hurt a person’s teeth and eyes. Alternate translation: “Sending a lazy person to accomplish a task is irritating and unpleasant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +10:26 i1xh vinegar 0 a sour liquid used to flavor or preserve foods +10:27 rv8w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the years of the wicked 0 “Years” represent the time a person lives. Alternate translation: “the lifetime of the evil person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +10:28 pds2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the years of wicked people 0 Here “years” represent the time a person lives. Alternate translation: “the lifetime of the evil person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +10:30 ub25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes will never be overthrown 0 This can be stated as active and positive: Alternate translation: “will be secure” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +10:31 f7hy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Out of the mouth of the righteous person 0 “Mouth” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “From the righteous man’s words” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +10:31 amx2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the perverse tongue will be cut out 0 “Tongue” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “God will shut the mouths of people who say what is false” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +10:32 y79y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy lips of the righteous person know what is acceptable 0 “Lips” represent what a person says. Alternate translation: “righteous person knows how to speak acceptably” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +10:32 ay8q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy mouth of the wicked 0 “Mouth” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “the words of the wicked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +11:intro uk6v 0 # Proverbs 11 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 11 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often using contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) +11:1 hzq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nMany verses in Chapter 11 are contrasting parallelisms (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +11:1 g3jt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh hates scales that are not accurate 0 “Scales” represent measuring accurately in negotiating. Alternate translation: “God hates deceiving scales” or “God hates it when people are deceitful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +11:1 pe2q but he delights in a precise weight 0 Here, **precise weight** represents accuracy in negotiating. Alternate translation: “but he delights in honest ways” or “but he is happy when people are honest” +11:3 rj24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the treacherous 0 This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “treacherous people” or “those who are treacherous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +11:4 r538 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Wealth is worthless on the day of wrath 0 The “day of wrath” represents a specific event, such as the “day of Yahweh” or “judgment day” or “last days.” Alternate translation: “A person’s wealth will do him no good when God comes to judge” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +11:5 lc4r makes his way straight 0 Alternate translation: “has clear direction” +11:5 vhe9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the wicked 0 This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “those who are wicked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +11:6 v49j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the treacherous 0 This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “those who are treacherous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +11:6 b5vy the treacherous are trapped by their cravings 0 Alternate translation: “those who do evil are captured by their passions” +11:6 rhq7 treacherous 0 ready to betray trust; traitorous; deceptive +11:7 dz8x the hope that was in his strength 0 Alternate translation: “the confidence he has in his own power” +11:7 zn33 comes to nothing 0 Alternate translation: “disappears” +11:8 z4am rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive The righteous person is kept away from trouble 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God keeps away from trouble the person who does what is right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +11:8 u873 it comes 0 Alternate translation: “trouble comes” +11:9 r7vl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy With his mouth the godless 0 “Mouth” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “The words of the godless” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +11:11 sim1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the city becomes great 0 “City” represents the community or people group. Alternate translation: “the people group prospers” or “the community becomes prosperous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +11:11 p4sd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy by the mouth of the wicked 0 “Mouth” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “the words of evil people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +11:13 en2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor keeps a matter covered 0 “Covered” represents keeping things concealed as much as possible. Alternate translation: “does not tell” or “does not speak about the matter” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +11:14 a9wq advisors 0 those who give recommendations as a guide to action; counselors +11:15 j2ce one who hates giving 0 Alternate translation: “one who refuses to give” +11:16 bvh9 ruthless people 0 people without pity or compassion; cruel people +11:16 h7rd grasp for wealth 0 Alternate translation: “are greedy for wealth” +11:17 dxp9 one who 0 Alternate translation: “a person who” +11:18 imr8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor sows what is right 0 To “sow” represents spreading out to gain more. Alternate translation: “spreads out what is right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +11:18 ln8a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor reaps the wages of truth 0 To “reap” represents acquiring or gathering in” Alternate translation: “will surely be rewarded” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +11:19 ibb6 the one who 0 Alternate translation: “the person who” +11:19 un2d pursues evil 0 Alternate translation: “chases after evil” or “seeks to do evil” +11:20 r5lt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy whose hearts are perverse 0 “Heart” represents the feelings, attitudes and motivations of a person. Alternate translation: “who have wicked thoughts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +11:21 gh2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes will not go unpunished 0 This phrase uses a negative to emphasize a positive idea. Alternate translation: “will certainly be punished” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +11:22 y2me rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Like a gold ring & without discretion 0 A beautiful woman without discretion is compared to a useless and unsuitable golden ring in a pig’s nose. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +11:22 fe2p without discretion 0 Alternate translation: “without common sense” or “who is foolish” +11:24 x29n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor There is one who scatters—he will accumulate even more 0 This is a metaphor for a person who becomes more wealthy by being generous. Alternate translation: “Some people give freely to others and yet become more wealthy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +11:24 v6x4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit one who scatters 0 You may need to make explicit that the person scatters seeds for crops to grow. Alternate translation: “one who scatters much seed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +11:24 gmp8 will accumulate even more 0 Alternate translation: “will gain even more” +11:24 p1q7 withholds what he should give 0 This refers to a person who thinks that he can become rich by refusing to be generous. +11:25 q9vb will prosper 0 Alternate translation: “will gain more” +11:25 lf1i the one who 0 Alternate translation: “the generous person who” or “anyone who” +11:26 eb69 the man who refuses to sell 0 This describes the person who hoards his wealth instead of helping those in need. +11:26 h1qp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor good gifts crown the head of him who sells it 0 “Crown” represents the reward or award for the person who is willing to sell grain. Alternate translation: “good gifts are given as a crown of honor to him who sells it” or “the person who sells it is honored with many blessings” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +11:27 k6ug The one who diligently seeks 0 the one who seeks with careful and continued effort +11:28 q218 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom will fall 0 This is an idiom. Here “fall” represents destruction or failure. Alternate translation: “will be destroyed” or “awaits a bad future” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +11:28 p1e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like the leaf, righteous people will flourish 0 “Leaf” represents growth and prosperity. Alternate translation: “righteous people will prosper in the same way a healthy green leaf grows” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +11:28 mf6v righteous people will flourish 0 This means that righteous people will thrive or prosper. +11:29 p1pb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor inherit the wind 0 The “wind” is a metaphor for something that cannot be grasped or has no value. Alternate translation: “inherit nothing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +11:30 q7ul rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile The righteous person will be like a tree of life 0 A person who does what is right is compared to a tree that produces life as its fruit. Alternate translation: “Those who do right will bring life to themselves and others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +11:30 hlz7 tree of life 0 See how you translated this in [Proverbs 3:18](../03/18.md). +11:31 s8p9 how much more 0 Alternate translation: “even more so” +12:intro x2lg 0 # Proverbs 12 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 12 continues the section of the book (Chapter 10-22) which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often using contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility and integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) +12:1 ktr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe author uses [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] throughout this chapter. Verses 1-15 contrast wisdom and foolishness. +12:1 r7h6 Whoever 0 Alternate translation: “Any person who” +12:1 tz7m the one who hates correction 0 Alternate translation: “the person who does not want to be told what to do” +12:1 nj5f is stupid 0 Alternate translation: “is foolish” or “is unwise” +12:3 nly2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive A person cannot be established by wickedness 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “No one can become safe and secure by doing what is wicked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +12:3 md5p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor cannot be uprooted 0 “Uprooted” represents being pulled out of the ground like a plant or a tree. This cannot happen to those who do right. Alternate translation: “are as stable as a tree with deep roots” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +12:4 wh4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor A worthy wife is her husband’s crown 0 A crown represents the greatest honor a person can receive. Alternate translation: “A good wife is a sign of great honor for her husband” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +12:4 ced6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile she who brings shame is like a disease that rots his bones 0 A disease that rots the bones represents the spoiling of a person’s life. Alternate translation: “a wife’s shameful acts destroy her husband’s influence and happiness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +12:6 sw3s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The words of wicked people are an ambush waiting for a chance to kill 0 The deceitful things that wicked people say in order to harm other people are spoken of as if their words are waiting to kill someone by surprise. Alternate translation: “The deceitful things wicked people say are like a person who waits to kill someone by surprise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +12:6 n6s7 the words of the upright keep them safe 0 Alternate translation: “the advice from an upright person keeps people safe” +12:6 au1h the upright 0 Alternate translation: “the righteous person” or “the honest person” or “the just person” +12:7 qw8f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Wicked people are overthrown 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People will overthrow the wicked people” or “People will remove the wicked people from power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +12:7 t5c3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy house 0 The term “house” is often used figuratively in the Bible to refer to a person’s ancestors, descendants or other relatives. Alternate translation: “family” or “descendants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +12:8 hfu6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive A person is praised by how much wisdom he has 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People will praise those who have wisdom” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +12:8 hq69 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the one who makes perverse choices is despised 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will hate the one who always thinks evil thoughts” or “people will hate the one who takes good things and twists them into bad” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +12:10 uxx4 is cruel 0 Alternate translation: “causes suffering” +12:11 wl9h worthless projects 0 Alternate translation: “worthless plans” or “worthless tasks” +12:12 b6y1 the fruit 0 This refers to a person’s actions and thoughts. Just as fruit on a tree shows what kind of tree it is, in the same way a person’s words and actions reveal what his character is like. +12:13 ak1y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy An evil person is trapped by his wicked talk 0 “Trapped” represents being caught in a snare or being tricked. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The wicked things an evil person says will trap him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +12:14 z5v9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy just as the work of his hands rewards him 0 The phrase, “the work of his hands” represents work done by physical labor. Alternate translation: “just as the good work he does rewards him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +12:15 lr2l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom in his own eyes 0 This phrase represents the idea he has from his own observation, imagination or memory. Alternate translation: “in his own opinion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +12:15 wlp9 advice 0 wise suggestions +12:16 n8pr is prudent 0 Alternate translation: “is wise” or “has good sense.” +12:18 k26n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile The words of one who speaks rashly are like the thrusts of a sword 0 The phrase, “thrusts of a sword” represents cruel words that hurt another. Alternate translation: “What a person says without thinking can hurt as much as if he stabbed with a sword” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +12:18 avt2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the tongue of the wise 0 “Tongue” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “what wise people say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +12:18 mpg6 brings healing 0 Alternate translation: “comforts and heals” +12:19 wm6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Truthful lips last forever 0 “Lips” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “A truthful person endures forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +12:19 r5ql rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a lying tongue is only for a moment 0 “Tongue” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “the one who lies lasts only for a moment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +12:20 xs9w advisors 0 those who give recommendations as a guide to action; counselors +12:21 d4zt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes No ill comes 0 The negative, “No” cancels out the idea of “ill” (bad things that happen). Alternate translation: “Good things come” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +12:22 x3ha rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Yahweh hates lying lips 0 “Lips” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “Yahweh detests those who tell lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +12:23 qi9m conceals his knowledge 0 Alternate translation: “does not tell everything he knows” +12:24 j53h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The hand of the diligent 0 “Hand” represents what a person does -- his works. Alternate translation: “Diligent people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +12:24 ymw6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy will be put to forced labor 0 “Forced labor” describes what a person must do who is not free to do what he wants. Alternate translation: “will become a slave” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +12:25 qts2 Anxiety 0 uneasy feeling of fear or dread, worry +12:25 n82f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor weighs him down 0 “Weighing down” represents the idea of putting a very heavy load on a person so he cannot move freely. This phrase means to make a person sad or depressed. Alternate translation: “causes him to become sad or depressed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +12:25 z6n9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns but a good word makes him glad 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **word**, you could express the same idea with the verb “speak.” Alternate translation: “but when others speak kindly to him, he is cheerful again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +12:27 gdt7 would not roast their own game 0 “Game” means animals caught and killed while hunting. And “roast” is a way of cooking food. +12:27 vz9v precious wealth 0 Alternate translation: “valuable treasure” +13:intro nh7k 0 # Proverbs 13 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 13 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) +13:1 ugs5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy A wise son hears 0 Here “hears” represents listening in order to do it. Alternate translation: “A wise son obeys” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +13:1 sy9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy will not listen to rebuke 0 Here “listen” represents paying attention in order to do it. Alternate translation: “will not learn from rebuke” or “will not obey, despite rebuke” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +13:2 zu98 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy From the fruit of his mouth 0 Here “fruit” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “From the words of his mouth” or “From what he says” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +13:2 w883 the appetite 0 the desire or liking for something +13:2 mgn1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the treacherous 0 This nominal adjective can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “the treacherous person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +13:3 xb3d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his mouth 0 Here “mouth” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “what he says” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +13:3 bd6a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor opens wide his lips 0 Opening the lips represents speaking, and opening them wide represents speaking too often or too much. Alternate translation: “speaks a lot” or “talks too much” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +13:4 c7yc The appetite & the appetite 0 See how you translated this in [Proverbs 13:2](../13/02.md). +13:4 z2sk craves but gets nothing 0 Alternate translation: “strongly desires but gets nothing” +13:4 rj8j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the appetite of diligent people will be richly satisfied 0 Here “appetite” represents desire. Alternate translation: “diligent people will have a richly satisfied life” or “being diligent will make people richly satisfied” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +13:4 z1wm diligent people 0 people who work with careful and continued effort +13:5 i9t2 repugnant 0 causing a strong feeling of disgust +13:6 gt48 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Righteousness protects those 0 “Righteousness” represents a way of life approved by Yahweh. This quality acts like a person who protects. Alternate translation: “A way of life approved by Yahweh protects” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +13:6 iac2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy who are faultless in their path 0 Here “path” represents how a person directs his life. Alternate translation: “who are faultless in their way of living” or “who live lives of integrity” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +13:6 r21h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification wickedness turns away those who commit sin 0 Here “wickedness” represents an evil conduct of life. This quality acts like a person who turns away those who commit sin. Alternate translation: “wickedness turns sinners away from a successful path” or “wickedness ruins sinners’ lives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +13:7 z16h who enriches himself 0 Alternate translation: “who makes himself rich” +13:8 mre8 does not hear a threat 0 This could mean: (1) no one will threaten to steal from him because he has nothing anyone would want to steal or (2) he will not listen when people correct him because he has nothing to lose if they punish him. Alternate translation: “does not listen to rebuke” +13:9 ev8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The light of righteous people rejoices 0 Here the light represents the righteous person’s life or good behavior, and rejoicing represents causing people to rejoice. Alternate translation: “The life of a righteous person is like a light that causes people to rejoice” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +13:9 ibt9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the lamp of wicked people will be put out 0 Here the lamp represents the life or behavior of wicked people, and “be put out” is an idiom that means that a fire is stopped. The lamp being put out represents either the person dying or the person’s life not giving any joy. Alternate translation: “the lives of wicked people are like a lamp whose fire will be stopped” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +13:10 c8hy Pride only breeds conflict 0 Alternate translation: “Pride always causes conflict” +13:10 n32q listen to 0 Alternate translation: “heed” or “follow” +13:10 ujq3 good advice 0 suggestions that are helpful and profitable +13:11 u1q4 Wealth dwindles away 0 Alternate translation: “Wealth decreases” or “Wealth slowly disappears” +13:11 i2l4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy working with his hand 0 The phrase “working with his hand” refers to physical work instead of only mental or other types of work. Many people give physical work a low value. Alternate translation: “working with physical strength” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +13:11 j3nn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor make his money grow 0 Money is compared to a tree that grows. Alternate translation: “make his money increase” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +13:12 v8h6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy When hope is postponed 0 Here “hope” represents the thing a person hopes for. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “When a person hopes for something but does not receive it for a very long time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +13:12 gfi6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom it breaks the heart 0 Breaking a person’s heart represents overwhelming that person with sadness. Alternate translation: “it causes intense sadness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +13:12 k7pf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor a longing fulfilled is a tree of life 0 Someone receiving what they hoped for and becoming very happy is spoken of as if the fulfillment of their hope were a tree that gives life. Alternate translation: “a longing fulfilled is like a tree of life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +13:12 isa3 tree of life 0 “a tree that gives life” or “a tree whose fruit sustains life.” See how you translated this in [Proverbs 3:18](../03/18.md). +13:13 a5vy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive he who respects the commandment will be rewarded 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they will reward the one who respects the command” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +13:14 uhi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor fountain of life 0 A fountain is a good source of water and here represents a source of life. Alternate translation: “a bountiful source of life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +13:14 h871 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor snares of death 0 Here “snares” represent dangers that will kill. Alternate translation: “traps that lead to death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +13:15 r4vi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor but the way of the treacherous is never-ending 0 Here a person’s behavior or conduct is spoken of as if it were a way or path that a person walks. A person being ruined by their own treachery is spoken of as if they are on a way or path that never ends. Alternate translation: “but the behavior of the treacherous will cause their own destruction” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +13:15 up13 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the treacherous 0 This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “the treacherous person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +13:16 g6vs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor a fool parades his folly 0 To “parade” means to display in front of everyone. Alternate translation: “a fool displays his foolishness to everyone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +13:17 h4gr falls into trouble 0 Alternate translation: “is unreliable” or “does something evil” +13:17 pfh6 a faithful envoy 0 Alternate translation: “a faithful messenger” or “a faithful diplomat” +13:18 m4d7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns learns from correction 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **correction**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “learns when someone corrects him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +13:19 h11i is sweet 0 Alternate translation: “is a delight” or “brings joy” +13:19 fv8k the appetite 0 the desire or liking for something +13:20 k77z will suffer harm 0 Alternate translation: “will experience harm” or “will be ruined” +13:21 ddh8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Disaster runs after sinners 0 “Disaster” is given human characteristics like the ability to run. Alternate translation: “Sinners have trouble wherever they go” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +13:21 ecr7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive righteous people are rewarded with good 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God rewards righteous people with good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +13:22 amv1 his grandchildren 0 Alternate translation: “the sons of his sons” or “the children of his children” or “his descendants” +13:22 fi9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive a sinner’s wealth is stored up for the righteous person 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the one who does right will receive the wealth that a sinner has stored up” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +13:23 z3px An unplowed field 0 Alternate translation: “A field that is not prepared for food production” or “An empty field not ready for planting” +13:23 h46l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor but it is swept away by injustice 0 “Swept away” represents completely removing something. This can be stated in active from. Alternate translation: “but injustice takes away that food” or “but unjust people take the food away” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +13:24 jp8a is careful to instruct him 0 Alternate translation: “makes sure to instruct him” +13:25 a593 he satisfies his appetite 0 Alternate translation: “he has satisfied himself” or “he fulfills his desires” +13:25 azl9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the stomach of the wicked is always hungry 0 Here “stomach” represents the desires of a person. Alternate translation: “the wicked person is always hungry for more” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +14:intro gbj2 0 # Proverbs 14 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 14 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) +14:1 r3rp builds her house 0 Alternate translation: “builds up her house” or “makes her house better” +14:1 tv3l house 0 This could mean: (1) this may refer to her actual house, that is the building she lives in or (2) this may refer to her family. +14:1 l2y8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche with her own hands 0 The woman is represented by her “hands.” Alternate translation: “by herself” or “by the way she behaves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +14:2 qgn4 The one who & the one who 0 Alternate translation: “The person who … the person who” +14:2 qnc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor walks uprightly 0 “Walks” represents the conduct of life. Alternate translation: “conducts his life in a just and honest way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +14:2 we9s despises him 0 Alternate translation: “grossly disrespects him” or “shows that he hates him” +14:2 c17i in his ways despises him 0 The word “his” refers to the dishonest man and “him” refers to Yahweh. +14:3 a16n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the mouth of & the lips of 0 The mouth and the lips both refer to what a person says. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +14:3 ixb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a rod for his back 0 The rod with which people will punish the fool by hitting him on his back for his foolish words is a metonym for the words that come out of his mouth. Alternate translation: “words that will cause people to punish him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +14:3 c2ir the wise 0 This word is plural. “wise men” or “wise people” +14:3 gru7 will preserve them 0 Alternate translation: “will keep them from harm” or “will keep them safe” +14:4 w12s the feeding trough 0 A “trough” is a container in which you put the food for animals. +14:4 e3k8 an abundant crop 0 Alternate translation: “a good harvest” +14:4 diy9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy by the strength of an ox 0 “Strength” represents the strong work an ox can do. Alternate translation: “because of the work an ox does” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +14:5 j6d2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom breathes out lies 0 This figure of speech uses “breathes” to refer to lying constantly. Alternate translation: “constantly lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 6:19](../06/19.md). +14:6 wm35 and there is none 0 Alternate translation: “and wisdom is not there” or “but he will not find wisdom” +14:6 ek6h comes easy to 0 Alternate translation: “is easily found by” or “acquires without difficulty” +14:6 xv2j the one who is discerning 0 Alternate translation: “the one who is wise” or “a person who has understanding” +14:7 ud4w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy on his lips 0 The word “lips” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “from his speech” or “with his comments” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +14:8 e2qn the prudent 0 a person who has good judgment or sense +14:8 vp9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his own way 0 The word “way” represents the conduct of life of a person. Alternate translation: “his conduct” or “how he lives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +14:8 vug2 the folly of fools is deception 0 The foolishness of fools is that they think they are wise, when they are not. +14:9 m1s1 when the guilt offering is sacrificed 0 “at guilt” or “at the guilt offering” The meaning behind this phrase is that fools do not apologize to God or men for the things they do wrong. +14:9 t24p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive but among the upright favor is shared 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but the upright enjoy favor together” or “but God’s favor is experienced together among the upright” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +14:10 xxe9 its own bitterness 0 Alternate translation: “its own sorrow” or “its own sadness” +14:10 y94d no stranger 0 Alternate translation: “those who do not know him” +14:11 c5yp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the tent 0 The word “tent” represents everything that happens within it. Alternate translation: “the household” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +14:11 d165 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor flourish 0 The word “flourish” means vigorous blooming of flowers and so represents anything that grows strongly. Alternate translation: “to do well and last long” or “to be healthy” or “to be very successful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +14:12 y8gw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor There is a way that seems right to a man 0 The word “way” represents the conduct of life a person follows. Alternate translation: “People think that the way they are living is the right way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +14:13 n7lp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor A heart can laugh 0 The word “heart” represents a person’s feelings, attitudes and motivations. Alternate translation: “A person’s feelings can show laughter” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +14:13 j3ih be in pain 0 Alternate translation: “experience pain” or “hurt” +14:14 a8j9 The one who 0 Alternate translation: “The person who” +14:14 c5in rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor what his ways deserve 0 The word “ways” represents a person’s conduct of life. Alternate translation: “what he deserves, based on how he lived” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +14:14 qe8k what is his 0 Alternate translation: “what belongs to him” or “what he has a right to” +14:15 i558 naive 0 inexperienced or immature +14:15 h73m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor his steps 0 Here the idea of footsteps represents a person’s behavior. Alternate translation: “his actions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +14:16 z79v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor turns away from evil 0 Here evil is spoken of as if it were a place. Alternate translation: “avoids doing evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +14:16 dy6s confidently dismisses 0 Alternate translation: “boldly ignores” +14:17 yez8 is quick to become angry 0 Alternate translation: “becomes angry quickly” +14:18 j5kv naive 0 inexperienced or immature +14:18 c2ql rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy inherit foolishness 0 Here “inherit” represents having permanent possession of something. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +14:18 aj35 foolishness 0 The word “foolishness” is an abstract noun that represents foolish thinking and foolish actions. +14:18 rq9a prudent people 0 Alternate translation: “wise people” +14:18 spn1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor are crowned with knowledge 0 Here knowledge is spoken of as if it were a beautiful ornament worn on one’s head, such as a turban with jewels. Alternate translation: “wear knowledge as a turban” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +14:19 b4i8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction bow down 0 This means to bend over to humbly express respect and submission toward someone. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +14:19 e892 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy at the gates of the righteous 0 The word “gates” represents an entrance to meet with another. This means the wicked will have to wait for the righteous person and beg to enter his presence. Alternate translation: “to meet with the righteous person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +14:20 h5ns rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive The poor person is hated even by his own companions 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Everyone hates the poor person even his own neighbors” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +14:21 fy3m The one & the one 0 Alternate translation: “The person … the person” +14:21 d4gp the poor 0 Alternate translation: “poor people” +14:22 m1cw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Do not those who plot evil go astray? 0 The assumed answer to this question is “yes.” Alternate translation: “Those who plot evil will go astray.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +14:22 ie8f who plot evil 0 Alternate translation: “who make evil plans” or “who make plans to do evil things” +14:22 mmn3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns those who plan to do good will receive covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness 0 The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” can be stated as “faithful” and “trustworthy.” Alternate translation: “God will show himself to be trustworthy and faithful to his covenant to those who plan to do what is good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +14:23 k11f but when there is only talk 0 Alternate translation: “but if you only talk” or “but when all a person does is talking” +14:24 dc97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The crown of wise people 0 The word “crown” represents the highest achievement possible and visible to all. Alternate translation: “The reward of wise people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +14:24 u3bw the folly of fools 0 See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 14:8](../14/08.md). +14:25 wkc7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom breathes out lies 0 This figure of speech uses “breathes” to refer to lying constantly. See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 6:19](../06/19.md). Alternate translation: “constantly lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +14:27 c8u2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor fountain of life 0 A “fountain” is a bountiful source of water and represents here the source of life. Alternate translation: “source of life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +14:27 r5t6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor from the snares of death 0 A “snare” is a sort of trap used to hunt animals and represents something tricky and dangerous that will kill. Alternate translation: “from the trap that will kill” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +14:28 vxf7 the great number of his people 0 Alternate translation: “how many people he rules” +14:28 yp94 the prince is ruined 0 Alternate translation: “the prince has nothing and his kingdom will fall” +14:29 n61r the quick-tempered 0 a person who is quick to become angry +14:30 lqn3 A tranquil heart 0 Alternate translation: “A peaceful mindset” or “An attitude that is at peace” +14:30 l819 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor rots the bones 0 The word “rots” represents the decay of a person and “bones” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “causes a person to be unhealthy in body and spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +14:31 k67r The one who & the one who 0 Alternate translation: “The person who … the person who” +14:31 b6nz curses 0 This means to express a desire that bad things will happen to someone. +14:31 xhv2 the poor & the needy 0 Alternate translation: “a poor person … a needy person” +14:31 k2td shows favor to 0 Alternate translation: “is kind to” or “helps” +14:32 t8gr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive is brought down by his evil actions 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “evil actions push over” or “evil actions destroy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +14:33 axk6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Wisdom rests in the heart 0 The word “heart” represents the feelings, attitudes and motivations of a person. Alternate translation: “Wisdom is in the attitude” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +14:33 t41l the discerning 0 Alternate translation: “a discerning person” +14:33 r61l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive she lets herself be known 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “she makes sure people know her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +14:33 xi3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification she 0 The word “she” refers to wisdom. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +14:34 dl6h is a disgrace 0 Alternate translation: “brings shame upon to any people” or “should cause any people to be ashamed” +14:35 qjf7 who acts prudently 0 Alternate translation: “who acts wisely” or “who makes sure bad things do not happen” +14:35 vi56 the one who 0 Alternate translation: “the servant who” +15:intro l872 0 # Proverbs 15 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 15 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) +15:1 x2lh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor A gentle answer turns away wrath 0 Causing a person to stop being angry is spoken of as if it were turning that person’s wrath away. Alternate translation: “Answering a person gently will calm that person’s wrath” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +15:1 hu6m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor but a harsh word stirs up anger 0 Causing a person to become more angry is spoken of as if it were stirring up or awakening anger. Alternate translation: “but speaking harshly causes that person to become more angry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +15:2 w6ic rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche The tongue of wise people compliments knowledge 0 Here the word “tongue” refers to the person who speaks. Alternate translation: “Wise people compliment knowledge when they speak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +15:2 sjz8 compliments knowledge 0 Alternate translation: “makes knowledge attractive” or “uses knowledge correctly” +15:2 ncr7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the mouth of fools pours out folly 0 The writer speaks of fools’ mouths as if they were containers and of folly as if it were the liquid that filled them. When fools speak, their mouths pour out the liquid. The word “mouth” represents those who speak. Alternate translation: “fools are always speaking folly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +15:3 w8rc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche The eyes of Yahweh are everywhere 0 Here the word “eyes” represents Yahweh and emphasizes his ability to see everything. Alternate translation: “Yahweh sees everything” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +15:3 bw6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the evil and the good 0 The words “evil” and “good” refer to people. Alternate translation: “evil people and good people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +15:4 wt85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy A healing tongue is a tree of life 0 The word “tongue” refers to speech. The writer speaks of the words of a person who says things that help and encourage others as if they were a tree that provides life-giving nourishment. Alternate translation: “Kind words are like a tree that gives life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +15:4 eg2w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a deceitful tongue crushes the spirit 0 The phrase “a deceitful tongue” refers to speech that is deceitful or hurtful. The writer speaks of a person being hurt or in despair as if that person’s spirit were an object that words have crushed. Alternate translation: “deceitful speech causes a person to despair” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +15:5 kix4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns he who learns from correction 0 The word “correction” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “he who learns when someone corrects him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +15:5 x86t is prudent 0 Alternate translation: “is wise” +15:6 h7yy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns the earnings of the wicked person give 0 The word “earnings” can be translated as a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “the wealth that a wicked person earns gives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +15:7 tk6t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The lips of wise people scatter knowledge about 0 The word “lips” represents what wise people say. The writer speaks of knowledge as if it were seeds that wise people scatter around when they speak. Alternate translation: “The speech of wise people spreads knowledge” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +15:7 wet2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche not so the hearts of fools 0 This could mean: (1) the word “hearts” is synecdoche for the fools themselves and means that they do not scatter knowledge like wise people do. Alternate translation: “fools do not scatter knowledge about” or (2) fools do not have knowledge in their hearts, with “hearts” being a metonym for the thoughts. Alternate translation: “fools do not understand knowledge” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +15:8 a5ry upright people 0 Alternate translation: “people who live rightly” +15:8 fci9 is his delight 0 Alternate translation: “pleases him” +15:9 ui9i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh hates the way of wicked people 0 The lifestyles of wicked people are spoken of as if they are paths on which those people walk. Alternate translation: “Yahweh hates the way that wicked people live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +15:9 pj1l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the one who pursues what is right 0 Being diligent to live rightly is spoken of as if it were chasing after right things. Alternate translation: “the person who strives to live rightly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +15:10 j3mw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor anyone who forsakes the way 0 Here “the way” refers to the way of righteousness. A person who stops doing what is right is spoken of as if he has stopped walking on the correct path. Alternate translation: “anyone who stops living rightly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +15:10 jus3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns he who hates correction 0 The word “correction” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “the person who hates it when others correct him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +15:11 n1e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet Sheol and destruction are open before Yahweh 0 The words “Sheol and destruction” both refer to the place of the dead. Yahweh knowing everything about the place of the dead is spoken of as if it were open before Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Yahweh knows everything about the place where dead people are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +15:11 b6if rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion how much more the hearts of the sons of mankind? 0 This rhetorical question emphasizes that since Yahweh knows everything about the place of the dead, it is more obvious that he knows everything about the hearts of men. Alternate translation: “so he certainly knows the hearts of the sons of mankind!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +15:11 r3gz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the hearts of the sons of mankind 0 Here the word “hearts” represents the thoughts and motivations. The phrase “the sons of mankind” is an idiom for humanity. Alternate translation: “the thoughts of humans” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +15:12 dl8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns The mocker resents correction 0 The word “correction” can be translated with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “The mocker hates when others correct him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +15:12 f5d9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit he will not go to the wise 0 It is implied that he will not go to the wise to seek their counsel or advice. Alternate translation: “he will not go to the wise to seek their counsel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +15:13 b4lv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche A joyful heart makes the face cheerful 0 Here the word “heart” represents the person. Alternate translation: “When a person is joyful, his face is cheerful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +15:13 dm7a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor crushes the spirit 0 The writer speaks of a person being discouraged as if that person’s spirit were an object that is crushed. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 15:4](../15/04.md). Alternate translation: “makes a person discouraged” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +15:14 d9uh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The heart of the discerning 0 Here the word “heart” represents the mind and thoughts. Alternate translation: “The mind of the discerning person” or “The discerning person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +15:14 k3ct rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the mouth of fools feeds on folly 0 Here the word “mouth” represents the person. The writer speaks of fools desiring foolish things as if they ate foolish things. Alternate translation: “foolish people desire folly as if it were the food that they eat” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +15:15 r1yn All the days of oppressed people are miserable 0 Alternate translation: “Oppressed people are miserable all of their days” +15:15 en6x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche a cheerful heart has an unending feast 0 Here the word “heart” represents the person. The writer speaks of a cheerful person enjoying life as if that person were celebrating a feast that does not end. Alternate translation: “the cheerful person enjoys life, as if he were celebrating an unending feast” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +15:15 m9lg an unending feast 0 Alternate translation: “a feast that never ends” +15:16 iix3 with confusion 0 Alternate translation: “with anxiety” +15:17 via5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a meal with vegetables 0 The vegetables represent a small meal with very little food. Alternate translation: “a small meal” or “very little food” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +15:17 ux23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns where there is love 0 The word “love” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “where people love one another” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +15:17 m9u4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive a fatted calf served with hatred 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “a fatted calf that someone serves with hatred” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +15:17 x4f2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a fatted calf 0 This refers to a calf that has been fed a lot of food so that it will become fat. Here it represents a delicious meal or a feast. Alternate translation: “a luxurious meal” or “a feast” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +15:17 vw92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns with hatred 0 The word “hatred” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “where people hate one another” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +15:18 p4ji rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor stirs up arguments 0 Causing people to argue more is spoken of as if it were stirring up or awakening arguments. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **arguments**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “argue.” Alternate translation: “causes people to argue more” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +15:19 awv2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The path of the sluggard & the path of the upright 0 The writer speaks of a person’s life as if it were a path on which the person walks. Alternate translation: “The life of the sluggard … the life of the upright” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +15:19 gy92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile The path of the sluggard is like a place with a hedge of thorns 0 The writer compares the lifestyle of the sluggard with trying to walk through a hedge of thorns. Both cause the person to suffer pain. Alternate translation: “The life of the sluggard is like a person trying to walk through a hedge of thorns” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +15:19 zqz8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the path of the upright is a built-up highway 0 The writer speaks of the blessings that upright people experience in life as if they were walking on a smooth road. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +15:19 c95z built-up highway 0 This is a road that is wide, flat, and without obstacles or potholes. +15:21 itu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the one who has understanding walks a straight path 0 The writer speaks of a person doing the right thing as if he were walking straight ahead on a path. Alternate translation: “the person who has understanding does what is right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +15:22 p1yb Plans go wrong 0 Alternate translation: “Plans fail” +15:22 et1u where there is no advice 0 Alternate translation: “when there is no one to give advice” +15:22 re1s advisors 0 people who give recommendations as a guide to action +15:22 q31z they succeed 0 Alternate translation: “plans succeed” +15:23 wg81 a pertinent reply 0 Alternate translation: “a fitting reply” or “an appropriate answer” +15:23 jnm2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations how good is a timely word 0 This exclamation emphasizes that a word spoken at the right time is very good. Alternate translation: “a word that a person speaks at the right time is very good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) +15:24 b9kb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The path of life leads upward & from Sheol beneath 0 The writer speaks of a lifestyle that results in life as if it were a path that goes upward towards life and of a lifestyle that results in death as if it were a path that leads down to the place of the dead. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +15:25 h2dg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche house 0 This is a synecdoche for the person’s household, property, and wealth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +15:26 h9s4 the words of kindness are pure 0 Alternate translation: “kind words are pure” or “pleasant words are pure” +15:28 avu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The heart of the righteous person ponders before it answers 0 Here the word “heart” is a metonym for the mind and thoughts. This represents the person who thinks. Alternate translation: “The person who does right ponders what to say before he answers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +15:28 zzd4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the mouth of wicked people pours out all its evil 0 The writer speaks of wicked people’s mouths as if they were containers and speaks of evil as if it were the liquid that filled them. When wicked people speak, their mouths pour out the liquid. The word “mouths” represents those who speak. Alternate translation: “wicked people are always saying evil things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +15:28 zr4l the mouth of wicked people pours out all its evil 0 It may be more natural in you language to translate all these words as either singular or plural. Alternate translation: “the mouth of the wicked person pours out all its evil” or “the mouths of wicked people pour out all their evil” +15:29 nq5q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh is far away from wicked people 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh not listening to wicked people as if he were physically far away from them. Alternate translation: “Yahweh does not listen to wicked people” or “Yahweh does not answer wicked people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +15:30 msq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The light of the eyes 0 The writer speaks of an expression of joy on one’s face as if the person’s eyes emitted light. Alternate translation: “A cheerful expression” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +15:30 d2bg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche brings joy to the heart 0 The word “heart” represents the person. This could mean: (1) the person who has a cheerful expression becomes joyful or (2) other people become joyful when they see someone with a cheerful expression. Alternate translation: “causes a person to be joyful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +15:30 hhj8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche good news is health to the body 0 Here the word “body” represents the person. Alternate translation: “receiving good news makes a person feel good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +15:31 vet3 you will remain among wise people 0 This could mean: (1) people will continue to consider you to be a wise person or (2) you will continue to enjoy the company of wise people. +15:32 l9cd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns listens to correction 0 The word “correction” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “listens when others correct him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +15:33 nhk9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns The fear of Yahweh teaches wisdom 0 The words “fear” and “wisdom” can be translated with verbal phrases. Alternate translation: “When one fears Yahweh, he will learn to be wise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +15:33 t56g The fear of Yahweh 0 See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 1:7](../01/07.md). +15:33 w2h2 humility comes before honor 0 This means that a person must first learn humility before Yahweh will honor him. +16:intro mu2u 0 # Proverbs 16 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 16 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### King and royalty\n\nSome of these proverbs mention a king. As in other cases, this is intended to apply to all rulers.\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) +16:1 bqu9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The plans of the heart belong to a person 0 Here the word “heart” represents the person’s mind and thoughts. Alternate translation: “A person makes plans in his mind” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +16:1 hf8a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor from Yahweh comes the answer from his tongue 0 This could mean: (1) Yahweh speaks his answer to a person’s plans, which is a metaphor meaning that Yahweh determines the outcome of that person’s plans or (2) Yahweh enables a person to speak words about the plans that he has made. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +16:1 j1hu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the answer from his tongue 0 The person is represented by his “tongue” to emphasize his speech. Alternate translation: “the answer that he speaks” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +16:2 m6li rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor All of a person’s ways are pure in his own eyes 0 The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. The writer speaks of what a person does as if that person were walking down a path. Alternate translation: “A person thinks that everything he does is pure” or “A person judges everything he does as pure” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +16:2 ky4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Yahweh weighs the spirits 0 Here the word “spirits” represents people’s desires and motives. The writer speaks of Yahweh discerning and judging a person’s desires and motives as if he were weighing that person’s spirit. Alternate translation: “Yahweh judges the person’s motives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +16:4 ccq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis even the wicked for the day of trouble 0 The verbal phrase may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “he has made even the wicked for the day of trouble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +16:5 lkb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche everyone who has an arrogant heart 0 Here the word “heart” represents the person. Alternate translation: “everyone who is arrogant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +16:5 cq2g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes they will not go unpunished 0 The two negatives in this phrase strongly emphasize the positive. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will certainly punish them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +16:6 t6t9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns By covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness iniquity is atoned for 0 The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” can be stated as “faithful” and “trustworthy.” If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. This could mean: (1) Alternate translation: “Because Yahweh is faithful to his covenant and trustworthy he forgives people’s sins” or (2) Alternate translation: “Yahweh will forgive the sins of those who are faithful to the covenant and trustworthy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +16:6 sn15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor people turn away from evil 0 The writer speaks of people no longer doing evil things as if they were turning away from evil. Alternate translation: “people stop doing evil things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +16:7 i6tc he makes 0 Alternate translation: “Yahweh makes” +16:8 u992 a large income 0 Alternate translation: “earning a lot of money” +16:8 a4dx with injustice 0 Alternate translation: “with wrongdoing” +16:9 wyx2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy In his heart a person plans out his way 0 Here the word “heart” represents the mind and thoughts. The writer speaks of a person’s actions as if the person were walking on a path. Alternate translation: “A person plans in his mind what he will do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +16:9 y8rt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh directs his steps 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh determining the outcome of a person’s plans as if Yahweh were telling that person where to walk. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +16:10 ak2q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Insightful decisions are on the lips of a king 0 Here the word “lips” is a metonym for what the king says. Alternate translation: “What a king says are insightful decisions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +16:10 ul24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche his mouth should not betray justice 0 The word “mouth” represents the king himself. Alternate translation: “he should not speak deceitfully when he judges” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +16:11 hb1i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Honest scales come from Yahweh 0 Yahweh requires justice and fairness when doing business. Dishonest people used heavier or lighter weights in their scales in order to gain more when buying or selling. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +16:11 c4kd all the weights in the bag are his work 0 Merchants carried their weights in bags. This could mean: (1) Yahweh has determined how much every weight must weigh or (2) Yahweh is concerned with every weight that a merchant uses. +16:12 tie4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive that is something to be despised 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that is something that people despise” or “that is something that Yahweh despises” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +16:12 yr8j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy for a throne is established by doing what is right 0 Here the word “throne” represents the king’s rule. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “for the king establishes his reign by doing what is right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +16:13 sfa1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche lips that say what is right 0 Here the word “lips” represents the person who speaks. Alternate translation: “a person who speaks the truth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +16:14 lfm4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor A king’s wrath is a messenger of death 0 The writer speaks of an angry king causing someone to die as if the king’s wrath were a messenger that he sends out to kill someone. Alternate translation: “An angry king can put people to death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +16:15 av7j General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nVerse 15 contrasts with verse 14. +16:15 f1pr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor In the light of a king’s face is life 0 The writer speaks of an expression of joy on the king’s face as if his face emitted light. Alternate translation: “When the king is cheerful, people live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +16:15 a5n5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile his favor is like a cloud that brings a spring rain 0 The writer compares the king showing favor towards someone with a cloud that brings rain to make crops grow. Both promise blessing to those who receive them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +16:16 rgj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations How much better it is to get wisdom than gold 0 This exclamation emphasizes that having wisdom is much better than having gold. Alternate translation: “It is much better to get wisdom than to get gold” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) +16:16 bn5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive To get understanding should be chosen more than silver 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “A person should choose to get understanding more than to get silver” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +16:17 ffx6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The highway of upright people 0 The writer speaks of the lifestyle of upright people as if it were a well-built road, free of obstacles. Alternate translation: “The righteous way that upright people live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +16:17 a2qn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor turns away from evil 0 The writer speaks of avoiding or no longer doing evil things as if it were turning away from evil. Alternate translation: “keeps them from doing evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +16:18 qp3l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a haughty spirit 0 Here the word “spirit” represents the person’s attitude and temperament. Alternate translation: “an arrogant attitude” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +16:18 yz53 a downfall 0 Alternate translation: “ruin” or “failure” +16:19 s4fk spoil 0 goods taken in battle +16:20 zg3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive what they are taught 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “what someone has taught them” or “what they have learned” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +16:21 lrv9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive The one who is wise in heart is called discerning 0 This person will have a reputation of being a discerning person. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People will call the one who is wise in heart discerning” or “The one who is wise in heart will have a reputation of being a discerning person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +16:21 hq6m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The one who is wise in heart 0 Here the heart represents the mind and thoughts. Alternate translation: “The one who is wise” or “The one who is wise in his thinking” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +16:21 w5ly rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor sweetness of speech 0 The writer speaks of kind or pleasant speech as if it were something that tastes sweet. Alternate translation: “kind speech” or “pleasant speech” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +16:22 y5ux rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Understanding is a fountain of life 0 The writer speaks of “Understanding” as if it were a fountain that continuously flows with water and which sustains the life of those who drink from it. Alternate translation: “Understanding is like a fountain flowing with life-giving water” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +16:23 rbc8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The heart of a wise person gives 0 Here the word “heart” represents the mind and thoughts. Alternate translation: “The thoughts of a wise person gives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +16:23 qa4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy gives insight to his mouth 0 Here the word “mouth” is a metonym for speech. Alternate translation: “makes his speech wise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +16:23 i4qn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy to his lips 0 Here the word “lips” is a metonym for speech. Alternate translation: “to what he says” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +16:24 r6ef rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy sweet to the soul 0 Here, **soul** could mean: (1) it represents a person’s inward desires and pleasures. Alternate translation: “sweet enough to make a person happy” or (2) it can mean “throat” and is a metonym for a person’s tongue and ability to taste. Alternate translation: “sweet to a person’s taste” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +16:24 ye3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche healing to the bones 0 Here the word “bones” represent a person’s body. Alternate translation: “healing to the body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +16:25 v8l9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy There is a way that seems right to a man 0 The writer speaks of a person’s conduct or behavior as if it were a road on which the person is traveling. Alternate translation: “A person thinks that the way he is living is right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +16:25 es6x but its end is the way to death 0 The word “its” refers to “way” in the previous line. This “way” is the road that leads to death. +16:26 fc7p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification The laborer’s appetite works for him 0 The writer speaks of the appetite as if it were a person who works on behalf of the laborer. This means that the person who labors is motivated by his desire to eat. Alternate translation: “The laborer works to satisfy his appetite” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +16:26 gb4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification his hunger urges him on 0 The writer speaks of “hunger” as if it were a person who urges the laborer to continue working. Alternate translation: “he keeps on working because he is hungry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +16:27 r16q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor A worthless person digs up mischief 0 The writer speaks of a person trying to find ways to harm other people as if that person were digging in the ground to find something buried. Alternate translation: “A worthless person looks for mischief as if he were digging for something in the ground” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +16:27 sga2 worthless 0 Alternate translation: “useless” or “wicked” +16:27 q5zk mischief 0 trouble +16:27 xs7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile his speech is like a scorching fire 0 The writer compares the way this person’s words hurt others with the way that fire burns things. Alternate translation: “he hurts people with his words, like a fire scorches the things it touches” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +16:28 x2b5 a gossip 0 a person who gossips or spreads rumors +16:29 mk94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit A man of violence lies to his neighbor 0 It is implied that this man lies to his neighbor in order to get his neighbor to join him in violent actions. Alternate translation: “A man of violence entices his neighbor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +16:29 i6a5 A man of violence 0 Alternate translation: “A violent man” or “A man who practices violence” +16:29 f3dd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor leads him down a path that is not good 0 The writer speaks of a person’s actions as if they were a road on which the person walks. Alternate translation: “gets him to do things that are not good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +16:29 m8qs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit a path that is not good 0 The writer uses an understatement to emphasize how bad this path is. Alternate translation: “a very bad path” or “a terrible path” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +16:30 p1tu The one who winks the eye & those who purse the lips 0 Both of these are facial gestures which people might use to signal their plans to others. See how you translated “winks the eye” in [Proverbs 10:10](../10/10.md). +16:30 wy6w will bring evil to pass 0 Alternate translation: “will do evil things” +16:31 aj89 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Gray hair is a crown of glory 0 The writer speaks of gray hair as if it were a crown. “Gray hair” is a metonym for old age. Alternate translation: “A person who has lived long enough to have gray hair is like one who wears a glorious crown on his head” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +16:31 y1am rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive it is gained 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “a person gains it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +16:32 x3rg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor one who rules his spirit 0 The writer speaks of a person being able to control his own temper and emotions as if he ruled over his spirit like a king rules his people. Alternate translation: “one who controls his temper” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +16:33 ei8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive The lots are cast into the lap 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “A person throws the lots into his lap” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +16:33 js5x the decision is from Yahweh 0 This could mean: (1) Yahweh decides how the lots will land or (2) it is not the lots, but Yahweh who determines what will happen. +17:intro br3v 0 # Proverbs 17 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 17 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) +17:1 ecu4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy to have quiet 0 Here “quiet” refers to “peace.” Alternate translation: “to have peace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +17:1 p2y8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis than a house full of feasting with strife 0 The words “to have” are understood from the previous phrase. They can be repeated. Alternate translation: “than to have a house full of feasting with strife” or “than to be in a house full of feasting where there is strife” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +17:3 fh66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit The crucible is for silver and the furnace is for gold 0 This refers to how gold and silver are refined. A metal is refined by heating it to a high temperature so that it melts and the impurities may be removed. Alternate translation: “The crucible is used to refine silver and the furnace is used to refine gold” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +17:3 fi3n crucible 0 a pot in which metals are melted at a very high temperature +17:3 aq7i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh refines hearts 0 This speaks of Yahweh testing people to help them stop being evil and foolish as if their hearts were a metal that Yahweh was refining to remove everything that is impure. Alternate translation: “Yahweh tests peoples’ hearts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +17:4 bar9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche wicked lips 0 The word **lips** can be translated as either: (1) a synecdoche for the person or (2) a metonym for the words that come out from those lips. Alternate translation: “a wicked person” or “wicked talk” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +17:4 cj9s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom gives ear 0 This idiom means “listens.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +17:4 ef8i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche destructive tongue 0 The word **tongue** can be translated as either: (1) a synecdoche for the person or (2) a metonym for the words that the tongue produces. Alternate translation: “a destructive person” or “destructive talk” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +17:5 a5ue rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the poor 0 This refers to poor people. Alternate translation: “those who are poor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +17:5 gs4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns his Maker 0 This is a name that refers to Yahweh. This is also an abstract noun that can be written as a verb. Alternate translation: “the one who made him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +17:5 dj8b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit at misfortune 0 This refers to the misfortune of others. Alternate translation: “at others’ misfortune” or “at other peoples’ troubles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +17:6 y71i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor are the crown of 0 This speaks of older peoples’ grandchildren being a sign of honor for them as if their grandchildren were a crown. Alternate translation: “bring honor and respect to” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +17:6 v99u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the aged 0 This refers to older people. Alternate translation: “those who are older” or “older people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +17:7 i2ze Eloquent speech 0 Alternate translation: “Fine speech” or “Excellent speech” +17:7 clc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche much less are lying lips suitable for royalty 0 This describes people lying as if it were actually their “lips” that were lying. Alternate translation: “even more it is not suitable for royalty to lie” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +17:8 mi9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile A bribe is like a magic stone to the one who gives it 0 This speaks of a person’s bribe working by comparing it to a magical stone or amulet. Alternate translation: “A bribe works like a magical stone for the one who gives it” or “A bribe works like magic for the one who is giving the bribe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +17:8 iq11 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom wherever he turns 0 Here “turning” refers to the various things the person does. Specifically, this refers to the different things the person does by bribery. Alternate translation: “in whatever he does” or “in everything he tries to do by giving bribes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +17:9 nk6k an offense 0 an action or word that has hurt him +17:9 r2e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit who repeats a matter 0 This refers to bringing up a past situation in which a friend was hurt or offended. Alternate translation: “who repeats a past offense” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +17:9 s8p6 alienates close friends 0 Alternate translation: “causes people to stop being close friends” or “causes close friends to stop liking each other” +17:10 dra2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor A rebuke goes deeper into a person & than a hundred blows go into a fool 0 This compares how a rebuke effects a man of understanding to how a beating effects a fool. This speaks of the effect on these people as if it could be measured by the depth that it goes into them. Alternate translation: “A rebuke has more effect on a person … than a hundred blows have on a fool” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +17:10 fs5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns a person who has understanding 0 “a person who has good judgment.” The word “understand” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “a person who understands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +17:10 hy6y a hundred blows go 0 Alternate translation: “a beating of a hundred blows goes” +17:11 rz73 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns seeks rebellion 0 The word “rebellion” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “seeks to rebel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +17:11 zqf6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive a cruel messenger will be sent against him 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “a cruel messenger will come against him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +17:11 suj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom will be sent against him 0 To be “sent against” someone means to be sent to harm them. Alternate translation: “will be sent to harm him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +17:12 fk5m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive a bear robbed of her cubs 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “a bear who has just lost her cubs” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +17:12 j1ly rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns in his foolishness 0 The word “foolishness” can be expressed as an adjective. Alternate translation: “who is acting foolish” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +17:13 p537 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification evil will never leave his house 0 Here “evil” is spoken of as if it were a person who would not leave the man’s house. Here the word “house” may be taken literally, but it is also a metonym for his family. Alternate translation: “bad things will continue to happen to him and his family” or “bad things will never stop happening to him and his family” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +17:14 e1bw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile The beginning of conflict is like one who releases water everywhere 0 This compares how easily a conflict spreads to how spilled water flows everywhere. Alternate translation: “Starting a conflict is like pumping water and letting it run everywhere” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +17:14 al2h has broken out 0 Alternate translation: “starts”or “begins” +17:15 z95a acquits 0 justifies, declares someone not guilty +17:16 kk5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Why should a fool pay money to learn about wisdom, when he has no ability to learn it? 0 This rhetorical question emphasizes that the fool should not do this. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “A fool should not pay money to learn about wisdom because he does not have the ability to learn it.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +17:17 az6z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit a brother is born for times of trouble 0 One of the purposes of a brother is to be there to help his brother or sister in times of trouble. Alternate translation: “a brother is there for times of trouble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +17:18 f3yd no sense 0 Alternate translation: “no good judgement” +17:18 r6wn binding promises 0 This refers to promises that must be kept and are often a burden on the person who made them. +17:19 bpz3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit causes bones to be broken 0 This means that someone will trip on the threshold and break bones, probably in their foot. Alternate translation: “is sure to cause someone trip and break their the bones in their foot” or “is sure to cause someone to trip and injure himself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +17:20 a3mi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy who has a crooked heart 0 The “heart” represents a person’s feelings, attitudes and motivations. Alternate translation: “who is deceptive” or “who is dishonest” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +17:20 s659 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy has a perverse tongue 0 The “tongue” represents a person’s speech. Alternate translation: “speaks perversely” or “speaks wickedly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +17:20 qjp9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom falls into calamity 0 “falls into trouble” To “fall into” something means to get into that situation. Alternate translation: “will have calamity” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +17:22 b1n1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor A cheerful heart is good medicine 0 This speaks of a cheerful heart as being good medicine because it makes you feel better. Alternate translation: “A cheerful heart is like medicine that makes you feel better” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +17:22 ga2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy A cheerful heart 0 The “heart” represents a person’s feelings, attitudes and motivations. Alternate translation: “Being cheerful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +17:22 u1vh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a broken spirit 0 Here the “spirit” represents a person’s feelings and emotional state. A broken spirit refers to a poor emotional state. Alternate translation: “depression” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +17:22 gei3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy dries up the bones 0 A person’s bones represent their physical health and strength. If a person’s bones dry up it means that they are very sick and unhealthy. Alternate translation: “makes a person unhealthy and weak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +17:23 r7p6 to pervert the ways of justice 0 Alternate translation: “to prevent justice from being rendered” or “to pervert justice” +17:24 ba2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor sets his face toward wisdom 0 This speaks of a person’s focus on acting wisely as if he were looking at wisdom. Alternate translation: “focuses on acting wisely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +17:24 r7ww rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the eyes of a fool are 0 This refers to a fool by his eyes to emphasize what he is focusing on. Alternate translation: “the fool is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +17:24 qef2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the ends of the earth 0 This speaks of a fool’s impossible dreams as if they were the ends of the earth to emphasize that they are unrealistic. Alternate translation: “strive for things that are as far from him as the ends of the earth” or “focus on impossible things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +17:25 cn74 A foolish son is a grief to his father 0 This speaks of a son causing his father grief as if the son himself were “grief.” Alternate translation: “A foolish son brings grief to his father” +17:25 mw1t A foolish son & and bitterness to the woman 0 This speaks of a son causing his mother bitterness as if the son himself were “bitterness.” Alternate translation: “A foolish son … and brings bitterness to the woman” +17:25 t9yj who bore him 0 Alternate translation: “who gave birth to him” +17:25 lm5j bitterness 0 emotional pain, sorrow +17:26 lw6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes it is never good & neither is it good 0 These statements can be written in positive form. Alternate translation: “it is always wrong … and it is evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +17:26 wfd1 the righteous person 0 Another possible meaning is “the innocent person,” anyone whom others have accused of a crime that he did not commit. +17:26 s7mg flog 0 whip severely +17:26 dj91 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns who have integrity 0 The word “integrity” can be expressed with the adjective “honest.” Alternate translation: “who are honest” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +17:27 je2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit uses few words 0 This refers to the way he speaks. Alternate translation: “speaks with few words” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +17:28 b5ay rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Even a fool is thought to be wise 0 This can be written in active form. Alternate translation: “People even think a fool is wise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +17:28 i81a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom keeps his mouth shut 0 This means that he does not speak. Alternate translation: “does not speak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +17:28 q1jm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive he is considered to be intelligent 0 This can be written in active form. Alternate translation: “people consider him to be intelligent” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +18:intro k5qz 0 # Proverbs 18 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 18 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) +18:1 n34r isolates himself 0 Alternate translation: “keeps away from other people” +18:1 vun3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification quarrels with all sound judgment 0 This speaks of a person disagreeing with sound judgment as if “sound judgment” were a person he fought with. Alternate translation: “he disagrees with all sound judgment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +18:1 r3yq sound judgment 0 Alternate translation: “good judgment” or “wise choices” +18:2 u731 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes A fool finds no pleasure in understanding, but only 0 “A fool does not care about understanding, but only about” This means the fool considers “understanding” the opposite of pleasure. Alternate translation: “A fool detests understanding and only finds pleasure in” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +18:2 ey4y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit but only in revealing what is in his own heart 0 This means that the fool only finds pleasure in telling other people what he feels and desires in his heart. Alternate translation: “but only in telling others what is in his own heart” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +18:2 yp8r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy what is in his own heart 0 The contents of a person’s heart refers to the person’s thoughts and feelings. Alternate translation: “what he thinks” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +18:3 fw1y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification contempt comes with him—along with shame and reproach 0 Here “contempt,” “shame,” and “reproach” are spoken of as if they are people who accompany a wicked man. This could mean: (1) people show contempt towards the wicked man and cause him to feel shame and reproach. Alternate translation: “people feel contempt for him along with shame and reproach” or (2) the wicked man shows contempt for others and causes them to feel shame and reproach. Alternate translation: “he shows his contempt for other people and causes them to feel shame and reproach” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +18:3 ps5e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet shame and reproach 0 These two words have similar meaning and are used together to emphasize the “shame” felt by either the wicked man or other people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +18:4 izv2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism The words of a man’s mouth are deep waters; & the fountain of wisdom is a flowing stream 0 These two lines are parallel and it is implied that the man in the first line is a wise man. Alternate translation: “The words of a wise man’s mouth are deep waters; … the fountain of wisdom is a flowing stream” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +18:4 nv82 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The words of a man’s mouth are deep waters 0 This speaks of a wise man’s words being profound as if they were profound and as deep as deep waters. Alternate translation: “The words of a man’s mouth are as profound as deep waters” or “The words of a man’s mouth are deep and profound” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +18:4 mk4j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche a man’s mouth 0 Here the man is referred to by his mouth to emphasize what he says. Alternate translation: “of a man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +18:4 mn87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the fountain of wisdom is a flowing stream 0 This speaks of the source of wisdom being plentiful as if it were a gushing spring. The gushing of the spring is spoken of as if it were a flowing stream. Alternate translation: “the source of wisdom is as plentiful as the water of a gushing spring” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +18:5 fi7d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes It is not good to & to the righteous person 0 These phrases can be written in positive form. Alternate translation: “It is good to treat the wicked person as he deserves, and to be just to the righteous person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +18:6 p2qv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche A fool’s lips bring 0 Here the fool is referred to by his “lips” to emphasize what he says. Alternate translation: “what a fool says brings” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +18:6 w2xd bring 0 Alternate translation: “cause” +18:6 zxu7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor his mouth invites a beating 0 This speaks of the fool saying things that cause people to want to beat him as if he were inviting them to beat him. Alternate translation: “his mouth makes people want to beat him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +18:6 z4ii rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his mouth 0 Here what the fool says is referred to as his “mouth.” Alternate translation: “what he says” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +18:7 iwj7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy A fool’s mouth & with his lips 0 Both of these phrases refer to what a fool says. Alternate translation: “What a fool says … by what he says” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +18:7 v6hu is his ruin 0 Alternate translation: “will ruin him” +18:7 e4r4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he ensnares himself 0 This speaks of the man causing problems and trouble for himself as if he were trapping himself like a man traps an animal. Alternate translation: “he will cause problems for himself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +18:8 iu3y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile The words of a gossip are like delicious morsels 0 This speaks of the words of a gossip being desirable to listen to as if they were delicious food to eat. Alternate translation: “The words of a gossip are desirable to listen to” or (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +18:8 vd95 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession The words of a gossip 0 This refers to what a gossiping person says. Alternate translation: “The words that a gossiping person speaks” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) +18:8 lms4 morsels 0 small bites of food +18:8 mr15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they go down into the inner parts of the body 0 This speaks of the words of a gossip going into a person’s mind and affecting his thoughts as if they were food that was going into his stomach. Alternate translation: “and they enter a person’s mind and affect his thoughts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +18:9 uih2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor one who is slack in his work is a brother to the one who destroys 0 This speaks of the one who is slack being similar to the one who destroys as if they were actually related. Alternate translation: “is closely related to” or “is very similar to” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +18:9 i66j is slack 0 Alternate translation: “is lazy” or “is not interested” +18:9 mch5 the one who destroys the most 0 Alternate translation: “the one who destroys everything” or “the one who is always destructive” +18:10 ktq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The name of Yahweh is a strong tower 0 This speaks of Yahweh protecting his people as if he were a strong tower in which they could take refuge. Alternate translation: “Yahweh protects like a strong tower” or “Yahweh protects his people like a strong tower” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +18:10 f4nm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The name of Yahweh 0 Here Yahweh is referred to by his name. Alternate translation: “Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +18:10 dtz5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the righteous 0 This refers to righteous people. Alternate translation: “those who are righteous” or “righteous people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +18:10 gkx2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor runs into it and is safe 0 This speaks of people seeking safety from Yahweh and Yahweh protecting them as if he were a strong tower that they ran into for safety. Alternate translation: “run to him and they are safe” or “seek him and they are safe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +18:11 vhu8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The wealth of the rich is his fortified city 0 This speaks of a rich person depending on his wealth as if his wealth were a fortified wall that protects him. Alternate translation: “The wealthy person depends on his wealth as a city depends on its fortified wall” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +18:11 bgq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the rich 0 This refers to people who are rich. Alternate translation: “the rich person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +18:11 tz4b fortified city 0 a city with strong defenses like walls and towers +18:11 kei5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile in his imagination it is like a high wall 0 This speaks of the rich person believing his wealth will keep him safe like a high wall keeps those inside a city safe. Alternate translation: “he thinks it protects him as well as a high wall” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +18:12 r28e Before his downfall a person’s heart is proud 0 Alternate translation: “First a person’s heart is proud, but then comes his downfall” +18:12 uet1 downfall 0 This refers to a significant decline in a person’s reputation or health. +18:12 t2l5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche a person’s heart 0 Here a person is referred to by his heart to emphasize his thoughts and feelings. Alternate translation: “a person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +18:12 dy4x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns humility comes before honor 0 The word “humility” may be expressed as an adjective and the word “honor” may be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “a person must be humble before he can be honored” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +18:13 cj6q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns it is his folly and shame 0 The abstract nouns “folly” and “shame” may be expressed as adjectives. Alternate translation: “it is foolish of him, and he should be ashamed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +18:14 jnm1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche A person’s spirit will survive sickness 0 Here a person is referred to by his spirit to emphasize his attitude. Alternate translation: “A person who is hopeful will survive sickness” or “If a person is full of hope in his inner being, he will survive being sick” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +18:14 v3f4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion but a broken spirit who can bear it? 0 This is a rhetorical question, expecting the answer that few can bear it. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “but it is very hard to bear a broken spirit.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +18:14 b1vb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom a broken spirit 0 This refers to being depressed. Alternate translation: “being depressed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +18:15 e4fm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche The heart of the intelligent acquires 0 Here the intelligent person is referred to by his heart to emphasize his desires. Alternate translation: “The intelligent desire to acquire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +18:15 p7l8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the intelligent 0 This refers to people who are intelligent. Alternate translation: “those who are intelligent” or “intelligent people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +18:15 ptl8 acquires 0 Alternate translation: “gains” or “obtains” +18:15 xwh7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the hearing of the wise seeks it out 0 Here the wise person is referred to by his hearing to emphasize what he desires to listen to. Alternate translation: “the wise seeks to learn about it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +18:15 a1ba rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the wise 0 This refers to people who are wise. Alternate translation: “those who are wise” or “wise people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +18:15 enq3 seeks it out 0 Here the word “it” refers to “knowledge” +18:16 zkj3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom may open the way 0 Here to “open the way” means to create an opportunity. Alternate translation: “may create an opportunity for him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +18:16 wr8f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom bring him before 0 This means to be allowed to see someone. Alternate translation: “let him meet” or “let him be introduced to” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +18:17 ct71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal The first to plead his case 0 This refers to the person who pleads his case before his opponent pleads his case. Alternate translation: “The first person to plead his case” or “The person who pleads his case first” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +18:18 qs89 Casting the lot 0 Alternate translation: “Casting lots” +18:18 n3hk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit separates strong opponents 0 This refers to people who are fighting harshly over a dispute. When they are separated, they are no longer fighting over their dispute. Alternate translation: “causes opponents to stop fighting over their dispute” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +18:19 dcj5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor An offended brother is harder to be won than a strong city 0 This speaks of the difficulty of making peace with a brother you have offended by comparing it to the difficulty of winning a war against a strong city. Alternate translation: “If you offend your brother, finding a way to have peace with him again may be harder than waging a battle to win a city” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +18:19 zq5y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile quarreling is like the bars of a castle 0 This speaks of the difficulty of resolving quarreling by comparing it to the difficulty of breaking down the bars of a castle. Alternate translation: “resolving quarreling is as difficult as breaking down the bars of a castle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +18:19 ef13 castle 0 a fortified palace +18:20 qaf4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism From the fruit of his mouth one’s stomach is filled; with the harvest of his lips he is satisfied 0 These two lines have the same meaning and are used together to emphasize what is said. They can be combined. Alternate translation: “A person is satisfied by the results of the good things that he says” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +18:20 h4tr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the fruit of his mouth 0 This speaks of the good things that a person says as if they were fruit that came from his mouth. Alternate translation: “his wise speech” or “his good words” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +18:20 p1z6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor one’s stomach is filled 0 This speaks of a person being satisfied or content by the result of what they have said as if they had eaten and become satisfied” Alternate translation: “a person is satisfied” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +18:20 r4ee rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the harvest of his lips 0 This speaks of the good things that a person says as if they were fruit that is harvested. Alternate translation: “his wise speech” or “his good words” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +18:20 x66t he is satisfied 0 Alternate translation: “he is pleased” +18:21 flt4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Death and life are controlled by the tongue 0 This can be written in active form. Alternate translation: “The tongue can lead to life of death” or “What people say can lead to life or death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +18:21 n65f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy by the tongue & love the tongue 0 Here the “tongue” refers to speech. Alternate translation: “by what people say … love speaking” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +18:21 l141 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will eat its fruit 0 This speaks of a person receiving the consequence for what he says as if the consequences were fruit that he receives. Alternate translation: “will receive its consequences” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +18:24 wg3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive many friends is brought to ruin by them 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “many friends--they will bring him to ruin” or “many friends--his friends will destroy him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +18:24 zc7f comes closer than 0 Alternate translation: “is more faithful than” or “stays more loyal than” +19:intro nbz8 0 # Proverbs 19 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 19 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) +19:1 ev8n Better is a poor person 0 Alternate translation: “It is better to be a poor person” +19:1 bpi4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom who walks in his integrity 0 This is an idiom. Here walking refers to living. Alternate translation: “who lives in his integrity” or “who lives an honest life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +19:1 wj4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns is perverse in speech 0 The word “speech” may be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “speaks perversely” or “speaks in an evil way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +19:2 u1uj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit to have desire without knowledge 0 This refers to people trying to do something without the knowledge for how to correctly do it. Alternate translation: “to work hard without knowing what you are doing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +19:2 f2pu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the one who runs too fast misses the path 0 This speaks of a person doing something too quickly and making mistakes as if running too quickly and missing the path. Alternate translation: “the one who acts too quickly makes mistakes” or “the one who acts too quickly makes poor choices” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +19:3 ivv9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche his heart rages 0 Here a person is referred to by his “heart” to emphasize his emotions. Alternate translation: “he rages” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +19:4 q8uv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Wealth adds many friends 0 This means that a person who is wealthy will have many friends because wealth attracts people. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Those who are wealthy easily find many friends” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +19:4 v5qy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit a poor person is separated from his friends 0 A poor person is separated from many of his friends because of his poverty. The meaning of this can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “poverty causes a person to lose his friends” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +19:5 l99e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives A false witness will not go unpunished 0 This can be written in positive and active form. Alternate translation: “They will certainly punish a false witness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +19:5 i2ws rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes he who breathes out lies will not escape 0 This means that he will be captured. Alternate translation: “they will capture the one who breathes out lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +19:5 q13j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom breathes out lies 0 This is an idiom. Here “breathes” refers to lying constantly. See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 6:19](../06/19.md). Alternate translation: “constantly lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +19:6 gms6 a generous person 0 someone who often gives away things +19:6 q978 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole everyone is a friend 0 The word “everyone” is an exaggeration. Alternate translation: “it seems that everyone is a friend” or “almost everyone is a friend” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +19:7 vs3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit how much more do his friends who go far away from him! 0 This phrase is an exclamation to show that this is more likely than the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “therefore his friends will certainly hate him and go far away from him!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +19:8 ll4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy loves his own life 0 Here the person is referred to by his “life” to emphasize himself being alive. Alternate translation: “loves himself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +19:8 v9e9 keeps understanding 0 Alternate translation: “has understanding” +19:9 phm9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives A false witness will not go unpunished 0 This can be written in positive and active form. See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 19:5](../19/05.md). Alternate translation: “They will certainly punish a false witness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +19:9 a1nm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom breathes out lies 0 This figure of speech uses “breathes” to refer to lying constantly. See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 6:19](../06/19.md). Alternate translation: “constantly lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +19:10 f4zn It is not fitting 0 Alternate translation: “It is not right” +19:10 pq5q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis much less for a slave 0 The words “it is” and “fitting” are understood from the previous phrase. They can be repeated. Alternate translation: “it is much less fitting for a slave” or “it is even worse for a slave” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +19:11 ah27 Discretion makes a person slow to anger 0 Alternate translation: “A person who has discretion is slow to become angry” +19:11 j1li Discretion 0 This means to know what should be done in a particular situation. See how you translated this word in [Proverbs 1:4](../01/04.md). +19:11 p96c it is his glory to overlook 0 Alternate translation: “it will bring him glory to overlook” or “others will consider it honorable if he overlooks” +19:11 gc21 to overlook 0 to forget on purpose +19:12 vbv5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile The wrath of the king is like the roaring of a young lion 0 Here the lion’s roaring refers to attacking. The wrath of a king is compared to the unpredictable and dangerous attack of a young lion. Alternate translation: “The wrath of the king is as dangerous as the attack of a young lion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +19:12 m29g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile but his favor is like dew on the grass 0 The favor of the king is compared to the refreshing water that appears on grass in the morning. Alternate translation: “but his favor is refreshing like dew on grass” or “but his favor is refreshing like the dew on the ground in the morning” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +19:13 v325 is ruin to his father 0 Alternate translation: “will ruin a father” +19:13 s1nw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor a quarreling wife is a constant dripping of water 0 This speaks of an annoying wife as if she were the constant dripping of water. Alternate translation: “a quarreling wife is as annoying and distracting as a constant dripping of water” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +19:13 l7wk a quarreling wife 0 Alternate translation: “an arguing wife” or “a disagreeing wife” +19:14 t54q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive A house and wealth are inherited from parents 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Children inherit a house and wealth from their parents” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +19:14 csr4 prudent 0 See how you translated this word in [Proverbs 12:23](../12/23.md). +19:14 jw8q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive a prudent wife is from Yahweh 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh gives a prudent wife” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +19:15 ye6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Laziness throws a person into a deep sleep 0 This speaks of how laziness causes a person to sleep a lot as if laziness forcefully throws the person into sleep. Alternate translation: “Laziness makes a person sleep a lot” or “A lazy person sleeps a lot” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +19:15 jcb5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom go hungry 0 This is an idiom which means to not eat. Alternate translation: “not eat” or “be hungry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +19:16 xr2k the command 0 Alternate translation: “the command that he was taught” +19:16 v2yl guards his life 0 Alternate translation: “protects his life” +19:16 ik59 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom his ways 0 This is an idiom which refers to how he lives. Alternate translation: “the way that he lives” or “how he lives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +19:17 zw6r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Whoever is kind to the poor lends to Yahweh 0 Yahweh considers kindness shown to the poor to be kindness shown to him. One of the ways people are kind to the poor is by giving. Alternate translation: “The person who gives to the poor is giving to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +19:17 qx9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the poor 0 This refers to poor people. Alternate translation: “those who are poor” or “poor people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +19:18 nw29 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit while there is hope 0 This refers to while the child is young and will still accept discipline and instruction. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “while he is young” or “while he can still be taught” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +19:18 md5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit and do not set your desire on putting him to death 0 This could mean: (1) this phrase describes punishing your child. Alternate translation: “but do not punish him so severely that he might die” or (2) this phrase describes what it is like if you do not punish your child. Alternate translation: “for if you do not punish him you are helping him destroy himself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +19:18 hky1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom set your desire on putting him 0 This idiom means to be determined to cause something to happen. Alternate translation: “be determined to put him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +19:19 n85t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom A hot-tempered person 0 This idiom refers to a person who is easily angered. Alternate translation: “A person who does not control his temper” or “A person who becomes angry quickly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +19:19 f2vs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom must pay the penalty 0 This refers to the person bearing the consequences for what happens when he gets angry. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “must bear the consequences of his anger” or “must bear the consequences of what he does in his anger” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +19:19 s1da rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit if you rescue him 0 “if you save him.” This refers to rescuing him when he has acted out of his anger. The meaning of this can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “if you rescue him after he has had an outburst” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +19:19 dnq3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal a second time 0 “another time” or “again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +19:20 gby8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Listen to advice and accept instruction 0 These two phrases mean basically the same and are repeated to emphasize how important it is. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +19:20 egn7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Listen to advice 0 This is an idiom. Here “listening” does not mean to merely listen, but to learn from the advice you are given and to follow it. Alternate translation: “Pay attention to advice” or “Follow advice” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +19:21 c7qg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy in a person’s heart 0 Here the “heart” is used to refer to the “mind” to emphasize a person’s desire. Alternate translation: “in a person’s mind” or “that a person desires” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +19:21 f82d the purpose of Yahweh 0 Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s purpose” or “Yahweh’s plans” +19:21 q568 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom that will stand 0 This idiom means to “happen.” Alternate translation: “that will happen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +19:23 x7qy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Honor for Yahweh leads people to life; anyone who has it will be satisfied 0 This means that they will live a long time if they honor Yahweh. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Those who honor Yahweh will live a long time; anyone who honors Yahweh will be satisfied” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +19:23 h31x anyone who has it 0 Here the word “it” refers to “honor for Yahweh.” +19:23 gyg5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive satisfied and not afflicted by harm 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “satisfied; nothing will harm him” or “satisfied; he will be safe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +19:24 wf2e sluggard 0 See how you translated this word in [Proverbs 10:26](../10/26.md). +19:24 r5yj buries his hand in the dish 0 “dips his hand in the dish” or “puts his hand in his plate.” In the Biblical culture people usually ate with their hands as people do in many cultures today. +19:24 r3ts rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit he will not even bring it back up to his mouth 0 He does not bring his hand back to his mouth because he is too lazy. Alternate translation: “but he is too lazy to bring his hand up to his mouth to feed himself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +19:25 svj3 Strike a mocker, and the naive person 0 Alternate translation: “If you strike a mocker, the naive person” +19:25 k69j Strike a mocker 0 Alternate translation: “Punish a mocker” +19:25 zh2b naive person 0 Alternate translation: “inexperienced person” or “immature person” +19:25 v49d prudent 0 See how you translated this word in [Proverbs 12:23](../12/23.md). +19:25 m391 discipline one who is discerning, and 0 Alternate translation: “if you discipline one who is discerning,” +19:25 wwq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns he will gain knowledge 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **knowledge**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “know.” Alternate translation: “he will know more” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +19:26 g233 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit brings shame and reproach 0 This could mean: (1) he brings it to himself. Alternate translation: “brings shame and reproach to himself” or (2) he brings it to his family. Alternate translation: “brings shame and reproach to his family” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +19:27 n4av rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy If you cease to hear instruction 0 Here “listening and obeying” is spoken of as if it were “hearing.” Alternate translation: “If you stop paying attention to instruction” or “If you stop obeying instruction” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +19:27 s24z you will stray from 0 Alternate translation: “you will abandon” or “you will turn your back on” +19:27 y3ln the words of knowledge 0 Alternate translation: “knowledge” +19:28 d2w1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the mouth of the wicked swallows iniquity 0 This speaks of how wicked people enjoy doing evil by saying that they swallow iniquity as easily as they swallow food. Alternate translation: “the wicked enjoy doing evil as much as they enjoy eating food” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +19:28 aq9f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the mouth of the wicked swallows 0 The phrase “the mouth of the wicked” represents wicked people. Alternate translation: “wicked people swallow” or “the wicked swallow” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +19:28 g9y4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the wicked 0 This refers to wicked people. Alternate translation: “the wicked person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +19:29 d4f3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Condemnation is ready for mockers and flogging for 0 The words “condemnation” and “flogging” may be expressed as verbs. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is ready to condemn mockers and to flog” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +19:29 ray2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis flogging for the backs of fools 0 The words “is ready” are understood from the previous phrase and may be repeated. Alternate translation: “flogging is ready for the backs of fools” or “he is ready to flog the backs” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +19:29 r21d flogging 0 beating with a whip or stick +20:intro e8g2 0 # Proverbs 20 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 20 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) +20:1 p893 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Wine is a mocker and strong drink is a brawler 0 These two phrases mean basically the same thing and are combined to emphasize the danger of too much alcohol. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +20:1 v7zx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Wine is a mocker 0 Here “wine” refers to the person who is drunk with wine. Alternate translation: “A person who is drunk with wine mocks” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +20:1 qa7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy strong drink is a brawler 0 Here “strong drink” refers to a person who is drunk with strong drink. Alternate translation: “a person who is drunk with strong drink starts fights” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +20:1 c6m7 a brawler 0 a person who fights noisily, usually in a public place +20:1 ne6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive whoever is led astray by drink is not wise 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whoever drinks until they can no longer think clearly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +20:1 g7rv by drink 0 Here “drink” refers to alcoholic drinks +20:1 k4sv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes is not wise 0 This means the opposite of “wise” which is “foolish.” Alternate translation: “is foolish” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +20:2 p628 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile The fear of a king is like the fear of a young lion that is roaring 0 This compares how people fear a king’s wrath to how they fear a young roaring lion. Alternate translation: “The king’s wrath makes people as afraid as if they were facing a young lion roaring at them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +20:2 xa6x makes him angry 0 Alternate translation: “makes the king angry” +20:2 rl5y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism forfeits his life 0 This refers to being killed. “Life” here refers to physical life. Alternate translation: “will die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +20:3 ru7h It is an honor 0 “It is honorable.” This means that a person will be honored. +20:3 gf5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor every fool jumps into an argument 0 This speaks of entering an argument quickly as if the argument were something the fool physically jumped into. Alternate translation: “every fool quickly gets into an argument” or “every fool is quick to join an argument” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +20:4 cva3 plow 0 to prepare land for planting +20:4 tdr6 in autumn 0 Alternate translation: “during the season for planting crops” +20:4 z5wi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit but will have nothing 0 This means that there will be nothing growing in his field for him to harvest. Alternate translation: “but will have nothing to harvest” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +20:5 f8de rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile The purpose in a human heart is like deep water 0 This speaks of how difficult it is to understand the reasons for a person’s actions by comparing it to the difficulty of reaching the water in a deep well. Alternate translation: “It is as difficult to understand the purpose in the human heart as it is to reach the water in a deep well” or “The purpose of in the human heart is very difficult to understand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +20:5 qr3j someone with understanding 0 Alternate translation: “a person who has understanding” +20:5 fk7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will draw it out 0 This speaks of figuring out the purpose of the human heart as if it was water being drawn from a deep well. Alternate translation: “will cause the purpose to be known” or “will figure it out” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +20:6 lmq9 is loyal 0 Alternate translation: “is faithful” or “is trustworthy” +20:6 xut9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion but who can find one who is faithful? 0 The implicit answer is “few can find someone like that.” This rhetorical question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “but few men can find a person who is faithful!” or “but it is hard to find a person who really is faithful!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +20:7 s7th rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom walks in his integrity 0 Here walking refers to living. See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 19:1](../19/01.md). Alternate translation: “lives by his integrity” or “lives an honest life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +20:7 y2ed rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit his sons who follow after him 0 This simply means that they “follow after him” since they are younger than he and his children. If this phrase is awkward in your language it may be left to be implied. Alternate translation: “his sons after him” or “his sons” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +20:8 j9up rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor is winnowing with his eyes all the evil that is before him 0 This speaks of the king judging between various types of evil as if he were separating them as a person winnows grain. Alternate translation: “sees and sorts the different kinds of evils that are brought before him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +20:9 p5m8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Who can say, “I have kept my heart pure; I am clean from my sin”? 0 The implicit answer to this question is, “No one can say that.” This rhetorical question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one can say that his heart is clean and that he is free from sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +20:9 s43m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy my heart 0 Here a person’s “heart” refers to his thoughts and desires. Alternate translation: “my thoughts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +20:9 d5hx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor clean 0 A person who God considers spiritually acceptable is spoken of as if the person where physically clean. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +20:9 xb5x I am clean from my sin 0 Alternate translation: “I am without sin” or “I have not sinned” +20:11 yym3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Even a youth is known by his actions 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People know a young man by his actions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +20:11 m4db whether his conduct is pure and upright 0 Alternate translation: “whether his conduct is pure and upright or not” +20:11 xm83 his conduct 0 Alternate translation: “his deeds” or “what he does” +20:11 we5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet pure and upright 0 These two words basically mean the same thing and emphasize how good this young person is. They can be combined into one word if necessary. Alternate translation: “pure” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +20:13 h9et rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom come to poverty 0 The phrase “come to” here means to transition into a new situation; to become. Alternate translation: “become poor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +20:13 ee3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy open your eyes 0 Here “opening one’s eyes” is spoken of as “being awake.” Alternate translation: “stay awake” or “be alert” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +20:14 zh4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit “Bad! Bad!” says the buyer, but when he goes away he boasts 0 Here a buyer is criticizing what someone is selling to get a low price from him. After he buys he boasts about the good price that he pursuaded the seller to give him. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “‘Bad! Bad!’ says the buyer criticizing the seller’s wares, but after he buys he goes away he boasting about the low price that he paid” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +20:15 cv2k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor lips of knowledge are a precious jewel 0 This speaks of the value of lips of knowledge by comparing them to a precious jewel. Alternate translation: “lips of knowledge are as valuable as an expensive jewel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +20:15 tt4d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy lips of knowledge 0 Here “words” are referred to as “lips.” Alternate translation: “wise words” or “words of knowledge” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +20:16 sn35 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Take a garment of one who has put up security for a stranger 0 When lending money, the lender would take something from the borrower, such as a garment, as a guarantee of repayment. He would return it after the money was repaid. If the borrower was too poor, someone else could give something to the lender as a guarantee for him. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Take a garment as security from the one who guarantees that what a stranger has borrowed will be paid back” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +20:16 cv1m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom puts up security 0 This is an idiom. It means that someone gives something to a lender as a guarantee that what was borrowed will be paid. Alternate translation: “guarantees that what has been borrowed will be paid back” or “promises to pay a loan” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +20:16 e647 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom hold it in pledge 0 This is an idiom. To “hold something in pledge” means to hold on to something that someone has given as a pledge, or promise, that he will pay a debt. Alternate translation: “hold onto his coat as a guarantee of repayment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +20:17 zi4r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Bread gained by deceit 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Bread that someone gained by deceit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +20:17 gjt2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns by deceit 0 The word “deceit” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “by deceiving others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +20:17 lnt5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Bread 0 Here “bread” refers to food in general. Alternate translation: “Food” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +20:17 fz1i tastes sweet 0 Alternate translation: “tastes good” +20:17 tu5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor but afterward his mouth will be full of gravel 0 This speaks of the food tasting unpleasant as if his mouth were actually full of gravel instead of food. Alternate translation: “but afterwards it tastes like gravel in his mouth” or “but soon it tastes like sand in his mouth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +20:17 du9w gravel 0 small pieces of rock +20:18 mjl4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Plans are established by advice 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People establish plans based on advice” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +20:19 i4ch A gossip 0 This means someone who gossips a lot. +20:19 i2mb you should not associate with 0 Alternate translation: “you should not be friends with” +20:20 v9ff If a person curses 0 This means if a someone express a desire that bad things will happen to someone else. +20:20 el23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor his lamp will be snuffed out in the middle of darkness 0 This speaks of a person dying suddenly and unexpectedly as if his life were a lamp snuffed out in the dark. Alternate translation: “his life will end as suddenly as the light of a lamp that is snuffed out in the dark” or “he will die suddenly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +20:20 e6a4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive his lamp will be snuffed out 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “his lamp will go out” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +20:20 un31 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche his lamp 0 This refers to a lamp with a burning flame. Here the lamp’s flame is referred to as the lamp itself. Alternate translation: “the flame of his lamp” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +20:20 a13a snuffed out 0 to cause a flame to go out +20:21 mk5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit at the beginning 0 This refers to a person receiving his inheritance before he is supposed to receive it. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “before the right time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +20:22 pj94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom I will pay you back 0 This means to do wrong to someone because they have done wrong to you. Alternate translation: “I will punish you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +20:22 ti5g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Wait for Yahweh 0 This means to have faith that Yahweh will deal with the situation. Alternate translation: “Have faith in Yahweh” or “Hope in Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +20:23 x2rc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Yahweh hates unequal weights and dishonest scales are not good 0 These two phrases basically mean the same thing and are combined to emphasize how bad this is. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +20:24 re6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive A person’s steps are directed by Yahweh 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh directs a person’s steps” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +20:24 i9ej rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche A person’s steps 0 This refers to the various things a person does. Alternate translation: “A person’s actions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +20:24 mfy9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion how then can he understand his way? 0 The implicit answer is that he cannot understand it. This rhetorical question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “therefore, a person cannot understand his way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +20:24 s44t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom understand his way 0 This is an idiom. The phrase “his way” refers to the person’s life. Alternate translation: “understand why some things happen in his life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +20:25 qfw5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor It is a snare 0 This speaks of something being dangerous as if it were a trap or a snare. Alternate translation: “It is dangerous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +20:25 x37x to say rashly 0 to say something quickly and without careful consideration of what it might mean +20:25 tt8z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit making his vow 0 The person has made a vow declaring that something is holy and dedicated to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “dedicating it to Yahweh” or “declaring it holy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +20:26 cgd9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor winnows the wicked 0 This speaks of the king separating the wicked people as if they were grain that he was winnowing. Alternate translation: “separates the wicked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +20:26 m44h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the wicked 0 This refers to wicked people. Alternate translation: “those who are wicked” or “the wicked people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +20:26 rs2y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he turns a threshing wheel over them 0 This speaks of the king punishing the wicked as if he were driving a threshing wheel over them. Alternate translation: “he severely punishes them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +20:26 sy6b threshing wheel 0 “threshing cart.” This is a tool used to crush grain and help separate it from the chaff. +20:27 x5vx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The spirit of a person is the lamp of Yahweh, searching all his inmost parts 0 This speaks of a person’s spirit as if it were a lamp. A person’s spirit helps him to understand his inner self. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has given us a spirit to understand our deepest selves, just as a lamp makes you see in the dark” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +20:28 f9he rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness preserve the king 0 The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” can be stated as “faithful” and “trustworthy.” This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The king preserves himself by being trustworthy and faithful to the covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +20:28 dyd6 preserve the king 0 keep the king safe from harm +20:28 dym8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his throne is made secure by love 0 Here “throne” represents the king’s power to rule. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **love**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Also, If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “a king ensures that he will rule for a long time by loving others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +20:30 g7u1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Blows that make a wound cleanse away evil and beatings make the innermost parts clean 0 Both statements mean the same thing and are repeated for emphasis. Using physical punishment to correct a person is spoken of as if the evil were dirt and the beatings cleansed him. Alternate translation: “Beating a person who has done wrong will correct him and cause him to be a better person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +21:intro ge8s 0 # Proverbs 21 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 21 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) +21:1 w5md rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The king’s heart is a stream of water in the hand of Yahweh 0 The writer speaks of the king’s heart as if it were an irrigation ditch in a dry area through which people direct water to plants that need it. Alternate translation: “Yahweh controls the king’s heart as a man directs water for irrigation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +21:1 t1m8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The king’s heart 0 The heart is a metaphor for what a person thinks and what he wants to do. Alternate translation: “The king’s thoughts and actions” or “What the king thinks and what he wants to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +21:2 yz3c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Every person’s way is right in his own eyes 0 The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. The writer speaks of what a person does as if it that person were walking down a path. Alternate translation: “Every person thinks that what he does is good” or “Every person judges what he does as good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +21:2 xmb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor who weighs the hearts 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh deciding whether a person desires to do what is right as if Yahweh were looking at a physical object and deciding whether it is of good quality. Alternate translation: “who will judge the motives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +21:3 qs6t To do what is right 0 Alternate translation: “To do what Yahweh thinks is right” +21:3 ezq6 To do what is & just 0 Alternate translation: “To treat people the way Yahweh wants people to treat other people” +21:3 f31f just is more acceptable to Yahweh 0 Alternate translation: “just—Yahweh wants this more” +21:4 ps7v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Haughty eyes and a proud heart 0 The words “eyes” and “heart” are synecdoches for a person who considers himself better than other people and wants other people to know it. Alternate translation: “People who want others to think that they are better than other people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +21:4 xvr4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Haughty eyes 0 This is a synecdoche for a person who wants others to know that he thinks he is better than they are. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +21:4 gk4s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche proud heart 0 This is a synecdoche for a person who thinks he is better than others. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +21:4 y68u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the lamp of the wicked 0 The things that help the wicked are spoken of as a lamp. Alternate translation: “the things that help a wicked person like a lamp helps to see in the dark” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +21:5 mmd8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the diligent 0 This nominal adjective can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “a diligent man” or “a man who works hard” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +21:5 xi4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns comes only to poverty 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **poverty**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “only becomes poor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +21:6 vsi8 Acquiring riches 0 Alternate translation: “Gaining wealth” +21:6 bc5d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a lying tongue 0 The tongue is a metonym for the words a person uses the tongue to speak. Alternate translation: “speaking lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +21:6 w3kd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor a fleeting vapor 0 The writer likens the riches a person gains by lying to a mist that quickly goes away in the morning. Alternate translation: “a disappearing mist” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +21:6 l9ag rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor a snare that kills 0 The writer speaks of the riches that a person gains by lying as if it were the bait in a hunter’s trap; the word “snare” is a metonym for the bait that attracts the animal into the snare. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +21:7 zn7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification The violence of the wicked will drag them away 0 The writer speaks as though violence were a person who could drag other people away. God will punish wicked people who harm their innocent neighbors. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +21:7 ce4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns violence of the wicked 0 Here, **violence** refers to violent deeds or things people do to harm their innocent neighbors. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **violence**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. The word **wicked** is a nominal adjective that refers to wicked people. Alternate translation: “The violent actions of wicked people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +21:7 i5j5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit drag them away 0 This phrase refers to dragging a net through water to catch fish. The wicked being destroyed by their own actions is spoken of as if their actions trapped them in a net like one would catch fish. AT “drag them away like fish” or “destroy them as easily as one catches fish in a net” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +21:8 qgr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom The way of a guilty person is crooked 0 This compares the way one lives to a crooked road one may travel. This is also an idiom. Alternate translation: “The way a guilty person lives is crooked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +21:8 y9c2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor crooked 0 Here “crooked” means bent or not straight. This is a metaphor for morally wrong. Alternate translation: “wrong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +21:9 gff3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit a corner of the roof 0 Houses in those days had flat roofs. Ancient Israelites spent much time on their roofs, where it was often cooler than inside the house, and sometimes people would build a shelter large enough for a person to sleep in on one corner of the roof. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +21:9 j9e1 quarrelsome wife 0 Alternate translation: “wife who often argues and complains” +21:10 x3rs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification The appetite of the wicked craves evil 0 The writer speaks of a person’s appetite, the physical desire for food and drink, as if it were a person who could desire something. The word “wicked” is a nominal adjective that refers to evil people, and the word “evil” is a nominal adjective that refers to evil deeds. Alternate translation: “Evil people desire to do evil deeds just as they desire to eat and drink” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +21:10 a2dz craves 0 desires strongly +21:10 d5qd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom his neighbor finds no favor in his eyes 0 The idiom to “find favor” means to have someone approve of and act kindly towards the one who finds favor. Also, the eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents a person’s thoughts and attitude towards another person. Alternate translation: “his neighbor does not receive favor from him” or “he does not act kindly towards his neighbor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +21:11 rd8s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive When the mocker is punished 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “When someone punishes the mocker” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +21:11 a11r the naive 0 Alternate translation: “those who have no experience” or “those who are not mature” +21:11 a6a5 the mocker 0 Alternate translation: “the person who mocks others” +21:11 m512 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive when the wise person is instructed 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “when someone instructs the wise person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +21:11 ylu9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor lays hold of knowledge 0 Here knowledge is spoken of as if it were an object that someone could grasp and keep for himself. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +21:12 t3bj The righteous 0 This could mean: (1) any righteous person or (2) “Yahweh the one who is righteous.” +21:12 bc3u watches the house 0 Alternate translation: “pays careful attention to the house” “looks to see what happens to the house” +21:12 tem1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he brings wicked people to disaster 0 Here disaster is spoken of as if it were a place that someone could be brought to. Alternate translation: “he destroys them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +21:13 uc5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom The one who shuts his ears to the cry of the poor 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “The one who will not listen when poor people ask for help” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +21:13 iv38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy he will not be answered 0 The word “answered” is a metonym for a person hearing another person ask for help and acting to help. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will do anything to help him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +21:14 h1vz appeases anger 0 Alternate translation: “makes an angry person feel better so he is no longer angry” +21:15 p2ln rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns When justice is done 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **justice**, you could express the same idea with a noun phrase. These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “When rulers do what is just” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +21:16 cj4z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom wanders from the way of understanding 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “no longer lives wisely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +21:16 t6m2 he will rest in the assembly of the dead 0 Alternate translation: “he will remain in the assembly of dead spirits” +21:18 mh2v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor is ransom for 0 The word “ransom” is a metaphor for one person who takes the place of another person. Here the person who does what is wrong is punished instead of the person who does what is right. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +21:18 qt7k the treacherous 0 a person who harms those who trust him by lying and otherwise dealing falsely +21:18 n28n upright people 0 Alternate translation: “righteous people” or “honest people” or “just people” +21:20 r84p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj wise 0 This nominal adjective can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “wise person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +21:20 nw25 swallows it all up 0 Alternate translation: “uses it all for no good purpose” or “wastes it” +21:22 d84j scales the city 0 Alternate translation: “climbs up and over the wall that surrounds the city” +21:22 v5jk the city of the mighty ones 0 Alternate translation: “a city in which mighty men are living” or “a city of mighty warriors” +21:22 p6cm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom he brings down 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “he destroys” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +21:22 w292 the stronghold in which they trusted 0 Alternate translation: “the walls and towers around the city that they did not think anyone would be able to get past into the city, so they felt safe” +21:23 xw3q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet Whoever guards his mouth and tongue 0 Both “mouth” and “tongue” refer to what a person says. Alternate translation: “Whoever is careful in what he says” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +21:24 c77j The proud and haughty person & acts with arrogant pride 0 Alternate translation: “You can expect a proud and haughty people to act with arrogant pride” +21:24 m76a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet proud and haughty 0 These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize how prideful the person is. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +21:24 rf25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy “Mocker” is his name 0 The word “name” is a metonym for what people would call him. Alternate translation: “a mocker is what you should call him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +21:25 pzb9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification The desire of the lazy kills him 0 The writer speaks of what a person wants as if it were a person who could kill a lazy person. Here the lazy person wants to be idle and not work. Alternate translation: “A lazy person only wants to be idle, and because of that he will die” or “A lazy person will die because he does not want to work” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +21:25 dt4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche his hands refuse 0 The hand is a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “he refuses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +21:26 vgt6 craves 0 desires strongly +21:26 es9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes gives and does not hold back 0 The phrase “does not hold back” can be stated positively, and what he gives can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “gives everything he should” or “gives generously” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +21:27 fq9a The sacrifice of the wicked is detestable 0 The writer does not mention Yahweh here, as in [Proverbs 15:8](../15/08.md), but the reader should understand that it is Yahweh who detests the sacrifice of the wicked. +21:27 l3le rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the wicked 0 The nominal adjective “wicked” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “the wicked person” or “wicked people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +21:27 iy31 it is even more detestable 0 Alternate translation: “Yahweh detests the sacrifice even more” +21:28 h8d4 will speak for all time 0 This is because people will never forget what he said. +21:29 z6tg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom makes his face hard 0 This could mean: (1) “pretends to be courageous” or (2) “will not listen to correction.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +21:29 ts1r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor is certain about his ways 0 A person’s actions are spoken of as if they were a path upon which the person walks. Alternate translation: “is certain about what he does” or “is confident about what he does” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +21:30 n8kt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns There is no wisdom, there is no understanding, and there is no advice that 0 The words “there is” are repeated to emphasize the abstract nouns “wisdom,” “understanding,” and “advice.” Yahweh is greater than anything that anyone can know or think or say. Your language may require that you not repeat “there is no.” The abstract nouns can be translated as adjectives or verbs. Alternate translation: “There is no wise person, there is no one who understands anything, and there is no one who tells others what to do who” or “There is no wisdom, understanding, or advice that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +21:30 k3pe stand against Yahweh 0 Alternate translation: “defeat Yahweh” or “work against what Yahweh wants to do” or “show that he is right and Yahweh is wrong” +21:31 j1hq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive The horse is prepared for the day of battle 0 These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Soldiers prepare horses for the day of battle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +21:31 i6w8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom the day of battle 0 The word “day” refers to time that may be longer or shorter than a day. Alternate translation: “when there is a battle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +22:intro t5zj 0 # Proverbs 22 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 22 ends the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\nThe second half of this chapter and the first half of the next chapter are attributed to the “Wise Men.” The exact identity of the men is unknown.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nWith this new section of proverbs, the author begins to use many rhetorical questions. The obvious answers should convince the reader. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +22:1 but9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive A good name is to be chosen over great riches 0 These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “A person should choose a good name rather than great riches” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +22:1 m8c7 A good name 0 Alternate translation: “To have others think that one is a good person” +22:3 nt9p A prudent man 0 “A man who is wise” or “A man who has good sense.” See how you translated “prudent” in [Proverbs 12:16](../12/16.md). +22:3 cm2a the naive 0 Alternate translation: “the inexperienced and immature” +22:5 e8f6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Thorns and snares lie in the path of the perverse 0 The writer speaks of the way perverse people live as if it were a path on which the perverse will have trouble because of the natural “thorns” and man-made “snares.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +22:5 r2h1 snares 0 traps to catch animals +22:5 dku9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the perverse 0 This nominal adjective can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “perverse people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +22:5 f1ap rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor whoever guards his life 0 A person doing what he needs to do so he can live a long time is spoken of as if that person were keeping thieves away from a physical object. Alternate translation: “people who want to live a long time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +22:6 je4e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the way he should go 0 How a person lives is spoken of as if it were a path on which he walks. Alternate translation: “how he should live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +22:7 dk14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit borrows & lends 0 You may need to make explicit what it is that is borrowed or lent. Alternate translation: “borrows money … lends money” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +22:8 l36j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He who sows injustice will reap trouble 0 The writer speaks of a ruler or other powerful person treating those less powerful unjustly as if he were planting seeds that will give birth to plants that bring trouble. Alternate translation: “If a person treats those less powerful than he is unjustly, they will cause him trouble later on” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +22:8 htf6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the rod of his fury will fade away 0 The word “rod” is a metonym for power over other people. This could mean: (1) the unjust ruler will lose the power that he had that allowed him to treat other people unjustly or (2) when the people respond to the injustice he had done by harming him, he will have no power to stop them. Alternate translation: “he will no longer have the power that he had used to harm people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +22:8 yu9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy rod of his fury 0 The word “rod” is a metonym for power over other people. The unjust man was harming innocent people as if he were very angry with them. Alternate translation: “the rod he had used as if he were punishing people” or “the power he used to harm others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +22:8 kpt4 will fade away 0 The word translated “fade away” is also used of plants drying up. +22:9 nxi8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive The one who has a generous eye will be blessed 0 These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will bless the one who has a generous eye” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +22:9 zhf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy one who has a generous eye 0 The eye is a metonym for seeing what other people need, and the “generous eye” not only sees but gives what the other people need. The eye is also a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “generous person” or “person who is willing to give things to other people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +22:9 vs46 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy bread 0 Since bread was the main food for many people in biblical times, it is often used to refer to food in general. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +22:10 t6nt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns disputes and insults will cease 0 The abstract nouns “disputes” and “insults” can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “people will no longer argue with each other or say things to hurt each other” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +22:11 xzb6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche loves a pure heart 0 It is his own heart that the person wants to be pure. The heart is a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “loves having a pure heart” or “wants to be pure” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +22:11 tlq4 is gracious 0 Alternate translation: “is kind” +22:12 swt2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche The eyes of Yahweh keep watch over 0 The eyes are a synecdoche for the person. The writer speaks as if Yahweh had physical eyes like a person. Alternate translation: “Yahweh keeps watch over” or “Yahweh guards knowledge” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +22:12 s2lr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy keep watch over knowledge 0 Keeping watch is s metonym for protecting. Alternate translation: “protect knowledge” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +22:12 zw3l he overthrows 0 Alternate translation: “he destroys” +22:12 q7yt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the treacherous 0 The nominal adjective treacherous can be translated as a noun phrase. Translate “treacherous” as in [Proverbs 11:3](../11/03.md). Alternate translation: “a treacherous person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +22:13 jg67 The lazy person says 0 The quote that follows is a lie and an excuse for not working. If your language introduces false statements in a special way, you can use that here. +22:14 eq5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The mouth of an adulteress is a deep pit 0 The word “mouth” is a metonym for the words that come out of the mouth. The writer speaks of a person being unable to escape having people punish him for evil deeds as if that person had fallen into a hole someone had dug in the ground from which he could not escape. Alternate translation: “The words spoken by an adulteress will draw you in, and it will be as if you have fallen into a deep and dangerous pit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +22:14 xrc5 an adulteress 0 See how you translated this in [Proverbs 5:3](../05/03.md). +22:14 l326 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Yahweh’s anger is stirred up 0 Here “stirred up” means that his anger increased. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is angry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +22:14 fin1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor falls into it 0 Adultery is spoken of as if it is something that a person can fall into. Alternate translation: “sins because of the adulteress” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +22:15 fuj4 Foolishness is bound up in the heart of a child 0 Alternate translation: “The heart of a child is full of foolish things” +22:15 j283 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the rod of discipline 0 The writer speaks of a parent using any form of discipline as if that parent were hitting the child with a wooden rod. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +22:15 dk18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor drives it far away 0 The writer speaks as if foolishness were a person that another person could use a physical rod to drive away. Alternate translation: “will make a child wise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +22:16 w7rc to increase his wealth 0 Alternate translation: “to become richer” or “to gain more money” +22:16 fm7f gives to rich people 0 Alternate translation: “gives money to rich people” +22:16 d4td rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom will come to poverty 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “will become poor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +22:17 nnv4 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nVerse 17 begins the introduction to a new section of the Book of Proverbs. +22:17 lgs9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Incline your ear and listen 0 Here the word “ear” represents the person who is listening. The writer speaks of listening attentively to someone as if it were leaning forward so that the ear is closer to the one speaking. See how you translated “incline your ear” in [Proverbs 4:20](../04/20.md). Alternate translation: “Pay attention and listen” or “Listen attentively” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +22:17 l38x the words of the wise 0 Alternate translation: “what wise people say” +22:17 pi8n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom apply your heart to 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “do your best to understand and remember” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +22:17 i9n2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns my knowledge 0 The person speaking is probably the same as the father from [Proverbs 1:8](../01/08.md). He may be speaking of “the words of the wise” as “my knowledge.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **knowledge**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “know.” Alternate translation: “the knowledge I have, which I am sharing with you” or “what I know” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +22:18 nl9j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy all of them are ready on your lips 0 The person being ready to speak is spoken of as if it were the words that were ready. Alternate translation: “you are able to speak of them at any time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +22:19 wr39 today—even to you 0 “today. Yes, I am teaching you,” The speaker is emphasizing that it is the hearer, not someone else whom he is teaching, and he is teaching the hearer because the hearer needs to learn. If it is awkward in your language to emphasize in this way, you can emphasize in another way or the words “even to you” can be left untranslated. +22:20 bb5s General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue and end the introduction that began in [Proverbs 22:17](./17.md). +22:20 q77c rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants thirty sayings 0 Some translations read, “excellent sayings.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) +22:21 q8xu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion to teach you & who sent you? 0 These words end the rhetorical question that began with the words “Have I not written” in Proverbs 22:20. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. “You need to know that I have written … to teach you … who sent you.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +22:21 l5jf to those who sent you 0 This implies that the hearer is or will be one whom others send to gain and bring back information. +22:22 y27s General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses begin the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). +22:22 aq5t Do not rob & or crush 0 If your language has a way of showing that this is the way one person would speak strongly to another, different from a general rule that people are supposed to obey, you should use it here. +22:22 su1v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the poor 0 This nominal adjective can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “any poor person” or “poor people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +22:22 tq59 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor crush 0 grind into powder. This is a metaphor for “treat unjustly.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +22:22 ws7l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the needy 0 This nominal adjective can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “any needy person” or “any person who does not have what he needs to live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +22:22 z1ia rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy at the gate 0 The place where people bought and sold items and settled legal arguments is used as a metonym for business and legal activity. Alternate translation: “in court” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +22:23 a2vp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh will plead their case 0 The metaphor is of a lawyer defending the needy in front of a judge. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will defend the needy from those who oppress them” or “Yahweh will see that the needy receive justice” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +22:23 m5k2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he will rob of life those who robbed them 0 Yahweh is not a thief, but like a thief he will take life from those who do not choose to give it. Alternate translation: “he will destroy those who oppress poor people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +22:24 cpi3 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). +22:24 w16m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor someone who is ruled by anger 0 someone who is unable to control his anger (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +22:24 cc8z rages 0 shows violent anger +22:25 s2i8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you will take bait for your soul 0 A person who wants to be like an angry person is like an animal taking the bait in a trap. Alternate translation: “you will be like an animal that eats the bait that closes a trap and is unable to escape” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +22:25 jh2k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy bait for your soul 0 The soul is a metonym for the person’s life. Alternate translation: “bait that someone has put out so he can kill you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +22:26 ftq6 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). +22:26 rnd6 strikes hands 0 A person would strike his hand against another person’s hand to bind himself to do what he had agreed to do. Here the speaker warns the hearer not to strike hands as a way to promise to pay off someone’s debts. +22:26 wt7u in making a pledge 0 Alternate translation: “and agree to pay what someone owes to another person” +22:28 tb1b General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). +22:28 g63s ancient 0 very old +22:28 djq5 boundary stone 0 a large stone that shows where one person’s land ends and another person’s land begins +22:28 j4id fathers 0 ancestors +22:29 y4ub rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Do you see a man skilled at his work? 0 This rhetorical question is actually a command. Alternate translation: “Think of someone you know who is skilled at his work” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +22:29 e6ii rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy stand before 0 This represents becoming a servant of the important person. Kings and other important people will think so highly of him that they will use his services. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +23:intro eva7 0 # Proverbs 23 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 23 continues the section beginning in the previous chapter of the book and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\nThe second half of this chapter and the first half of the next chapter are attributed to general sayings.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) +23:1 z181 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). +23:2 lu62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole put a knife to your throat 0 Possible meanings of this exaggeration are: (1) “be very careful not to eat too much” or (2) “do not eat anything at all” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +23:3 zfk9 Do not crave 0 “Do not strongly desire.” See how you translated “craves” in [Proverbs 21:9](../21/09.md). +23:3 zkz5 his delicacies 0 Alternate translation: “his special and expensive food” +23:3 tjm2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom it is the food of lies 0 This is an idiom. “he is giving it to you so he can deceive you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +23:4 a4va General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). +23:4 wh19 Do not work too hard 0 Alternate translation: “Do not work so much that you are always tired” +23:5 n9hd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor light upon it 0 land like a bird upon the wealth (verse 4). This is a metaphor for looking at the wealth for a short time. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +23:5 sp17 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor it will surely take up wings like an eagle and fly off 0 A person losing his wealth is spoken of as if the wealth were a bird. Alternate translation: “the wealth will disappear as quickly as an eagle can fly away” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +23:5 ryq4 wings like an eagle 0 wings like an eagle’s wings +23:6 afl6 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). +23:6 su9w do not crave 0 “do not strongly desire.” See how you translated “craves” in [Proverbs 21:9](../21/09.md). +23:6 jtt7 his delicacies 0 “his special and expensive food.” See how you translated this in [Proverbs 23:3](../23/03.md). +23:7 lbe8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom his heart is not with you 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “he really does not want you to enjoy the meal” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +23:8 aw14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole You will vomit up the little you have eaten 0 This is an exaggeration for wishing one had not eaten anything. Alternate translation: “You will wish that you had not eaten anything” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +23:8 z3l6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you will have wasted your compliments 0 Compliments are spoken of as if they were valuable objects. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **compliments**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “he will not be happy even if you say good things about him and the food” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +23:9 nk6j General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). +23:9 u4q5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns in the hearing of a fool 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **hearing**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “where a fool can hear you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +23:10 iha4 ancient 0 very old. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 22:28](../22/28.md). +23:10 de8r boundary stone 0 This is a large stone to show where one person’s land ends and another person’s land begins. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 22:28](../22/28.md). +23:10 a9cb encroach 0 This means to slowly take or begin to use land (or some thing) that belongs to someone else. +23:10 n6i1 orphans 0 children whose parents are dead +23:11 p1uf their Redeemer 0 Yahweh +23:11 bgi8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he will plead their case against you 0 The metaphor is of a lawyer defending the needy in front of a judge. Alternate translation: “he will defend the orphans against you” or “he will see that the orphans receive justice and punish you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +23:12 w7ey General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). +23:12 pgj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Apply your heart to 0 This is an idiom. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 22:17](../22/17.md). Alternate translation: “Do your best to understand and remember” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +23:12 v2r3 instruction 0 This could mean: (1) “what people who know what is right and what is wrong tell you” or (2) “what people say and do when they correct you.” +23:12 jul6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis your ears 0 The ellipsis can be filled in. Alternate translation: “apply your ears” or “listen carefully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +23:12 gn45 to words of knowledge 0 Alternate translation: “to me when I tell you what I know” +23:13 c9zs General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). +23:13 qfa7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Do not withhold instruction from a child 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **instruction**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “Do not neglect to instruct a child” or “Do not refuse to instruct a child” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +23:13 r8dq withhold 0 refuse to give something that one knows another person needs +23:14 jx2r rod 0 piece of wood +23:14 e27r It is you who must beat him & and save his soul 0 “You are the one who must beat him … and save his soul.” No one else will do it. The hearer is responsible to save the child’s soul from Sheol, and the way to save him is to beat him. +23:14 z89f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy save his soul from Sheol 0 If the hearer beats his children with the rod, they will not die young because they have done foolish or evil things. The word “soul” is a metonym for the person. Sheol is the world of the dead; going to the world of the dead is a euphemism for dying. Alternate translation: “you will keep him from the world of the dead” or “you will keep him from dying” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +23:15 h5yu General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). +23:16 sij3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche when your lips speak 0 “Your lips” means the whole person. Alternate translation: “when you speak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +23:17 qz55 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). +23:17 zgy6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Do not let your heart envy sinners 0 The word “heart” is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “Do not allow yourself to envy sinners” or “Make sure you do not envy sinners” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +23:18 d3fz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive your hope will not be cut off 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will not allow anyone to cut off your hope” or “God will keep the promises he made to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +23:19 qj67 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). +23:19 f128 Hear—you!—my son 0 “Listen carefully, my son.” The speaker speaks an extra word to make sure the hearer is paying attention. +23:19 jg2g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor direct your heart in the way 0 Deciding to do what is right is spoken of as if one person were showing another person the correct path to follow. Alternate translation: “make sure you do what is wise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +23:20 sag8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche gluttonous eaters of meat 0 This could mean: (1) “people who eat more meat than they need to” or (2) “meat” represents food in general. Alternate translation: “people who eat more food than they need to” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +23:21 z3sn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification slumber will clothe them with rags 0 The word “slumber” is an exaggeration for a person spending so much time enjoying food and drink that he does not do necessary work. This activity is spoken of as if it were a parent putting clothes on a child. Alternate translation: “because they spend so much time eating and drinking, they will do no work and so will become poor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +23:22 bzi7 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). +23:22 s9it rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes do not despise 0 This can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “show respect for” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +23:23 smm2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Buy the truth, but do not sell it; buy wisdom, instruction, and understanding 0 Another possible meaning is “Buy the truth, and do not sell wisdom, instruction, or understanding.” The words “truth,” “wisdom,” “instruction,” and “understanding” are abstract nouns that are spoken of as if they were physical items that a person can buy and sell in a market. They can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “Do what you need to do so you can know what is true, so you can be wise, so you can learn how to act, and so you can tell good from bad; never think of anything else as more important than these things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +23:24 rzg3 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). +23:24 qls1 The father of the righteous person will greatly rejoice, and he who begets a wise child will be glad in him 0 Another possible meaning is that the words “he that begets a wise child” explain who “the father of the righteous person” is. Alternate translation: “The father of the righteous person, he who begets a wise child, will greatly rejoice and will be glad in him” +23:24 b6a9 will be glad in him 0 Alternate translation: “will be glad because of him” +23:26 c77m General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). +23:26 ds3t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy give me your heart 0 The word “heart” is a metonym for what a person thinks and decides to do. This could mean: (1) “pay careful attention” or (2) “trust me completely.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +23:26 zdk9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche let your eyes observe 0 The eyes are a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “observe” or “look carefully at” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +23:27 b64j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism prostitute & immoral woman 0 There are two types of sexually immoral women. The “prostitute” is unmarried, “another man’s wife” is married. Together they form a merism for any kind of sexually immoral woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +23:27 y9ln rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor a prostitute is a deep pit 0 The word “pit” is a metaphor for what happens to men who sleep with prostitutes. Alternate translation: “sleeping with a prostitute is like falling into a deep pit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +23:27 i17l prostitute 0 Here the word refers to any unmarried woman who engages in sexual activity, not only those who do so for money. +23:27 zt34 deep pit & narrow well 0 These are two places easy to fall into and hard to get out of, the “pit” because it is “deep” and the “well” because it is “narrow.” +23:27 fys1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor an immoral woman is a narrow well 0 Doing evil for which one will be punished is spoken of as falling into a narrow place from which one cannot escape. Alternate translation: “Sleeping with another man’s wife is like falling into a narrow well” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +23:27 ezr3 well 0 a hole in the ground that people have dug to get to water +23:28 x4yu lies in wait 0 stays hidden, ready to attack when a victim approaches +23:28 ll5s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the treacherous 0 This nominal adjective can be translated as an adjective or verb. Alternate translation: “treacherous people” or “those who harm others by deceiving them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +23:29 ek29 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). +23:29 l7du rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Who has woe? Who has sorrow? Who has fights? Who has complaining? Who has wounds for no reason? Who has bloodshot eyes? 0 The writer uses these questions to prepare the reader for the point he is about to make about a particular type of person. He does not expect an answer to each question. Your language may have a different way of introducing a lesson. Alternate translation: “Listen to me while I tell you what kind of person has woe, sorrow, fights, complaining, wounds for no reason, and bloodshot eyes.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +23:29 yw3q bloodshot eyes 0 Alternate translation: “eyes red, like the color of blood” +23:30 kqg7 Those who linger over wine, those who try the mixed wine 0 These words answer the questions in verse 29 and describe people who drink too much wine. +23:30 g2tp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism linger over wine 0 spend much time drinking wine and so drink much wine (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +23:30 t96n the mixed wine 0 This could mean: (1) different wines mixed together or (2) other drinks that are stronger than wine. +23:31 v5x1 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). +23:32 ip9z In the last 0 Alternate translation: “After you drink it” +23:32 cr4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor it bites like a serpent & it stings like an adder 0 The word “it” refers to “the wine when it is red.” “Bites” and “stings” are metaphors for the way too much wine makes people feel. Alternate translation: “it makes you feel as bad as if a serpent had bitten you or an adder had stung you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +23:32 q4ct adder 0 a type of poisonous snake +23:33 qfg7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche your heart will utter perverse things 0 The “heart” represents the person and emphasize what he thinks and decides to do. Alternate translation: “you will think about and decide to do perverse things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +23:33 d1kc perverse things 0 things that God says are morally wrong and bad; things that are wicked +23:34 s7qb General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). It is the continuation of the description of a drunk person. +23:34 q7lv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom lies on the top of a mast 0 The place on the mast where the person lies can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “lies in the basket near the top of a mast” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +23:34 lxy2 mast 0 the long wooden pole to which are attached the sails of a sailing ship +23:35 c4na They hit me, & but I was not hurt. They beat me, but I did not feel it. 0 Because the drunk person is not thinking clearly, he is imagining that people are hitting and beating him, yet he feels no pain and cannot remember anything. +23:35 d6ej When will I wake up? 0 The drunk person is wondering when he will be sober again; when the effect of the wine will stop. +24:intro nl8m 0 # Proverbs 24 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 24 continues the section beginning in the previous chapter and is mainly filled with short, individual proverbs.\n\nThe second half of this chapter finishes the section.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Lazy man story\n\nUnlike much of Proverbs, verses 30-34 tell a short story about a lazy man, which ends in a very memorable proverb.\n\n### Themes\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) +24:1 d1dq General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). +24:2 dw7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche their hearts 0 The words “their hearts” refer to the whole person. Alternate translation: “they” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +24:2 m8px rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche their lips 0 The words “their lips” refer to the whole person. Alternate translation: “they” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +24:2 es5l talk about trouble 0 Alternate translation: “talk about causing harm” or “talk about creating problems” +24:3 f9id General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). +24:3 hiy4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Through wisdom a house is built 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wisdom**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “People need to be wise if they are to build a good house” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +24:3 q4cp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns by understanding it is established 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **understanding**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “People need to understand what is morally good and what is morally bad if they are to establish a house” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +24:3 mq3v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy it is established 0 The word “established” means made stable and strong. The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house, and the house being physically stable and strong is a metaphor for a family that lives in peace. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +24:4 ry4y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns By knowledge the rooms are filled 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **knowledge**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “People need to know what is precious and pleasant if they are to fill their rooms” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +24:5 gah6 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). +24:5 gya2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns warrior of wisdom 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wisdom**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “wise.” Alternate translation: “wise warrior” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +24:5 my2f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns a man of knowledge increases his strength 0 The abstract nouns “knowledge” and “strength” can be translated as the verb “know” and the adjective “strong.” Alternate translation: “a man who knows many things is stronger because he knows these things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +24:6 i9sa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns by wise direction 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **direction**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “if you have wise people telling you what to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +24:6 e43z wage your war 0 Alternate translation: “fight your war” +24:6 nll1 advisors 0 those who tell government officials what those officials should do +24:7 ten9 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). +24:7 r9t9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom too high for a fool 0 This is an idiom. “too difficult for a fool to understand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +24:7 e2pv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy open his mouth 0 The mouth is a metonym for the words that come from the mouth. Alternate translation: “speak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +24:8 f77e General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). +24:8 f9l9 a master of schemes 0 one who is skillful at making evil plans. Alternate translation: “a mischievous person” or “a troublemaker” +24:10 xt51 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). +24:10 dbq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom your strength is small 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “you have very little strength” or “you are certainly weak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +24:11 t92q General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). +24:11 xc8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive those who are being taken away 0 These words can be translated in active form by using the term “they” which could be anyone, but are probably government officials. Alternate translation: “those whom they are taking away” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +24:11 n8k2 taken away 0 Another possible meaning is “dragged away.” +24:11 ru95 staggering 0 walking unsteadily and almost falling. This word would also describe the way a person walks when he is being dragged away. +24:11 kl46 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns the slaughter 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **slaughter**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. The writer speaks as if those who take them away think of them as no better than animals. If your language has a word for killing animals that would fit here, you might want to use it. Alternate translation: “where people will kill them as they would kill animals” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +24:12 k5el If you say, “Behold, & this,” does 0 The writer is answering something that the reader may wrongly be thinking. Alternate translation: “You may say, ‘Behold, … this,’ but does” +24:12 akd7 Behold, we 0 Alternate translation: “Listen to us! We” or “But we” or “We have done nothing wrong, because we” +24:12 yi61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion does not the one who weighs the heart understand what you are saying? 0 The writer assumes the readers know the answer and asks this for emphasis. Alternate translation: “the one who weighs the heart understands what you are saying.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +24:12 cx5x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism the one who 0 The writer expects the reader to know that “the one” is Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, who” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +24:12 zda4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy weighs the heart 0 The word “heart” is a metonym for what a person thinks and desires. The writer speaks as if what a person thinks and desires were a physical object that a person could weigh, and weighing an object is a metaphor for looking closely at something to see how good it is. Alternate translation: “knows how good what people really think and desire is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +24:12 pa6x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion The one who guards your life, does he not know it? 0 The writer assumes the readers know the answer and asks this for emphasis. Alternate translation: “The one who guards your life knows it.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +24:12 m55q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Will God not give to each one what he deserves? 0 The writer assumes the readers know the answer and asks this for emphasis. Alternate translation: “God will give to each one what he deserves.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +24:13 q7s6 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). +24:14 p5t6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive your hope will not be cut off 0 This could mean: (1) this is a simple passive that can be translated as in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will take your hope away” or (2) this is litotes that can be translated in positive form. Alternate translation: “your hope will surely continue” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +24:15 i96h General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). +24:15 s1ww rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Do not lie in wait 0 The words “lie in wait” are an idiom. Translate “lie in wait” as in [Proverbs 1:11](../01/11.md). Alternate translation: “Do not hide and wait for the right time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +24:15 g6w6 his home 0 the home of the righteous person +24:16 jrm7 rises again 0 Alternate translation: “gets back on his feet” or “stands up again” +24:16 k8ly rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification wicked people are brought down by calamity 0 The writer speaks as if “calamity” were a person who could do bad things to other people. These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will use calamity to bring down the wicked people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +24:16 u49k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor are brought down 0 This is a metaphor of a person who was standing but someone has brought him down to the ground or made him fall. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +24:16 ze9b calamity 0 times when bad things happen to people and their property +24:17 rpu6 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). +24:17 t9ei your enemy falls 0 Alternate translation: “something bad happens to your enemy” +24:17 by2h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche let not your heart be glad 0 This is a strong command. The word “heart” represents the person. Alternate translation: “do not allow yourself to be glad” or “stop yourself from being glad” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +24:18 b18i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom turn away his wrath from him 0 The words “turn away his wrath” are an idiom for no longer being angry. What Yahweh would do instead can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “stop being angry with him and be angry with you instead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +24:19 yp9l General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). +24:20 mmf6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the lamp of wicked people will go out 0 The lamp is used as a metaphor for life. The life of wicked people will end just as a lamp goes out. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +24:21 j1fr General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). +24:21 vvr9 Fear 0 a deep respect and awe for a person in authority +24:22 jzb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion who knows the extent of the destruction that will come from both of them? 0 The writer asks this question to emphasize the disaster. Alternate translation: “no one knows the extent of the destruction that will come from both of them.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +24:22 ub7e both of them 0 these words refer to Yahweh and the king +24:23 jq5s These also are sayings of the wise 0 This sentence starts a new collection of proverbs. +24:23 ci6n a case at law 0 a situation that is brought before a judge in which someone is accused of breaking the law +24:24 lma6 Whoever says to the wicked person, & will be cursed by peoples and hated by nations 0 The word “nations” is a metonym for the people who live in the nations. These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will curse whoever says to the wicked person, … , and the people of other nations will hate him” +24:24 rfb9 the wicked person & a righteous person 0 This could mean: (1) people should never call any wicked person a righteous person or (2) no one should say of a person guilty of a crime that he is innocent. Alternate translation: “a person guilty of a crime … innocent” +24:25 xwv5 will have delight 0 Alternate translation: “will be very happy” +24:25 ufh1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification gifts of goodness will come to them 0 Gifts are spoken of as if they were people who could move by themselves. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **goodness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “people will give them good gifts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and[[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +24:25 uy7d gifts of goodness 0 Alternate translation: “good things” or “blessings” +24:26 sz6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom gives a kiss on the lips 0 A kiss was a sign of respect and devotion in that culture. Alternate translation: “shows true friendship” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +24:28 u5rp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy with your lips 0 The lips are a metonym for the words a person speaks. Alternate translation: “by what you say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +24:29 cke7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom pay him back 0 This is an idiom. “take revenge against him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +24:31 w3gw Thorns 0 useless plants with sharp spines +24:31 j4m7 nettles 0 plants that are covered with stinging leaves and hairs +24:31 chw4 was broken down 0 Alternate translation: “had fallen down” +24:32 u9za received instruction 0 Alternate translation: “learned a lesson” +24:34 d7gx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis and poverty comes 0 This finishes a thought begun with the words “A little sleep, a little slumber, a little folding of the hands to rest” (Proverbs 24:33). You may need to fill in the omitted words. “You may say to yourself, ‘A little sleep, a little slumber, a little folding of the hands to rest,’ but then poverty will come” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +24:34 v85w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification poverty comes marching upon you 0 Some translations read, “poverty comes upon you like a robber.” Poverty is spoken of as if it were a person or animal that can attack a lazy person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +24:34 zx1y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile your needs like an armed soldier 0 Needs are spoken of as if they were a person who could attack the lazy person. Alternate translation: “your needs will come to you like an armed soldier” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +25:intro l94s 0 # Proverbs 25 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 25 begins the second section of the book (Chapter 25-29) which is attributed to Solomon.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) +25:2 x2ec to conceal a matter 0 Alternate translation: “to keep some things secret” +25:2 cj4p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis but the glory 0 The ellipsis can be filled in. Alternate translation: “but it is the glory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +25:2 dg6e search it out 0 Alternate translation: “search that matter out” or “search for those things that God has concealed” +25:3 jtp4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Like the heavens are for height and the earth is for depth, so the heart of kings is unsearchable 0 The hearts of kings are compared to the size of the heavens and the earth. Alternate translation: “Just as no one can measure the height of the heavens or the depth of the earth, even so no one can understand the heart of kings” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +25:3 b947 heavens 0 This refers to everything we see above the earth, including the sun, moon, and stars. +25:4 jgm1 dross 0 the material in a metal that people do not want and they remove by heating the metal +25:5 vvu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his throne will be established by doing 0 The throne is a metonym for the power to rule. These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the king will establish his throne by doing” or “he will have the power to rule because he does” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +25:7 w69g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit It is better for him to say to you, “Come up here,” than 0 Here “up” means to move to a place at the table that is closer to the king. It is a great honor for a person to sit closer to the king. Alternate translation: “It is better for someone to invite you to sit closer to the king than” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +25:7 qf2z before a nobleman 0 Alternate translation: “in front of a nobleman” +25:8 t9ug rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion For what will you do in the end when your neighbor puts you to shame? 0 This question is asked to make the reader consider the possibility that he may have misunderstood the situation. The way in which the neighbor might put the reader to shame can be stated plainly. Alternate translation: “For you will not know what to do in the end when your neighbor puts you to shame.” or “For if your neighbor has an explanation, he will put you to shame, and you will have nothing to say to defend yourself.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +25:9 lgk7 your case 0 Alternate translation: “your disagreement” +25:9 c77l do not disclose another’s secret 0 Alternate translation: “do not share your neighbor’s secret with other people” +25:10 fr3g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive an evil report about you that cannot be silenced 0 Here “evil report” refers to harmful things that the person will tell others. The phrase “cannot be silenced” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will not be able to stop him from telling other people harmful things about you” or “he will tell people evil things about you and you will never have a good reputation again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +25:11 e2ay rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Apples of gold in settings of silver is a word spoken in the right situation 0 The goodness of “a word spoken at the right time” is spoken of as if it were the physical beauty of “apples of gold in settings of silver.” Most translations translate this metaphor as a simile and change the order of the phrases. Alternate translation: “A word spoken at the right time is beautiful like apples of gold in settings of silver” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +25:11 sq35 Apples of gold in settings of silver 0 The ancient Israelites did not know the apples that most people know today. This could mean: (1) “apples” should be translated as “design.” Alternate translation: “a golden design carved into a silver bowl” or (2) “apples” refers to another type of fruit with a golden color that someone has placed on a silver plate or bowl. Alternate translation: “Golden colored fruit placed in a silver bowl” +25:11 ptu8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive is a word spoken 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “is a message that someone speaks” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +25:12 ir54 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor A gold ring or jewelry made of fine gold is a wise rebuke to a listening ear 0 The value and importance of “a wise rebuke” is spoken of as if it had the beauty and value of gold. Most translations translate this metaphor as a simile and change the order of the phrases. Alternate translation: “A wise rebuke to a listening ear is beautiful and valuable like a golden ring or golden jewelry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +25:12 i38p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche listening ear 0 The ear is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “person who is willing to listen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +25:13 tc4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Like the cold of snow at harvest time is a faithful messenger 0 Here a faithful messenger is being compared to the cold of snow, because both are pleasant. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +25:13 sxk7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the cold of snow 0 Snow only fell on the tops of mountains, and the harvest took place in hot weather, so this is probably a metaphor for cool, fresh water from a clean stream. If your language has no word for snow, consider “cool, fresh, clean water.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +25:13 v57a snow 0 white flakes of ice that fall from the sky like rain +25:13 z9pn brings back the life of his masters 0 This means he makes his masters, who are weak and tired, to be strong and rested again. +25:14 hbd4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Clouds and wind without rain is the one who boasts & not give 0 Most translations translate this metaphor as a simile and change the order of the phrases. Rain was important to the Israelites because only small amounts of it fell, so a cloud without rain was useless and brought disappointment to the Israelites. Alternate translation: “The one who boasts … not give is like clouds and wind without rain” or “The one who boasts … not give is useless and a disappointment, like clouds and wind without rain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +25:15 v2wv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive With patience a ruler can be persuaded 0 These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone who is patient can persuade a ruler” or “Someone who is patient can speak to a ruler and change his mind” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +25:15 eed7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor a soft tongue can break a bone 0 The word “tongue” is a metonym for the words the person speaks using the tongue. The word “bone” is a metaphor for strong opposition. Alternate translation: “gentle speech can overcome strong opposition” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +25:16 dc7b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nVerse 16 states a general principle, and verse 17 gives one specific example. The idea of eating too much honey and then vomiting it up is a metaphor for taking too much of any good thing and regretting it later. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +25:18 r378 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile A man who bears false witness against his neighbor is like a club used in war, or a sword, or a sharp arrow 0 A false witness is compared to three weapons that can hurt or kill people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +25:19 p8jx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile An unfaithful man in whom you trust in a time of trouble is like a bad tooth or a foot that slips 0 A foolish man is compared to a part of the body that causes trouble for a person. Alternate translation: “Trusting in an unfaithful man in time of trouble will bring you pain like a bad tooth or a foot that slips” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +25:20 j5q4 carbonate of soda 0 This is a kind of mineral that hisses and bubbles violently when it comes into contact with acids like vinegar. Many translations translate this phrase as “a wound.” +25:20 ef6r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit sings songs 0 You may need to make explicit what kind of songs the singer sings. Alternate translation: “sings happy songs” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +25:20 z9sh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche a heavy heart 0 The heart is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “a sad person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +25:22 eb7p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom shovel coals of fire on his head 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “cause him to have a guilty conscience and be ashamed of what he has done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +25:23 xj7i the north wind 0 In Israel, wind from the north often brought rain. Translators are free to substitute different kinds of wind for the same effect, for example, “a cold wind.” +25:23 z36v a tongue that tells secrets 0 Some versions read “someone who tells secrets.” +25:23 gn4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche result in angry faces 0 The face is a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “makes other people so angry you can see it in their faces” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +25:24 siz4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit a corner of the roof 0 Houses in those days had flat roofs. Ancient Israelites spent much time on their roofs, where it was often cooler than inside the house, and sometimes people would build a shelter large enough for a person to sleep in on one corner of the roof. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +25:24 urg5 a quarreling wife 0 a wife who often argues or complains +25:25 p4p8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Like cold waters to one who is thirsty, so is good news from a far country 0 Cold water is compared to good news that is both refreshing and delightful. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +25:26 p3dy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Like a fouled spring or a ruined fountain is a righteous person tottering before wicked people 0 One expects a spring or fountain to have clear water, just as one expects a righteous man to stand for what he believes. A polluted spring or fountain is compared to a righteous man who falls. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +25:26 tiq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor tottering before wicked people 0 Tottering is a metaphor for either: (1) refusing to fight wicked people or (2) joining in their wickedness. Alternate translation: “who allows wicked people to do wickedness” or “who starts to do what wicked people do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +25:26 fe9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor tottering 0 This is a metaphor for being unable to continue to do good. Alternate translation: “unable to stand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +25:26 e13r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom before wicked people 0 This could mean: (1) “when wicked people attack him” or (2) “when wicked people urge him to do evil.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +25:27 h7jf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile It is not good to eat too much honey; that is like searching for honor after honor. 0 Both wanting others to honor you and eating honey are good, but you can eat too much honey, and you can try too hard to have people honor you. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +25:27 x6in rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes It is not good 0 This can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “It is a bad thing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +25:27 ea11 that is like searching for honor after honor 0 The meaning of the original language is uncertain. Some versions of the Bible translate this as “that is like speaking too many compliments to people.” Alternate translation: “that is like always thinking about how others should honor you” +25:28 gl3p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile A person without self-control is like a city breached and without walls. 0 Both a person without self-control and a city without walls are weak and vulnerable. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +25:28 jh45 breached and without walls 0 Alternate translation: “whose walls an army has knocked down and destroyed” +26:intro juh9 0 # Proverbs 26 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 26 continues the second section of the book (Chapter 25-29) which is attributed to Solomon.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. Wisdom and folly are particularly prominent in this chapter.(See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) +26:1 w8yc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Like snow in summer or rain in harvest 0 Normally snow does not fall during the summer and rain does not fall during the harvest. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Just as it would be very strange to have snow in summer or rain during the harvest” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +26:2 kdg7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile so an undeserved curse does not alight 0 A curse that does not harm a person is spoken of as if it were a bird that does not land. Alternate translation: “so an undeserved curse does not land on its mark” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +26:2 mf19 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive an undeserved curse 0 This can be stated with an active form. Alternate translation: “a curse on a person who does not deserve it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +26:2 t3fg alight 0 land on someone or something +26:3 v3b7 A whip is for the horse, a bridle is for the donkey and a rod is for the back of fools 0 A whip, a bridle, and a rod are things that people use to make the horse, donkey, and fool do what they want. +26:3 le7r a bridle is for the donkey 0 A bridle is made of straps. People put it on a donkey’s head and hold one of the straps to make the donkey go the way they want it to go. +26:3 q1bg a rod is for the back of fools 0 In the Bible, people would hit their children or their slaves with a wooden rod in order to discipline them. +26:5 rz54 Answer a fool and join in on his folly 0 Joining in on a fool’s folly when answering him represents answering him in a foolish way. Alternate translation: “Answer a fool according to his folly” or “Answer a fool foolishly” +26:5 q48w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor so he will not become wise in his own eyes 0 The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “so that he will not become wise according to his judgement” or “so that he does not consider himself to be wise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +26:6 ang1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Whoever sends a message by the hand of a fool 0 Here the hand represents the fool’s responsibility to deliver the message. Alternate translation: “Whoever sends a fool to deliver a message” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +26:6 ife4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor cuts off his own feet 0 Cutting off one’s own feet is an exaggeration for harming one’s self. Alternate translation: “harms himself like a person who cuts off his own feet and drinks violence” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +26:6 a1zc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor drinks violence 0 Violence is spoken of as if it were a poisonous liquid that someone might drink. Alternate translation: “harms himself by being violent” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +26:7 h8yx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Like the legs & is a proverb in the mouth of fools 0 The phrases can be reordered. Alternate translation: “A proverb in the mouth of fools is like the legs of a paralytic which hang down” or “A proverb in the mouth of fools is as useless as the legs of a paralytic which hang down” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +26:7 m6mr a paralytic 0 a person who is unable to move or feel all or part of his body +26:7 nq9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy in the mouth of fools 0 Here “mouth” is a metonym for speaking. Alternate translation: “in the speech of fools” or “that fools say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +26:8 vhn4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit tying a stone in a sling 0 In order to throw a stone very far, people put it into a sling and swing the sling so that the stone will fly from it very quickly. The result of tying a stone in a sling can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “tying a stone in a sling so that it cannot be thrown” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +26:8 fy3g giving honor to a fool 0 Alternate translation: “honoring a fool” +26:9 l82z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Like a thorn & is a proverb in the mouth of fools 0 How the two are alike can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “A proverb in the mouth of fools is as dangerous as a thorn that goes into the hand of a drunkard” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +26:9 z794 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche a thorn that goes into the hand of a drunkard 0 This could mean: (1) if a drunk person holds a thornbush, a thorn will prick his hand, or (2) if a drunk person is angry, he will pick up a thornbush and swing it at people. For the second meaning, the word “thorn” represents a thornbush. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +26:9 q3gg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy in the mouth of fools 0 Here “mouth” is a metonym for speaking. Alternate translation: “in the speech of fools” or “that fools say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +26:10 lu8m hires a fool 0 Alternate translation: “gives a job to a fool” +26:11 dgd2 As a dog returns to his own vomit 0 Alternate translation: “As a dog eats its own vomit” +26:12 cxr5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Do you see someone who is wise in his own eyes? 0 This question is used to lead the reader to think about someone who is wise in his own eyes. The phrase “is wise in his own eyes” means “thinks he is wise,” and here it implies that the person is not truly wise. Alternate translation: “Consider the person who thinks he is wise but is not.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +26:12 n43z There is more hope for a fool than for him 0 Alternate translation: “A fool can become wise more easily than he can” +26:13 y1yv The lazy person says, “There is a lion & between the open places!” 0 The lazy person lies and says that he cannot go outside and work because there is a lion on the road or between the open places. +26:13 xyz8 There is a lion on the road 0 See how you translated this in [Proverbs 22:13](../22/13.md). +26:13 ufn8 the open places 0 This refers to the places in town where there is a lot of room for people to walk around or where people gather. Alternate translation: “the town plazas” or “the streets” +26:14 bfi2 hinges 0 metal pieces that attach a door to something and allow it to open and close +26:14 uv1d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile As the door turns on its hinges, so is the lazy person upon his bed 0 Both the door and the lazy person move, but they do not go anywhere. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +26:15 j4ce puts his hand into the dish 0 Alternate translation: “puts his hand into the dish to get food” or “reaches for food” +26:15 x6us rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole he has no strength to lift it up to his mouth 0 This is an exaggeration for doing necessary work that would clearly do him good. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +26:16 e6pb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The lazy person is wiser in his own eyes than seven men 0 The phrase “his own eyes” represents his thoughts. Alternate translation: “The lazy person thinks he is wiser than seven men” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +26:17 xh36 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Like one who takes hold of the ears of a dog, is a passerby who becomes angry at a dispute that is not his own 0 This can be reordered. Alternate translation: “A passerby who becomes angry at some other people’s dispute is like a person who grabs hold of a dog’s ears” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +26:17 z69e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Like one who takes hold of the ears of a dog 0 The implied information is that the dog will get angry and bite the person. Alternate translation: “Like a person who angers a dog by grabbing its ears” or “Like a person who grabs a dog’s ears and is bitten by the dog” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +26:17 ul2w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit is a passerby who becomes angry at a dispute that is not his own 0 The implied information is that the passerby will start arguing, and the people who were fighting will get angry with him and hurt him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +26:19 kd8e the one who deceives 0 Both the “madman” (Proverbs 26:18) and the one who deceives hurt people but do not take responsibility for it. +26:19 g1qd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Was I not telling a joke? 0 The deceiver uses this question to imply that since he his joke was only for fun, he should not be blamed for any harm he has caused. Alternate translation: “I did nothing wrong. I was only telling a joke.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +26:20 ivv3 gossiper 0 a person who gossips a lot +26:21 l2ug rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit As charcoal is to burning coals and wood is to fire 0 What charcoal does to coals and what wood does to fire can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “As charcoal helps coals burn and as wood helps fire burn” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +26:21 ud8h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor kindling strife 0 To kindle something means to set it on fire. Setting strife on fire is a metaphor for causing people to fight or argue. Alternate translation: “causing people to fight” or “causing people to argue” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +26:22 ye74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile The words of a gossip are like delicious morsels 0 This speaks of gossip being desirable to listen to as if it were delicious food to eat. Alternate translation: “The words of a gossip are desirable to listen to” or (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +26:22 rb3s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they go down into the inner parts of the body 0 This speaks of the words that a gossip says going into a person’s mind and affecting his thoughts as if they were food that was going into his stomach. This sentence is equivalent to [Proverbs 18:8](../18/08.md). Alternate translation: “and they enter a person’s mind and affect his thoughts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +26:23 i9mz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Like the glaze overlaying an earthen vessel so are burning lips and an evil heart 0 This simile means that a person who says things to hide the evil in their heart are like a earthen vessel covered in glaze to make it look good. These phrases can be reordered. Alternate translation: “People who have burning lips and an evil heart are like an earthen vessel covered with glaze” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +26:23 ky5d the glaze overlaying an earthen vessel 0 “the shiny glaze that covers a clay pot.” A clay pot is cheap and common. So people covered it was a glaze to make it shiny and appear more expensive. +26:23 u5wy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche so are burning lips and an evil heart 0 This represents a person who has burning lips and an evil heart. Alternate translation: “so is a person who has burning lips and an evil heart” or “so is a person who says nice things but whose heart is evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +26:23 s94p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor burning lips 0 The word “burning” is a metaphor for “strongly emotional” and the word “lips” is a metonym for “speech.” Alternate translation: “emotional speech” or “saying nice things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +26:23 p5hf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy an evil heart 0 The heart represents a person’s thoughts, attitudes, desires, or feelings. Alternate translation: “evil thoughts” or “evil desires” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +26:24 rhg2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor disguises his feelings with his lips 0 Disguising his feelings represents keeping people from knowing what his feelings are. The phrase “his lips” is a metonym for what he says. Alternate translation: “hides his feelings with what he says” or “speaks in such a way that people cannot know his true feelings” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +26:24 qu8b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he lays up deceit within himself 0 Being deceitful is spoken of as if he were storing deceit within himself. Possible meanings are that “deceit” refers to lies. Alternate translation: (1) “he likes his many lies” or (2) deceit refers secret plans to harm people. Alternate translation: “he secretly plans to harm people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +26:25 f4gf but do not believe him 0 Alternate translation: “but do not believe what he says” +26:25 q7ln rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor for there are seven abominations in his heart 0 The number seven represents completeness. This could mean: (1) “abominations” refers to attitudes that God hates. Alternate translation: “for his heart is completely filled with hateful things” or (2) “abominations” refers to his hatred for people. Alternate translation: “for his heart is completely filled with hatred” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +26:26 iv6j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Though his hatred is covered with deception 0 This can be stated actively. Alternate translation: “Though deception covers his hatred” or “Though he covers his hatred with deception” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +26:26 d99d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Though his hatred is covered with deception 0 Keeping people from knowing that he hates them is spoken of as covering his hatred. Alternate translation: “Though he lies to keep people from knowing that he hates them” or “Though he lies so that people will not know that he hates them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +26:26 slh6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor his wickedness will be exposed in the assembly 0 Being exposed represents being discovered or becoming known. Alternate translation: “his wickedness will become known in the assembly” or “the assembly will discover his wickedness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +26:26 d2jn the assembly 0 Alternate translation: “the community of Israel” +26:27 sg61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Whoever digs a pit will fall into it 0 It is implied that the person digs the pit as a trap so that someone will fall into it. Alternate translation: “Whoever digs a pit to trap someone will fall into it” or “If someone digs a pit in order to trap someone, the one who dug it will fall into it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +26:27 nj1w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the stone will roll back on the one who pushed it 0 It is implied that the person pushed a large stone so that it would roll downhill and crush someone there. Alternate translation: “if someone pushed a stone so that it would roll downhill and crush someone, the stone will roll back on him instead” or “if someone maked a stone roll so that it would hurt someone, the stone will crush him instead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +26:28 wvw9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche A lying tongue hates the people it crushes 0 The phrase “a lying tongue” represents a person who tells lies. Crushing people represents causing them trouble. Alternate translation: “A liar hates those he hurts by his lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +26:28 dfi2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche a flattering mouth brings about ruin 0 The phrase “a flattering mouth” represents a person who flatters people. This could mean: (1) a person who flatters others causes trouble or (2) a person who flatters others ruins them (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +26:28 qp8a flattering 0 praising someone in a manner that is not sincere, or praising someone about things that are not true +27:intro ec7g 0 # Proverbs 27 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 27 continues the second section of the book (Chapter 25-29) which is attributed to Solomon.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) +27:1 f85w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Do not boast about tomorrow 0 This is a warning not to brag about what you expect to happen tomorrow. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Do not speak proudly about your plans for tomorrow” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +27:1 t368 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor what a day may bring 0 Something happening on a certain day is spoken of as if the day were to bring that event. Alternate translation: “what will happen on a day” or “what will happen tomorrow” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +27:2 cyj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis and not your own mouth & and not your own lips 0 The words “let praise you” are understood from the first phrase. They can be repeated. Here a person is represented by his “mouth” and “lips” because those are the parts of the body used to speak. Alternate translation: “and do not let your own mouth praise you … and do not let your own lips praise you” or “and do not praise yourself … and do not praise yourself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +27:2 jhl7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis a stranger 0 The words “let praise you” are understood from the first phrase. The words can be repeated here. Alternate translation: “let a stranger praise you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +27:3 snl3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the provocation of a fool is heavier than both 0 The difficulty of being patient with a fool who provokes you is spoken of as if that difficulty were heavy. Alternate translation: “the provocation of a fool is harder to tolerate than either of them” or “It is harder to be patient when a fool provokes you than it is to be patient while carrying them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +27:3 hs8d the provocation of a fool 0 “the trouble caused by a fool.” “Provocation” means actions or words that cause anger or irritation. +27:4 j57v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns There is the cruelty of rage and the flood of anger, but who is able to stand before jealousy? 0 The abstract nouns “rage”, “anger” and “jealousy” can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “A raging person is cruel and an angry person is overwhelming, but who can stand before a jealous person?” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +27:4 l3ui cruelty 0 Alternate translation: “harshness” +27:4 srl1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the flood of anger 0 “the destructiveness of anger.” Anger is spoken of here as if it were a powerful flood. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +27:4 nh38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion but who is able to stand before jealousy? 0 This question implies that no one can stand before jealousy. It can be reworded as a statement. Alternate translation: “but no one is able to stand before jealousy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +27:4 inj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor to stand before jealousy 0 Here standing represents being strong and resisting being harmed by a jealous person who attacks. Alternate translation: “to resist a jealous person” or “to remain strong when a jealous person attacks him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +27:5 yva8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Better is an open rebuke 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **rebuke**, you could express the same idea with the verb “rebuke.” Alternate translation: “It is better to be openly rebuked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +27:5 pz3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns than hidden love 0 “than love that is not openly shown.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **love**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “than to be loved secretly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +27:6 d5v5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Faithful are the wounds caused by a friend 0 “The wounds that a friend causes are trustworthy.” The word “wounds” here represents the pain and sadness that a person feels when a friend rebukes or corrects him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +27:6 uw1k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Faithful are the wounds caused by a friend 0 The trustworthiness of a friend’s rebuke is spoken of as if the sadness that his rebuke causes is trustworthy. Alternate translation: “Though it causes sadness, a friend’s rebuke is trustworthy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +27:6 wzd4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit but an enemy may kiss you profusely 0 It can be stated clearly that the enemy’s kisses are not trustworthy. Alternate translation: “but the enemy’s many kisses are not trustworthy” or “but an enemy may try to deceive you by kissing you profusely” or (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +27:6 d2u7 profusely 0 Alternate translation: “abundantly” or “too many times” +27:7 diy7 A person who has eaten to the full 0 Alternate translation: “A person who is satisfied” or “A person who has eaten enough to be full” +27:7 v4fr rejects even a honeycomb 0 A honeycomb would normally be desirable, but not to the person who has already eaten enough to be satisfied. +27:7 aj75 every bitter thing is sweet 0 Alternate translation: “everything that is bitter tastes sweet” +27:8 tmr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Like a bird that wanders from its nest is a man who strays from where he lives 0 The words “wanders” and “strays” mean the same thing in this verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +27:9 p2m8 Perfume 0 The word “perfume” here means a desirable oil or ointment. +27:9 zj6k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy make the heart rejoice 0 Here “the heart” represents the feelings or emotions of a person. Alternate translation: “make a person feel joyful” or “make a person glad” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +27:9 fa3b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the sweetness of a friend comes from his sincere counsel 0 This could mean: (1) “sweetness” represents kindness. Alternate translation: “we recognize our friend’s kindness by his counsel” or (2) “sweetness” represents what we appreciate about a person. Alternate translation: “what we appreciate about a friend is his advice” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +27:10 c6gz your brother’s house 0 Here the word “brother” is a general reference to relatives, such as members of the same tribe, clan, or people group. +27:10 zin1 calamity 0 extreme troubles and misfortune +27:11 v2t7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy make my heart rejoice 0 Here the “heart” represents the person’s feelings or emotions. Alternate translation: “make me feel joyful” or “make me glad” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +27:11 sv31 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit then I will give back an answer to the one who mocks me 0 Here “answer” does not mean to answer a question. It means to respond or to reply to someone who is mocking. How this relates to the clause before it can be made clear. AT “then I will reply to the one who mocks me by telling him about you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +27:11 gm95 mocks 0 makes fun of someone, especially in a cruel way +27:12 y47t A prudent man sees trouble and hides himself, but the naive people go on and suffer because of it 0 See how you translated a similar phrase in [Proverbs 22:3](../22/03.md). +27:12 jm89 A prudent man 0 Alternate translation: “A man who is wise” or “A man who has good sense” +27:12 j5th the naive people 0 Alternate translation: “the inexperienced and immature people” +27:12 bv11 suffer 0 experience something very unpleasant, such as illness, pain, or other hardships +27:13 l1r3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Take a garment of one who has put up security for a stranger 0 When lending money, a lender would take something from the borrower, such as a garment, as a guarantee of repayment. He would return it after the money was repaid. If the borrower was too poor, someone else could give something to the lender as a guarantee for him. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 20:16](../20/16.md). Alternate translation: “Take a garment as security from the one who guarantees that what a stranger has borrowed will be paid back” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +27:13 q6ci rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom who has put up security 0 This means for someone to give something to a lender as a guarantee that what was borrowed will be paid. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 20:16](../20/16.md). Alternate translation: “who has guaranteed that what has been borrowed will be paid back” or “who has promised to pay a loan” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +27:13 gvg7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom hold it in pledge 0 To “hold something in pledge” means to hold on to something that someone has given as a pledge, or promise, that he will pay a debt. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 20:16](../20/16.md). Alternate translation: “hold onto his coat as a guarantee of repayment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +27:14 xjs1 Whoever gives his neighbor a blessing 0 Alternate translation: “If anyone gives his neighbor a blessing” +27:14 z5ga rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive that blessing will be considered to be a curse 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the neighbor will consider that blessing to be a curse” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +27:15 bh2v quarreling 0 This means making people angry with each other or causing strong disagreements between people. +27:15 caj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the constant dripping 0 The implied information is that it is rain that is constantly dripping. Alternate translation: “the constant dripping of rain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +27:15 ldj6 a rainy day 0 Alternate translation: “a day of continual rain” +27:16 e46j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile restraining her is like restraining the wind, or trying to catch oil in your right hand 0 The implied information is that it is as difficult or useless to try and restrain her as it is to try to restrain the wind or catch oil in your hand (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +27:16 tfg7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit restraining her 0 “holding her back” or “keeping her under control.” The implied information is that it is trying to stop her from quarreling. Alternate translation: “restraining her from quarreling” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +27:16 z86v restraining the wind 0 Alternate translation: “holding back the wind” or “keeping the wind under control” +27:17 w3va rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Iron sharpens iron; in the same way, a man sharpens his friend. 0 These two phrases are comparing how iron and a man can be improved. Alternate translation: “As iron can sharpen another piece of iron, so a man’s character is improved by contact with his friend” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +27:18 gbr2 who tends 0 Alternate translation: “who takes care of” +27:18 d71d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the one who protects his master will be honored 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “a master will honor the one who protects him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +27:19 z68a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a person’s heart 0 Here this means a person’s thoughts. Alternate translation: “what a person thinks” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +27:20 nv5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Abaddon 0 This is a name that means “destroyer.” Alternate translation: “the Destroyer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +27:20 c28l are never satisfied 0 Alternate translation: “are never filled up” +27:20 q6ud rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a man’s eyes 0 Here the “eyes” represent a man’s desires. Alternate translation: “a man’s desires” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +27:21 c4r4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit A crucible is for silver and a furnace is for gold 0 This refers to how gold and silver are refined. A metal is refined by heating it to a high temperature so that it melts and the impurities may be removed. See how you translated the very similar phrase in [Proverbs 17:3](../17/03.md). Alternate translation: “A crucible is used to refine silver and a furnace is used to refine gold” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +27:21 eg8j rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown crucible 0 a container used for heating substances to very high temperatures (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +27:21 eza1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown furnace 0 an oven that can be made extremely hot (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +27:21 b7qd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive a person is tested when he is praised 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “when one praises a person, they are also testing that person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +27:22 m5zv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Even if you crush a fool & yet his foolishness will not leave him 0 This means that even if a fool is made to suffer hardship or pain (being crushed is often a metaphor for suffering in Hebrew), he will remain foolish. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +27:22 ir3k rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown pestle 0 a hard tool with a rounded end, used for crushing things in a bowl (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +27:23 ixh6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Be sure you know the condition of your flocks and be concerned about your herds 0 These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together for emphasis. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +27:23 de7k your flocks 0 Alternate translation: “flocks of sheep” +27:23 b9bu your herds 0 Alternate translation: “herds of goats” +27:24 v1t6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Does a crown endure for all generations? 0 This question expects a negative answer to make the point that the reign of earthly rulers does not last forever. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “A crown does not endure for all generations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +27:24 gu92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a crown 0 Here “crown” is a metonym for a king’s rule over his kingdom. Alternate translation: “a king’s rule” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +27:25 n1ai the new growth appears 0 Alternate translation: “the new sprouts appear” or “the new grass starts to grow” +27:26 ra5w Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nVerses 26 and 27 go together with verses 23 to 25 as one proverb. +27:26 dar8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Those lambs will provide your clothing 0 The implied information is that the wool (hair) from the lambs can be used to make clothing. Alternate translation: “The lambs’ wool will provide you with clothing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +27:26 j2vp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the goats will provide the price of the field 0 The implied information is that the money received by selling the goats will be enough to buy a field. Alternate translation: “selling your goats will provide the price of the field” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +27:27 q28m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit nourishment for your servant girls 0 The implied information is that there will also be enough goats’ milk to feed the servant girls. Alternate translation: “there will be goat’s milk to nourish your servant girls” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +27:27 xjw4 nourishment 0 Alternate translation: “food” +28:intro g91u 0 # Proverbs 28 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 28 continues the second section of the book (Chapter 25-29) which is attributed to Solomon.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) +28:2 b4c7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Because of the transgression of a land 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **transgression**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “Because of how a land transgresses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +28:2 qks4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the transgression of a land 0 This is a metonym for the sins of the people living in a land. Alternate translation: “the transgression of the people of a land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +28:2 ivf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit with a man of understanding and knowledge 0 The implied information is that this man is a ruler or leader. The abstract nouns “understanding” and “knowledge” can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “with a man who understands and knows how to rule” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +28:3 tx2c who oppresses 0 Alternate translation: “who severely mistreats” +28:3 pb4k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like a beating rain that leaves no food 0 The poor man who oppresses other poor people is compared to a rain that falls so hard that it leaves no crop to harvest. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +28:3 p9vx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor beating rain 0 This is a metaphor for a rain coming down hard enough to cause crops to be driven down. Alternate translation: “damaging rain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +28:4 z1ah forsake the law 0 Alternate translation: “forsake God’s law” +28:4 j98f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor those who keep the law 0 To “keep the law” means to do what God’s law requires. Alternate translation: “those who obey God’s law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +28:4 whf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor fight against them 0 “struggle against them.” This means to strongly oppose or resist them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +28:5 pi7r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations Evil men 0 Here “men” means people in general. Alternate translation: “People who do evil things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) +28:5 t38q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns do not understand justice 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **justice**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “do not understand what is just” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +28:5 k5mh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor those who seek Yahweh 0 Those who want to know Yahweh and please him are spoken of as if they are literally seeking to find Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +28:5 ru6t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit understand everything 0 The implied information is that those who seek Yahweh understand all about justice. Alternate translation: “completely understand what is just” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +28:6 q4ty It is better for a poor person & than for a rich person 0 Alternate translation: “It is better to be a poor person … than it is to be a rich person” +28:6 pfi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor walks in his integrity 0 This represents a person living a life of integrity. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **integrity**, you could express the same idea with an adverb. Alternate translation: “walks honestly” or “lives honestly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +28:6 jdf4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor who is crooked in his ways 0 Rich people who are dishonest are spoken of as if they walk on crooked or twisted paths. Alternate translation: “who is not honest in what he does” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +28:7 b5pv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He who keeps the law 0 To “keep the law” means to do what God’s law requires. Alternate translation: “He who obeys God’s law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +28:7 h42h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns a son who has understanding 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **understanding**, you could express the same idea with a verb. Alternate translation: “a son who understands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +28:7 rh6n of gluttons 0 “of people who eat too much.” A “glutton” is a person who often eats and drinks excessively. +28:7 q9hm shames his father 0 Alternate translation: “puts his father to shame” or “dishonors his father” +28:8 uef7 makes his fortune 0 Alternate translation: “increases his wealth” +28:8 i36g charging too much interest 0 Alternate translation: “charging extra money to borrow” +28:8 tj5f interest 0 money paid by a borrower for the use of someone else’s money +28:8 xz6i gathers his wealth 0 Alternate translation: “brings his wealth together” +28:8 e1qz for another 0 Alternate translation: “for another person” +28:8 s7xf pity 0 a strong feeling of sadness or sympathy for someone +28:9 w428 If one 0 Alternate translation: “If a person” +28:9 s7cf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche turns away his ear from hearing the law 0 This represents the whole person turning away from and rejecting God’s law. Alternate translation: “turns away from hearing and obeying the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +28:9 ztw6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive even his prayer is detestable 0 “even his prayer is offensive to God.” This can be written in active form. Alternate translation: “God detests even his prayer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +28:9 a3bi detestable 0 See how you translated this in [Proverbs 3:32](../03/32.md). +28:10 hgy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Whoever misleads the upright into an evil way 0 This is a metaphor for leading upright people in an evil direction. Alternate translation: “Whoever causes the upright to go in an evil direction” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +28:10 pv8z Whoever misleads & evil way will fall 0 Alternate translation: “If anyone misleads … evil way, he will fall” +28:10 m6rz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the upright 0 This refers to upright persons in general. Alternate translation: “upright persons” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +28:10 tw7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will fall into his own pit 0 “will fall into the trap that he has dug.” This is a metaphor for ending up in the same bad place as others had been led toward. Alternate translation: “will end up in the same evil place toward which he guided other people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +28:10 yg55 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the blameless 0 This refers to blameless persons in general. Alternate translation: “blameless persons” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +28:10 w756 will have a good inheritance 0 Alternate translation: “will inherit what is good” +28:11 eg7v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor be wise in his own eyes 0 The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “be wise in his own thoughts” or “think he is wise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +28:11 pj9j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns who has understanding 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **understanding**, you could express the same idea with a verb. Alternate translation: “who understands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +28:11 ynr5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom will find him out 0 This is an idiom that means the poor person will be able to determine whether or not the rich person is really wise. Alternate translation: “will see his true nature” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +28:12 qew3 When the righteous triumph 0 Alternate translation: “When righteous people succeed” +28:12 zkn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom when the wicked arise 0 This is an idiom that means when the wicked gain power or start to rule. Alternate translation: “when the wicked rise to power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +28:12 emq6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the wicked 0 This refers to wicked people in general. Alternate translation: “wicked people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +28:12 g949 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit people are sought out 0 You may need to make explicit that those who “are sought out” have hidden themselves to escape from the wicked. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they seek people out” or “they seek out the people who hide from them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +28:13 h8gm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor hides his sins 0 “covers his sins.” This is the opposite of confessing and forsaking sins, and is spoken of as covering sins rather than bringing them into the open (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +28:13 e7kw will not prosper 0 Alternate translation: “will not succeed” or “will not advance” +28:13 m9fz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the one who confesses them and forsakes them will be shown mercy 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will show mercy to the one who confesses and forsakes them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +28:14 nh5t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive The one who always lives with reverence is blessed 0 This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “God will bless the one who always lives with reverence” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +28:14 ffn2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns lives with reverence 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **reverence**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “lives a reverent life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +28:14 ijf7 reverence 0 This refers to deeply respecting Yahweh and showing that respect by obeying him. +28:14 ymm8 whoever hardens his heart 0 Alternate translation: “the one who hardens his heart” +28:14 ebu1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom hardens his heart 0 This is an idiom that means to be stubborn or unwilling to obey God. Alternate translation: “refuses to obey God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +28:14 l7ee rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will fall into trouble 0 This represents ending up in misery and distress. Alternate translation: “will end up in trouble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +28:15 z8ti rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Like a roaring lion or a charging bear is a wicked ruler over poor people 0 Poor people who are helpless against an evil ruler are compared to people who have a lion roaring at them or a bear attacking them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +28:15 x5l1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown a charging bear 0 A bear is a large, furry, dangerous animal that walks on four legs and has sharp claws and teeth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +28:16 et9j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns The ruler who lacks understanding 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **understanding**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “The ruler who does not understand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +28:16 az95 oppressor 0 a person who treats people harshly and makes their lives very difficult +28:16 lv7n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns the one who hates dishonesty 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **dishonesty**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “the one who hates being dishonest” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +28:16 eae9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom prolong his days 0 This could mean: (1) this is an idiom that means his living for more time. Alternate translation: “live longer” or (2) this is an idiom that means extending the length of his reign. Alternate translation: “rule for a longer time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +28:17 rm8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy he has shed someone’s blood 0 Here “blood” represents a person’s life. To “shed blood” means to murder someone. Alternate translation: “he has killed someone” or “he has murdered someone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +28:17 v592 fugitive 0 a person who is running away to avoid being captured +28:17 iz6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom until death 0 “until he dies.” This means for the rest of his life. Alternate translation: “all of his life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +28:18 nhr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Whoever walks with integrity will be kept safe 0 This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “God will keep safe anyone who walks with integrity” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +28:18 u4m5 Whoever 0 Alternate translation: “Anyone who” +28:18 f45f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor walks with integrity 0 This represents a person living a life of integrity. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **integrity**, you could express the same idea with an adverb. Alternate translation: “walks honestly” or “lives honestly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +28:18 kvc6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the one whose way is crooked 0 A dishonest person is spoken of as if he walks on crooked or twisted paths. Alternate translation: “the one who does not live honestly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +28:18 x79a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will suddenly fall 0 What will happen to a dishonest person is spoken of as if he suddenly fell down. Alternate translation: “will suddenly be ruined” or “will suddenly perish” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +28:19 dlk7 works his land 0 This means to till, sow, and care for his crops. +28:19 uq9z whoever follows 0 Alternate translation: “anyone who follows” +28:19 t64p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom follows worthless pursuits 0 “chases after worthless projects.” The person who is busy doing things that do not produce anything is spoken of as chasing after useless things. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +28:19 b8y8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony will have plenty of poverty 0 The person following worthless pursuits is spoken of as getting the opposite of plenty of food. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **poverty**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “will be very poor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +28:20 ix4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes the one who gets rich quickly will not go unpunished 0 The double negative “will not go unpunished” is used for emphasis. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will certainly punish the one who gets rich quickly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +28:20 nt6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the one who gets rich quickly 0 The implied information is that this person gains wealth by unfaithful or dishonest means. Alternate translation: “the one who tries to get rich quickly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +28:21 kg9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole for a piece of bread a man will do wrong 0 “A piece of bread” here is an exaggeration for a very small bribe or reward. Alternate translation: “a man will sin for very little gain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +28:21 phu7 do wrong 0 Alternate translation: “sin” +28:22 v63d A stingy man 0 “A selfish man.” This is a person who does not like to share his possessions or spend money. +28:22 f7a8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom hurries after riches 0 The stingy man is spoken of as if he was chasing after wealth. Alternate translation: “is greedy for riches” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +28:22 mz2h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom poverty will come upon him 0 The result of being stingy is spoken of as if poverty was overtaking the stingy person. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **poverty**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “he will suddenly become poor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +28:23 sr8r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Whoever disciplines someone, afterward will find more favor from him than from the one who flatters him with his tongue 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **favor**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “A person will favor the one who disciplines him more than he favors the person who flatters him with his tongue” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +28:23 q2x8 Whoever disciplines 0 Alternate translation: “If a person disciplines” +28:23 hi86 disciplines 0 trains people to obey a set of guidelines for moral behavior +28:23 k6hl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy flatters him with his tongue 0 The tongue here represents speaking. Alternate translation: “flatters him with words” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +28:23 l9i1 flatters 0 praises someone in a manner that is not sincere, or praises someone about things that are not true +28:24 xcp2 Whoever robs 0 Alternate translation: “The one who robs” +28:24 qt94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations says, “That is no sin,” he 0 This can be expressed as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “says that it is not a sin, he” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) +28:24 ie7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom the companion of 0 Possible meanings are: (1) “the friend of” or (2) an idiom that means having the same character as. Alternate translation: “the same kind of person as” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +28:25 e3ce A greedy man 0 a person who selfishly wants more things, money or food than what he needs +28:25 bkj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor stirs up conflict 0 The action of the greedy man is spoken of as if he were stirring up or awakening conflict. Alternate translation: “causes conflict” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +28:26 pnc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche One who trusts in his own heart 0 Depending on one’s self is spoken of as trusting in one’s own heart. Alternate translation: “The person who relies on himself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +28:26 dyj3 whoever walks 0 Alternate translation: “any person who walks” +28:26 g7hy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom walks in wisdom 0 This could mean: (1) this is an idiom that means to live wisely. Alternate translation: “lives wisely” or (2) this is an idiom that means to follow the teachings of wise people. Alternate translation: “follows wise teachings” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +28:27 yhn4 The one 0 Alternate translation: “The person” +28:27 y6e6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the poor 0 This refers to poor people in general. Alternate translation: “poor people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +28:27 iwx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes lack nothing 0 This double negative is used for emphasis. Alternate translation: “have everything they need” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +28:27 ykd8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive whoever closes his eyes to them will receive many curses 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. This could mean: (1) they will receive many curses from the poor. Alternate translation: “the poor will give many curses to whoever closes his eyes to them” or (2) they will receive many curses from people in general. Alternate translation: “people will give many curses to whoever closes his eyes to the poor” or (3) they will receive many curses from God. Alternate translation: “God will give many curses to whoever closes his eyes to the poor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +28:27 cgl4 whoever closes 0 Alternate translation: “anyone who closes” +28:27 x8x1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy closes his eyes to 0 Closing the eyes represents not responding to the needs of the poor. Alternate translation: “ignores” or “chooses not to help” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +28:28 ku38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom When the wicked arise 0 This is an idiom that means when wicked people gain power or start to rule. Alternate translation: “When wicked people rise to power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +28:28 xc51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole people hide themselves 0 This is an exaggeration for doing everything they can to avoid having wicked people harm them. Alternate translation: “people go into hiding” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) +28:28 vjp8 perish 0 This could mean: (1) “go away” or (2) “fall from power” or (3) “are destroyed.” +28:28 pd87 increase 0 This could mean: (1) “multiply” or (2) “rise to power.” +29:intro pkl4 0 # Proverbs 29 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 29 concludes the second section of the book (Chapter 25-29) which is attributed to Solomon.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) +29:1 rl7a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor who stiffens his neck 0 A person becoming stubborn is spoken of as if he stiffens his neck. Alternate translation: “who becomes stubborn” or “who refuses to listen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +29:1 nb5z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive will be broken in a moment 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will suddenly break him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +29:1 y5ft rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor beyond healing 0 “and no one will be able to heal him.” Sickness is a metaphor for any kind of bad situation. Alternate translation: “and no one will be able to help him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +29:2 w7r2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the people sigh 0 The people let out long, loud breaths that show that they are weary and sad. Alternate translation: “the people will be weary and sad” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +29:4 v6du rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns by justice 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **justice**, you could express the same idea with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “by doing what is just” or “by making just laws” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +29:5 x5x6 flatters his neighbor 0 knowingly tells his neighbor things that are not true so that the neighbor will do what the speaker wants him to do +29:5 udx2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor spreading a net for his feet 0 The writer compares the flattery of a person to setting that person up to being caught in a trap. Alternate translation: “setting a trap to catch that person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +29:6 k8iq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom In the sin of an evil person is a trap 0 When an evil person sins, it is as if he is stepping into a trap. He desires to do evil to other people, but God will use what he does to punish him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +29:8 g91s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy set a city on fire 0 Here the word “city” represents the people who live in the city. Mockers causing the people to experience turmoil and possibly to become violent is spoken of as if they set the city on fire. Alternate translation: “create turmoil for the people of a city” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +29:8 vcu6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom turn away wrath 0 This idiom means to cause angry people no longer to be angry. Alternate translation: “calm the wrath of angry people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +29:9 el5g has an argument with 0 Another possible meaning is “goes to court against.” +29:9 tzx7 he rages and laughs 0 The fool becomes very angry and tries to keep the wise person from speaking or the court judge from judging. +29:9 kn5t rages 0 This means to be loud and excited and to move with powerful movements like a strong storm. This is a negative word. +29:9 qmv5 there will be no rest 0 Alternate translation: “they will not be able to settle the problem” +29:10 jbu4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom seek the life of 0 This idiom means to “want to kill.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +29:12 ui7k pays attention 0 “listens.” See how you translated this in [Proverbs 17:4](../17/04.md). +29:12 b9es rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor all his officials will be wicked 0 The actions of the ruler are spoken of by stating the result they will cause. Alternate translation: “it is as if he is teaching his officials to be wicked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +29:13 f56w oppressor 0 a person who treats people harshly and makes their lives very difficult +29:13 psq6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Yahweh gives light to the eyes of them both 0 This idiom means “Yahweh makes both of them alive.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +29:14 x486 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his throne 0 The throne is a metonym for the kingdom he rules from his throne. Alternate translation: “his kingdom” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +29:15 ybi8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification The rod and reproof give wisdom 0 The writer speaks as if a rod and reproof were people who could give wisdom as a physical gift. Alternate translation: “If a parent uses the rod on his child and reproves him, the child will become wise” or “If parents discipline their child and tell him when he has done wrong, the child will learn to live wisely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +29:15 p19z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The rod 0 Parents in Israel used wooden rods as instruments to discipline children by striking them. Alternate translation: “discipline” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +29:15 m43w reproof 0 When a person gives reproof to another person, or reproves that person, he tells that person that he does not approve of what that other person is doing. +29:16 th5t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns transgression increases 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **transgression**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “more people will transgress and their sins will become worse” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +29:16 ha78 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns the downfall of those wicked people 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **downfall**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “fall,” which is a metaphor for losing the power to rule. Alternate translation: “those wicked people fall” or “those wicked people lose their power to rule” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +29:18 s41b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the one who keeps the law is blessed 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will bless the one who keeps the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +29:19 kl1y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive A slave will not be corrected by words 0 This can be translated in active form.”You will not be able to correct a slave simply by talking to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +29:20 qfr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion See a man who is hasty in his words? 0 The writer is using a question to get the reader’s attention. Alternate translation: “You should notice what happens to a man who is hasty in his words.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +29:21 k1j6 who pampers his slave 0 Alternate translation: “who allows his slave to avoid work and who treats his slave better than he treats other slaves” +29:21 qas4 at the end of it 0 Alternate translation: “at the end of the slave’s youth” or “when the slave is grown” +29:21 qs95 there will be trouble 0 These words translate a Hebrew word whose meaning no one knows for sure. Some understand it to mean that the slave will be weak, others that the slave will rule the household. +29:22 s7ha rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor stirs up strife 0 Causing people to argue more is spoken of as if it were stirring up or awakening arguments. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **strife**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “argue.” See how you translated similar words in [Proverbs 15:18](../15/18.md). Alternate translation: “causes people to argue more” or “causes people to argue and fight” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +29:22 ad7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom a master of rage 0 This idiom means “a person who becomes angry easily.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +29:23 z268 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive one who has a humble spirit will be given honor 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “men will give honor to a person who has a humble spirit” or “a person who has a humble spirit will receive honor from men” or “Yahweh will cause men to honor a person who has a humble spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +29:24 jpz1 hates his own life 0 Alternate translation: “becomes his own enemy” +29:24 ej5k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit he hears the curse and says nothing 0 This could mean: (1) people have put the “one who shares with a thief” under oath to tell the truth about what he knows about what the thief stole, and he knows he will be punished if he tells the truth. Alternate translation: “he does not dare to testify under oath” or (2) people do not know who the thief is but they call on God to curse the thief, and the “one who shares” is afraid to confess and so come out from under the curse because he is afraid of the thief. Alternate translation: “he says nothing even after people have cursed him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +29:25 t7d5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The fear of man makes a snare 0 Being afraid of what other people might do is spoken of as stepping into a trap. Alternate translation: “Anyone who is afraid of what other people might do to him is like a person who has become snared in a trap” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +29:25 k5l2 a snare 0 a trap that catches animals with ropes +29:25 t3gk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the one who trusts in Yahweh will be protected 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will protect the one who trusts in him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +29:26 sa3k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Many are those who seek the face of the ruler 0 The word “face” is a metonym for the ruler listening to people telling him what they want him to do and then doing it. Alternate translation: “Many people want their ruler to pay attention to them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +29:26 w96b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns from Yahweh is justice for a person 0 It is Yahweh, not human rulers, who will see that people treat a person justly. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **justice**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “just.” Alternate translation: “it is Yahweh who is truly just towards a person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +29:27 c4s9 detestable 0 a person who should be hated. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 3:32](../03/32.md). +30:intro aud8 0 # Proverbs 30 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 30 is a chapter in Proverbs attributed to Agur, who is a person otherwise unknown.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n### Agur\n\nHis full title is Agur, Son of Jakeh. Agur comes from a Hebrew word that means “gatherer” and so some scholars believe this is not a real name, but possibly a way of referring to Solomon as a gatherer of proverbs. However, it is still prudent to simply use this as a name.\n\n### Three things and four\n\nFrom verses 15 through 32, the author uses a specific technique to explain some things. He says there are three things and even four and lists items that exemplify a feature like “small and yet wise.” The numbering is not meant to be so literal, but as a memory device that introduces the items. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])\n\n### Themes\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) +30:1 u8l9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Agur & Jakeh & Ithiel & Ucal 0 These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +30:1 v8qt Agur son of Jakeh 0 This is the literal son of Jakeh, not a grandchild. +30:1 ic3d the utterance 0 Alternate translation: “the message” +30:1 y7qf to Ithiel, to Ithiel and Ucal 0 Alternate translation: “to Ithiel—that is, to Ithiel and Ucal” +30:2 n4d9 Surely 0 Alternate translation: “Certainly” or “There is no doubt that” +30:2 ij38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns I do not have the understanding of a human being 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **understanding**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “I do not understand anything the way human beings are supposed to understand them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +30:3 ln5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns nor do I have knowledge of the Holy One 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **knowledge**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “nor do I really know anything about the Holy One” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +30:4 kw1a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Who has & down? Who has & hands? Who has & cloak? Who has & earth? 0 The writer asks these questions to get the reader thinking about how much greater Yahweh is than people. Alternate translation: “No person has ever … down. No person has ever … hands. No person has ever … cloak. No person has ever … earth.” or “Who has … down? Who has … hands? Who has … cloak? Who has … earth? No one has ever done any of these things.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +30:4 eb1b heaven 0 where God lives +30:4 bz7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor gathered up the wind in the hollow of his hands 0 The writer speaks of the wind as if it were something that a person could catch and hold in his hand. Alternate translation: “has caught the wind in his hands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +30:4 g4i7 the hollow of his hands 0 the way his hands are shaped when he is scooping up, for example, water or sand. “his cupped hands” +30:4 l4kf gathered up 0 brought small scattered objects into a pile so they can be lifted +30:4 rce5 has established all the ends of the earth 0 Alternate translation: “has set up the limits for where the earth ends” or “has marked the boundaries for the ends of the earth” +30:4 t7g1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion What is his name, and what is the name of his son? 0 The writer uses these questions to command the reader to give an answer. Alternate translation: “Tell me his name and the name of his son, if you know them.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +30:4 jv39 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony Surely you know! 0 The writer uses irony to show that neither he nor the reader know any person who can do what the “who” in the earlier questions can do. Alternate translation: “I do not think you really know anyone who can do those things.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) +30:5 mna2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor is tested 0 Words are spoken of as if they were metals that need someone to clean the bad parts out of them. Alternate translation: “is like a precious metal from which someone has removed all the useless material” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +30:5 u15z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he is a shield to those who take refuge in him 0 The word “shield” is a metaphor for something that protects a person. Alternate translation: “he protects those who come and ask him to protect them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +30:6 lu63 add to his words 0 say more than he has said +30:6 e39x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive you will be proved to be 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “he will prove that you are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +30:8 v3d5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Put vanity and lies far away from me 0 This could mean: (1) “Do not allow people to speak vanity and lies to me” or (2) “Do not allow me to speak vanity and lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +30:8 jw32 vanity 0 false, useless words +30:8 wk6q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Give me neither poverty nor riches 0 The writer speaks as if “poverty” and “riches” were physical objects that someone could give to another. They are also abstract nouns that can be stated as “poor” and “rich.” Alternate translation: “Do not allow me to be either very poor or very rich” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +30:9 vrk2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo if I have too much, I might deny you and say 0 This describes a hypothetical situation that has not happened but is possible if the writer becomes rich. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +30:9 t24i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo if I become poor, I might steal and profane 0 This describes a hypothetical situation that has not happened but is possible if the writer becomes poor. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +30:9 f4ah I might steal and profane the name of my God 0 Alternate translation: “I might make people who know that I have stolen things think that there is no God” or “I might harm God’s reputation by stealing” +30:10 rz4a slander 0 speak falsely about another person with the desire to harm him +30:10 ycc9 he will curse 0 Alternate translation: “the servant will curse” +30:10 u5fu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive you will be held guilty 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will hold you guilty” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +30:11 sz6e a generation that curses & and does not bless 0 Alternate translation: “a generation of people who curse … and do not bless” +30:11 z4bb generation 0 type or class or group +30:12 h8cq a generation that is 0 Alternate translation: “a generation of people that are” +30:12 dp6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor is pure in their own eyes 0 The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “considers themselves pure” or “believes they are pure” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +30:12 re7r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they are not washed of their filth 0 The words “washed” and “filth” speak of God forgiving people who sin as if he were washing physical filth off of the people. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “God has not forgiven them of their sins” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +30:12 fyp5 filth 0 This should be translated with a polite term that includes human or animal vomit and waste. +30:13 ey4d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy eyes are raised up & their eyelids lifted up 0 This describes people who think that they are better than other people. Their eyes show that they are proud, and the way they look at others shows that they think they are better than those other people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +30:14 zca7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor There is a generation whose teeth are swords, and their jawbones are like knives, so they may devour the poor & and the needy 0 The people of the generation who speak very harmful things is spoken of as if they were wild animals with teeth and jawbones made of swords and knives, and they eat the poor and needy. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +30:14 z22j jawbones 0 the bones of the face where teeth grow +30:15 yr92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The leech has two daughters 0 This is an example of something that always wants more. Alternate translation: “Greed has two daughters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +30:15 ik61 leech 0 a type of worm that attaches itself to the skin and sucks blood +30:15 n8v6 0 Another possible meaning is “and they are both named Give Me.” Alternate translation: “Give and give” +30:15 snu6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry There are three things that are never satisfied, four that never say, “Enough” 0 This use of the numbers “three” and “four” together here is likely a poetic device. Alternate translation: “There are four things that are never satisfied, who never say, ‘Enough’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]]) +30:15 xlu4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes are never satisfied 0 This can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “always want more” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +30:16 d8p5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification land that is never satisfied with water 0 Land that is no longer producing food because there has been no rain is spoken of as if it were a person who does not have enough water to drink. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +30:17 hr1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns scorns obedience to a mother 0 The word “obedience” is a metonym for the mother herself. It is also an abstract noun that can be stated as “obey.” Alternate translation: “considers his mother worthless and will not obey her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +30:17 pr2u his eyes & the vultures 0 The writer says that the person will die by giving two pictures of what happens to people who die away from where people live. +30:17 l9a8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive his eyes will be pecked out by the ravens of the valley 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the ravens of the valley will peck out his eyes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +30:17 x3vs ravens 0 large, shiny, black birds that eat plants and dead animals +30:17 sxz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive he will be eaten by the vultures 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the vultures will eat him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +30:17 k8je vultures 0 any one of several large birds that eat dead animals and have small, featherless heads +30:18 njh2 There are three things that are & four that I do not understand: 0 The use of the numbers “three” and “four” here is likely a poetic device. Alternate translation: “There are some things that are too wonderful for me that I do not understand—four of them are:” +30:19 u9rp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor in the heart of the sea 0 The “heart” refers to the middle. Alternate translation: “in the middle of the sea” or “on the open sea” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +30:20 h26k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism she eats and she wipes her mouth 0 This seems to be both a euphemism and a metaphor for committing adultery and then taking a bath. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +30:21 s3e3 Under three things the earth trembles, and under four it cannot bear up 0 The use of the numbers “three” and “four” here is likely a poetic device. “There are some things that make the earth tremble, that it cannot endure. Four of these are:” +30:22 xv9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive a fool when he is filled with food 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “a fool who has had enough to eat” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +30:23 l8m1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive a hated woman when she marries 0 That is, people rightly hated her before she married; once she marries, she will be worse than she was before she married. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “a woman whom good people have hated when she marries” or “an outcast woman when she marries” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +30:23 dwd5 takes the place of her mistress 0 rules the household +30:26 p11p rock badgers 0 an animal with small, rounded ears, short legs, and no tail +30:28 l4zb lizard 0 a small reptile that has four legs, a long, slender body, and a tail +30:29 u31f There are three things that are & four that are stately in how they walk 0 The use of the numbers “three” and “four” here is likely a poetic device. Alternate translation: “There are some things that walk stately. Four of these are” +30:29 dc44 stately 0 majestic or dignified, like a king +30:31 e3z8 strutting rooster 0 an adult male chicken that walks proudly +30:33 kgm4 churning 0 strongly stirring +30:33 nj7p butter 0 Animal milk that someone has stirred and made thick. +31:intro dd9p 0 # Proverbs 31 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 31 begins with 9 verses from King Lemuel. The last portion of this chapter is a poem about a godly wife. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])\n\n### King Lemuel\n\nThis person is unknown in Scripture, other than here. It is important to recognize that the words in this chapter are words of his mother addressed to him. They are formed like advice of a mother to her son.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### An acrostic poem\n\nVerse 10 through 31 is tightly formed as a poem in the original language. There are 22 lines in the Hebrew language that each begin with a successive letter of the alphabet. However, each language will have a different set of letters. Therefore, it is important to realize this was a single composition with a single theme of a noble or godly wife.\n\n### Themes\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) +31:2 nw5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion What, my son? What is it, son of my womb? What do you want, son of my vows? 0 The rhetorical question **What** could mean: (1) “What are you doing?” or “You should not be doing what you are doing” or (2) “What shall I tell you?” or “Listen to what I am telling you” or (3) “Do not do the things I am about to warn you against.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +31:2 ag7f my son & son of my womb & son of my vows 0 The speaker wants the hearer to notice carefully and to respect the one who is talking to him. +31:2 ye5f son of my womb 0 The womb is a synecdoche for the person. It is best to use a polite term for the body part in which babies grow before they are born. +31:2 p2hh son of my vows 0 Here, **vows** could mean: (1) the mother’s marriage vows or (2) a vow after she married that if God allowed her to have a child she would dedicate him to God. +31:3 irw8 Do not give your strength to women 0 “Do not work hard trying to have sex with women,” either outside of marriage or with concubines. +31:3 tuq5 or your ways to those who destroy kings 0 Alternate translation: “or allow those who destroy kings to advise you” +31:3 j3yt your ways 0 This could mean: (1) “the way you live your life” or (2) “the work you do” +31:3 v8um those who destroy kings 0 probably the immoral “women” to whom he is not to give his strength +31:4 s8mw Lemuel 0 This is the name of a man. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 31:1](../31/01.md). +31:5 ex8n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive what has been decreed 0 This can be translated in active form. This could mean: (1) “what God has decreed” or (2) “what the kings themselves have decreed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +31:5 w2jv pervert the rights of all the afflicted 0 Alternate translation: “deny afflicted people their legal rights” +31:5 y3ds pervert 0 exchange good for evil +31:5 mdn6 all the afflicted 0 Alternate translation: “all those people whom others wrongfully harm” +31:6 q63s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis and wine 0 The ellipsis can be filled in. Alternate translation: “and give wine” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +31:6 i7g7 in bitter distress 0 Alternate translation: “who’s souls are bitter” or “who are in misery” +31:7 f15v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns his poverty 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **poverty**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “how poor he is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +31:7 cb4b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns his trouble 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **trouble**, you could express the same idea with a clause. Alternate translation: “the bad things that are happening to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +31:8 r3tl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Speak for those who cannot speak 0 Speaking is a metonym for using words to defend innocent people. Alternate translation: “Defend those who cannot defend themselves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +31:8 mxp7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy for the causes of all who are perishing 0 The cause represents the person whose cause it is. Alternate translation: “so that people will treat all who are perishing justly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +31:8 e1y9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis for the causes 0 The ellipsis can be filled in. Alternate translation: “speak for the causes” or “speak out for” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +31:9 yc2m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet poor and needy people 0 These two words have basically the same meaning and are used together for emphasis. Alternate translation: “people who are poor and cannot get the things that they need” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +31:10 ufh2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Who can find a capable wife? 0 The writer asks a question to show that he is beginning a new section. Alternate translation: “Not many men can find a capable wife.” or “Not many men can find a wife who is able to do many things well.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +31:10 v97s Her value is far more than jewels 0 Alternate translation: “She is more precious than jewels” +31:11 i7un rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes he will never be poor 0 This litotes can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “he will always have what he needs” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +31:13 usy5 wool 0 sheep’s hair that is used to make cloth +31:13 xs1v flax 0 a plant whose fiber is used to make linen +31:13 n9qr with the delight of her hands 0 Possible meanings are that the word **delight** describes: (1) how she feels as she works, “gladly with her hands,” or (2) how she feels about the wool and flax, “with her hands on things that she enjoys working with” +31:14 h984 merchant 0 someone who buys and sells +31:15 ry3t distributes the work for her female servants 0 Alternate translation: “tells her female servants what work each of them is to do that day” +31:16 fgc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the fruit of her hands 0 The money she has earned from the work she did with wool and flax ([Proverbs 31:13](../31/13.md)) is spoken of as if it were fruit growing off a tree. The hands are a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “the money she has earned” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +31:17 vv53 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom She dresses herself with strength 0 Putting on clothes is a metonym for preparing for work. Alternate translation: “She prepares herself for hard physical work” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +31:17 fn86 makes her arms strong 0 Alternate translation: “she strengthens her arms by doing her work” +31:18 d4np perceives 0 sees by looking carefully +31:18 jpw6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole all night long her lamp is not extinguished 0 This is probably an exaggeration: she works late into the night, but not from dusk to dawn. Alternate translation: “She burns a lamp through the night as she works” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +31:19 d3iv spindle 0 a thin rod or stick with pointed ends that is used in making thread +31:20 en6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy reaches out with her hand to poor 0 The hand is a metonym for the help the woman uses her hand to give. Alternate translation: “helps poor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +31:20 s1we reaches out with her hands to 0 These words translate the same words translated “puts her hands on” in [Proverbs 31:19](../31/19.md). +31:21 tt96 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy are clothed in scarlet 0 Here “scarlet” does not refer to the color of the cloth, but that the clothing is expensive and warm. Alternate translation: “have expensive, warm clothing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +31:21 ail4 scarlet 0 The color red, but with a hint of orange. +31:22 a3x1 linen 0 cloth made of flax yarn +31:23 ra37 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Her husband is known 0 This can be translated in active form. The verb “know” is a metonym for respect. Alternate translation: “People respect her husband” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +31:23 dbz1 when he sits with the elders of the land 0 to make laws and settle arguments +31:24 d6wi linen 0 cloth made from flax yarn +31:24 ghw5 sashes 0 long pieces of cloth worn around the waist or over one shoulder +31:25 k3bi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor She is clothed with strength and honor 0 Having strength and honor is spoken of as if the woman were wearing them. This can be translated in active form. The abstract nouns “strength” and “honor” can be translated by an adjective and a verb, respectively. Alternate translation: “Everyone can see that she is strong, and so they honor her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +31:25 a29g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole laughs at the time to come 0 This is probably an exaggeration to show that she is not afraid. Alternate translation: “is not afraid of what will happen in the future” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +31:26 lb6q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy opens her mouth with wisdom 0 The act of opening her mouth is a metonym for speaking. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wisdom**, you could express the same idea with an adverb or an adjective. Alternate translation: “she speaks wisely” or “she speaks wise words” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +31:26 q9jl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the law of kindness is on her tongue 0 The phrase “on her tongue” refers to her speaking, as the tongue is part of the mouth. The phrase “the law of kindness” refers to her teaching people to be kind. Alternate translation: “she teaches people to be kind” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +31:27 uqe6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor watches over the ways of her household 0 The word “ways” refers to the way people live. Alternate translation: “makes sure her whole family lives in a way that pleases God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +31:27 ynb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom does not eat the bread of idleness 0 To “eat the bread of” something means to do something. Alternate translation: “she is not idle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +31:27 j79l idleness 0 doing nothing and being lazy +31:28 hq5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy rise up and 0 This could mean: (1) literally “stand up and” or (2) as a metonym, “actively.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +31:28 lqv2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations call her blessed 0 saying that good things have happened to her because she has done good things. This can be translated as a direct quote. Alternate translation: “congratulate her” or “say, ‘Yay, Mom!’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) +31:29 fl85 you surpassed 0 Alternate translation: “you have done better than” +31:30 e8cj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Elegance is deceptive 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **elegance**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “A gracious woman can deceive people” or “A woman with good manners could really be evil” See how you translated this in [Proverbs 11:16](../11/16.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +31:30 qcq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns beauty is vain 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **beauty**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “a woman who is beautiful now will not always be beautiful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +31:30 k9e4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive she will be praised 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will praise her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +31:31 df11 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the fruit of her hands 0 The money she has earned from the work she did with wool and flax ([Proverbs 31:13](../31/13.md)) is spoken of as if it were fruit growing off a tree. The hands are a synecdoche for the person. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 31:16](./16.md). Alternate translation: “the money she has earned” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +31:31 ef6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy let her works praise her in the gates 0 She will be praised for her works, not by her works. Those “in the gates” are the important people of the city who conduct business and legal affairs near the gates of the city. Alternate translation: “may the important people of the city praise her because of the works she has done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])