diff --git a/en_tn_31-OBA.tsv b/en_tn_31-OBA.tsv index 8e0c9bc7fc..f273505044 100644 --- a/en_tn_31-OBA.tsv +++ b/en_tn_31-OBA.tsv @@ -37,105 +37,105 @@ OBA 1 6 zsf7 figs-activepassive אֵ֚יךְ נֶחְפְּשׂ֣וּ עֵשָׂ OBA 1 6 jd13 figs-explicit אֵ֚יךְ נֶחְפְּשׂ֣וּ עֵשָׂ֔ו נִבְע֖וּ מַצְפֻּנָֽי⁠ו 1 How Esau is being ransacked, his hidden treasures being searched out You could state explicitly who will take away Edom’s valuables. Alternate translation: “these attackers will take away everything that is valuable. They will even find and take away the valuable things that you have hidden” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) OBA 1 6 m9p3 figs-personification עֵשָׂ֔ו 1 Esau Here, the name “Esau” refers to the people of Edom. They were the descendants of Esau, who was also known as Edom. All the people of Edom are being portrayed as if they were a single person, their ancestor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) OBA 1 6 lf9t נֶחְפְּשׂ֣וּ 1 has been ransacked This means the enemies have search through Esau’s things, taken everything valuable, and left everything else in a mess or damaged. -OBA 1 7 cr88 עַֽד־הַ⁠גְּב֣וּל שִׁלְּח֗וּ⁠ךָ 1 are sending you away as far as the border Alternate translation, “They will force you to leave your country.” However, since it is not specified whose border this is, another interpretation would be that the people of Edom will try to take refuge in the lands of their allies, but they won’t be allowed to. +OBA 1 7 cr88 עַֽד־הַ⁠גְּב֣וּל שִׁלְּח֗וּ⁠ךָ 1 are sending you away as far as the border Alternate translation: “they will force you to leave your country” However, since it is not specified whose border this is, another interpretation would be that the people of Edom will try to take refuge in the lands of their allies, but they won’t be allowed to. OBA 1 7 a612 figs-parallelism כֹּ֚ל אַנְשֵׁ֣י בְרִיתֶ֔⁠ךָ…אַנְשֵׁ֣י שְׁלֹמֶ֑⁠ךָ לַחְמְ⁠ךָ֗ 1 All the men of your covenant…The men of your peace…They of your bread All three phrases refer to Edom’s allies. Yahweh is showing that what he is saying is important by saying it more than once in similar ways. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) OBA 1 7 n3t6 בְרִיתֶ֔⁠ךָ 1 your covenant The word “your” refers to the nation of Edom. OBA 1 7 jd15 figs-ellipsis לַחְמְ⁠ךָ֗ יָשִׂ֤ימוּ מָזוֹר֙ תַּחְתֶּ֔י⁠ךָ 1 They of your bread will set a trap under you Hebrew says simply “your bread.” Hearers and readers are expected to understand the meaning and supply the missing words in their minds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -OBA 1 7 rc1i figs-explicit אֵ֥ין תְּבוּנָ֖ה בּֽ⁠וֹ 1 There is no understanding in him. Yahweh could be saying this as an aside about the people of Edom, rather than speaking to them. (See: Aside) Alternately, the former allies could be saying this about Edom. Alternate translation: “Then they will say to you, ‘You are not as clever as you thought you were!’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -OBA 1 7 jd17 figs-abstractnouns תְּבוּנָ֖ה 1 understanding You could translate the abstract noun “understanding” with a verb. Alternate translation: “They will say to you, ‘You are not as clever as you thought you were!’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +OBA 1 7 rc1i figs-explicit אֵ֥ין תְּבוּנָ֖ה בּֽ⁠וֹ 1 There is no understanding in him. Yahweh could be saying this as an aside about the people of Edom, rather than speaking to them. (See: Aside) Alternately, the former allies could be saying this about Edom. Alternate translation: “then they will say to you, ‘you are not as clever as you thought you were’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +OBA 1 7 jd17 figs-abstractnouns תְּבוּנָ֖ה 1 understanding You could translate the abstract noun “understanding” with a verb. Alternate translation: “they will say to you, ‘you are not as clever as you thought you were’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) OBA 1 7 jd19 figs-personification בּֽ⁠וֹ 1 in him That is, Edom. All the people are being portrayed as if they were a single person, their ancestor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -OBA 1 8 i4rg figs-rquestion הֲ⁠ל֛וֹא בַּ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠ה֖וּא נְאֻם־יְהוָ֑ה וְ⁠הַאֲבַדְתִּ֤י חֲכָמִים֙ מֵֽ⁠אֱד֔וֹם וּ⁠תְבוּנָ֖ה מֵ⁠הַ֥ר עֵשָֽׂו 1 Will I not on that day (a declaration of Yahweh) destroy wise men from Edom, and understanding from the mountain of Esau? This is a rhetorical question. Yahweh uses the question form to emphasize that Edom’s destruction is certain. Alternate translation: “‘On that day,’ says Yahweh, ‘I will certainly destroy …’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +OBA 1 8 i4rg figs-rquestion הֲ⁠ל֛וֹא בַּ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠ה֖וּא נְאֻם־יְהוָ֑ה וְ⁠הַאֲבַדְתִּ֤י חֲכָמִים֙ מֵֽ⁠אֱד֔וֹם וּ⁠תְבוּנָ֖ה מֵ⁠הַ֥ר עֵשָֽׂו 1 Will I not on that day (a declaration of Yahweh) destroy wise men from Edom, and understanding from the mountain of Esau? This is a rhetorical question. Yahweh uses the question form to emphasize that Edom’s destruction is certain. Alternate translation: “‘on that day,’ says Yahweh, ‘I will certainly destroy …’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) OBA 1 8 jd21 figs-explicit חֲכָמִים֙ 1 wise men The original audience would have known that Edom was famous for its wisdom. However, when Edom is destroyed, it will become clear that its people were not wise to think they were safe because they lived on rugged cliffs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -OBA 1 8 jd23 figs-abstractnouns וּ⁠תְבוּנָ֖ה 1 and understanding You could translate this abstract noun with a verb, for example, “No one will know what to do any more.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -OBA 1 8 z8tf figs-synecdoche מֵ⁠הַ֥ר עֵשָֽׂו 1 from the mountain of Esau Most of the land of Esau was mountains, so this is one way of referring to the land of Edom. This was one of the mountains in Edom. It is sometimes identified with Mount Bozrah. Yahweh is referring to the whole territory by the name of one prominent part of it. Alternate translation: “the land of Edom.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -OBA 1 9 jd25 figs-apostrophe וְ⁠חַתּ֥וּ גִבּוֹרֶ֖י⁠ךָ תֵּימָ֑ן 1 And your mighty men will be dismayed, O Teman Yahweh stops speaking to the people of Edom and addresses a region of the country, even though it cannot understand him. This shows that Yahweh feels very strongly about what he is saying. (See Apostrophe) Alternate translation: “The soldiers in the army of Edom will become terrified.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -OBA 1 9 qvg3 translate-names תֵּימָ֑ן 1 Teman Teman is the name of a region in the land of Edom. Yahweh is referring to the whole territory of Edom by the name of one part of it. (See Synecdoche) Alternate translation: “The soldiers in the army of Edom.” -OBA 1 9 ljv4 grammar-connect-logic-goal לְמַ֧עַן 1 so that There is a cause-and-effect relationship here. The soldiers in the army of Edom will become “dismayed,” that is, they will give up and stop fighting. This will leave everyone else defenseless, and so they will all be destroyed. Alternate translation: “when your army stops fighting.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) -OBA 1 9 jd27 figs-metaphor יִכָּֽרֶת־אִ֛ישׁ 1 a man will be cut off “Cut off” here is a metaphor for being killed. The Edomites aren’t actually part of the mountain, but they live there, so it’s as if something is being cut off or taken away from the mountain. Alternate translation: “your enemies will completely destroy all you people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -OBA 1 9 q6s7 figs-activepassive יִכָּֽרֶת 1 will be cut off You could use an active verb form, and you could specify who will do the action. Alternate translation: “your enemies will … destroy.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -OBA 1 9 jd31 figs-gendernotations אִ֛ישׁ 1 a man Hebrew “man” means “every person” here. Alternate translation: “all you people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) +OBA 1 8 jd23 figs-abstractnouns וּ⁠תְבוּנָ֖ה 1 and understanding You could translate this abstract noun with a verb by saying, for example, “no one will know what to do any more” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +OBA 1 8 z8tf figs-synecdoche מֵ⁠הַ֥ר עֵשָֽׂו 1 from the mountain of Esau Most of the land of Esau was mountainous, so this is one way of referring to the land of Edom. This was one of the mountains in Edom. It is sometimes identified with Mount Bozrah. Yahweh is referring to the whole territory by the name of one prominent part of it. Alternate translation: “the land of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +OBA 1 9 jd25 figs-apostrophe וְ⁠חַתּ֥וּ גִבּוֹרֶ֖י⁠ךָ תֵּימָ֑ן 1 And your mighty men will be dismayed, O Teman Yahweh stops speaking to the people of Edom and addresses a region of the country, even though it cannot understand him. This shows that Yahweh feels very strongly about what he is saying. (See Apostrophe) Alternate translation: “the soldiers in the army of Edom will become terrified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) +OBA 1 9 qvg3 translate-names תֵּימָ֑ן 1 Teman Teman is the name of a region in the land of Edom. Yahweh is referring to the whole territory of Edom by the name of one part of it. (See Synecdoche) Alternate translation: “the soldiers in the army of Edom” +OBA 1 9 ljv4 grammar-connect-logic-goal לְמַ֧עַן 1 so that There is a cause-and-effect relationship here. The soldiers in the army of Edom will become “dismayed,” that is, they will give up and stop fighting. This will leave everyone else defenseless, and so they will all be destroyed. Alternate translation: “when your army stops fighting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) +OBA 1 9 jd27 figs-metaphor יִכָּֽרֶת־אִ֛ישׁ 1 a man will be cut off **Cut off** here is a metaphor for being killed. The Edomites aren’t actually part of the mountain, but they live there, so it’s as if something is being cut off or taken away from the mountain. Alternate translation: “your enemies will completely destroy all you people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +OBA 1 9 q6s7 figs-activepassive יִכָּֽרֶת 1 will be cut off You could use an active verb form, and you could specify who will do the action. Alternate translation: “your enemies will … destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +OBA 1 9 jd31 figs-gendernotations אִ֛ישׁ 1 a man Hebrew **man** means “every person” here. Alternate translation: “all you people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) OBA 1 9 jd33 אִ֛ישׁ 1 a man Yahweh says in v. 8 that he will destroy the wise men in Edom, and here in v. 9 that the mighty men will be “dismayed” (that is, they will give up trying to fight). The implication is that no one else will escape the invading armies either. Yahweh is basically challenging everyone in Edom by asking, “If the ones you would count on most to rescue you, the wise and the strong, will be destroyed by these attackers, how can anyone else think they will survive?” You can use similar words in verse 8 and 9 to show how this argument develops over these two verses. -OBA 1 9 jd35 figs-synecdoche מֵ⁠הַ֥ר עֵשָׂ֖ו 1 from the mountain of Esau As in v. 8, Yahweh is referring to the whole territory by the name of this one part of it. Alternate translation: “who live the land of Edom.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -OBA 1 9 jd37 figs-abstractnouns מִ⁠קָּֽטֶל 1 by slaughter The abstract noun “slaughter” intensifies the idea of being “cut off” or killed. You could use an adverb to translate it. Alternate translation: “completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -OBA 1 10 jd39 figs-metonymy אָחִ֥י⁠ךָ 1 your brother The term “brother” is being used here to refer to members of a related people group. Alternate translation: “your relatives who are the descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -OBA 1 10 ui6g figs-personification יַעֲקֹ֖ב 1 Jacob Here the name “Jacob” refers to the people of Judah, who were his descendants. All the people are being portrayed as if they were a single person, their ancestor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -OBA 1 10 jd41 figs-abstractnouns תְּכַסְּ⁠ךָ֣ בוּשָׁ֑ה 1 shame will cover you You could use a verb to translate the abstract noun “shame,” and “you” could do the action instead of receiving it. Alternate translation: “you will feel ashamed.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -OBA 1 10 f8g6 figs-idiom תְּכַסְּ⁠ךָ֣ בוּשָׁ֑ה 1 shame will cover you To be “covered” with something is an idiom for fully experiencing it. Alternate translation: “you will be completely ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -OBA 1 10 a113 figs-activepassive וְ⁠נִכְרַ֖תָּ לְ⁠עוֹלָֽם 1 you will be cut off to eternity You could use an active form of the verb. Alternate translation: “your enemies will destroy you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -OBA 1 10 jd43 figs-explicit וְ⁠נִכְרַ֖תָּ 1 you will be cut off You can specify who will do the action. Alternate translation: “your enemies will destroy you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -OBA 1 10 jd45 figs-idiom וְ⁠נִכְרַ֖תָּ 1 you will be cut off As in v. 5, this is an idiom for being destroyed. Alternate translation: “destroyed.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +OBA 1 9 jd35 figs-synecdoche מֵ⁠הַ֥ר עֵשָׂ֖ו 1 from the mountain of Esau As in v. 8, Yahweh is referring to the whole territory by the name of this one part of it. Alternate translation: “who live the land of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +OBA 1 9 jd37 figs-abstractnouns מִ⁠קָּֽטֶל 1 by slaughter The abstract noun **slaughter** intensifies the idea of being “cut off” or killed. You could use an adverb to translate it. Alternate translation: “completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +OBA 1 10 jd39 figs-metonymy אָחִ֥י⁠ךָ 1 your brother The term **brother** is being used here to refer to members of a related people group. Alternate translation: “your relatives who are the descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +OBA 1 10 ui6g figs-personification יַעֲקֹ֖ב 1 Jacob Here the name **Jacob** refers to the people of Judah, who were his descendants. All the people are being portrayed as if they were a single person, their ancestor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +OBA 1 10 jd41 figs-abstractnouns תְּכַסְּ⁠ךָ֣ בוּשָׁ֑ה 1 shame will cover you You could use a verb to translate the abstract noun “shame,” and “you” could do the action instead of receiving it. Alternate translation: “you will feel ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +OBA 1 10 f8g6 figs-idiom תְּכַסְּ⁠ךָ֣ בוּשָׁ֑ה 1 shame will cover you To be **covered** with something is an idiom for fully experiencing it. Alternate translation: “you will be completely ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +OBA 1 10 a113 figs-activepassive וְ⁠נִכְרַ֖תָּ לְ⁠עוֹלָֽם 1 you will be cut off to eternity You could use an active form of the verb. Alternate translation: “your enemies will destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +OBA 1 10 jd43 figs-explicit וְ⁠נִכְרַ֖תָּ 1 you will be cut off You can specify who will do the action. Alternate translation: “your enemies will destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +OBA 1 10 jd45 figs-idiom וְ⁠נִכְרַ֖תָּ 1 you will be cut off As in v. 5, this is an idiom for being destroyed. Alternate translation: “destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) OBA 1 11 w6hj figs-metaphor עֲמָֽדְ⁠ךָ֣ מִ⁠נֶּ֔גֶד 1 stood opposite This is a metaphor that gives the picture of a person just standing around and not helping. It figuratively means “did not help him.” You could say that as an Alternate Translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -OBA 1 11 s38y figs-parallelism שְׁב֥וֹת זָרִ֖ים חֵיל֑⁠וֹ וְ⁠נָכְרִ֞ים בָּ֣אוּ שְׁעָרָ֗יו 1 strangers took captive his wealth, and foreigners entered his gates These two phrases mean similar things. They are used together to emphasize that Judah was in a desperate situation. Invading armies were plundering it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -OBA 1 11 rtj8 figs-personification חֵיל֑⁠וֹ…שְׁעָרָ֗יו 1 his wealth...his gates “His” refers to “your brother Jacob” (v. 10), meaning the people of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -OBA 1 11 jd46 חֵיל֑⁠וֹ 1 his wealth In this context, this Hebrew term could either mean “wealth” or “army.” -OBA 1 11 jd47 figs-synecdoche שְׁעָרָ֗יו 1 his gates “Gates” means “city.” The gates, the first part of a city that you would come to, are being used to represent the whole city. Alternate translation: “all the cities of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -OBA 1 11 i8sr figs-metaphor וְ⁠עַל־יְרוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ יַדּ֣וּ גוֹרָ֔ל 1 and cast lots for Jerusalem This is a figurative way of saying that when all the cities of Judah were conquered, Jerusalem was the big prize. If something is so special that everybody wants to have it and you can't divide it up, you cast lots for it. Alternate translation: “they even plundered Jerusalem.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -OBA 1 11 s4y1 figs-explicit גַּם־אַתָּ֖ה כְּ⁠אַחַ֥ד מֵ⁠הֶֽם 1 you also were like one of them Alternate translation: “you were just as bad as those foreigners, because you did nothing to help.” The people of Edom did not do exactly the same things as the “strangers” and “foreigners.” You could use the alternate translation to explain how the people of Edom were still “like” them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -OBA 1 12 jd51 וְ⁠אַל 1 But [you should] not This phrase is used eight times in verses 12–14. It introduces a statement about how people should generally behave. But in these verses, the statements apply specifically to what the people of Edom have just done to the people of Judah. So an alternate translation in every case would be, “You should not have.” (For example, you could change “you should not rejoice” to “you should not have rejoiced.”) +OBA 1 11 s38y figs-parallelism שְׁב֥וֹת זָרִ֖ים חֵיל֑⁠וֹ וְ⁠נָכְרִ֞ים בָּ֣אוּ שְׁעָרָ֗יו 1 strangers took captive his wealth, and foreigners entered his gates These two phrases mean similar things. They are used together to emphasize that Judah was in a desperate situation. Invading armies were plundering Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +OBA 1 11 rtj8 figs-personification חֵיל֑⁠וֹ…שְׁעָרָ֗יו 1 his wealth...his gates **His** refers to "your brother Jacob” (v. 10), meaning the people of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +OBA 1 11 jd46 חֵיל֑⁠וֹ 1 his wealth In this context, this Hebrew term could either mean “wealth” or “army” +OBA 1 11 jd47 figs-synecdoche שְׁעָרָ֗יו 1 his gates **Gates** means “city.” The gates, the first part of a city that you would come to, are being used to represent the whole city. Alternate translation: “all the cities of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +OBA 1 11 i8sr figs-metaphor וְ⁠עַל־יְרוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ יַדּ֣וּ גוֹרָ֔ל 1 and cast lots for Jerusalem This is a figurative way of saying that when all the cities of Judah were conquered, Jerusalem was the big prize. If something is so special that everybody wants to have it and you can't divide it up, you cast lots for it. Alternate translation: “they even plundered Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +OBA 1 11 s4y1 figs-explicit גַּם־אַתָּ֖ה כְּ⁠אַחַ֥ד מֵ⁠הֶֽם 1 you also were like one of them Alternate translation: “you were just as bad as those foreigners, because you did nothing to help.” The people of Edom did not do exactly the same things as the “strangers” and “foreigners” did. You could use the alternate translation to explain how the people of Edom were still “like” them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +OBA 1 12 jd51 וְ⁠אַל 1 But [you should] not This phrase is used eight times in verses 12–14. It introduces a statement about how people should generally behave. But in these verses, the statements apply specifically to what the people of Edom have just done to the people of Judah. So an alternate translation in every case would be, “you should not have” (For example, you could change “you should not rejoice” to “you should not have rejoiced.”) OBA 1 12 crs1 וְ⁠אַל 1 But [you should] not Yahweh uses a repetitive series of sentences to show how badly the people of Edom have treated the people of Judah. A repetitive series is called a “litany.” This is a list of the charges against the people of Edom. Yahweh goes on to say in verses 15 and 16 that he has found them guilty of all these charges and will punish them. (See: Litany) -OBA 1 12 e7cd figs-idiom וְ⁠אַל־תֵּ֤רֶא 1 But you should not have looked The Hebrew expression “see” is an idiom here for “enjoy looking at.” Alternate translation: “you should not have gloated over.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +OBA 1 12 e7cd figs-idiom וְ⁠אַל־תֵּ֤רֶא 1 But you should not have looked The Hebrew expression **see** is an idiom here for “enjoy looking at.” Alternate translation: “you should not have gloated over” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) OBA 1 12 crs3 בְ⁠יוֹם 1 on the day of This expression refers to a specific time when God punishes people for their sin. -OBA 1 12 q8md figs-personification אָחִ֨י⁠ךָ֙ 1 your brother As in v. 10, Yahweh describes the people of Judah as a “brother” to the descendants of Esau because Jacob was the brother of Esau (Edom). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -OBA 1 12 b6h1 figs-personification בְּ⁠י֣וֹם נָכְר֔⁠וֹ 1 on the day of his misfortune As in v. 10, Yahweh describes the people of Judah as a “brother” to the descendants of Esau because Jacob was the brother of Esau (Edom). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -OBA 1 12 f7lt figs-gendernotations לִ⁠בְנֵֽי־יְהוּדָ֖ה 1 over the sons of Judah Here the word “sons” does not refer only to men. It means all the descendants of Jacob’s son Judah, and more broadly all the Israelites from a number of different tribes who had come to live in the kingdom of Judah at this time. Alternate translation: “the Israelites.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) +OBA 1 12 q8md figs-personification אָחִ֨י⁠ךָ֙ 1 your brother As in v. 10, Yahweh describes the people of Judah as a **brother** to the descendants of Esau because Jacob was the brother of Esau (Edom). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +OBA 1 12 b6h1 figs-personification בְּ⁠י֣וֹם נָכְר֔⁠וֹ 1 on the day of his misfortune As in v. 10, Yahweh describes the people of Judah as a **brother** to the descendants of Esau because Jacob was the brother of Esau (Edom). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +OBA 1 12 f7lt figs-gendernotations לִ⁠בְנֵֽי־יְהוּדָ֖ה 1 over the sons of Judah Here, the word **sons** does not refer only to men. It means all the descendants of Jacob’s son Judah, and more broadly all the Israelites from a number of different tribes who had come to live in the kingdom of Judah at this time. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) OBA 1 12 lxg7 figs-idiom וְ⁠אַל־תַּגְדֵּ֥ל פִּ֖י⁠ךָ 1 And you should not have made your mouth great This is an idiom for bragging. Alternate translation: “you should not have boasted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -OBA 1 13 wg54 figs-123person אֵידָ֔⁠ם…אֵיד֑⁠וֹ…אֵידֽ⁠וֹ 1 their calamity…his calamity…his calamity The Hebrew text says “their” in the first case, meaning the Judeans, and “his” in the second and third cases, meaning “your brother Judah.” But since that is a personification of the Judeans (see v. 10), you can say “their” in every case. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -OBA 1 13 crs5 figs-idiom אַל־תֵּ֧רֶא 1 you should not have looked The Hebrew expression “see” is an idiom here for “enjoy looking at.” Alternate translation: “you should not have gloated over” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +OBA 1 13 wg54 figs-123person אֵידָ֔⁠ם…אֵיד֑⁠וֹ…אֵידֽ⁠וֹ 1 their calamity…his calamity…his calamity The Hebrew text says **their** in the first case, meaning the Judeans, and **his** in the second and third cases, meaning “your brother Judah.” But since that is a personification of the Judeans (see v. 10), you can say “their” in every case. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +OBA 1 13 crs5 figs-idiom אַל־תֵּ֧רֶא 1 you should not have looked The Hebrew expression "see" is an idiom here for “enjoy looking at.” Alternate translation: “you should not have gloated over” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) OBA 1 13 f9q3 figs-exclamations גַם־אַתָּ֛ה 1 Yes, you! Yahweh accuses the people of Edom emphatically, likely in anger, and perhaps also to warn them not to claim to be innocent. You could make this a separate short sentence ending in an exclamation mark. Alternate translation: “Yes, you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) -OBA 1 13 jz38 figs-you וְ⁠אַל־תִּשְׁלַ֥חְנָה בְ⁠חֵיל֖⁠וֹ 1 And you women should not have looted their wealth Here the Hebrew has only the word “you,” but it is feminine and plural. So you should add something to show that it means “you women,” unless your language already marks the word “you” for gender and number. Alternate translation: “You women should not have taken away their valuable possessions.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +OBA 1 13 jz38 figs-you וְ⁠אַל־תִּשְׁלַ֥חְנָה בְ⁠חֵיל֖⁠וֹ 1 And you women should not have looted their wealth Here, the Hebrew has only the word **you,** but it is feminine and plural. So you should add something to show that it means “you women,” unless your language already marks the word “you” for gender and number. Alternate translation: “You women should not have taken away their valuable possessions.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) OBA 1 14 ixs7 translate-unknown הַ⁠פֶּ֔רֶק 1 crossroads This means a place where two roads come together. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -OBA 1 14 p7i1 figs-metaphor לְ⁠הַכְרִ֖ית אֶת־פְּלִיטָ֑י⁠ו 1 to cut down his fugitives This is a metaphor that means “killed.” It is likely a comparison to the way grain is cut down at harvest time. Alternate translation: “killed.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -OBA 1 14 qdx9 figs-explicit וְ⁠אַל־תַּסְגֵּ֥ר שְׂרִידָ֖י⁠ו 1 And you should not have delivered up his survivors You can make explicit who the Edomites delivered the Judean survivors to. Alternate translation: “You should not have captured the survivors and turned them over to their enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -OBA 1 15 fa9m כִּֽי־קָר֥וֹב יוֹם־יְהוָ֖ה עַל־כָּל־הַ⁠גּוֹיִ֑ם כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֤ר עָשִׂ֨יתָ֙ יֵעָ֣שֶׂה לָּ֔⁠ךְ גְּמֻלְ⁠ךָ֖ יָשׁ֥וּב בְּ⁠רֹאשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ 1 For the day of Yahweh is near for all the nations. According to what you have done, it will be done to you; your recompense will return on your own head. Bible experts are not certain whether verse 15 goes with verse 14 as the end of the previous section, or goes with verse 16 as the beginning of the new section. -OBA 1 15 e5t7 grammar-connect-logic-result כִּֽי־קָר֥וֹב יוֹם־יְהוָ֖ה עַל־כָּל־הַ⁠גּוֹיִ֑ם 1 For the day of Yahweh is near upon all the nations Yahweh is giving the people of Edom the reason why they should have helped the Israelites instead of joining in attacking them. It’s because Yahweh will soon judge all nations for the way they have treated others. You can make this explicit: “You should have helped others, because” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -OBA 1 15 crs7 figs-idiom יוֹם־יְהוָ֖ה 1 the day of Yahweh This expression refers to a specific time when God punishes people for their sin. You can say explicitly that this is what Yahweh will do on that “day.” Alternate translation: “The time … when I, Yahweh, will judge and punish all the nations.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -OBA 1 15 crs9 קָר֥וֹב…עַל 1 near upon In this context, the expression means “near in time.” Alternate translation: “coming soon.” -OBA 1 15 rd8g figs-explicit כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֤ר עָשִׂ֨יתָ֙ יֵעָ֣שֶׂה לָּ֔⁠ךְ 1 According to what you have done, it will be done to you You can specify who will do the action. “I” means “I, Yahweh” as in the previous sentence. You can also specify the reference of “you.” Alternate translation: “I will do the same things to you people of Edom that you did to others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +OBA 1 14 p7i1 figs-metaphor לְ⁠הַכְרִ֖ית אֶת־פְּלִיטָ֑י⁠ו 1 to cut down his fugitives This is a metaphor that means **killed.** It is likely a comparison to the way grain is cut down at harvest time. Alternate translation: “killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +OBA 1 14 qdx9 figs-explicit וְ⁠אַל־תַּסְגֵּ֥ר שְׂרִידָ֖י⁠ו 1 And you should not have delivered up his survivors You can make explicit who the Edomites delivered the Judean survivors to. Alternate translation: “you should not have captured the survivors and turned them over to their enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +OBA 1 15 fa9m כִּֽי־קָר֥וֹב יוֹם־יְהוָ֖ה עַל־כָּל־הַ⁠גּוֹיִ֑ם כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֤ר עָשִׂ֨יתָ֙ יֵעָ֣שֶׂה לָּ֔⁠ךְ גְּמֻלְ⁠ךָ֖ יָשׁ֥וּב בְּ⁠רֹאשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ 1 For the day of Yahweh is near for all the nations. According to what you have done, it will be done to you; your recompense will return on your own head. Bible experts are not certain whether verse 15 goes with verse 14 as the end of the previous section or if it goes with verse 16 as the beginning of the new section. +OBA 1 15 e5t7 grammar-connect-logic-result כִּֽי־קָר֥וֹב יוֹם־יְהוָ֖ה עַל־כָּל־הַ⁠גּוֹיִ֑ם 1 For the day of Yahweh is near upon all the nations Yahweh is giving the people of Edom the reason why they should have helped the Israelites instead of joining in attacking them. It is because Yahweh will soon judge all nations for the way they have treated others. You can make this explicit: “You should have helped others because” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +OBA 1 15 crs7 figs-idiom יוֹם־יְהוָ֖ה 1 the day of Yahweh This expression refers to a specific time when God punishes people for their sin. You can say explicitly that this is what Yahweh will do on that **day.** Alternate translation: “the time … when I, Yahweh, will judge and punish all the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +OBA 1 15 crs9 קָר֥וֹב…עַל 1 near upon In this context, the expression means **near in time** Alternate translation: “coming soon” +OBA 1 15 rd8g figs-explicit כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֤ר עָשִׂ֨יתָ֙ יֵעָ֣שֶׂה לָּ֔⁠ךְ 1 According to what you have done, it will be done to you You can specify who will do the action. **I** means **I, Yahweh**as in the previous sentence. You can also specify the reference of **you** Alternate translation: “I will do the same things to you people of Edom that you did to others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) OBA 1 15 cr1s figs-activepassive יֵעָ֣שֶׂה לָּ֔⁠ךְ 1 it will be done to you You can use the active form of the verb. Alternate translation: “I will do the same things to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -OBA 1 15 djk9 figs-metaphor גְּמֻלְ⁠ךָ֖ יָשׁ֥וּב 1 your recompense will return This is a metaphor that means “the same things will happen to you.” You could use that as an alternate translation. It’s as if the Edomites have sent bad things out to others, but those things are now going to come back and hurt them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -OBA 1 15 cr3s figs-synecdoche בְּ⁠רֹאשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ 1 on your own head The “head” is being used to represent the whole person. Alternate translation: “you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -OBA 1 16 nf6s figs-explicit כִּ֗י כַּֽ⁠אֲשֶׁ֤ר שְׁתִיתֶם֙ 1 For according to how you drank As in verse 15, Yahweh is giving the people of Edom the reason why they should have helped the Israelites instead of joining in attacking them. It’s because Yahweh will soon judge all nations for the way they have treated others. You can make this explicit: “You should have helped others, because.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -OBA 1 16 cr5s figs-pastforfuture כַּֽ⁠אֲשֶׁ֤ר שְׁתִיתֶם֙ עַל־הַ֣ר קָדְשִׁ֔⁠י 1 according to how you have drunk on my holy mountain 1. One possibility is that Yahweh is saying he has brought the people of Edom into court at Jerusalem, which is the place where he reigns, and found them guilty and punished them there. As noted earlier, Yahweh may be using the past tense to refer to something that will happen in the future. So an alternate translation would be, “I am going to punish you in the holy place where I reign.” 2. Another possibility is that this is referring to how the people of Judah suffered punishment when Jerusalem was destroyed. Alternate translation: “I punished you when Jerusalem was destroyed.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) -OBA 1 16 fu2y figs-pastforfuture כַּֽ⁠אֲשֶׁ֤ר שְׁתִיתֶם֙ 1 according to how you have drunk 1. Here Yahweh may be using the past tense to refer to something that will happen in the future. In that case, this would be a reference to what Yahweh says in the previous verse, that the time is coming soon when he will judge and punish all the nations. Alternate translation: “I am going to punish you.” 2. Another possibility is that Yahweh is saying that Edom literally did drink to celebrate the defeat of the people of Judah, but they and the other nations will figuratively “drink” (be punished) in the future. No alternate translation would be needed for this second possible interpretation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) -OBA 1 16 cr7s figs-metaphor כַּֽ⁠אֲשֶׁ֤ר שְׁתִיתֶם֙ 1 according to how you have drunk Drinking (often in the Old Testament “drinking a cup”) can be a metaphor for being punished. Alternate translation: “I will punish you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -OBA 1 16 cr9s figs-you כַּֽ⁠אֲשֶׁ֤ר שְׁתִיתֶם֙ 1 according to how you have drunk “You” is plural. 1. It may mean “you people of Edom.” If so, this would be a continuation of what Yahweh tells them in v. 15, that he will do the same things to them that they did to others. Alternate translation: “I will punish you people of Edom.” 2. The plural could also be referring to all the other nations. Alternate translation: “I will punish you other nations.” 3. This could also be referring to the people of Judah, who figuratively “drank the cup of punishment” when Jerusalem was destroyed. Alternate translation: “I punished you people of Judah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -OBA 1 16 cr11 figs-explicit כַּֽ⁠אֲשֶׁ֤ר שְׁתִיתֶם֙ 1 according to how you have drunk You can show that the people of Edom are not doing this by themselves by specifying that Yahweh is doing it to them. Alternate translation: “I will … punish you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -OBA 1 16 ujj9 figs-metonymy הַ֣ר קָדְשִׁ֔⁠י 1 the mountain of my holiness This means “on Mount Zion” and therefore “in Jerusalem.” Jerusalem is being referred to by the name of something closely associated with it, the mountain that the city is built on. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -OBA 1 16 qz7p figs-metaphor יִשְׁתּ֥וּ כָֽל־הַ⁠גּוֹיִ֖ם תָּמִ֑יד 1 all the nations shall drink continually Here once again drinking is a metaphor for punishment. Alternate translation: “I will punish them severely.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -OBA 1 16 a8v3 figs-doublet וְ⁠שָׁת֣וּ וְ⁠לָע֔וּ וְ⁠הָי֖וּ כְּ⁠ל֥וֹא הָיֽוּ 1 And they will drink, and they will swallow, and they will become like they never existed These two words mean something similar and are used together to intensify the meaning. (See: Doublet) Alternate translation: “I will punish them severely.” -OBA 1 17 cc36 figs-abstractnouns וּ⁠בְ⁠הַ֥ר צִיּ֛וֹן תִּהְיֶ֥ה פְלֵיטָ֖ה 1 But in the mountain of Zion there will be a remnant The abstract noun **remnant** refers to the people who will still be alive in Jerusalem after Yahweh has finished punishing the other nations. As [1:16](../01/16.md) says, those other nations will disappear completely, but the descendants of Jacob will continue as a people. Alternate translation: “some people in Jerusalem will escape.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +OBA 1 15 djk9 figs-metaphor גְּמֻלְ⁠ךָ֖ יָשׁ֥וּב 1 your recompense will return This is a metaphor that means **the same things will happen to you** You could use that as an alternate translation. It’s as if the Edomites have sent bad things out to others, but those things are now going to come back and hurt them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +OBA 1 15 cr3s figs-synecdoche בְּ⁠רֹאשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ 1 on your own head The **head** is being used to represent the whole person. Alternate translation: “you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +OBA 1 16 nf6s figs-explicit כִּ֗י כַּֽ⁠אֲשֶׁ֤ר שְׁתִיתֶם֙ 1 For according to how you drank As in verse 15, Yahweh is giving the people of Edom the reason why they should have helped the Israelites instead of joining in attacking them. It’s because Yahweh will soon judge all nations for the way they have treated others. You can make this explicit: “You should have helped others because” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +OBA 1 16 cr5s figs-pastforfuture כַּֽ⁠אֲשֶׁ֤ר שְׁתִיתֶם֙ עַל־הַ֣ר קָדְשִׁ֔⁠י 1 according to how you have drunk on my holy mountain 1. One possibility is that Yahweh is saying he has brought the people of Edom into court at Jerusalem, which is the place where he reigns, and found them guilty and punished them there. As noted earlier, Yahweh may be using the past tense to refer to something that will happen in the future. So an alternate translation would be, “I am going to punish you in the holy place where I reign” 2. Another possibility is that this is referring to how the people of Judah suffered punishment when Jerusalem was destroyed. Alternate translation: “I punished you when Jerusalem was destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) +OBA 1 16 fu2y figs-pastforfuture כַּֽ⁠אֲשֶׁ֤ר שְׁתִיתֶם֙ 1 according to how you have drunk 1. Here, Yahweh may be using the past tense to refer to something that will happen in the future. In that case, this would be a reference to what Yahweh says in the previous verse, that the time is coming soon when he will judge and punish all the nations. Alternate translation: “I am going to punish you” 2. Another possibility is that Yahweh is saying that Edom literally did drink to celebrate the defeat of the people of Judah, but they and the other nations will figuratively **drink** (be punished) in the future. No alternate translation would be needed for this second possible interpretation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) +OBA 1 16 cr7s figs-metaphor כַּֽ⁠אֲשֶׁ֤ר שְׁתִיתֶם֙ 1 according to how you have drunk Drinking (often in the Old Testament “drinking a cup”) can be a metaphor for being punished. Alternate translation: “I will punish you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +OBA 1 16 cr9s figs-you כַּֽ⁠אֲשֶׁ֤ר שְׁתִיתֶם֙ 1 according to how you have drunk **You** is plural. 1. It may mean **you people of Edom** If so, this would be a continuation of what Yahweh tells them in v. 15, that he will do the same things to them that they did to others. Alternate translation: “I will punish you people of Edom” 2. The plural could also be referring to all the other nations. Alternate translation: “I will punish you other nations” 3. This could also be referring to the people of Judah, who figuratively “drank the cup of punishment” when Jerusalem was destroyed. Alternate translation: “I punished you people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +OBA 1 16 cr11 figs-explicit כַּֽ⁠אֲשֶׁ֤ר שְׁתִיתֶם֙ 1 according to how you have drunk You can show that the people of Edom are not doing this by themselves by specifying that Yahweh is doing it to them. Alternate translation: “I will … punish you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +OBA 1 16 ujj9 figs-metonymy הַ֣ר קָדְשִׁ֔⁠י 1 the mountain of my holiness This means **on Mount Zion** and therefore **in Jerusalem.** Jerusalem is being referred to by the name of something closely associated with it, the mountain that the city is built on. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +OBA 1 16 qz7p figs-metaphor יִשְׁתּ֥וּ כָֽל־הַ⁠גּוֹיִ֖ם תָּמִ֑יד 1 all the nations shall drink continually Here once again **drink** is a metaphor for **punishment.** Alternate translation: “I will punish them severely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +OBA 1 16 a8v3 figs-doublet וְ⁠שָׁת֣וּ וְ⁠לָע֔וּ וְ⁠הָי֖וּ כְּ⁠ל֥וֹא הָיֽוּ 1 And they will drink, and they will swallow, and they will become like they never existed These two words mean something similar and are used together to intensify the meaning. (See: Doublet) Alternate translation: “I will punish them severely” +OBA 1 17 cc36 figs-abstractnouns וּ⁠בְ⁠הַ֥ר צִיּ֛וֹן תִּהְיֶ֥ה פְלֵיטָ֖ה 1 But in the mountain of Zion there will be a remnant The abstract noun **remnant** refers to the people who will still be alive in Jerusalem after Yahweh has finished punishing the other nations. As [1:16](../01/16.md) says, those other nations will disappear completely, but the descendants of Jacob will continue as a people. Alternate translation: “some people in Jerusalem will escape” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) OBA 1 17 y9pz figs-metonymy וְ⁠הָ֣יָה קֹ֑דֶשׁ 1 But in the mountain of Zion This is a figure of speech that refers to Jerusalem by the name of something closely associated with it, the mountain that the city is built on. Alternate translation: “in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -OBA 1 17 b4sh וְ⁠הָ֣יָה קֹ֑דֶשׁ 1 and there will be holiness The word “it” refers to “the mountain of Zion.” Alternate translation: “Jerusalem will be a holy place.” -OBA 1 17 cr13 וְ⁠יָֽרְשׁוּ֙ בֵּ֣ית יַֽעֲקֹ֔ב אֵ֖ת מוֹרָֽשֵׁי⁠הֶם 1 and the house of Jacob will possess their own possessions “Possessions” is plural because it refers to each of the Israelite families and clans occupying the lands that were supposed to be passed down to them from generation to generation. But since it refers overall to the land that belongs to all of the descendants of Jacob, you can translate it with a singular word if that is clearer. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Jacob will each possess the land that belongs to them” -OBA 1 18 rm2e figs-parallelism וְ⁠הָיָה֩ בֵית־יַעֲקֹ֨ב אֵ֜שׁ וּ⁠בֵ֧ית יוֹסֵ֣ף לֶהָבָ֗ה 1 And the house of Jacob will be a fire, and the house of Joseph a flame The two expressions have similar meanings. Yahweh is showing that what he is saying is important by saying it more than once. However, the actual descendants of Joseph had been taken into exile by Assyria long before this, so they were not really present at this time. Since both expressions refer to all of the Israelites, you could say as an alternative, “The Israelites will be like a fire. Yes, they will be like a flame.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -OBA 1 18 cr15 figs-metonymy בֵית־יַעֲקֹ֨ב 1 the house of Jacob Here the word "house" means all the people descended from a particular person. All of the descendants of Jacob are being described figuratively as if they were one household living together. Alternate translation: “the Israelites.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +OBA 1 17 b4sh וְ⁠הָ֣יָה קֹ֑דֶשׁ 1 and there will be holiness The word **it** refers to **the mountain of Zion.** Alternate translation: “Jerusalem will be a holy place” +OBA 1 17 cr13 וְ⁠יָֽרְשׁוּ֙ בֵּ֣ית יַֽעֲקֹ֔ב אֵ֖ת מוֹרָֽשֵׁי⁠הֶם 1 and the house of Jacob will possess their own possessions **Possessions** is plural because it refers to each of the Israelite families and clans occupying the lands that were supposed to be passed down to them from generation to generation. But since it refers overall to the land that belongs to all of the descendants of Jacob, you can translate it with a singular word if that is clearer. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Jacob will each possess the land that belongs to them” +OBA 1 18 rm2e figs-parallelism וְ⁠הָיָה֩ בֵית־יַעֲקֹ֨ב אֵ֜שׁ וּ⁠בֵ֧ית יוֹסֵ֣ף לֶהָבָ֗ה 1 And the house of Jacob will be a fire, and the house of Joseph a flame The two expressions have similar meanings. Yahweh is showing that what he is saying is important by saying it more than once. However, the actual descendants of Joseph had been taken into exile by Assyria long before this, so they were not really present at this time. Since both expressions refer to all of the Israelites, you could say as an alternative, “The Israelites will be like a fire. Yes, they will be like a flame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +OBA 1 18 cr15 figs-metonymy בֵית־יַעֲקֹ֨ב 1 the house of Jacob Here, the word **house** means all the people descended from a particular person. All of the descendants of Jacob are being described figuratively as if they were one household living together. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) OBA 1 18 cr17 figs-synecdoche וּ⁠בֵ֧ית יוֹסֵ֣ף 1 and the house of Joseph The descendants of Joseph are also being described figuratively as if they were one household. Joseph was the son of Jacob, and his descendants made up a large part of the people of Israel. So Yahweh is using his descendants to represent the whole nation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -OBA 1 18 yt8j figs-metonymy וּ⁠בֵ֤ית עֵשָׂו֙…לְ⁠בֵ֣ית עֵשָׂ֔ו 1 and the house of Esau…for the house of Esau The descendants of Esau (Edom) are also being described figuratively as if they were one household. (See: Biblical Imagery – Man-made Objects) Alternate translation: “the people of Edom.” +OBA 1 18 yt8j figs-metonymy וּ⁠בֵ֤ית עֵשָׂו֙…לְ⁠בֵ֣ית עֵשָׂ֔ו 1 and the house of Esau…for the house of Esau The descendants of Esau (Edom) are also being described figuratively as if they were one household. (See: Biblical Imagery – Man-made Objects) Alternate translation: “the people of Edom” OBA 1 18 cr19 figs-metaphor אֵ֜שׁ…לֶהָבָ֗ה…לְ⁠קַ֔שׁ 1 fire, flame, stubble Yahweh is saying figuratively that just as fire and flame burn up dry grass until it is all gone, the Israelites who survive will conquer all of Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) OBA 1 18 cr21 figs-exmetaphor אֵ֜שׁ…לֶהָבָ֗ה…לְ⁠קַ֔שׁ 1 fire, flame, stubble Yahweh is saying that the Israelites are like fire and flame, that the people of Edom are like dry grass, and that the Israelites will do to the people of Edom what fire and flame do to dry grass. This is using the same figurative language to make a series of related points. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]]) OBA 1 18 hj8x figs-metaphor לְ⁠קַ֔שׁ 1 stubble This means the dry pieces of plants that are left in the ground after their stalks have been cut. Alternate translation: “dry grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -OBA 1 18 cr23 figs-doublet וְ⁠דָלְק֥וּ בָ⁠הֶ֖ם וַ⁠אֲכָל֑וּ⁠ם 1 And they will burn them, and consume them “Burn” and “consume” mean almost the same thing. Yahweh uses the words together to mean “burn them until they are all burned up.” Alternate translation: “burn them up completely.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +OBA 1 18 cr23 figs-doublet וְ⁠דָלְק֥וּ בָ⁠הֶ֖ם וַ⁠אֲכָל֑וּ⁠ם 1 And they will burn them, and consume them **Burn** and **consume** mean almost the same thing. Yahweh uses the words together to mean **burn them until they are all burned up.** Alternate translation: “burn them up completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) OBA 1 18 c5jr figs-explicit כִּ֥י יְהוָ֖ה דִּבֵּֽר 1 for Yahweh has spoken This means, “This will certainly happen because I, Yahweh, have said it will happen.” You could use that as an alternate translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -OBA 1 19 x15u וְ⁠יָרְשׁ֨וּ…וְ⁠יָרְשׁוּ֙ 1 And they…will possess…And they will possess Here “They” appears to refer to the people of Israel in general. Alternate translation: “The Israelites” -OBA 1 19 cr25 וְ⁠יָרְשׁ֨וּ…וְ⁠יָרְשׁוּ֙ 1 And they…will possess…And they will possess This verse as a whole describes people living in different parts of Israel conquering the territories next to them. Alternate translation: “capture.” -OBA 1 19 ep84 figs-metonymy הַ⁠נֶּ֜גֶב 1 of the Negev The Negev is the southern Judean wilderness. That location is being used figuratively to mean the people who live there. The people are being described by the name of something closely associated with them, the land they live in. So “the Negev” actually means “the Israelites who live in the southern Judean wilderness.” You could say that as an alternate translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -OBA 1 19 cr27 figs-synecdoche הַ֣ר עֵשָׂ֗ו 1 the mountain of Esau This was one of the mountains in Edom. Yahweh is referring to the whole territory by the name of one prominent part of it. Alternate translation: “the land of Edom.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -OBA 1 19 m7qk figs-metonymy וְ⁠הַ⁠שְּׁפֵלָה֙ 1 they of the Shephelah The Shephelah means the western foothills in the land of Israel. That location is being used figuratively to mean the people who live there. The people are being described by the name of something closely associated with them, the land they live in. So “the Shephelah” actually means “the Israelites who live in the western foothills.” You could say that as an alternate translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -OBA 1 19 cr29 figs-metonymy פְּלִשְׁתִּ֔ים 1 the Philistines This means, “the region of Phoenicia.” You could say that as an alternate translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -OBA 1 19 gup4 figs-personification וּ⁠בִנְיָמִ֖ן 1 Benjamin This means “the people of the tribe of Benjamin.” All the people are being portrayed as if they were a single person, their ancestor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -OBA 1 19 cr31 figs-synecdoche הַ⁠גִּלְעָֽד 1 Gilead This means “the region east of the Jordan River.” You could say that as an alternate translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -OBA 1 20 xw8x figs-metonymy וְ⁠גָלֻ֣ת הַֽ⁠חֵל־הַ֠⁠זֶּה לִ⁠בְנֵ֨י יִשְׂרָאֵ֤ל 1 And the exile of this host of the sons of Israel This means “people who were captured and taken away from their homes.” You could say that as an alternate translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -OBA 1 20 cr33 figs-explicit וְ⁠גָלֻ֣ת 1 And the exile Yahweh is saying that these people will return, and they will conquer territories as well. You could say that explicitly, for example, “The people who were captured and taken away from their homes will return, and they will capture …” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -OBA 1 20 t8hm הַֽ⁠חֵל 1 host This means “a large number of people.” You could say that as an alternate translation. -OBA 1 20 cr35 figs-metonymy לִ⁠בְנֵ֨י יִשְׂרָאֵ֤ל 1 the sons of Israel This actually means “the descendants of Israel.” Alternate translation: “the people of Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -OBA 1 20 cr37 figs-metonymy כְּנַעֲנִים֙ 1 Canaanites This means “the land where the people of Canaan lived.” You could say that as an alternate translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +OBA 1 19 x15u וְ⁠יָרְשׁ֨וּ…וְ⁠יָרְשׁוּ֙ 1 And they…will possess…And they will possess Here, **They** appears to refer to the people of Israel in general. Alternate translation: “The Israelites” +OBA 1 19 cr25 וְ⁠יָרְשׁ֨וּ…וְ⁠יָרְשׁוּ֙ 1 And they…will possess…And they will possess This verse as a whole describes people who live in different parts of Israel conquering the territories next to them. Alternate translation: “capture” +OBA 1 19 ep84 figs-metonymy הַ⁠נֶּ֜גֶב 1 of the Negev The Negev is the southern Judean wilderness. That location is being used figuratively to mean the people who live there. The people are being described by the name of something closely associated with them, the land they live in. So **the Negev** actually means **the Israelites who live in the southern Judean wilderness.** You could say that as an alternate translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +OBA 1 19 cr27 figs-synecdoche הַ֣ר עֵשָׂ֗ו 1 the mountain of Esau This was one of the mountains in Edom. Yahweh is referring to the whole territory by the name of one prominent part of it. Alternate translation: “the land of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +OBA 1 19 m7qk figs-metonymy וְ⁠הַ⁠שְּׁפֵלָה֙ 1 they of the Shephelah The Shephelah means the western foothills in the land of Israel. That location is being used figuratively to mean the people who live there. The people are being described by the name of something closely associated with them, the land they live in. So **the Shephelah** actually means **the Israelites who live in the western foothills.** You could say that as an alternate translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +OBA 1 19 cr29 figs-metonymy פְּלִשְׁתִּ֔ים 1 the Philistines This means **the region of Phoenicia.** You could say that as an alternate translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +OBA 1 19 gup4 figs-personification וּ⁠בִנְיָמִ֖ן 1 Benjamin This means **the people of the tribe of Benjamin.** All the people are being portrayed as if they were a single person, their ancestor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +OBA 1 19 cr31 figs-synecdoche הַ⁠גִּלְעָֽד 1 Gilead This means **the region east of the Jordan River.** You could say that as an alternate translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +OBA 1 20 xw8x figs-metonymy וְ⁠גָלֻ֣ת הַֽ⁠חֵל־הַ֠⁠זֶּה לִ⁠בְנֵ֨י יִשְׂרָאֵ֤ל 1 And the exile of this host of the sons of Israel This means **people who were captured and taken away from their homes.** You could say that as an alternate translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +OBA 1 20 cr33 figs-explicit וְ⁠גָלֻ֣ת 1 And the exile Yahweh is saying that these people will return, and they will conquer territories as well. You could say that explicitly in some way such as, “The people who were captured and taken away from their homes will return, and they will capture …” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +OBA 1 20 t8hm הַֽ⁠חֵל 1 host This means **a large number of people.** You could say that as an alternate translation. +OBA 1 20 cr35 figs-metonymy לִ⁠בְנֵ֨י יִשְׂרָאֵ֤ל 1 the sons of Israel This actually means **the descendants of Israel.** Alternate translation: “the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +OBA 1 20 cr37 figs-metonymy כְּנַעֲנִים֙ 1 Canaanites This means **the land where the people of Canaan lived.** You could say that as an alternate translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) OBA 1 20 r8cn translate-names עַד־צָ֣רְפַ֔ת 1 as far as Zarephath Zarephath was a Phoenician city north of Israel on the coast of the Mediterranean between Tyre and Sidon. Alternate translation: “as far north as Zarephath” (See: How to Translate Names) -OBA 1 20 u5t1 figs-metonymy וְ⁠גָלֻ֥ת יְרוּשָׁלִַ֖ם 1 and the exile of Jerusalem This means “the people of Israel who were captured and taken away from Jerusalem.” You could say that as an alternate translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -OBA 1 20 x6yt translate-names בִּ⁠סְפָרַ֑ד 1 Sepharad This is the name of a place whose location is unknown. Some experts suggest that it refers to the city of Sardis in the region of Lydia. (See: How to Translate Names) Alternate translation: “They now live in Sepharad.” -OBA 1 20 cr39 figs-explicit יִֽרְשׁ֕וּ 1 they will possess Yahweh is saying that these people will also return and conquer territories. You could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “return and occupy.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -OBA 1 20 cr41 translate-names הַ⁠נֶּֽגֶב 1 the Negev This means “the southern Judean wilderness. You could say that as an alternate translation. -OBA 1 21 j7nf וְ⁠עָל֤וּ מֽוֹשִׁעִים֙ בְּ⁠הַ֣ר צִיּ֔וֹן לִ⁠שְׁפֹּ֖ט אֶת־הַ֣ר עֵשָׂ֑ו 1 And saviors will go up to the mountain of Zion to judge the mountain of Esau This means, “After Israel’s military leaders conquer the land of Edom, they will rule over it from high up in Jerusalem.” You could say that as an alternate translation. Even though the mountain of Zion is a figurative name for Jerusalem, it would be good to say something like “high” here, reflecting the imagery of “mountain.” Edom boasted that it was up high and no one could bring it down, but Yahweh is saying that he will bring it down and place his own people up high instead. -OBA 1 21 hyg2 מֽוֹשִׁעִים֙ 1 saviors This means Israelite military leaders whom God will use to defeat the nation of Edom. Alternate translation: “military leaders.” +OBA 1 20 u5t1 figs-metonymy וְ⁠גָלֻ֥ת יְרוּשָׁלִַ֖ם 1 and the exile of Jerusalem This means **the people of Israel who were captured and taken away from Jerusalem.** You could say that as an alternate translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +OBA 1 20 x6yt translate-names בִּ⁠סְפָרַ֑ד 1 Sepharad This is the name of a place whose location is unknown. Some experts suggest that it refers to the city of Sardis in the region of Lydia. (See: How to Translate Names) Alternate translation: “They now live in Sepharad” +OBA 1 20 cr39 figs-explicit יִֽרְשׁ֕וּ 1 they will possess Yahweh is saying that these people will also return and conquer territories. You could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “return and occupy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +OBA 1 20 cr41 translate-names הַ⁠נֶּֽגֶב 1 the Negev This means **the southern Judean wilderness.** You could say that as an alternate translation. +OBA 1 21 j7nf וְ⁠עָל֤וּ מֽוֹשִׁעִים֙ בְּ⁠הַ֣ר צִיּ֔וֹן לִ⁠שְׁפֹּ֖ט אֶת־הַ֣ר עֵשָׂ֑ו 1 And saviors will go up to the mountain of Zion to judge the mountain of Esau This means, **After Israel’s military leaders conquer the land of Edom, they will rule over it from high up in Jerusalem.** You could say that as an alternate translation. Even though the mountain of Zion is a figurative name for Jerusalem, it would be good to say something like “high” here, reflecting the imagery of “mountain.” Edom boasted that it was up high and no one could bring it down, but Yahweh is saying that he will bring it down and place his own people up high instead. +OBA 1 21 hyg2 מֽוֹשִׁעִים֙ 1 saviors This means Israelite military leaders whom God will use to defeat the nation of Edom. Alternate translation: “military leaders” OBA 1 21 cr43 figs-metonymy בְּ⁠הַ֣ר צִיּ֔וֹן 1 the mountain of Zion Yahweh is referring to Jerusalem figuratively by the name of something closely associated with it, the mountain that the city is built on. Alternate translation: “Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -OBA 1 21 cr45 figs-synecdoche הַ֣ר עֵשָׂ֑ו 1 the mountain of Esau This phrase refers to the mountainous territory where Esau, the brother of Jacob, went and settled. So it means “the hill country that came to belong to Esau and his descendants.” Alternate translation: “the land of Edom.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +OBA 1 21 cr45 figs-synecdoche הַ֣ר עֵשָׂ֑ו 1 the mountain of Esau This phrase refers to the mountainous territory where Esau, the brother of Jacob, went and settled. So it means “the hill country that came to belong to Esau and his descendants.” Alternate translation: “the land of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) OBA 1 21 wy7x וְ⁠הָיְתָ֥ה לַֽ⁠יהוָ֖ה הַ⁠מְּלוּכָֽה 1 and the kingdom will belong to Yahweh This phrase emphasizes that Yahweh will personally rule over the kingdom. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will be their king” \ No newline at end of file