diff --git a/en_tn_46-ROM.tsv b/en_tn_46-ROM.tsv index 8cca0b94e4..f76d23ff89 100644 --- a/en_tn_46-ROM.tsv +++ b/en_tn_46-ROM.tsv @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote -ROM front intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the book of Romans\n\n1. Introduction (1:1–15)\n2. Main Theme: Righteousness is received by trusting in Jesus Christ (1:16–17)\n3. All mankind is condemned because of sin (1:18–3:20)\n4. Righteousness is received through Jesus Christ by trusting in him (3:21–5:21)\n5. Becoming like Christ in this life (6:1–8:39)\n6. God’s plan for Israel (9:1–11:36)\n7. Instructions for living as Christians (12:1–15:13)\n8. Conclusion (15:14–16:27)\n\n### Who wrote the book of Romans?\n\nThe Apostle Paul wrote the book of Romans and may other books in the New Testament. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was part of a strict Jewish religious group called the Pharisees. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.\n\nPaul probably wrote this letter while he was staying in the city of Corinth during his third trip through the Roman Empire.\n\n### What is the book of Romans about?\n\nPaul wrote this letter to the Christians in Rome. Paul wanted to get them ready to receive him when he visited them. He said his purpose was to “bring about the obedience of faith” ([16:26](../16/26.md)).\n\nIn this letter Paul most fully described the gospel of Jesus Christ. He explained that both Jews and non-Jews have sinned, and God will forgive them and declare them righteous only if they believe in Jesus (chapters 1–11). Then he gave them practical advice for how believers should live (chapters 12–16),\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nTranslators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Romans.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “Paul’s Letter to the Church in Rome,” or “A Letter to the Christians in Rome.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What are the titles used to refer to Jesus?\n\nIn Romans, Paul described Jesus Christ by many titles and descriptions: Jesus Christ (1:1), the Seed of David (1:3), the Son of God (1:4), the Lord Jesus Christ (1:7), Christ Jesus (3:24), Propitiation (3:25), Jesus (3:26), Jesus our Lord (4:24), Lord of Hosts (9:29), a Stumbling Stone and Rock of Offence (9:33), the End of the Law (10:4), the Deliverer (11:26), Lord of the Dead and the Living (14:9), and the Root of Jesse (15:12).\n\n### How should theological terms in Romans be translated?\n\nPaul uses many theological terms that are not used in the four Gospels. As early Christians learned more about the meaning of Jesus Christ and his message, they needed words and expressions for new ideas. Some examples of these words are “justification” (5:1), “works of the law” (3:20), “reconcile” (5:10), “propitiation” (3:25), “sanctification” (6:19), and “the old man” (6:6). If your language doesn’t have similar words, you can develop short phrases to communicate these ideas. For example, the term “gospel” can be translated as “the good news about Jesus Christ.”\n\nTranslators should also remember that some of these terms have more than one meaning. The meaning will depend on how the author is using the word in that particular passage. For example, “righteousness” sometimes means that a person obeys God’s law. At other times, “righteousness” means that Jesus Christ has perfectly obeyed God’s law for us.\n\n### What did Paul mean by “a remnant” of Israel ([11:5](../11/05.md))?\n\nThe idea of a “remnant” is important both in the Old Testament and for Paul. Most of the Israelites were either killed or scattered among other people when the Assyrians and then the Babylonians conquered their land. Only a relatively few Jews survived. They were known as “the remnant.”\n\nIn [11:1–9](../11/01.md), Paul speaks of another remnant. This remnant is the Jews whom God saved because they believed in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]])\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### What did Paul mean by being “in Christ”?\n\nThe phrase “in Christ” and similar phrases occur in 3:24; 6:11, 23; 8:1,2,39; 9:1; 12:5,17; 15:17; and 16:3,7,9,10. Paul used these kinds of phrases as a metaphor to express that Christian believers belong to Jesus Christ. Belonging to Christ means the believer is saved and is made a friend with God. The believer is also promised to live with God forever. However, this idea can be difficult to represent in many languages.\n\nThese phrases also have specific meanings that depend on how Paul used them in a particular passage. For example, in [3:24](../03/24.md) (“the redemption that is in Christ Jesus”), Paul referred to our being redeemed “because” of Jesus Christ. In [8:9](../08/09.md) (“you are not in the flesh but in the Spirit”), Paul spoke of believers submitting “to” the Holy Spirit. In [9:1](../09/01.md) (“I tell the truth in Christ”), Paul meant that he is telling the truth that “is in agreement with” Jesus Christ.\n\nNevertheless, the basic idea of our being united with Jesus Christ (and with the Holy Spirit) is seen in these passages as well. Therefore, the translator has a choice in many passages that use “in.” He will often decide to represent the more immediate sense of “in,” such as, “by means of,” “in the manner of,” or “in regard to.” But, if possible, the translator should choose a word or phrase that represents the immediate sense and the sense of “in union with.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inchrist]])\n\n### How are the ideas of “holy,” “saints” or “holy ones,” and “sanctify” represented in Romans in the ULT?\n\nThe scriptures use such words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this reason, it is often difficult for translators to represent them well in their versions. In translating into English, the ULT uses the following principles:\n\n* Sometimes the meaning in a passage implies moral holiness. Especially important for understanding the gospel is the fact that God considers Christians to be sinless because they are united to Jesus Christ. Another related fact is that God is perfect and faultless. A third fact is that Christians are to conduct themselves in a blameless and faultless manner in life. In these cases, the ULT uses “holy,” “holy God,” “holy ones” or “holy people.” (See: [1:7](../01/07.md))\n* Sometimes the meaning in a passage indicates a simple reference to Christians without implying any particular role filled by them. In cases where some other English versions have “saints” or “holy ones,” the ULT uses “believers.” (See: 8:27; 12:13; 15:25, 26, 31; 16:2, 15)\n* Sometimes the meaning in a passage indicates the idea of someone or something set apart for God alone. In these cases, the ULT uses “set apart,” “dedicated to,” “consecrated,” or “reserved for.” (See: [15:16](../15/16.md))\n\nThe UST will often be helpful as translators think about how to represent these ideas in their own versions.\n\n### What are the major issues in the text of the book of Romans?\n\nFor the following verses, modern version of the Bible differ from older versions. The ULT includes the modern reading and puts the older reading in a footnote.\n\n* “he \\[God\\] works all things together for good” ([8:28](../08/28.md)). Some older versions read, “All things work together for good.”\n* “But if it is by grace, it is no longer by works. Otherwise grace would no longer be grace” ([11:6](../11/06.md)). Some older versions read: “But if it is by works, then is it no more grace: otherwise work is no more work.”\n\nThe following verse is not in the best ancient copies of the Bible. Translators are advised not to include this verse. However, if in the translators’ region there are older Bible versions that have this verse, the translators can include it. If it is translated, it should be put inside square brackets (\\[\\]) to indicate that it is probably not original to the book of Romans.\n\n* “May the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen” ([16:24](../16/24.md)).\n\n(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) +ROM front intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans

## Part 1: General Introduction

### Outline of the book of Romans

1. Introduction (1:1–15)
2. Main Theme: Righteousness is received by trusting in Jesus Christ (1:16–17)
3. All mankind is condemned because of sin (1:18–3:20)
4. Righteousness is received through Jesus Christ by trusting in him (3:21–5:21)
5. Becoming like Christ in this life (6:1–8:39)
6. God’s plan for Israel (9:1–11:36)
7. Instructions for living as Christians (12:1–15:13)
8. Conclusion (15:14–16:27)

### Who wrote the book of Romans?

The Apostle Paul wrote the book of Romans and may other books in the New Testament. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was part of a strict Jewish religious group called the Pharisees. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.

Paul probably wrote this letter while he was staying in the city of Corinth during his third trip through the Roman Empire.

### What is the book of Romans about?

Paul wrote this letter to the Christians in Rome. Paul wanted to get them ready to receive him when he visited them. He said his purpose was to “bring about the obedience of faith” ([16:26](../16/26.md)).

In this letter Paul most fully described the gospel of Jesus Christ. He explained that both Jews and non-Jews have sinned, and God will forgive them and declare them righteous only if they believe in Jesus (chapters 1–11). Then he gave them practical advice for how believers should live (chapters 12–16),

### How should the title of this book be translated?

Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Romans.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “Paul’s Letter to the Church in Rome,” or “A Letter to the Christians in Rome.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

### What are the titles used to refer to Jesus?

In Romans, Paul described Jesus Christ by many titles and descriptions: Jesus Christ (1:1), the Seed of David (1:3), the Son of God (1:4), the Lord Jesus Christ (1:7), Christ Jesus (3:24), Propitiation (3:25), Jesus (3:26), Jesus our Lord (4:24), Lord of Hosts (9:29), a Stumbling Stone and Rock of Offence (9:33), the End of the Law (10:4), the Deliverer (11:26), Lord of the Dead and the Living (14:9), and the Root of Jesse (15:12).

### How should theological terms in Romans be translated?

Paul uses many theological terms that are not used in the four Gospels. As early Christians learned more about the meaning of Jesus Christ and his message, they needed words and expressions for new ideas. Some examples of these words are “justification” (5:1), “works of the law” (3:20), “reconcile” (5:10), “propitiation” (3:25), “sanctification” (6:19), and “the old man” (6:6). If your language doesn’t have similar words, you can develop short phrases to communicate these ideas. For example, the term “gospel” can be translated as “the good news about Jesus Christ.”

Translators should also remember that some of these terms have more than one meaning. The meaning will depend on how the author is using the word in that particular passage. For example, “righteousness” sometimes means that a person obeys God’s law. At other times, “righteousness” means that Jesus Christ has perfectly obeyed God’s law for us.

### What did Paul mean by “a remnant” of Israel ([11:5](../11/05.md))?

The idea of a “remnant” is important both in the Old Testament and for Paul. Most of the Israelites were either killed or scattered among other people when the Assyrians and then the Babylonians conquered their land. Only a relatively few Jews survived. They were known as “the remnant.”

In [11:1–9](../11/01.md), Paul speaks of another remnant. This remnant is the Jews whom God saved because they believed in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]])

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

### What did Paul mean by being “in Christ”?

The phrase “in Christ” and similar phrases occur in 3:24; 6:11, 23; 8:1,2,39; 9:1; 12:5,17; 15:17; and 16:3,7,9,10. Paul used these kinds of phrases as a metaphor to express that Christian believers belong to Jesus Christ. Belonging to Christ means the believer is saved and is made a friend with God. The believer is also promised to live with God forever. However, this idea can be difficult to represent in many languages.

These phrases also have specific meanings that depend on how Paul used them in a particular passage. For example, in [3:24](../03/24.md) (“the redemption that is in Christ Jesus”), Paul referred to our being redeemed “because” of Jesus Christ. In [8:9](../08/09.md) (“you are not in the flesh but in the Spirit”), Paul spoke of believers submitting “to” the Holy Spirit. In [9:1](../09/01.md) (“I tell the truth in Christ”), Paul meant that he is telling the truth that “is in agreement with” Jesus Christ.

Nevertheless, the basic idea of our being united with Jesus Christ (and with the Holy Spirit) is seen in these passages as well. Therefore, the translator has a choice in many passages that use “in.” He will often decide to represent the more immediate sense of “in,” such as, “by means of,” “in the manner of,” or “in regard to.” But, if possible, the translator should choose a word or phrase that represents the immediate sense and the sense of “in union with.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inchrist]])

### How are the ideas of “holy,” “saints” or “holy ones,” and “sanctify” represented in Romans in the ULT?

The scriptures use such words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this reason, it is often difficult for translators to represent them well in their versions. In translating into English, the ULT uses the following principles:

* Sometimes the meaning in a passage implies moral holiness. Especially important for understanding the gospel is the fact that God considers Christians to be sinless because they are united to Jesus Christ. Another related fact is that God is perfect and faultless. A third fact is that Christians are to conduct themselves in a blameless and faultless manner in life. In these cases, the ULT uses “holy,” “holy God,” “holy ones” or “holy people.” (See: [1:7](../01/07.md))
* Sometimes the meaning in a passage indicates a simple reference to Christians without implying any particular role filled by them. In cases where some other English versions have “saints” or “holy ones,” the ULT uses “believers.” (See: 8:27; 12:13; 15:25, 26, 31; 16:2, 15)
* Sometimes the meaning in a passage indicates the idea of someone or something set apart for God alone. In these cases, the ULT uses “set apart,” “dedicated to,” “consecrated,” or “reserved for.” (See: [15:16](../15/16.md))

The UST will often be helpful as translators think about how to represent these ideas in their own versions.

### What are the major issues in the text of the book of Romans?

For the following verses, modern version of the Bible differ from older versions. The ULT includes the modern reading and puts the older reading in a footnote.

* “he \\[God\\] works all things together for good” ([8:28](../08/28.md)). Some older versions read, “All things work together for good.”
* “But if it is by grace, it is no longer by works. Otherwise grace would no longer be grace” ([11:6](../11/06.md)). Some older versions read: “But if it is by works, then is it no more grace: otherwise work is no more work.”

The following verse is not in the best ancient copies of the Bible. Translators are advised not to include this verse. However, if in the translators’ region there are older Bible versions that have this verse, the translators can include it. If it is translated, it should be put inside square brackets (\\[\\]) to indicate that it is probably not original to the book of Romans.

* “May the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen” ([16:24](../16/24.md)).

(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) ROM 1 intro hn5n 0 # Romans 1 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

1. Introduction (1:1–15)
* Greeting (1:1–7)
* Paul plans to visit Rome (1:8–15)
2. Main Theme: Righteousness is received by having faith in Jesus Christ (1:16–17)
3. All mankind is condemned because of sin (1:18–3:20)
* All non-Jews have sinned (1:18–32)

## Special concepts in this chapter

### The gospel

This chapter refers to the contents of the Book of Romans as “the gospel” ([1:2](../rom/01/02.md)). Romans is not a Gospel like Matthew, Mark, Luke, or John, which are historical accounts of the life of Jesus. Instead, chapters 1–8 present the biblical gospel, which is the good news of salvation. The gospel contains the following true ideas: Everyone has sinned. Jesus died for our sins. Jesus came back to life again so that we might live for his glory and receive eternal life when we die.

### Universal Condemnation and the Wrath of God

In this chapter Paul explains that no one has an excuse for sinning. We all know about the true God, Yahweh, from his creation all around us. Because of our sin and our sinful nature, every person justly deserves the eternal punishment of God. The requirement for this punishment was satisfied by Jesus dying on a cross for those who believe in him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### “God gave them over”

Many scholars view the phrases “God gave them over” and “God gave them up” as theologically significant. For this reason, it is important to translate these phrases with God playing a passive role in the action. God allows men to pursue their own sinful desires, he does not force them to act sinfully. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ROM 1 1 x3em figs-123person Παῦλος 1 Paul In the culture of this time, letter writers would give their own names first. Your language may have a particular way of introducing the author of a letter, and if it would be helpful to your readers, you could use it here. Alternate translation: “From Paul” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ROM 1 1 plvo translate-names Παῦλος 1 Paul **Paul** is the name of a man, an apostle of Jesus. See the information about him in Part 1 of the Introduction to Romans. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -1118,7 +1118,7 @@ ROM 6 23 pizh figs-explicit θάνατος 1 For the wages of sin are death Here ROM 6 23 slyb figs-abstractnouns θάνατος; τὸ…χάρισμα…ζωὴ αἰώνιος 1 For the wages of sin are death See how you translated the abstract nouns **death** in [verse 21](../06/21.md), **gracious gift** in [5:15–16](../05/15.md), and **eternal life** in [verse 22](../06/22.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ROM 6 23 cwkw figs-possession τὸ…χάρισμα τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 For the wages of sin are death Paul is using the possessive form to describe **the gracious gift** that comes from **God**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “God’s gracious gift” or “the gracious gift from God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) ROM 6 23 jn66 figs-metaphor ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 For the wages of sin are death Paul speaks figuratively of **eternal life** as if it were occupying space inside of **Christ Jesus**. Paul means that **eternal life** comes by being united to **Christ Jesus**, as stated in [verse 11](../06/11.md). If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “for those who are united to Christ Jesus” or “comes through being united to Christ Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 7 intro fl1y 0 # Romans 7 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n5. Becoming like Christ in this life (6:1–8:39)\n * Baptism represents union with Christ’s death (6:1–14)\n * Christians are now slaves of righteousness (6:15–23)\n * Christians have been freed from the law (7:1–6)\n * The law is not sinful (7:7–12)\n * Christians still struggle with indwelling sin (7:13–25)\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### “The Law”\n\nThroughout most of this chapter Paul uses the singular noun “the law” to refer to the group of laws that God gave Israel through Moses. However, in [verses 21–25](../07/21.md) Paul uses the word “law” in several different ways. Each of these different uses will be addressed in the notes. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Marriage\n\nScripture commonly uses marriage as a metaphor. Here Paul uses it to describe how the church relates to the law of Moses and now to Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Inclusive language\n\nIn this chapter the pronouns “we”, “us”, and “our” refer inclusively to all Jewish believers in Christ. Paul calls these people “brothers” in [verses 1](../07/01.md) and [4](../07/04.md). Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) +ROM 7 intro fl1y 0 # Romans 7 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

5. Becoming like Christ in this life (6:1–8:39)
* Baptism represents union with Christ’s death (6:1–14)
* Christians are now slaves of righteousness (6:15–23)
* Christians have been freed from the law (7:1–6)
* The law is not sinful (7:7–12)
* Christians still struggle with indwelling sin (7:13–25)

## Special concepts in this chapter

### “The Law”

Throughout most of this chapter Paul uses the singular noun “the law” to refer to the group of laws that God gave Israel through Moses. However, in [verses 21–25](../07/21.md) Paul uses the word “law” in several different ways. Each of these different uses will be addressed in the notes. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Marriage

Scripture commonly uses marriage as a metaphor. Here Paul uses it to describe how the church relates to the law of Moses and now to Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

## Possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Inclusive language

In this chapter the pronouns “we”, “us”, and “our” refer inclusively to all Jewish believers in Christ. Paul calls these people “brothers” in [verses 1](../07/01.md) and [4](../07/04.md). Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ROM 7 1 mk7w figs-rquestion ἢ ἀγνοεῖτε, ἀδελφοί (γινώσκουσιν γὰρ νόμον λαλῶ), ὅτι ὁ νόμος κυριεύει τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἐφ’ ὅσον χρόνον ζῇ? 1 do you not know, brothers … that the law controls a person for as long as he lives? Paul is using a rhetorical question here to emphasize that the Jew is required to obey the Law of Moses his whole life. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You surely know, brothers (for I am speaking to those who know the law), that the law is lord of the man for as long as he lives!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ROM 7 1 r9fl figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί…τοῦ ἀνθρώπου…ζῇ 1 brothers Although the term **brothers** and **the man** and **he** are masculine, Paul is using the words here in a generic sense that includes both males and females. Alternate translation: “fellow Jewish believers … a person … that person lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) ROM 7 1 s4su (γινώσκουσιν γὰρ νόμον λαλῶ) 1 brothers Here Paul interrupts himself in order to clarify that he is specifically directing this part of the letter to the Jewish believers in the church at Rome. If this would be confusing in your language, you could add parentheses like the ULT or use a natural way in your language to indicate this. @@ -1291,7 +1291,7 @@ ROM 7 25 dzjl grammar-collectivenouns νόμῳ Θεοῦ 1 See how you transla ROM 7 25 cdkb figs-ellipsis τῇ δὲ σαρκὶ, νόμῳ ἁμαρτίας 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “but with the flesh, I serve the law of sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ROM 7 25 fm51 figs-metaphor τῇ…σαρκὶ 1 Here Paul uses **flesh** figuratively to refer to his sinful nature. See how you translated the similar phrase in [verse 18](../07/18.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ROM 7 25 he4l figs-metaphor νόμῳ ἁμαρτίας 1 See how you translated the similar phrase in [verse 23](../07/23.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 8 intro ev4r 0 # Romans 8 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n5. Becoming like Christ in this life (6:1–8:39)\n * Baptism represents union with Christ’s death (6:1–14)\n * Christians are now slaves of righteousness (6:15–23)\n * Christians have been freed from the law (7:1–6)\n * The law is not sinful (7:7–12)\n * Christians still struggle with indwelling sin (7:13–25)\n * The Holy Spirit dwells in Christians (8:1–27)\n * Christians have confidence in God’s love (8:28–8:39)\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verse 36. Paul quotes these words from the Old Testament.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Indwelling of the Spirit\n\nIn [verses 9–17](../08/09.md) and [26–27](../08/26.md) Paul says that Holy Spirit dwells inside Christians to help them stop sinning and to intercede for them. The presence of the Holy Spirit within a person indicates that that person is a genuine Christian. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])\n\n### Predestination\n\nMany scholars believe this chapter teaches on a subject known as “predestination.” See the use of the word “predestined” in [verses 28–30](../08/28.md) and “elect” in [verse 33](../08/33.md). Some scholars take this to indicate that God has, from before the foundation of the world, chosen some people to save. Christians have different views on what the Bible teaches on this subject, so translators need to take extra care when translating these verses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/predestine]])## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n## Important figure of speech in this chapter\n\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nIn [verses 24](../08/24.md) and [31–35](../08/31.md) Paul uses rhetorical questions in order to emphasize that what he is saying is true. If you would not use rhetorical questions for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Flesh\n\nPaul uses “flesh” in a variety of ways throughout this letter. In this chapter he frequently uses it to refer to sinful human nature. However, he uses “flesh” to refer to Christ’s physical body in [verse 3](../08/03.md). Every use of “flesh” will be discussed in the notes. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]])\n\n### Inclusive language\n\nIn this chapter the pronouns “we”, “us”, and “our” refer inclusively to all believers in Christ. Paul calls these people “brothers” in [verses 12](../08/12.md). Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) +ROM 8 intro ev4r 0 # Romans 8 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

5. Becoming like Christ in this life (6:1–8:39)
* Baptism represents union with Christ’s death (6:1–14)
* Christians are now slaves of righteousness (6:15–23)
* Christians have been freed from the law (7:1–6)
* The law is not sinful (7:7–12)
* Christians still struggle with indwelling sin (7:13–25)
* The Holy Spirit dwells in Christians (8:1–27)
* Christians have confidence in God’s love (8:28–8:39)

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verse 36. Paul quotes these words from the Old Testament.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Indwelling of the Spirit

In [verses 9–17](../08/09.md) and [26–27](../08/26.md) Paul says that Holy Spirit dwells inside Christians to help them stop sinning and to intercede for them. The presence of the Holy Spirit within a person indicates that that person is a genuine Christian. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])

### Predestination

Many scholars believe this chapter teaches on a subject known as “predestination.” See the use of the word “predestined” in [verses 28–30](../08/28.md) and “elect” in [verse 33](../08/33.md). Some scholars take this to indicate that God has, from before the foundation of the world, chosen some people to save. Christians have different views on what the Bible teaches on this subject, so translators need to take extra care when translating these verses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/predestine]])## Important figures of speech in this chapter

## Important figure of speech in this chapter

### Rhetorical questions

In [verses 24](../08/24.md) and [31–35](../08/31.md) Paul uses rhetorical questions in order to emphasize that what he is saying is true. If you would not use rhetorical questions for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Flesh

Paul uses “flesh” in a variety of ways throughout this letter. In this chapter he frequently uses it to refer to sinful human nature. However, he uses “flesh” to refer to Christ’s physical body in [verse 3](../08/03.md). Every use of “flesh” will be discussed in the notes. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]])

### Inclusive language

In this chapter the pronouns “we”, “us”, and “our” refer inclusively to all believers in Christ. Paul calls these people “brothers” in [verses 12](../08/12.md). Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ROM 8 1 xq2y grammar-connect-logic-result οὐδὲν ἄρα νῦν κατάκριμα 1 Here, **therefore now** marks the beginning of a new section in the letter. It also introduces a result clause that concludes what Paul discussed in chapters 5–7. Use a natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “Since all these things are true, there is no condemnation at all” or “As a result of everything that I have just told you being true, there is no condemnation at all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) ROM 8 1 xw65 figs-abstractnouns κατάκριμα 1 There is therefore now no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus See how you translated this abstract noun in [5:16](../05/16.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ROM 8 1 ti0g figs-metaphor ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 See how you translated this phrase in [3:24](../03/24.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1796,18 +1796,18 @@ ROM 9 33 h3tw figs-possession λίθον προσκόμματος 1 stone of stu ROM 9 33 c8t8 figs-possession πέτραν σκανδάλου 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe a **rock** that causes **offense**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the rock that causes offense” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) ROM 9 33 knfh figs-abstractnouns σκανδάλου 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **offense**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “that offends” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ROM 9 33 tu4i figs-activepassive ὁ πιστεύων ἐπ’ αὐτῷ, οὐ καταισχυνθήσεται 1 believes in it If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will not shame the one who believes on it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 10 intro c2li 0 # Romans 10 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n6. God’s plan for Israel (9:1–11:36)\n * Paul’s sorrow for Israel’s unbelief (9:1–5)\n * God chooses whom he wants to choose (9:6–13)\n * God shows mercy on whom he wants to show mercy (9:14–18)\n * No one can question God’s choice (9:19–33)\n * Israel’s false righteousness (10:1–4)\n * Salvation is available to everyone (10:5–21)\n\nSome translations set prose quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULT does this with the quoted words in [verse 8](../10/08.md).\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with [verses 18-20](../10/18.md) of this chapter, which are words from the Old Testament.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nPaul uses many rhetorical questions in this chapter. He does this to convince his readers that God does not save only the Jewish people, so Christians must be ready to go and share the gospel with the whole world. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Different uses of “they,” “them,” and “their”\n\nIn [verses 1–4](../10/01.md), the pronouns “they,” “them,” and “their” always refer to the people of Israel. However, those pronouns refer to various things and people in [verses 5–21](../10/05.md), which will be addressed in the notes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])\n +ROM 10 intro c2li 0 # Romans 10 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

6. God’s plan for Israel (9:1–11:36)
* Paul’s sorrow for Israel’s unbelief (9:1–5)
* God chooses whom he wants to choose (9:6–13)
* God shows mercy on whom he wants to show mercy (9:14–18)
* No one can question God’s choice (9:19–33)
* Israel’s false righteousness (10:1–4)
* Salvation is available to everyone (10:5–21)

Some translations set prose quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULT does this with the quoted words in [verse 8](../10/08.md).

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with [verses 18-20](../10/18.md) of this chapter, which are words from the Old Testament.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Rhetorical questions

Paul uses many rhetorical questions in this chapter. He does this to convince his readers that God does not save only the Jewish people, so Christians must be ready to go and share the gospel with the whole world. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Different uses of “they,” “them,” and “their”

In [verses 1–4](../10/01.md), the pronouns “they,” “them,” and “their” always refer to the people of Israel. However, those pronouns refer to various things and people in [verses 5–21](../10/05.md), which will be addressed in the notes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) ROM 10 1 hj4b figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 Brothers See how you translated this word in [7:1](../07/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -ROM 10 1 v3jp figs-abstractnouns ἡ…εὐδοκία…ἡ δέησις…σωτηρίαν 1 my heart’s desire If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **good pleasure**, **prayer**, and **salvation**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “the very pleasing thing … what I pray … them to be saved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])\n +ROM 10 1 v3jp figs-abstractnouns ἡ…εὐδοκία…ἡ δέησις…σωτηρίαν 1 my heart’s desire If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **good pleasure**, **prayer**, and **salvation**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “the very pleasing thing … what I pray … them to be saved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ROM 10 1 tq7k figs-metonymy τῆς ἐμῆς καρδίας 1 my heart’s desire Here, **heart** refers to a person’s inner being or mind. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “of my inner being” or “of my mind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ROM 10 1 tmf2 writing-pronouns αὐτῶν 1 The pronoun **them** in [verses 1–4](../10/01.md) refers to Jewish people who do not believe in Jesus. If this might confuse your readers, you could state the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “the Jewish people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) -ROM 10 2 y7qg grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows is the reason for what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful to you readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I feel this way because” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])\n +ROM 10 2 y7qg grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows is the reason for what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful to you readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I feel this way because” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) ROM 10 2 adka figs-abstractnouns ζῆλον…ἔχουσιν…οὐ κατ’ ἐπίγνωσιν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **zeal** and **full knowledge**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “they are zealous … not by fully knowing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ROM 10 2 rjqd figs-possession ζῆλον Θεοῦ ἔχουσιν 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe a **zeal** that is directed toward **God**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “they have a zeal for God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) ROM 10 2 pxyj figs-ellipsis οὐ κατ’ ἐπίγνωσιν 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “they have zeal of God that is not according to full knowledge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ROM 10 3 e7p2 grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows is the reason for what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful to you readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) +ROM 10 3 e7p2 grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows is the reason for what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful to you readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) ROM 10 3 bw97 figs-possession τὴν τοῦ Θεοῦ δικαιοσύνην…τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 See how you translated **the righteousness of God** in [1:17](../01/17.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) -ROM 10 3 dgjn figs-abstractnouns τὴν ἰδίαν δικαιοσύνην 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **righteousness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “being righteous on their own” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])\n +ROM 10 3 dgjn figs-abstractnouns τὴν ἰδίαν δικαιοσύνην 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **righteousness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “being righteous on their own” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ROM 10 3 a6r4 figs-personification τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ τοῦ Θεοῦ οὐχ ὑπετάγησαν 1 They did not submit to the righteousness of God Here Paul speaks of **the righteousness of God** as if it were a person whom someone could **submit** to. He means that they refused to attain righteousness in the way God requires, which is by faith. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they refuse to receive the righteousness of God according to his way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ROM 10 4 x1w8 grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 For Christ is the fulfillment of the law **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason why the Jews were wrong to try to make themselves righteous, as stated in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “They were wrong to seek to establish their own righteousness because” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) ROM 10 4 y30a figs-explicit τέλος…νόμου 1 For Christ is the fulfillment of the law Here, **the completion of the law** could mean: (1) the end of the Law of Moses. Alternate translation: “is the end of the law” (2) the goal of the Law of Moses. Alternate translation: “is the goal of the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -1815,13 +1815,13 @@ ROM 10 4 a9up figs-abstractnouns τέλος 1 For Christ is the fulfillment of t ROM 10 4 y3sx grammar-collectivenouns νόμου 1 For Christ is the fulfillment of the law See how you translated **the law** in [2:12](../02/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) ROM 10 4 nprh grammar-connect-logic-goal εἰς δικαιοσύνην 1 Here, **for** could indicate: (1) **righteousness** was the purpose for **the completion of the law**. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of becoming righteous” (2) **righteousness** was the result of **the completion of the law**. Alternate translation: “resulting in righteousness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) ROM 10 4 f6pu figs-abstractnouns δικαιοσύνην 1 for righteousness for everyone who believes See how you translated this word in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ROM 10 4 z3z9 figs-ellipsis παντὶ τῷ πιστεύοντι 1 for righteousness for everyone who believes See how you translated **everyone who believes** in [1:16](../01/16.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])\n -ROM 10 5 vsyn grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** here indicates that what follows in this verse explains what Paul said in the previous verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])\n -ROM 10 5 ozvf writing-quotations Μωϋσῆς…γράφει τὴν δικαιοσύνην τὴν ἐκ νόμου 1 Here Paul uses this clause to introduce a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Leviticus 18:5](../../lev/18/05.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “Moses writes in the Scriptures about the righteousness that is from the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])\n -ROM 10 5 m8my figs-pastforfuture γράφει 1 Here Paul uses the present tense verb **writes** to refer to something that happened in the past. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you can use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “wrote” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])\n +ROM 10 4 z3z9 figs-ellipsis παντὶ τῷ πιστεύοντι 1 for righteousness for everyone who believes See how you translated **everyone who believes** in [1:16](../01/16.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +ROM 10 5 vsyn grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** here indicates that what follows in this verse explains what Paul said in the previous verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) +ROM 10 5 ozvf writing-quotations Μωϋσῆς…γράφει τὴν δικαιοσύνην τὴν ἐκ νόμου 1 Here Paul uses this clause to introduce a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Leviticus 18:5](../../lev/18/05.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “Moses writes in the Scriptures about the righteousness that is from the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) +ROM 10 5 m8my figs-pastforfuture γράφει 1 Here Paul uses the present tense verb **writes** to refer to something that happened in the past. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you can use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “wrote” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) ROM 10 5 qby2 figs-abstractnouns τὴν δικαιοσύνην τὴν ἐκ νόμου 1 the righteousness that comes from the law If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **righteousness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “about being righteous based on the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ROM 10 5 dufv grammar-collectivenouns νόμου 1 the righteousness that comes from the law See how you translated **the law** in [2:12](../02/12.md) and in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) -ROM 10 5 jyjx figs-quotemarks ὁ ποιήσας αὐτὰ ἄνθρωπος, ζήσεται ἐν αὐτῇ 1 the righteousness that comes from the law In this sentence Paul quotes [Leviticus 18:5](../../lev/18/05.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])\n +ROM 10 5 jyjx figs-quotemarks ὁ ποιήσας αὐτὰ ἄνθρωπος, ζήσεται ἐν αὐτῇ 1 the righteousness that comes from the law In this sentence Paul quotes [Leviticus 18:5](../../lev/18/05.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) ROM 10 5 bh04 figs-gendernotations ἄνθρωπος 1 the righteousness that comes from the law Although the term **man** is masculine, Paul quotes Moses using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “man or woman” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) ROM 10 5 kt66 figs-explicit αὐτὰ 1 the righteousness that comes from the law Here, **these things** refers to everything that God commanded the Jews in the Law of Moses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “these things written in the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ROM 10 5 e3po figs-explicit αὐτὰ 1 the righteousness that comes from the law Paul quotes Moses implying that the person must do all of **these things** perfectly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “all these things perfectly” or “every single one of these things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -1831,14 +1831,14 @@ ROM 10 6 knmo grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 **But** here indicates tha ROM 10 6 r3ey writing-quotations ἡ…ἐκ πίστεως δικαιοσύνη οὕτως λέγει 1 Here Paul uses this clause to introduce quotations from an Old Testament book ([Deuteronomy 9:4](../../deu/09/04.md); [30:12–14](../../deu/30/12.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “the righteousness by faith says thus in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) ROM 10 6 sr9z figs-personification ἡ…ἐκ πίστεως δικαιοσύνη…λέγει 1 Here, **righteousness** is described as if it were a person who could speak. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “But Moses says thus about the righteousness by faith” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ROM 10 6 cgv8 figs-abstractnouns ἐκ πίστεως δικαιοσύνη 1 See how you translated **righteousness** in [6:13](../06/13.md) and **by faith** in [4:16](../04/16.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ROM 10 6 ksbr figs-pastforfuture λέγει 1 Here Paul uses the present tense verb **says** to refer to something that happened in the past. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you can use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])\n +ROM 10 6 ksbr figs-pastforfuture λέγει 1 Here Paul uses the present tense verb **says** to refer to something that happened in the past. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you can use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) ROM 10 6 ezma figs-quotemarks μὴ εἴπῃς ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ σου, τίς ἀναβήσεται εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν? 1 In this sentence Paul quotes [Deuteronomy 9:4](../../deu/09/04.md) and [Deuteronomy 30:12](../../deu/30/12.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) ROM 10 6 x7h4 figs-youcrowd σου 1 Do not say in your heart Here Paul quotes Moses addressing the people of Israel as if he were speaking to only one person. The pronoun **your** is singular. If the singular form would not be natural in your language for someone who was speaking to a group of people, you could use the plural form of **your** in your translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]]) ROM 10 6 nwlw figs-metonymy τῇ καρδίᾳ 1 See how you translated **heart** in [verse 1](../10/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ROM 10 6 tf9r figs-rquestion τίς ἀναβήσεται εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν? 1 Who will ascend into heaven? Paul quotes Moses using a question to teach his audience. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Surely no one can ascend into heaven!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ROM 10 6 gi7s figs-explicit τοῦτ’ ἔστιν Χριστὸν καταγαγεῖν 1 that is, to bring Christ down In this clause Paul explains the meaning of the previous sentence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “That means to make Christ come down to earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ROM 10 6 y5c3 grammar-connect-logic-goal Χριστὸν καταγαγεῖν 1 that is, to bring Christ down Here, **to** indicates that this is a purpose clause. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of bringing Christ down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) -ROM 10 7 g827 writing-quotations ἤ 1 Paul uses **or** here to connect a quotation from [Deuteronomy 30:12](../../deu/30/12.md) with a paraphrase of [Deuteronomy 30:13](../../deu/30/13.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that shows this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Moses also said not to say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])\n +ROM 10 7 g827 writing-quotations ἤ 1 Paul uses **or** here to connect a quotation from [Deuteronomy 30:12](../../deu/30/12.md) with a paraphrase of [Deuteronomy 30:13](../../deu/30/13.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that shows this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Moses also said not to say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) ROM 10 7 j2t4 figs-quotemarks τίς καταβήσεται εἰς τὴν Ἄβυσσον 1 In this sentence Paul paraphrases [Deuteronomy 30:13](../../deu/30/13.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) ROM 10 7 w8xe figs-rquestion τίς καταβήσεται εἰς τὴν Ἄβυσσον? 1 Who will descend into the abyss Paul quotes Moses using a question to teach his audience. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Surely no one can descend into the abyss!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ROM 10 7 gw0r figs-explicit τοῦτ’ ἔστιν Χριστὸν ἐκ νεκρῶν ἀναγαγεῖν 1 In this clause Paul explains the meaning of the previous sentence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “That means to make Christ come up from dead ones” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -1850,48 +1850,48 @@ ROM 10 8 n63g figs-pastforfuture λέγει 1 But what does it say? Here Paul us ROM 10 8 hybn figs-quotemarks ἐγγύς σου τὸ ῥῆμά ἐστιν, ἐν τῷ στόματί σου, καὶ ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ σου 1 But what does it say? In this sentence Paul quotes [Deuteronomy 30:14](../../deu/30/14.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) ROM 10 8 kzb2 figs-metaphor ἐγγύς σου τὸ ῥῆμά ἐστιν, ἐν τῷ στόματί σου, καὶ ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ σου 1 The word is near you Paul quotes Moses speaking of the **word** as if it were an object that could be **near** or **in** someone. He means that God’s message could be easily known and spoken by Moses’ audience. Alternate translation: “You can easily know and speak the word” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ROM 10 8 sx8r figs-metonymy τὸ ῥῆμά 1 The word is near you Paul quotes Moses using **word** to describe what God has spoken by using words. This general reference to God’s word would include what God had said about the Messiah. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God’s message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 10 8 wpvg figs-youcrowd σου…σου…σου 1 The word is near you Here Paul quotes Moses addressing the people of Israel as if he were speaking to only one person. The pronouns **you** and **your** are singular. If the singular form would not be natural in your language for someone who was speaking to a group of people, you could use the plural form of your in your translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])\n +ROM 10 8 wpvg figs-youcrowd σου…σου…σου 1 The word is near you Here Paul quotes Moses addressing the people of Israel as if he were speaking to only one person. The pronouns **you** and **your** are singular. If the singular form would not be natural in your language for someone who was speaking to a group of people, you could use the plural form of your in your translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]]) ROM 10 8 y6mq figs-metonymy ἐν τῷ στόματί σου 1 The word is … in your mouth The phrase **in your mouth** refers to being able to say something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you know how to speak it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ROM 10 8 zvx4 figs-metonymy ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ σου 1 The word is … in your heart See how you translated **heart** in [verse 1](../10/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ROM 10 8 lh5d figs-possession τὸ ῥῆμα τῆς πίστεως 1 the word of faith Paul is using the possessive form to describe a **word** that is about **faith**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use the adjective “true” instead of the noun “truth.” Alternate translation: “the word about faith” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) ROM 10 8 v7ho figs-abstractnouns τῆς πίστεως 1 the word of faith If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “about believing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ROM 10 8 o4oy figs-exclusive κηρύσσομεν 1 Here, **we** refers to Paul and other Christians who **proclaim** the gospel, so **we** would be exclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -ROM 10 9 q5un grammar-connect-words-phrases ὅτι 1 if with your mouth you confess Jesus as Lord **For** here indicates that what follows is an explanation of what “the word of faith” is. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “This word we proclaim is that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])\n +ROM 10 9 q5un grammar-connect-words-phrases ὅτι 1 if with your mouth you confess Jesus as Lord **For** here indicates that what follows is an explanation of what “the word of faith” is. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “This word we proclaim is that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) ROM 10 9 pawz figs-youcrowd ὁμολογήσῃς…σου…σου…σωθήσῃ 1 if with your mouth you confess Jesus as Lord Paul addresses his readers as if he were speaking to only one person. The pronouns **you** and **your** are singular. See how you translated **you** and **your** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]]) ROM 10 9 tz7r figs-explicit ἐν τῷ στόματί σου 1 if with your mouth you confess Jesus as Lord This phrase indicates the means by which a person confesses **Jesus is Lord**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by using your mouth you confess, ‘Jesus is Lord’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ROM 10 9 ie71 figs-metonymy ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ σου 1 believe in your heart See how you translated this phrase in [verses 6](../10/06.md) and [8](../10/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ROM 10 9 zdf5 figs-idiom αὐτὸν ἤγειρεν ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 raised him from the dead See how you translated a similar phrase in [4:24](../04/24.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ROM 10 9 c3cq figs-activepassive σωθήσῃ 1 you will be saved If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will save you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 10 10 iv0v grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason why what Paul said in the previous verse is true. Use the most natural way in your language to state a reason. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])\n +ROM 10 10 iv0v grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason why what Paul said in the previous verse is true. Use the most natural way in your language to state a reason. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) ROM 10 10 g7i1 figs-metonymy καρδίᾳ…πιστεύεται 1 See how you translated the similar phrase in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ROM 10 10 g3nf figs-explicit πιστεύεται…ὁμολογεῖται 1 The subjects of these phrases are implied from the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “one believes that God raised Jesus from the dead … one confesses that Jesus is Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ROM 10 10 o3a7 grammar-connect-logic-result εἰς δικαιοσύνην…εἰς σωτηρίαν 1 Both occurrences of **to** in this verse indicate that what follows them are results. Use the most natural way in your language to state a result. Alternate translation: “resulting in righteousness … resulting in salvation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) ROM 10 10 h20k figs-abstractnouns δικαιοσύνην 1 See how you translated this abstract noun in [verse 6](../10/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ROM 10 10 xs8c figs-explicit στόματι…ὁμολογεῖται 1 with the mouth See how you translated the similar phrase in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ROM 10 10 uroy figs-abstractnouns σωτηρίαν 1 with the mouth See how you translated this abstract noun in [verse 1](../10/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ROM 10 11 rlqi grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** here indicates that what follows in this verse explains what Paul said in the previous verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])\n -ROM 10 11 r6tf writing-quotations λέγει…ἡ Γραφή 1 This phrase indicates that what follows is a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Isaiah 28:16](../../isa/28/16.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “God says in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])\n -ROM 10 11 gu99 figs-personification λέγει…ἡ Γραφή 1 For scripture says Here Paul uses **the scripture** as if it were a person who could speak. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God says in the scripture” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])\n -ROM 10 11 whdz figs-pastforfuture λέγει 1 Everyone who believes on him will not be put to shame Here Paul uses the present tense verb **says** to refer to something that happened in the past. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you can use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])\n +ROM 10 11 rlqi grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** here indicates that what follows in this verse explains what Paul said in the previous verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) +ROM 10 11 r6tf writing-quotations λέγει…ἡ Γραφή 1 This phrase indicates that what follows is a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Isaiah 28:16](../../isa/28/16.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “God says in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) +ROM 10 11 gu99 figs-personification λέγει…ἡ Γραφή 1 For scripture says Here Paul uses **the scripture** as if it were a person who could speak. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God says in the scripture” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +ROM 10 11 whdz figs-pastforfuture λέγει 1 Everyone who believes on him will not be put to shame Here Paul uses the present tense verb **says** to refer to something that happened in the past. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you can use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) ROM 10 11 nv71 figs-activepassive πᾶς ὁ πιστεύων ἐπ’ αὐτῷ οὐ καταισχυνθήσεται 1 Everyone who believes on him will not be put to shame See how you translated this sentence in [9:33](../09/33.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ROM 10 12 ygv8 grammar-connect-words-phrases γάρ 1 **For** here indicates that what follows in this verse gives another explanation for what Paul said in [verse 10](../10/10.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) ROM 10 12 fvlg figs-abstractnouns οὐ…ἐστιν διαστολὴ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **distinction**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “God does not distinguish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ROM 10 12 z8p4 grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 Here, **for** indicates that what follows is the reason why what Paul said in the previous clause is true. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. You may need to start a new sentence, as in the UST. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])\n +ROM 10 12 z8p4 grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 Here, **for** indicates that what follows is the reason why what Paul said in the previous clause is true. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. You may need to start a new sentence, as in the UST. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) ROM 10 12 j7vw figs-possession Κύριος πάντων 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe the **Lord** who rules over **all**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Lord is ruling over all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) -ROM 10 12 r2jx figs-nominaladj πάντων…πάντας 1 For there is no difference between Jew and Greek Paul is using the adjective **all** as a noun in order to describe a group of people. If your language does not use adjectives in the same way, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “is of all people … all people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +ROM 10 12 r2jx figs-nominaladj πάντων…πάντας 1 For there is no difference between Jew and Greek Paul is using the adjective **all** as a noun in order to describe a group of people. If your language does not use adjectives in the same way, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “is of all people … all people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) ROM 10 12 p9py figs-explicit πλουτῶν 1 he is rich to all who call upon him Here, **being rich** means to bless others generously. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “he richly blesses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ROM 10 12 oe6l figs-explicit ἐπικαλουμένους αὐτόν 1 Here, **call on** implies calling out to be saved. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “who call upon him to be saved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 10 13 cxph grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** here indicates that what follows in this verse explains what Paul said in the previous verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) -ROM 10 13 t4j7 writing-quotations γὰρ 1 **For** here introduces a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Joel 2:32](../../jol/02/32.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “For Joel wrote in the Scriptures that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])\n -ROM 10 13 gpyj figs-quotemarks πᾶς…ὃς ἂν ἐπικαλέσηται τὸ ὄνομα Κυρίου, σωθήσεται 1 In this sentence Paul quotes [Joel 2:32](../../jol/02/32.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])\n -ROM 10 13 qvbd figs-nominaladj πᾶς 1 See how you translated **all** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +ROM 10 13 cxph grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** here indicates that what follows in this verse explains what Paul said in the previous verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) +ROM 10 13 t4j7 writing-quotations γὰρ 1 **For** here introduces a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Joel 2:32](../../jol/02/32.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “For Joel wrote in the Scriptures that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) +ROM 10 13 gpyj figs-quotemarks πᾶς…ὃς ἂν ἐπικαλέσηται τὸ ὄνομα Κυρίου, σωθήσεται 1 In this sentence Paul quotes [Joel 2:32](../../jol/02/32.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) +ROM 10 13 qvbd figs-nominaladj πᾶς 1 See how you translated **all** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) ROM 10 13 n4yp figs-explicit ἐπικαλέσηται τὸ ὄνομα Κυρίου 1 See how you translated “call on” in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 10 13 pe96 figs-metonymy τὸ ὄνομα Κυρίου 1 For everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be saved Here, **the name of the Lord** represents **the Lord** himself. If it might be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])\n +ROM 10 13 pe96 figs-metonymy τὸ ὄνομα Κυρίου 1 For everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be saved Here, **the name of the Lord** represents **the Lord** himself. If it might be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ROM 10 13 rht3 figs-explicit πᾶς…ὃς ἂν ἐπικαλέσηται τὸ ὄνομα Κυρίου, σωθήσεται 1 For everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be saved Here Paul implies that **the Lord** refers to Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. However, since this sentence is a quotation from the old testament, you will need to state this outside of the quotation. Alternate translation: “all, whoever calls on the name of the Lord will be saved. This Lord is Jesus.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ROM 10 13 js1b figs-activepassive πᾶς…ὃς ἂν ἐπικαλέσηται τὸ ὄνομα Κυρίου, σωθήσεται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will save all, whoever calls on the name of the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ROM 10 14 utr4 figs-rquestion πῶς οὖν ἐπικαλέσωνται εἰς ὃν οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν? πῶς δὲ πιστεύσωσιν οὗ οὐκ ἤκουσαν? πῶς δὲ ἀκούσωσιν χωρὶς κηρύσσοντος? 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using three rhetorical questions here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as statements or exclamations and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Then surely they would not call on whom they have not believed! And surely they would not believe in whom they have not heard! And surely they would not hear without someone preaching!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 10 14 syzi grammar-connect-logic-result πῶς οὖν 1 Here, **then** indicates that what follows in [verses 14–15](../10/14.md) is the logical conclusion to what Paul has stated in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language for expressing result. Alternate translation: “As a result, how” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])\n -ROM 10 14 zqzi writing-pronouns ἐπικαλέσωνται…οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν…πιστεύσωσιν…οὐκ ἤκουσαν…ἀκούσωσιν 1 In this verse **they** refers to all people, both Jews and Gentiles, as stated in the previous two verses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “would all people call … they have not believed … would all people believe in … they have not heard … would all people hear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) +ROM 10 14 syzi grammar-connect-logic-result πῶς οὖν 1 Here, **then** indicates that what follows in [verses 14–15](../10/14.md) is the logical conclusion to what Paul has stated in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language for expressing result. Alternate translation: “As a result, how” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) +ROM 10 14 zqzi writing-pronouns ἐπικαλέσωνται…οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν…πιστεύσωσιν…οὐκ ἤκουσαν…ἀκούσωσιν 1 In this verse **they** refers to all people, both Jews and Gentiles, as stated in the previous two verses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “would all people call … they have not believed … would all people believe in … they have not heard … would all people hear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) ROM 10 14 vww6 figs-explicit ἐπικαλέσωνται εἰς ὃν οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν 1 See how you translated **call on** in [verse 12](../10/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ROM 10 14 n02w figs-explicit ὃν οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν…οὗ οὐκ ἤκουσαν 1 These clauses refer to Jesus, whom Paul called the Lord in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Jesus, whom they have not believed … Jesus, whom they have not heard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ROM 10 14 mrl8 figs-ellipsis οὗ οὐκ ἤκουσαν…ἀκούσωσιν…κηρύσσοντος 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that these sentences would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “whom they have not heard about … would they hear about him … someone preaching about him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) @@ -1899,70 +1899,70 @@ ROM 10 15 hcz3 figs-rquestion πῶς δὲ κηρύξωσιν ἐὰν μὴ ROM 10 15 nqwf writing-pronouns κηρύξωσιν…ἀποσταλῶσιν 1 How beautiful are the feet of those who proclaim good news In this verse **they** refers to the people who **preach**, as mentioned at the end of the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “would those who preach be able to preach … those preachers would be sent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) ROM 10 15 l0xu figs-activepassive ἀποσταλῶσιν 1 How beautiful are the feet of those who proclaim good news If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone sent them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ROM 10 15 atg0 writing-quotations καθὼς γέγραπται 1 How beautiful are the feet of those who proclaim good news See how you translated this phrase in [1:17](../01/17.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) -ROM 10 15 ylan figs-activepassive καθὼς γέγραπται 1 How beautiful are the feet of those who proclaim good news If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Isaiah wrote this quotation. Alternate translation: “Just as Isaiah wrote” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])\n -ROM 10 15 bb0k figs-quotemarks ὡς ὡραῖοι οἱ πόδες τῶν εὐαγγελιζομένων τὰ ἀγαθά! 1 How beautiful are the feet of those who proclaim good news This sentence is a quotation of [Isaiah 52:7](../../isa/52/07.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])\n +ROM 10 15 ylan figs-activepassive καθὼς γέγραπται 1 How beautiful are the feet of those who proclaim good news If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Isaiah wrote this quotation. Alternate translation: “Just as Isaiah wrote” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 10 15 bb0k figs-quotemarks ὡς ὡραῖοι οἱ πόδες τῶν εὐαγγελιζομένων τὰ ἀγαθά! 1 How beautiful are the feet of those who proclaim good news This sentence is a quotation of [Isaiah 52:7](../../isa/52/07.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) ROM 10 15 e8rt figs-metonymy ὡς ὡραῖοι οἱ πόδες 1 How beautiful are the feet of those who proclaim good news Here, **feet** refers to the action of going to other people and telling them the **good news**. If it would be helpful, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “How beautiful is the going and preaching” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 10 16 gxqu grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλ’ 1 not all of them obeyed **But** here indicates that what follows is in contrast to what Paul said in the previous two verses. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “By contrast” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])\n +ROM 10 16 gxqu grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλ’ 1 not all of them obeyed **But** here indicates that what follows is in contrast to what Paul said in the previous two verses. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “By contrast” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) ROM 10 16 hku8 writing-pronouns οὐ πάντες 1 not all of them obeyed Here, **them** could refer to (1) the Jews, who are the main topic of chapters 9–11. Alternate translation: “not all of the Jews” (2) all people, as in [verses 13–15](../10/13.md). Alternate translation: “not everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) -ROM 10 16 dqe6 figs-personification ὑπήκουσαν τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ 1 not all of them obeyed Here Paul speaks of **the gospel** as if it were a person who could be **obeyed**. Paul is referring to obeying the command to repent and believe the **gospel**, which is part of the **gospel** message. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “obeyed what God commanded in the gospel” or “believed the gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])\n +ROM 10 16 dqe6 figs-personification ὑπήκουσαν τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ 1 not all of them obeyed Here Paul speaks of **the gospel** as if it were a person who could be **obeyed**. Paul is referring to obeying the command to repent and believe the **gospel**, which is part of the **gospel** message. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “obeyed what God commanded in the gospel” or “believed the gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ROM 10 16 eze8 grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 not all of them obeyed **For** here indicates that what follows in this verse explains what Paul said in the previous sentence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) -ROM 10 16 o91x writing-quotations Ἠσαΐας…λέγει 1 not all of them obeyed Here Paul uses this clause to introduce quotations from an Old Testament book ([Isaiah 53:1](../../isa/53/01.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “Isaiah says in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])\n -ROM 10 16 e25r figs-pastforfuture λέγει 1 not all of them obeyed Here Paul uses the present tense verb **says** to refer to something that happened in the past. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you can use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])\n -ROM 10 16 jvah figs-quotemarks Κύριε, τίς ἐπίστευσεν τῇ ἀκοῇ ἡμῶν? 1 This verse is a quotation from [Isaiah 53:1](../../isa/53/01.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])\n +ROM 10 16 o91x writing-quotations Ἠσαΐας…λέγει 1 not all of them obeyed Here Paul uses this clause to introduce quotations from an Old Testament book ([Isaiah 53:1](../../isa/53/01.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “Isaiah says in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) +ROM 10 16 e25r figs-pastforfuture λέγει 1 not all of them obeyed Here Paul uses the present tense verb **says** to refer to something that happened in the past. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you can use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) +ROM 10 16 jvah figs-quotemarks Κύριε, τίς ἐπίστευσεν τῇ ἀκοῇ ἡμῶν? 1 This verse is a quotation from [Isaiah 53:1](../../isa/53/01.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) ROM 10 16 j3se figs-rquestion Κύριε, τίς ἐπίστευσεν τῇ ἀκοῇ ἡμῶν? 1 Lord, who has believed our message? Isaiah is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Lord, surely no one has believed our report!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ROM 10 16 z4s9 figs-exclusive τῇ ἀκοῇ ἡμῶν 1 our message Here, **our** refers to God and Isaiah, which would be exclusive. Your language may require you to mark this form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ROM 10 16 yore figs-abstractnouns τῇ ἀκοῇ ἡμῶν 1 our message If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **report**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what we report” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ROM 10 17 hqcv grammar-connect-words-phrases ἄρα 1 faith comes from hearing **So**, here indicates that what follows in this verse summarizes the ideas of [verses 14–16](../10/14.md). If this might confuse your readers, you could use a clearer expression. Alternate translation: “Finally” or “In summary” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])\n +ROM 10 17 hqcv grammar-connect-words-phrases ἄρα 1 faith comes from hearing **So**, here indicates that what follows in this verse summarizes the ideas of [verses 14–16](../10/14.md). If this might confuse your readers, you could use a clearer expression. Alternate translation: “Finally” or “In summary” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) ROM 10 17 qdug figs-abstractnouns ἡ πίστις 1 faith comes from hearing If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what someone believes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ROM 10 17 wu5a figs-explicit ἡ πίστις 1 faith comes from hearing Here, **this faith** refers to believing in Christ. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “believing in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ROM 10 17 xab6 figs-ellipsis ἐξ ἀκοῆς 1 faith comes from hearing Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “is received by hearing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ROM 10 17 x765 figs-ellipsis ἀκοῆς…ἀκοὴ 1 faith comes from hearing Paul is leaving out some of the words that these sentences would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “hearing about Jesus … hearing about him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +ROM 10 17 x765 figs-ellipsis ἀκοῆς…ἀκοὴ 1 faith comes from hearing Paul is leaving out some of the words that these sentences would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “hearing about Jesus … hearing about him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ROM 10 17 nq87 figs-possession ῥήματος Χριστοῦ 1 hearing by the word of Christ Paul is using the possessive form to describe **the word** that is about **Christ**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the word about Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) -ROM 10 17 aunq figs-abstractnouns ῥήματος 1 hearing by the word of Christ See how you translated this word in [verse 8](../10/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ROM 10 18 a8bk grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλὰ 1 hearing by the word of Christ **But** here indicates that what follows is in contrast to what Paul said in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “By contrast” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) -ROM 10 18 teco writing-pronouns λέγω 1 But I say, “Did they not hear?” Yes, most certainly The pronoun **I** here refers to Paul. If this might confuse your readers, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I, Paul, say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])\n -ROM 10 18 vkvg figs-quotemarks μὴ οὐκ ἤκουσαν 1 Here Paul is quoting himself. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])\n +ROM 10 17 aunq figs-abstractnouns ῥήματος 1 hearing by the word of Christ See how you translated this word in [verse 8](../10/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +ROM 10 18 a8bk grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλὰ 1 hearing by the word of Christ **But** here indicates that what follows is in contrast to what Paul said in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “By contrast” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) +ROM 10 18 teco writing-pronouns λέγω 1 But I say, “Did they not hear?” Yes, most certainly The pronoun **I** here refers to Paul. If this might confuse your readers, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I, Paul, say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) +ROM 10 18 vkvg figs-quotemarks μὴ οὐκ ἤκουσαν 1 Here Paul is quoting himself. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) ROM 10 18 f6jy figs-rquestion μὴ οὐκ ἤκουσαν? 1 But I say, “Did they not hear?” Yes, most certainly Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “They most surely heard!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 10 18 djbd figs-explicit ἤκουσαν 1 But I say, “Did they not hear?” Yes, most certainly See how you translated **they** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 10 18 wxxj figs-doublenegatives μὴ οὐκ 1 But I say, “Did they not hear?” Yes, most certainly The phrase **certainly not** translates two negative words in Greek. Paul uses them together to emphasize what he is saying. If your language can use two negatives together for emphasis without them cancelling each other to create a positive meaning, it would be appropriate to use that construction here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])\n +ROM 10 18 djbd figs-explicit ἤκουσαν 1 But I say, “Did they not hear?” Yes, most certainly See how you translated **they** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 10 18 wxxj figs-doublenegatives μὴ οὐκ 1 But I say, “Did they not hear?” Yes, most certainly The phrase **certainly not** translates two negative words in Greek. Paul uses them together to emphasize what he is saying. If your language can use two negatives together for emphasis without them cancelling each other to create a positive meaning, it would be appropriate to use that construction here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) ROM 10 18 zux3 figs-explicit μὴ οὐκ ἤκουσαν 1 But I say, “Did they not hear?” Yes, most certainly See how you translated **hear** in [verse 14](../10/14.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 10 18 lz77 writing-quotations εἰς πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν, ἐξῆλθεν ὁ φθόγγος αὐτῶν; καὶ εἰς τὰ πέρατα τῆς οἰκουμένης, τὰ ῥήματα αὐτῶν 1 This sentence is a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Psalm 19:4](../../psa/19/04.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “David says in the Scriptures,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])\n -ROM 10 18 tnzy figs-quotemarks εἰς πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν, ἐξῆλθεν ὁ φθόγγος αὐτῶν; καὶ εἰς τὰ πέρατα τῆς οἰκουμένης, τὰ ῥήματα αὐτῶν 1 Their sound has gone out into all the earth, and their words to the ends of the world. In this sentence Paul quotes [Psalm 19:4](../../psa/19/04.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])\n +ROM 10 18 lz77 writing-quotations εἰς πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν, ἐξῆλθεν ὁ φθόγγος αὐτῶν; καὶ εἰς τὰ πέρατα τῆς οἰκουμένης, τὰ ῥήματα αὐτῶν 1 This sentence is a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Psalm 19:4](../../psa/19/04.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “David says in the Scriptures,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) +ROM 10 18 tnzy figs-quotemarks εἰς πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν, ἐξῆλθεν ὁ φθόγγος αὐτῶν; καὶ εἰς τὰ πέρατα τῆς οἰκουμένης, τὰ ῥήματα αὐτῶν 1 Their sound has gone out into all the earth, and their words to the ends of the world. In this sentence Paul quotes [Psalm 19:4](../../psa/19/04.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) ROM 10 18 s5zh figs-parallelism εἰς πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν, ἐξῆλθεν ὁ φθόγγος αὐτῶν; καὶ εἰς τὰ πέρατα τῆς οἰκουμένης, τὰ ῥήματα αὐτῶν 1 Their sound has gone out into all the earth, and their words to the ends of the world. These two clauses mean the same thing. Paul quotes David saying the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “What they said went everywhere in the whole world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ROM 10 18 g4vd figs-personification εἰς πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν, ἐξῆλθεν ὁ φθόγγος αὐτῶν; καὶ εἰς τὰ πέρατα τῆς οἰκουμένης, τὰ ῥήματα αὐτῶν 1 In this sentence **their** refers to the sun, moon, and stars as if they were people who could make a **sound** or speak **words**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “The sun, moon, and the stars are proof that went out into all the earth, and they are proof to the ends of the world.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ROM 10 18 e2nx figs-idiom τὰ πέρατα τῆς οἰκουμένης 1 This is an idiom that refers to everywhere people live on the earth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “everywhere on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])\n -ROM 10 19 n3q8 grammar-connect-words-phrases ἀλλὰ 1 **But** here indicates that what follows is in contrast to what Paul said [verse 17](../10/17.md) and also agrees with the statement in the previous verse. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use an expression that shows the agreement between this verse and the previous verse. Alternate translation: “Furthermore,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) +ROM 10 18 e2nx figs-idiom τὰ πέρατα τῆς οἰκουμένης 1 This is an idiom that refers to everywhere people live on the earth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “everywhere on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ROM 10 19 n3q8 grammar-connect-words-phrases ἀλλὰ 1 **But** here indicates that what follows is in contrast to what Paul said [verse 17](../10/17.md) and also agrees with the statement in the previous verse. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use an expression that shows the agreement between this verse and the previous verse. Alternate translation: “Furthermore,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) ROM 10 19 uu9g writing-pronouns λέγω 1 The pronoun **I** here refers to Paul. If this might confuse your readers, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I, Paul, say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) ROM 10 19 imik figs-quotemarks μὴ Ἰσραὴλ οὐκ ἔγνω…ἐγὼ παραζηλώσω ὑμᾶς, ἐπ’ οὐκ ἔθνει, ἐπ’ ἔθνει ἀσυνέτῳ, παροργιῶ ὑμᾶς 1 In these two sentences Paul is quoting himself and the Old Testament. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) ROM 10 19 ib4m figs-rquestion μὴ Ἰσραὴλ οὐκ ἔγνω? 1 Moreover, I say, “Did Israel not know?” Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Israel most surely knew!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ROM 10 19 zyw0 figs-metonymy Ἰσραὴλ 1 Here Paul uses the word **Israel** to refer to the physical descendants of Jacob, whom God also called Israel. If it might be helpful in your language, you could express state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ROM 10 19 dkcp figs-doublenegatives μὴ…οὐκ 1 The phrase **certainly not** translates two negative words in Greek. Paul uses them together to emphasize what he is saying. If your language can use two negatives together for emphasis without them cancelling each other to create a positive meaning, it would be appropriate to use that construction here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -ROM 10 19 k4gk writing-quotations Μωϋσῆς λέγει 1 Here Paul uses this phrase to introduce a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Deuteronomy 32:21](../../deu/32/21.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “Moses says in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])\n +ROM 10 19 k4gk writing-quotations Μωϋσῆς λέγει 1 Here Paul uses this phrase to introduce a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Deuteronomy 32:21](../../deu/32/21.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “Moses says in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) ROM 10 19 jjt3 figs-explicit Μωϋσῆς λέγει 1 This phrase means that Moses wrote down what God said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Moses wrote down that God said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 10 19 yt4r figs-pastforfuture λέγει 1 First Moses says, “I will provoke you … I will stir you up to anger.” Here Paul uses the present tense verb **says** to refer to something that happened in the past. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you can use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])\n -ROM 10 19 qvfa figs-parallelism ἐγὼ παραζηλώσω ὑμᾶς, ἐπ’ οὐκ ἔθνει, ἐπ’ ἔθνει ἀσυνέτῳ, παροργιῶ ὑμᾶς 1 First Moses says, “I will provoke you … I will stir you up to anger.” These two clauses mean the same thing. Paul quotes God saying the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “I myself will make you jealous and angry by using a non-nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +ROM 10 19 yt4r figs-pastforfuture λέγει 1 First Moses says, “I will provoke you … I will stir you up to anger.” Here Paul uses the present tense verb **says** to refer to something that happened in the past. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you can use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) +ROM 10 19 qvfa figs-parallelism ἐγὼ παραζηλώσω ὑμᾶς, ἐπ’ οὐκ ἔθνει, ἐπ’ ἔθνει ἀσυνέτῳ, παροργιῶ ὑμᾶς 1 First Moses says, “I will provoke you … I will stir you up to anger.” These two clauses mean the same thing. Paul quotes God saying the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “I myself will make you jealous and angry by using a non-nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ROM 10 19 u7p4 writing-pronouns ἐγὼ παραζηλώσω ὑμᾶς,…παροργιῶ ὑμᾶς 1 In this sentence the pronoun **I** here refers to God. If this might confuse your readers, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I, God, myself will provoke you to jealousy … I will provoke you to anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) ROM 10 19 fklp figs-rpronouns ἐγὼ παραζηλώσω ὑμᾶς 1 God uses the word **myself** to emphasize who is provoking Israel to be jealous. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “I am indeed the one who will provide you to jealousy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) ROM 10 19 vxzz figs-explicit ἐγὼ παραζηλώσω ὑμᾶς…παροργιῶ ὑμᾶς 1 In this verse **you** refers to the Israelites. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I myself will provoke you Israelites to jealousy … I will provoke you Israelites to anger.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ROM 10 19 o0gr figs-abstractnouns ἐγὼ παραζηλώσω ὑμᾶς…παροργιῶ ὑμᾶς 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **jealousy** and **anger**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “I myself will cause you to become jealous … I will cause you to become angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ROM 10 19 ve6t figs-explicit ἐπ’ οὐκ ἔθνει 1 by what is not a nation The phrase **a non-nation** refers to a group of people whom God did not previously have a relationship with. The meaning of **non-nation** is similar to “not my people” used in [9:25–26](../09/25.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by those people who did not belong to me” or “by those people whom I did not consider to be a nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ROM 10 19 s3nz figs-explicit ἔθνει ἀσυνέτῳ 1 By means of a nation without understanding Here, **senseless** means that these people do not know God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by a nation with people who do not know me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 10 20 mrwz writing-quotations Ἠσαΐας δὲ ἀποτολμᾷ καὶ λέγει 1 Then Isaiah was very bold when he says Here Paul uses this phrase to introduce a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Isaiah 65:1](../../isa/65/01.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “Isaiah is very bold and he says in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])\n -ROM 10 20 kig6 figs-pastforfuture ἀποτολμᾷ καὶ λέγει 1 Here Paul uses the present tense verbs **is** and **says** to refer to something that happened in the past. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you can use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “was very bold and he said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])\n -ROM 10 20 cv1x figs-explicit Ἠσαΐας…ἀποτολμᾷ καὶ λέγει 1 Then Isaiah was very bold when he says This phrase means that **Isaiah** wrote down what God said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Isaiah is very bold and wrote down that God said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n -ROM 10 20 pp4f figs-quotemarks εὑρέθην ἐν τοῖς ἐμὲ μὴ ζητοῦσιν; ἐμφανὴς ἐγενόμην τοῖς ἐμὲ μὴ ἐπερωτῶσιν 1 In these two sentences Paul is quoting [Isaiah 65:1](../../isa/65/01.md) from the Old Testament. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])\n -ROM 10 20 yoxf writing-pronouns εὑρέθην…ἐμὲ…ἐμφανὴς…ἐμὲ 1 In this verse the pronoun **I** refers to God. If this might confuse your readers, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I, God, was found … me; I, God, appeared … for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])\n -ROM 10 20 wona figs-parallelism εὑρέθην ἐν τοῖς ἐμὲ μὴ ζητοῦσιν; ἐμφανὴς ἐγενόμην τοῖς ἐμὲ μὴ ἐπερωτῶσιν 1 These two clauses mean the same thing. Paul quotes God saying the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “I was revealed to those people who did not even want to know me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])\n -ROM 10 20 fc4b figs-pastforfuture εὑρέθην…ἐμφανὴς 1 I was found by those who did not seek me Paul quotes God using the past tense in order to refer to something that will certainly happen in the future. If this is confusing in your language, you could use the future tense. Alternate translation: “I will be found … I will appear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])\n +ROM 10 20 mrwz writing-quotations Ἠσαΐας δὲ ἀποτολμᾷ καὶ λέγει 1 Then Isaiah was very bold when he says Here Paul uses this phrase to introduce a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Isaiah 65:1](../../isa/65/01.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “Isaiah is very bold and he says in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) +ROM 10 20 kig6 figs-pastforfuture ἀποτολμᾷ καὶ λέγει 1 Here Paul uses the present tense verbs **is** and **says** to refer to something that happened in the past. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you can use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “was very bold and he said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) +ROM 10 20 cv1x figs-explicit Ἠσαΐας…ἀποτολμᾷ καὶ λέγει 1 Then Isaiah was very bold when he says This phrase means that **Isaiah** wrote down what God said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Isaiah is very bold and wrote down that God said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 10 20 pp4f figs-quotemarks εὑρέθην ἐν τοῖς ἐμὲ μὴ ζητοῦσιν; ἐμφανὴς ἐγενόμην τοῖς ἐμὲ μὴ ἐπερωτῶσιν 1 In these two sentences Paul is quoting [Isaiah 65:1](../../isa/65/01.md) from the Old Testament. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) +ROM 10 20 yoxf writing-pronouns εὑρέθην…ἐμὲ…ἐμφανὴς…ἐμὲ 1 In this verse the pronoun **I** refers to God. If this might confuse your readers, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I, God, was found … me; I, God, appeared … for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) +ROM 10 20 wona figs-parallelism εὑρέθην ἐν τοῖς ἐμὲ μὴ ζητοῦσιν; ἐμφανὴς ἐγενόμην τοῖς ἐμὲ μὴ ἐπερωτῶσιν 1 These two clauses mean the same thing. Paul quotes God saying the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “I was revealed to those people who did not even want to know me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +ROM 10 20 fc4b figs-pastforfuture εὑρέθην…ἐμφανὴς 1 I was found by those who did not seek me Paul quotes God using the past tense in order to refer to something that will certainly happen in the future. If this is confusing in your language, you could use the future tense. Alternate translation: “I will be found … I will appear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) ROM 10 20 u60f figs-activepassive εὑρέθην ἐν τοῖς ἐμὲ μὴ ζητοῦσιν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Those who were not seeking me found me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ROM 10 20 t78j figs-explicit τοῖς ἐμὲ μὴ ζητοῦσιν; ἐμφανὴς ἐγενόμην τοῖς ἐμὲ μὴ ἐπερωτῶσιν 1 I appeared These two clauses refer to non-Jewish people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the non-Jews, who were not seeking me; I appeared to the non-Jews, who were not asking for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 10 21 pziq grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 **But** here indicates that what follows is in contrast to what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an expression that makes this contrast clearer. Alternate translation: “By contrast,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])\n -ROM 10 21 afo5 writing-quotations πρὸς…τὸν Ἰσραὴλ λέγει 1 Here Paul uses this phrase to introduce a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Isaiah 65:2](../../isa/65/02.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “to Israel God says in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])\n -ROM 10 21 ksjg figs-metonymy Ἰσραὴλ 1 See how you translated **Israel** in [verse 19](../10/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 10 21 pziq grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 **But** here indicates that what follows is in contrast to what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an expression that makes this contrast clearer. Alternate translation: “By contrast,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) +ROM 10 21 afo5 writing-quotations πρὸς…τὸν Ἰσραὴλ λέγει 1 Here Paul uses this phrase to introduce a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Isaiah 65:2](../../isa/65/02.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “to Israel God says in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) +ROM 10 21 ksjg figs-metonymy Ἰσραὴλ 1 See how you translated **Israel** in [verse 19](../10/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ROM 10 21 tp8d figs-pastforfuture λέγει 1 Here Paul uses the present tense verb **says** to refer to something that happened in the past. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you can use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “he said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) ROM 10 21 gtwp figs-quotemarks ὅλην τὴν ἡμέραν, ἐξεπέτασα τὰς χεῖράς μου πρὸς λαὸν ἀπειθοῦντα καὶ ἀντιλέγοντα 1 In these two sentences Paul is quoting [Isaiah 65:2](../../isa/65/02.md) from the Old Testament. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) ROM 10 21 hw4w figs-idiom ὅλην τὴν ἡμέραν 1 All the day long **The whole day** here refers to doing something constantly or continually. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Continually” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ROM 10 21 il8s translate-symaction ἐξεπέτασα τὰς χεῖράς μου πρὸς λαὸν ἀπειθοῦντα καὶ ἀντιλέγοντα\r 1 I reached out my hands to a disobedient and stubborn people The action of stretching out **hands** toward someone represents welcoming or inviting someone to be a friend. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I welcomed a disobedient and contrary people to be my friends” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +ROM 10 21 il8s translate-symaction ἐξεπέτασα τὰς χεῖράς μου πρὸς λαὸν ἀπειθοῦντα καὶ ἀντιλέγοντα 1 I reached out my hands to a disobedient and stubborn people The action of stretching out **hands** toward someone represents welcoming or inviting someone to be a friend. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I welcomed a disobedient and contrary people to be my friends” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) ROM 10 21 g03t figs-explicit λαὸν ἀπειθοῦντα καὶ ἀντιλέγοντα 1 I reached out my hands to a disobedient and stubborn people This phrase refers to **Israel**, whom God was speaking to in this quotation. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “you disobedient and contradictory people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ROM 11 intro e9qz 0 # Romans 11 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

6. God’s plan for Israel (9:1–11:36)
* Paul’s sorrow for Israel’s unbelief (9:1–5)
* God chooses whom he wants to choose (9:6–13)
* God shows mercy on whom he wants to show mercy (9:14–18)
* No one can question God’s choice (9:19–33)
* Israel’s false righteousness (10:1–4)
* Salvation is available to everyone (10:5–21)
* Israel has a faithful remnant (11:1–10)
* Israel’s unbelief resulted in non-Jews’ belief (11:11–24)
* God will save Israel (11:15–32)
* Praise for God’s wisdom (11:33–11:36)

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 9-10, 26-27, and 34-35, which are words from the Old Testament.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Grafting

Paul uses the image of “grafting” to refer to the place of the Gentiles and Jews in the plans of God. Making one plant to be permanently part of another plant is called “grafting.” Paul uses the picture of God grafting the Gentiles as a wild branch into his saving plans. But God has not forgotten about the Jews, who are spoken of as the natural plant. God will also save Jews who believe in Jesus.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### “Did God reject his people? May it never be”

Whether Israel (the physical descendants of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob) has a future in the plans of God, or if they have been replaced in the plans of God by the church, is a major theological issue in Chapters 9-11. This phrase is an important part of this section of Romans. It seems to indicate that Israel remains distinct from the church. Not all scholars arrive at this conclusion. Despite their currently rejecting Jesus as their Messiah, Israel has not exhausted the grace and mercy of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]]) ROM 11 1 p2h9 0 Connecting Statement: Though Israel as a nation has rejected God, God wants them to understand salvation comes by grace without works.