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Ps 120-122, 42-44 (#3180) 

Co-authored-by: Richard Mahn <richmahn@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: NateKreider <natekreider@noreply.door43.org>
Reviewed-on: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_tn/pulls/3180
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Benjamin Wright 2023-04-04 19:12:44 +00:00
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@ -1483,120 +1483,144 @@ front:intro rx9u 0 # Introduction to Psalms\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
41:13 s4va General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThis verse is more than the end of this psalm. It is the closing statement for all of Book 1 of the Psalms, which starts at Psalm 1 and ends with Psalm 41.
41:13 xi7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism from everlasting to everlasting 0 This refers to two extremes and means for all time. Alternate translation: “for all eternity”
41:13 d4ws rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet Amen and Amen 0 The word “Amen” is repeated to emphasize approval of what has been said. Alternate translation: “May it certainly be so”
42:intro mu68 0 # Psalm 042 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 42 is a psalm of praise for all that God has done and a prayer for deliverance from the psalmist’s enemies. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s deliverance\n\nThe psalmist praises God as he remembers what God has done for him in the past, and he puts his trust in him. He needs rescuing from his enemies. Scholars believe that this psalm is about a man in exile longing for Jerusalem.\n\n### Psalm 42 and Psalm 43\n\nSome scholars believe that these two psalms were originally written together as one psalm.\n\n### Superscription\n\nThis psalm is called “a Maschil of the sons of Korah.” The word “Maschil” in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm.
42:1 t39i rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
42:1 rt7c For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.”
42:1 c3mx A maschil 0 This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md).
42:1 h2nj As the deer pants after streams of water, so I thirst for you, God 0 The author compares his desire for God to the desire of a thirsty deer for water.
42:1 mi8s pants 0 heavy breathing from an animal or person that is very tired or thirsty
42:1 flj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I thirst for you, God 0 The author speaks of his strong desire for God as if it were a strong thirst for water.
42:2 xe9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I thirst for God 0 The author speaks of his strong desire for God as if it were a strong thirst for water.
42:2 bsl8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion when will I come and appear before God? 0 The author does not ask this question to get an answer but to show his strong desire to be before God.
42:3 mfk4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor My tears have been my food 0 The author refers to his tears as if they are food that he eats. This means that he is so sad that he cannot eat. Alternate translation: “My tears are like my food and I eat nothing else” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
42:3 nw17 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism day and night 0 This phrase refers to the entire day by referring to both its beginning and end. Alternate translation: “all day long”
42:3 hy3m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole my enemies are always saying to me 0 This is an exaggeration. His enemies are not saying this constantly; they are saying it often.
42:3 sa8l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Where is your God? 0 The author’s enemies use this question to mock him and to express that they do not see his God helping him. Alternate translation: “Your God is not here to help you”
42:4 d12n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom call to mind 0 This is an idiom that means to remember or think about something. Alternate translation: “remember”
42:4 k59b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy I pour out my soul 0 Here the word “soul” refers to the emotions. The author speaks of his soul as if it is a liquid that he pours out. The phrase means that he is expressing his emotional grief. Alternate translation: “I express my sorrow” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
42:4 c6f8 the throng 0 Alternate translation: “the crowd of people”
42:4 gv3q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys joy and praise 0 This phrase uses two different words to express one idea. Alternate translation: “joyful praise”
42:5 xs1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Why are you bowed down, my soul? Why are you upset within me? 0 The author refers to his inner self as his “soul,” which represents himself. He asks these questions to rebuke himself. Alternate translation: “I should not be bowed down. I should not be worried” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
42:5 cc84 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor bowed down 0 The writer speaks of depression or discouragement as if it were his soul being bent over. Alternate translation: “discouraged”
42:5 fyf2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative Hope in God 0 The writer continues to speak to his own soul and commands it to trust God.
42:6 lp5z My God, my soul 0 The writer begins to speak to God about his soul.
42:6 s443 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom I call you to mind 0 This phrase means to remember or to think about something. Alternate translation: “I think of you”
42:6 u6xn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the land of the Jordan 0 This is probably a reference to northern Israel, where the Jordan river originates. Alternate translation: “the land where the Jordan river begins”
42:6 ka3s peaks 0 mountain tops
42:6 xh39 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names hill of Mizar 0 This is the name of a hill at the base of Mount Hermon.
42:7 c6aq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Deep calls to deep at the noise of your waterfalls 0 The word “deep” refers to deep waters, which here are likely the streams rushing down Mount Hermon. The writer speaks of them as if they are people calling out to one another as they hear the sound of their own descent from the mountain.
42:7 exq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor all your waves & have gone over me 0 The author speaks of his great misfortune and sadness as if they are deep waters that drown him with one wave after another.
42:7 d5k7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet your waves and your billows 0 The word “billows” is another word for “waves.” Together the two words emphasize the greatness of the waves. Alternate translation: “all of your great waves”
42:8 ef4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh will command his covenant faithfulness in the daytime 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness as if it were a person whom he commands to be with him. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will show me his covenant faithfulness in the daytime” or “Yahweh will show me in the daytime how faithful he is to his covenant”
42:8 jsc8 his song 0 This could mean: (1) “the song that he gives me” or (2) “the song about him”
42:8 xm7t the God of my life 0 Alternate translation: “the God who gives me life”
42:9 si6j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will say to God, my rock 0 The writer speaks of God as if he were a huge rock that would provide protection from enemy attack.
42:9 b1ik Why do I go mourning 0 To “go mourning” is to perform customs related to being very sad.
42:10 bp1m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile As with a sword in my bones 0 The writer describes his adversaries’ rebukes as his receiving a fatal wound.
42:10 r4wg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole they always say to me 0 This is an exaggeration; his enemies are not saying this constantly but are saying it often.
42:10 ae82 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Where is your God? 0 The writer’s enemies use this question to mock him and to express that they do not see God helping him. Alternate translation: “Your God is not here to help you”
42:11 evd8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Why are you bowed down, my soul? Why are you upset within me? 0 The author refers to his inner self as his “soul,” which represents himself. He asks these questions to rebuke himself. See how you translated this in [Psalms 42:5](../042/005.md). Alternate translation: “I should not be bowed down, I should not be worried” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
42:11 wp6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor bowed down 0 The writer speaks of depression or discouragement as if it were his soul being bent over. See how you translated this in [Psalms 42:5](../042/005.md). Alternate translation: “discouraged”
42:11 ghd7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative Hope in God 0 The writer continues to speak to his own soul and commands it to trust God. See how you translated this in [Psalms 42:5](../042/005.md).
43:intro x44y 0 # Psalm 043 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 43 is a psalm of deliverance. It is a plea for rescue from the psalmist’s enemies. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Encouragement\n\nThe author should not be discouraged because he trusts in God to deliver him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])\n\n### Psalm 42 and Psalm 43\n\nSome scholars believe that these two psalms were originally written together as one psalm.
43:1 il4d rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
43:2 quk8 the God of my strength 0 This could mean: (1) “the God who protects me” or (2) “the God who gives me strength.”
43:2 a96e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Why have you rejected me? Why do I go about in mourning because of the oppression of the enemy? 0 The writer asks these questions in order to complain to God and express his emotions, not to receive an answer.
43:2 cpw2 Why do I go about in mourning 0 To “go about in mourning” is to perform customs related to being very sad.
43:2 d84h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns because of the oppression of the enemy 0 The word “oppression” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “because my enemy oppresses me”
43:3 e7jd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor send out your light and your truth 0 The writer speaks of God’s deliverance as if it were a light that shows him the way and truth that teaches him how to live. Alternate translation: “guide me with your light and truth”
43:3 uhy4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy holy hill 0 This refers to the hill in Jerusalem where the temple is located and thus to the temple itself.
43:3 rr6l to your dwelling 0 Alternate translation: “to the place where you live”
43:4 r8lp God my exceeding joy 0 Alternate translation: “God who is my very great joy” or “God who gives me very great joy”
43:5 qb88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Why are you bowed down, my soul? Why are you upset within me? 0 The author refers to his inner self as his “soul,” which represents himself. He asks these questions to rebuke himself. See how you translated this in [Psalms 42:5](../042/005.md). Alternate translation: “I should not be bowed down. I should not be worried” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
43:5 wn18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor bowed down 0 The writer speaks of depression or discouragement as if it were his soul being bent over. See how you translated this in [Psalms 42:5](../042/005.md). Alternate translation: “discouraged”
43:5 z1zd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative Hope in God 0 The writer continues to speak to his own soul and commands it to trust God. See how you translated this in [Psalms 42:5](../042/005.md).
43:5 dgl5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet my salvation and my God 0 The phrase “my salvation” refers to God. If necessary the two phrases can be combined. Alternate translation: “my God who saves me”
44:intro cu7e 0 # Psalm 044 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 44 is a deliverance psalm. It is a prayer for God’s help against enemies. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Enemies\n\nWhen Israel entered the Promised Land, God fought for them and drove out their enemies. Since their enemies have now defeated them, they are in need of God’s help. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])\n\n### Superscription\n\nThis psalm is called “a Maschil.” The word “Maschil” in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm.
44:1 gi44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
44:1 n2t8 For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.”
44:1 vwd3 A psalm of the sons of Korah 0 Alternate translation: “This is a psalm that the sons of Korah wrote.”
44:1 d1rs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom We have heard with our ears, God 0 The word “ears” adds emphasis to the statement that they have heard and understood the things that the writer is about to describe. The writer addresses this statement to God. Alternate translation: “God, we have heard clearly”
44:1 ifj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism in their days, in the days of old 0 Both of these phrases use the word “days” to refer to the time period when the ancestors of the people of Israel were alive.
44:2 rd1l You drove out the nations 0 Alternate translation: “You forced the people from other nations to leave”
44:2 w5ar rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy with your hand 0 Here the word “hand” refers to God’s power. Alternate translation: “by your power”
44:2 sst2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you planted our people 0 The writer speaks of God’s causing the Israelites to live in the land as if he were planting them in the soil like he would a tree. Alternate translation: “you caused our people to live there”
44:3 f15t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy by their own sword 0 The word “sword” refers to military power. Alternate translation: “by fighting with their own swords” or “by their own army’s strength”
44:3 ixc7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy their own arm 0 Here the word “arm” refers to power. Alternate translation: “their own power”
44:3 cr9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis the light of your face 0 You may supply a verb for this phrase. Alternate translation: “the light of your face obtained the land for their possession”
44:3 ekr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy your right hand, your arm 0 Here the words “hand” and “arm” both refer to God’s power. Combined, they emphasize the greatness of God’s power. Alternate translation: “your great power” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
44:3 a1dc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the light of your face 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh looking with favor upon them and being kind to them as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on them. Alternate translation: “your kindness” or “your good favor”
44:4 md4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy victory for Jacob 0 The people of Israel are referred to by the name of their ancestor “Jacob.”
44:5 cn87 Through you & through your 0 Alternate translation: “By you … by your”
44:5 l9n9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor push down & tread them under & rise up 0 The writer speaks of his enemies’ defeat as if they are “down” and of their preparing to fight as if they are “up.”
44:5 u2c5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy through your name 0 Here the word “name” refers to God’s power and authority. Alternate translation: “by your power”
44:5 ze87 tread them under 0 Alternate translation: “tread them under our feet” or “walk on top of them”
44:8 ql57 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns we have made our boast 0 The word “boast” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “we have boasted”
44:8 qb7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy we will give thanks to your name 0 Here the word “name” refers to God, himself. Alternate translation: “we will give thanks to you”
44:9 tw86 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor thrown us off 0 The writer speaks of God’s rejection of Israel as if he were discarding an unwanted piece of clothing. Alternate translation: “rejected us”
44:10 bc8x spoil 0 resources and treasures that an army collects after winning a battle
44:11 cmt5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile You have made us like sheep to be slaughtered 0 The writer compares the Israelites to sheep that people kill and eat. As sheep are helpless before those who kill them, so the Israelites are helpless before their enemies. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “You have allowed our enemies to kill us like they would kill a sheep and eat it” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
44:11 k8qj scattered us among the nations 0 Alternate translation: “caused us to live in many different nations”
44:12 zm14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor sell your people for nothing 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh allowing Israel’s enemies to conquer them as if he were selling the people of Israel to their enemies but does not require any payment from their enemies.
44:13 j3ej rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism You make us a rebuke to our neighbors, scoffed and mocked by those around us 0 These two phrases are parallel emphasizing how the people among whom they live mock them.
44:13 ys4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns You make us a rebuke to our neighbors 0 The word “rebuke” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “You make us something that our neighbors rebuke”
44:13 z6rm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive scoffed and mocked by those around us 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “those around us scoff at us and mock us”
44:14 d6zg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism an insult among & a shaking of the head 0 These phrases are parallel emphasizing how intensely the nations around them mock them.
44:14 cf7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns You make us an insult among the nations 0 The word “insult” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “You make the nations around us insult us”
44:14 l1b9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns a shaking of the head among the peoples 0 The phrase “a shaking of the head” can be translated in verbal form. Alternate translation: “something at which the peoples shake their heads”
44:14 d7ze a shaking of the head 0 This was a gesture that people used to show scorn to others.
44:15 lk1b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor my dishonor is before me 0 The writer speaks of his dishonor as if it were an object that is always in front of him for him to see. The phrase means that he is always thinking about his dishonor. Alternate translation: “I think about my dishonor”
44:15 l48m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the shame of my face has covered me 0 The writer speaks of his shame as if it is an object that covers him like a blanket would cover him. Alternate translation: “the shame of my face has overwhelmed me”
44:15 w1hq the shame of my face 0 “the shame that shows on my face.” This refers to his facial expressions that his shame causes.
44:16 p8lw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche because of the voice of him who rebukes and insults 0 Here the words “the voice” represents the person insulting him. Alternate translation: “because of what the person says who rebukes and insults me”
44:16 s49c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet rebukes and insults 0 These words have similar meanings and emphasize the harsh nature of what this person says.
44:18 qi6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Our heart has not turned back & have not gone from your way 0 These two phrases are parallel. The writer speaks of loyalty to God as if it were following him, and disloyalty as if it were turning away from him. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
44:18 mf97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Our heart has not turned back 0 Here the word “heart” refers to the emotions, and specifically to loyalty and devotion. Alternate translation: “We have not stopped being loyal to you”
44:19 d4u4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you have severely broken us 0 The writer speaks of God’s punishment as if it were breaking a fragile object. Alternate translation: “you have punished us severely”
44:19 dfs9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor in the place of jackals 0 The writer speaks of Israel after God’s punishment as if it were a wild, uninhabitable place. Alternate translation: “and made our land like a place where jackals live”
44:19 c511 jackals 0 a type of wild dog
44:19 v695 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor covered us with the shadow of death 0 The writer speaks of death as if it is an object that casts a shadow over those who are about to die. Alternate translation: “made us so that we are about to die”
44:20 k5hu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy If we have forgotten the name of our God 0 Here the word “name” refers to God, himself. To forget God is to stop worshiping him. This is something that did not happen. Alternate translation: “If we had forgotten our God” or “If we had stopped worshiping our God” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
44:20 g9jv rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction spread out our hands to a strange god 0 Spreading out the hands is a gesture that people used to worship and pray to a god. Alternate translation: “worshiped a strange god” or “prayed to a strange god”
44:21 rv5k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion would not God search this out? 0 The writer uses this question to express that God would know if they worshiped another god. Alternate translation: “God would certainly find out”
44:21 ih8n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy he knows the secrets of the heart 0 Here the word “heart” refers to the mind and thoughts. Alternate translation: “he knows what a person secretly thinks”
44:22 mxt3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole we are being killed all day long 0 The phrase “all day long” is an exaggeration to emphasize that their people are being killed frequently. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “we are always in danger of people killing us” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
44:22 exg2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive we are considered to be sheep for the slaughter 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people consider us to be sheep for the slaughter”
44:22 vl87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor sheep for the slaughter 0 The writer compares the Israelites to sheep that people kill and eat. As sheep are helpless before those who kill them, so the Israelites are helpless before their enemies.
44:23 b9h3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Awake, why do you sleep, Lord? 0 This does not mean that God is actually asleep. The writer speaks of God’s seeming inactivity as if God is sleeping. He asks the question to rebuke God for appearing not to be concerned about their troubles. Alternate translation: “Wake up! I feel like you are sleeping, Lord!” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
44:23 z7sm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor do not throw us off 0 The writer speaks of God’s rejection of Israel as if he were discarding an unwanted piece of clothing. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Psalms 44:9](../044/009.md). Alternate translation: “do not reject us”
44:24 h91h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Why do you hide your face & our oppression? 0 The writer uses this question to complain that God appears to be ignoring them. Alternate translation: “Do not hide your face … our oppression.”
44:24 hj18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor hide your face 0 The writer speaks of God ignoring them as if God were hiding his face so that he could not see them. Alternate translation: “ignore us”
44:24 jb65 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns forget our affliction and our oppression 0 The words “affliction” and “oppression” mean basically the same thing and emphasize the severity of their affliction. These words may also be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “forget that people afflict us and oppress us” or “forget that people greatly afflict us” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
44:25 rzd7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism For we have sunk down into the dust; our bodies cling to the earth 0 These parallel phrases share similar meanings. The writer describes his people as lying on the ground in a posture of defeat and humiliation.
44:25 f1gv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor For we have sunk down into the dust 0 The writer speaks of their humiliation as if their bodies were objects, such as ice, that melt and soak into the dirt.
44:25 q4te rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor our bodies cling to the earth 0 The writer speaks of their humiliation as if their bodies were stuck to the ground and they could not raise themselves up.
44:26 gbh3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Rise up 0 This is a command to stand. This phrase refers to beginning to act on something. Alternate translation: “Take action”
44:26 uu4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns for the sake of your covenant faithfulness 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “to show that you are faithful to your covenant”
42:intro mu68 0 # Psalm 042 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 42 is a psalm of praise for all that God has done and a prayer for deliverance from the authors enemies. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n\n### Psalm 42 and 43\n\n\nMany experts and some ancient versions put these two Psalms together as one Psalm. People think this because the two Psalms have very similar topics, and because Psalm 43 does not have a title. If you have a local translation, format the Psalms the way that your translation does.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s deliverance\n\nThe author praises God as he remembers what God has done for him in the past, and he puts his trust in him. He needs rescuing from his enemies. Scholars believe that this psalm is about a man in exile longing for Jerusalem.\n\n### Psalm 42 and Psalm 43\n\nSome scholars believe that these two psalms were originally written together as one psalm.\n\n\n## Difficult figures of speech in this chapter\n\n\n### Metonymy\n\nThe author of uses the word “soul” to mean himself. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly.
42:front w1x4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown מַשְׂכִּ֥יל 1 A **Maskil** is a type of Psalm which many experts believe are for the purpose of teaching widsom. If your readers would not be familiar with this, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “a teaching son” or “a wisdom song”
42:front fhvm לִ⁠בְנֵי־קֹֽרַח 1 This could mean: (1) The sons of Korah wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about the sons of Korah or (3) the psalm is in the style of psalms that the sons of Korah wrote.
42:1 t39i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠אַיָּ֗ל תַּעֲרֹ֥ג עַל־אֲפִֽיקֵי־מָ֑יִם כֵּ֤ן נַפְשִׁ֨⁠י תַעֲרֹ֖ג אֵלֶ֣י⁠ךָ אֱלֹהִֽים 1 The author's situation in which people are oppressing him is being compared to when a **deer** desires **streams of water** to drink from because it lives in a dry, desert area. If it would be helpful to your readers, you can state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “In the same way that a deer desires a stream to drink water from because it lives in a desert, so I desire to be rescued by you, God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
42:1 c3mx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy נַפְשִׁ֨⁠י תַעֲרֹ֖ג 1 See the discussion about **soul** in the general notes. Alternate translation: “I long”
42:2 xe9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor צָמְאָ֬ה נַפְשִׁ֨⁠י ׀ לֵ⁠אלֹהִים֮ 1 The author is using the phrase **thirst** to mean strongly desire. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “My soul strongly desires God”
42:2 bsl8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche נַפְשִׁ֨⁠י 1 See the discussion about the word **soul** in the [chapter introduction](../42/intro.md). Alternate translation: “I thirst for God”
42:2 y7os rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְ⁠אֵ֪ל חָ֥י 1 The author is using the phrase **living God** to mean that God is the one true God who exists and acts in the world, compared to the other false gods who do nothing. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for the real God”
42:2 pk3t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מָתַ֥י אָב֑וֹא וְ֝⁠אֵרָאֶ֗ה פְּנֵ֣י אֱלֹהִֽים 1 The author is using the question form to cry out to God. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “I greatly want to come and appear before God!”
42:3 mfk4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הָֽיְתָה־לִּ֬⁠י דִמְעָתִ֣⁠י לֶ֭חֶם 1 The author is using the phrase **My tears are my food** to mean that during this time of oppression, he has not eaten real food, but has only been crying in distress. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “My tears are like my only food”
42:3 nw17 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism יוֹמָ֣ם וָ⁠לָ֑יְלָה 1 The author is referring to the entire day by naming its components. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “all day”
42:3,10 mn0k rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous בֶּ⁠אֱמֹ֥ר אֵלַ֥⁠י & בְּ⁠אָמְרָ֥⁠ם אֵלַ֥⁠י 1 The phrases translated **when people are saying to me** and **when they are saying to me** indicates that the event it introduces took place at the same time as the event that the story related just before it. Use a natural form in your language for introducing an event that happened at the same time as another event. Alternate translation: “because people are constantly saying to me … and are constantly saying to me”
42:3,10 sa8l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion אַיֵּ֥ה אֱלֹהֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 Enemies are using the question form to challenge the author. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Surely your God will not help you!”
42:4 d12n rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אֵ֤לֶּה אֶזְכְּרָ֨ה 1 The phrase **These things** refers to what the author describes in the sentence “I traveled with the crowd and accompanied them to the house of God with a voice of joy and praise, a multitude celebrating a festival.” Make sure this is clear to your readers. Alternate translation: “The following things I remember”
42:4 k59b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠אֶשְׁפְּכָ֬ה עָלַ֨⁠י ׀ נַפְשִׁ֗⁠י 1 The author is using the phrase **I pour out my soul** to mean that he mourns when he remembers the events in the following sentence. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and my soul mourns within me”
42:4 c6f8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy נַפְשִׁ֗⁠י 1 See the discussion about the word **soul** in the [chapter introduction](../42/intro.md)
42:4 gv3q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בֵּ֥ית אֱלֹ֫הִ֥ים 1 The author is using the term **house** to mean the temple that is in Jerusalem. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the temple of God”
42:4 pn95 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠קוֹל־רִנָּ֥ה וְ⁠תוֹדָ֗ה 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **joy** and **praise**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “rejoicing and giving thanks with our voices”
42:4 hth4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys בְּ⁠קוֹל־רִנָּ֥ה וְ⁠תוֹדָ֗ה 1 This phrase expresses a single idea by using two words connected with and. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this meaning with an equivalent phrase that does not use and. Alternate translation: “with a voice of thanksgiving” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
42:5,11 xs1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מַה־תִּשְׁתּ֬וֹחֲחִ֨י ׀ נַפְשִׁ⁠י֮ וַ⁠תֶּהֱמִ֪י עָ֫לָ֥⁠י & מַה־תִּשְׁתּ֬וֹחֲחִ֨י ׀ נַפְשִׁ⁠י֮ וּֽ⁠מַה־תֶּהֱמִ֪י 1 The author is using the question form to challenge himself. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “You should not be bowed down, O my soul, and upset within me! … You should not be bowed down, O my soul, and you should not be upset within me!”
42:5,11 hl5t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מַה־תִּשְׁתּ֬וֹחֲחִ֨י ׀ נַפְשִׁ⁠י֮ וַ⁠תֶּהֱמִ֪י עָ֫לָ֥⁠י & מַה־תִּשְׁתּ֬וֹחֲחִ֨י ׀ נַפְשִׁ⁠י֮ וּֽ⁠מַה־תֶּהֱמִ֪י עָ֫לָ֥⁠י 1 See the discussion about the word **soul** in the [chapter introduction](../42/intro.md). Alternate translation: “Why am I bowed down and upset within myself?”
42:5,11 x98k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַה־תִּשְׁתּ֬וֹחֲחִ֨י ׀ נַפְשִׁ⁠י֮ 1 The author is using the phrase **bowed down** to mean depressed or sad. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Why are you sad, O my soul”
42:5-6 cc84 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants אוֹדֶ֗⁠נּוּ יְשׁוּע֥וֹת פָּנָֽי⁠ו & אֱֽלֹהַ֗⁠י 1 Many ancient manuscripts read “I will give him thanks, the salvation of his face.” The ULT follows that reading. Other ancient manuscripts read “I will him praise, the salvation that is before my God.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT.
42:5,11 fyf2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns יְשׁוּע֥וֹת פָּנָֽי⁠ו & יְשׁוּעֹ֥ת פָּ֝נַ֗⁠י 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **salvation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “whose face saves me … who saves my face”
42:5 u8xp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom פָּנָֽי⁠ו 1 Here, **his face** is an idiom that means the place where God himself dwells. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “that is from him”
42:6 lp5z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עָלַ⁠י֮ נַפְשִׁ֪⁠י תִשְׁתּ֫וֹחָ֥ח 1 See how you translated **bowed down** in the previous verse.
42:6 s443 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result עַל־כֵּ֗ן 1 The connecting word **therefore** introduce a goal or purpose relationship. The purpose for calling God to mind is because the authors soul is bowed down within him. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose.
42:6 u6xn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מֵ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ יַרְדֵּ֑ן 1 Here, **the land of the Jordan** is referring to northern Israel. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “from the northern region of Israel where the Jordan river is”
42:6 ka3s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ֝⁠חֶרְמוֹנִ֗ים 1 **Hermons** is likely referring to the entire mountain range which Mount Hermon is a part of. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and the mountain range where Mount Hermon is”
42:7 c6aq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תְּהֽוֹם־אֶל־תְּה֣וֹם ק֭וֹרֵא 1 The author speaks of **deep** water as if it were speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The deep is making a loud noise, as though it were shouting out to other deep water”
42:7 ehfk תְּהֽוֹם־אֶל־תְּה֣וֹם ק֭וֹרֵא 1 The the meaning of the word **Deep** here is not entirely clear. It could mean (1) a flood of moving water, such as a river. Alternate translation: “One deep river is calling to another deep river” (2) A large mass of water. Alternate translation: “Deep water is calling to other deep water”
42:7 exq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תְּהֽוֹם־אֶל־תְּה֣וֹם ק֭וֹרֵא לְ⁠ק֣וֹל צִנּוֹרֶ֑י⁠ךָ כָּֽל־מִשְׁבָּרֶ֥י⁠ךָ וְ֝⁠גַלֶּ֗י⁠ךָ עָלַ֥⁠י עָבָֽרוּ 1 In the same way that the author uses water imagery in [42:1-2](../42/1-2.md) to describe himself, so he uses water imagery here to describe the the how he is feeling. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “When people afflict me, they cause my soul to be in turmoil like when deep water calls out to deep water with the sound of your waterfalls. It is also as though your waves and billows crash over me”
42:7 d5k7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet כָּֽל־מִשְׁבָּרֶ֥י⁠ךָ וְ֝⁠גַלֶּ֗י⁠ךָ 1 The terms **waves** and **billows** mean similar things. The author may be using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “All of your waves”
42:8 zip8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification יוֹמָ֤ם ׀ יְצַוֶּ֬ה יְהוָ֨ה ׀ חַסְדּ֗⁠וֹ וּ֭⁠בַ⁠לַּיְלָה שִׁיר֣וֹ עִמִּ֑⁠י\n\n 1 The author speaks of **covenant faithfulness** as if it were a person that Yahweh could command. Likewise, the author speaks of **his song** as if it were a person that could be present with him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “During the day, Yahweh performs his steadfast love, and in the night, I sign a song about him”
42:8 ef4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יוֹמָ֤ם ׀ יְצַוֶּ֬ה יְהוָ֨ה ׀ חַסְדּ֗⁠וֹ 1 Here, the author leaves out the implied information that **Yahweh commands his steadfast love** to be with the author. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh commands his steadfast love to be with me”
42:8 k38l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns יוֹמָ֤ם ׀ יְצַוֶּ֬ה יְהוָ֨ה ׀ חַסְדּ֗⁠וֹ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is faithful to his covenant during the day”
42:8 xm7t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession לְ⁠אֵ֣ל חַיָּֽ⁠י 1 Here, the author is using the possessive form to describe how **God** is the one who sustains his **life** If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “to the God who sustains my life” or “to the God who causes me to live”
42:9 si6j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְ⁠אֵ֥ל סַלְעִ⁠י֮ 1 The author is using the phrase **my rock** to mean that God protects him like a rock protects a person from their enemy. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to God, who is like a protective rock to me”
42:9 auib rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations אוֹמְרָ֤ה ׀ לְ⁠אֵ֥ל סַלְעִ⁠י֮ לָ⁠מָ֪ה שְׁכַ֫חְתָּ֥⁠נִי לָֽ⁠מָּה־קֹדֵ֥ר אֵלֵ֗ךְ בְּ⁠לַ֣חַץ אוֹיֵֽב 1 It may be more natural in your language to have an indirect quotation here. Alternate translation: “I will ask God, my rock, why he has forgotten me, and why I must go around mourning because of the oppression of my enemies”
42:9 v6e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion לָ⁠מָ֪ה שְׁכַ֫חְתָּ֥⁠נִי לָֽ⁠מָּה־קֹדֵ֥ר אֵלֵ֗ךְ בְּ⁠לַ֣חַץ אוֹיֵֽב 1 The author is using the question form to challenge God. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “You have surely forgotten me! I am always walking around mourning because of the oppression of my enemies!”
42:9 mjjg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠לַ֣חַץ אוֹיֵֽב 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **oppression**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “because of how my enemies oppress me”
42:10 bp1m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠רֶ֤צַח ׀ בְּֽ⁠עַצְמוֹתַ֗⁠י חֵרְפ֥וּ⁠נִי צוֹרְרָ֑⁠י 1author The author is using the phrase **In the crushing of my bones, those who are hostile to me rebuke me** to mean that when they rebuke him, it is as if they were crushing his bones because it is so painful. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “As if they were crushing my bones, those who are hostile to me rebuke me”
43:intro x44y 0 # Psalm 043 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 43 is a psalm of deliverance. It is a plea for rescue from the psalmist’s enemies. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSee the note on Psalms 42 and 43 in the [chapter introduction](../42/intro.md) \n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Abstract Nouns\n\nIn this chapter, the author uses many abstract nouns. Some languages do not use abstract nouns. If your language does not use an abstract noun for certain ideas, you could express the same idea in another way. \n
43:1 il4d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative שָׁפְטֵ֤⁠נִי אֱלֹהִ֨ים ׀ וְ⁠רִ֘יבָ֤⁠ה 1 This is an imperative, but it communicates a polite request rather than a command. Use a form in your language that communicates a polite request. It may be helpful to add an expression such as “please” to make this clear. Alternate translation: “Please, deliver me O God and defend”
43:1 b508 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism שָׁפְטֵ֤⁠נִי אֱלֹהִ֨ים ׀ וְ⁠רִ֘יבָ֤⁠ה רִיבִ֗⁠י & תְפַלְּטֵֽ⁠נִי 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Translate them according to the decisions your team has made regarding translating parallelism in Hebrew poetry. See the [book introduction](../front/intro.md) for more information. Alternate translation: “Declare me righteous O God, defend my case … Please deliver me” or “Show that I am innocent O God”
43:2 quk8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases כִּֽי 1 If the connection between this statement and the previous one is not clear, you may want to use a connecting word to show how this statement relates to what came before it. Use a natural form in your language for connecting this statement to the previous one. Alternate translation: “This is because ”
43:2 ocsj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אַתָּ֤ה ׀ אֱלֹהֵ֣י מָֽעוּזִּ⁠י֮ 1 Here, the author is using the possessive form to describe how **God** is like a **fortification** to him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “You are like a fortification to me O God”
43:2 a96e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion לָ⁠מָ֪ה זְנַ֫חְתָּ֥⁠נִי לָֽ⁠מָּה־קֹדֵ֥ר אֶתְהַלֵּ֗ךְ בְּ⁠לַ֣חַץ אוֹיֵֽב 1 The author is using the question form to challenge God. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Surely you have rejected me! I am always walking around mourning because of the oppression of my enemies!”
43:2 cpw2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠לַ֣חַץ אוֹיֵֽב 1 See how you translated **oppression** in [42:9](../42/09.md)
43:3 zl9j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שְׁלַח־אוֹרְ⁠ךָ֣ 1 The author is using the phrase **light** to mean good actions that drive away evil people, which darkness often represents. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Drive away evil people”
43:3 e7jd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative שְׁלַח 1 This is an imperative, but it communicates a polite request rather than a command. Use a form in your language that communicates a polite request. It may be helpful to add an expression such as “please” to make this clear. Alternate translation: “Please send”
43:3 p4tz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וַ֭⁠אֲמִתְּ⁠ךָ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **truth**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and speak true words to me”
43:3 uhy4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification הֵ֣מָּה יַנְח֑וּ⁠נִי יְבִיא֥וּ⁠נִי 1 The author speaks of “light” and “truth” as if they could **lead** him and **bring** him somewhere. It is actually God, who sends the light and truth, who does these things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you will lead me. You will bring me ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
43:3 rr6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet אֶל־הַֽר־קָ֝דְשְׁ⁠ךָ֗ וְ⁠אֶל־מִשְׁכְּנוֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 The phrases **הַֽר־קָ֝דְשְׁ⁠ךָ֗** and **מִשְׁכְּנוֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ** mean similar things. The author may be using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “to your holy dwelling place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
43:3 gsje rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֶל־הַֽר־קָ֝דְשְׁ⁠ךָ֗ וְ⁠אֶל־מִשְׁכְּנוֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 The author is using the terms **holy mountain** and **dwelling place** to mean the temple which is in Jerusalem, on top of Mount Zion. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to your holy temple, and to the temple in which you dwell”
43:4 k512 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom שִׂמְחַ֪ת גִּ֫ילִ֥⁠י 1 Here, **the joy of my gladness** is an idiom that means to have a lot of joy. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “my exceeding joy”
43:4 r8lp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אֶל־אֵל֮ שִׂמְחַ֪ת גִּ֫ילִ֥⁠י 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **joy** and **gladness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “to the God who makes me very joyful”
43:5 qb88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מַה־תִּשְׁתּ֬וֹחֲחִ֨י ׀ נַפְשִׁ⁠י֮ וּֽ⁠מַה־תֶּהֱמִ֪י עָ֫לָ֥⁠י 1 See how you translated **Why are you bowed down, O my soul? And why are you upset within me** in [42:11](../42/11.md)
43:5 wn18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַה־תִּשְׁתּ֬וֹחֲחִ֨י ׀ נַפְשִׁ⁠י֮ 1 See how you translated **bowed down** in [42:11](../42/11.md)
43:5 z1zd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns יְשׁוּעֹ֥ת פָּ֝נַ֗⁠י 1 See how you translated **the salvation of my face** in [42:11](../42/11.md)
44:intro cu7e 0 # Psalm 044 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 44 is a deliverance psalm. It is a prayer for God’s help against enemies. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n\n### Pronouns\n\nThe author uses the pronoun us to refer to himself and the other Israelite, so use the inclusive form of that word if your language marks that distinction. In [44:4](../44/04.md) and [44:6](../44/06.md), the author switches to the singular form. This likely shows that he is functioning as the one who is leading worship for the Israelites he is with.\n\n### Collective Nouns\n\n\nIn this Psalm, the author frequently uses the singular form to refer to something that belongs to all of the people of Israel. If it would be helpful, you can use the plural form for these words.\n\n### You are my king\n\n\nIn [44:4](../44/04.md), the author speaks about God as his king. The author says this to express that Yahweh is the one true king over all of the earth, in contrast to any earthly king.\n
44:front q33f לִ⁠בְנֵי־קֹ֬רַח 1 This could mean (1) The sons of Korah wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about the sons of Korah or (3) the psalm is in the style of psalms that the sons of Korah wrote.
44:front p6qd rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown מַשְׂכִּֽיל 1 A **Maskil** is a type of Psalm which many experts believe are for the purpose of teaching widsom. If your readers would not be familiar with this, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “a teaching son” or “a wisdom song”
44:1 gi44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֲבוֹתֵ֥י⁠נוּ 1 The author is using the term **fathers** to mean ancestors. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “our relatives who lived long ago”
44:1 n2t8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בִֽ֝⁠ימֵי⁠הֶ֗ם 1 Here, **in their days** is an idiom that means when they were alive. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when they were alive”
44:1 u8t3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בִֽ֝⁠ימֵי⁠הֶ֗ם בִּ֣⁠ימֵי קֶֽדֶם 1 Here, the phrase **days of old** is describing **in their days**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “in their days, which were long ago”
44:2 xzex rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast אַתָּ֤ה ׀ יָדְ⁠ךָ֡ גּוֹיִ֣ם ה֭וֹרַשְׁתָּ וַ⁠תִּטָּעֵ֑⁠ם תָּרַ֥ע לְ֝אֻמִּ֗ים וַֽ⁠תְּשַׁלְּחֵֽ⁠ם 1 The author uses the word **but** here to indicate a strong contrast between **the nations** and **them**, as well as between **the peoples** and **them**. In your translation, indicate this strong contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You drove out the nations with your hand, in contrast to how you planted them. You afflicted the peoples, in contrast to how you sent them”
44:2 rd1l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אַתָּ֤ה ׀ יָדְ⁠ךָ֡ גּוֹיִ֣ם ה֭וֹרַשְׁתָּ 1 The author is using the term **hand** to mean power. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “You drove out the nations by your power” or “You drove out the nations powerfully”
44:2 w7r6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche גּוֹיִ֣ם 1 The author is using **nations** to represent the people who were a part of another nation. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “other peoples”
44:2 ryh9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠תִּטָּעֵ֑⁠ם & וַֽ⁠תְּשַׁלְּחֵֽ⁠ם 1 The pronoun **them** refers to the fathers of the Israelite people. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “but you planted our fathers … but you sent our fathers”
44:2 a2fh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַ⁠תִּטָּעֵ֑⁠ם 1 The author is using the phrase **planted** to mean that Yahweh caused them to settle in the land, as someone plants a plant in the ground. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly, as demonstrated in the UST.
44:3 f15t rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בְ⁠חַרְבָּ֡⁠ם 1 A **sword** is a weapon with a sharp blade on one end of it. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of weapon, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “with their weapon”
44:3 cnco rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ⁠זְרוֹעָ⁠ם֮ & יְמִֽינְ⁠ךָ֣ וּ֭⁠זְרוֹעֲ⁠ךָ 1 The author is using the terms **arm** and **right hand** to mean power. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and their power … your might and your power”
44:3 cr9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast כִּֽי 1 The author uses the word **but** here to indicate a strong contrast between the previous sentence and the sentence that follows. In your translation, indicate this strong contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but rather”
44:3 ekr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis יְמִֽינְ⁠ךָ֣ וּ֭⁠זְרוֹעֲ⁠ךָ וְ⁠א֥וֹר פָּנֶ֗י⁠ךָ 1 The author is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “your right hand, your arm, and the light of your face possessed the land and saved them”
44:3 loqu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠א֥וֹר פָּנֶ֗י⁠ךָ 1 The author is using the phrase **the light of your face** to mean to the favor that someone has on another person. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and your favor”
44:4 md4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative צַ֝וֵּ֗ה 1 This is an imperative, but it communicates a polite request rather than a command. Use a form in your language that communicates a polite request. It may be helpful to add an expression such as “please” to make this clear. Alternate translation: “Please appoint”
44:4 j556 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns צַ֝וֵּ֗ה יְשׁוּע֥וֹת יַעֲקֹֽב 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **salvation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “Save Jacob”
44:4 nd91 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche יַעֲקֹֽב 1 The author is using **Jacob** to represent the people who live in the country of Israel, which is sometimes called Jacob. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the people who live in the country of Jacob”
44:5 cn87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ֭⁠ךָ צָרֵ֣י⁠נוּ נְנַגֵּ֑חַ בְּ֝⁠שִׁמְ⁠ךָ֗ נָב֥וּס קָמֵֽי⁠נוּ 1 The author is using the words **gore** and **trample** to mean beat down and defeat. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Through you we beat down our enemies, and by your name we defeat those who rise up against us”
44:5,8 l9n9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ֝⁠שִׁמְ⁠ךָ֗ & וְ⁠שִׁמְ⁠ךָ֓ 1 The author is using the term **name** to mean God himself. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “through you … you”
44:5,26 u2c5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom קָמֵֽי⁠נוּ & ק֭וּמָֽ⁠ה 1 Here, **those who rise up against us** is an idiom that means people who attack them. **Rise up** is a phrase that is asking Yahweh to fight for them. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “those who attack us … Fight for us”
44:6 n9b8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְ֝⁠חַרְבִּ֗⁠י לֹ֣א תוֹשִׁיעֵֽ⁠נִי 1 Here, the author speaks of his **sword** as if it were a person who could save him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and I will not save myself with my sword”
44:9 tw86 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases אַף 1 If the connection between this statement and the previous one is not clear, you may want to use a connecting word to show how this statement relates to what came before it. Use a natural form in your language for connecting this statement to the previous one. Alternate translation: “Even though we do this,”
44:9 cc5p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠לֹא־תֵ֝צֵ֗א בְּ⁠צִבְאוֹתֵֽי⁠נוּ 1 The author assumes that his readers will understand that **go out** means to go out and fight in battle. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and you have not helped our armies fight”
44:10 bc8x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom תְּשִׁיבֵ֣⁠נוּ אָ֭חוֹר 1 Here, **turn back** is an idiom that means to retreat during a battle. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “retreat” or “flee”
44:10 mbop rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom שָׁ֣סוּ לָֽ⁠מוֹ 1 Here, **plunder for themselves** is an idiom that means to take as much spoils as one wants. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “have plundered as much as they desired”
44:11 cmt5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile תִּ֭תְּנֵ⁠נוּ כְּ⁠צֹ֣אן מַאֲכָ֑ל 1 Here, the author is comparing the people of Israel with sheep. If it would be helpful to your readers, you can state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “You have allowed our enemies to attack us, and we were defenseless like sheep that people are about to kill and eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
44:11 k8qj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ֝⁠בַ⁠גּוֹיִ֗ם זֵרִיתָֽ⁠נוּ 1 The author is using the phrase **scattered** to mean to spread out over a vast area. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you have spread us all out among the nations”
44:11 kbai rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וּ֝⁠בַ⁠גּוֹיִ֗ם 1 See how you translated **nations** in [44:2](../44/02.md).
44:12 zm14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תִּמְכֹּֽר־עַמְּ⁠ךָ֥ בְ⁠לֹא־ה֑וֹן 1 The author is using the phrase **you sell your people for what is not valuable** to mean that Yahweh allows the enemies to take his people captive, as though he were selling them to the enemies. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation “You allow the enemies to take your people captive, as if you were selling your people to them”
44:13 j3ej rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism תְּשִׂימֵ֣⁠נוּ חֶ֭רְפָּה לִ⁠שְׁכֵנֵ֑י⁠נוּ לַ֥עַג וָ֝⁠קֶ֗לֶס לִ⁠סְבִיבוֹתֵֽי⁠נוּ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Translate them according to the decisions your team has made regarding translating parallelism in Hebrew poetry. See the [book introduction](../front/intro.md) for more information. Alternate translation: “You have made us a reproach to our neighbors, and a contempt and a scorn to those around us” or “You have caused those who live in the countries around us to reproach us”
44:13 ys4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis לַ֥עַג וָ֝⁠קֶ֗לֶס לִ⁠סְבִיבוֹתֵֽי⁠נוּ 1 The author is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “you have made us a contempt and a scorn to those around us”
44:13 z6rm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חֶ֭רְפָּה לִ⁠שְׁכֵנֵ֑י⁠נוּ לַ֥עַג וָ֝⁠קֶ֗לֶס 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the ideas of **reproach**, **contempt**, or **scorn** you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “You have caused our enemies to reproach us, we are contemptuous and scornful”
44:14 d6zg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism תְּשִׂימֵ֣⁠נוּ מָ֭שָׁל בַּ⁠גּוֹיִ֑ם מְנֽוֹד־רֹ֝֗אשׁ בַּל־אֻמִּֽים 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Translate them according to the decisions your team has made regarding translating parallelism in Hebrew poetry. See the [book introduction](../front/intro.md) for more information. Alternate translation: “You have made us an insult among the nations, and a shaking of the head among the peoples” or “You have made us a disgrace among the foreign peoples”
44:14 cf7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תְּשִׂימֵ֣⁠נוּ מָ֭שָׁל בַּ⁠גּוֹיִ֑ם 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **insult**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “You have caused the nations to insult us”
44:15 lk1b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns כָּל־הַ֭⁠יּוֹם כְּלִמָּתִ֣⁠י נֶגְדִּ֑⁠י וּ⁠בֹ֖שֶׁת פָּנַ֣⁠י כִּסָּֽתְ⁠נִי 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **dishonor**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “All the day people dishonor me, and I am completely ashamed”
44:15 jksa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כְּלִמָּתִ֣⁠י נֶגְדִּ֑⁠י 1 Here, **my dishonor is before me** is an idiom that means he is always thinking about his dishonor. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I am always thinking about my dishonor”
44:15 zda1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ⁠בֹ֖שֶׁת פָּנַ֣⁠י כִּסָּֽתְ⁠נִי 1 The phrase **the same of my face covers has covered me** means that the author is so ashamed that his facial expression shows that he is ashamed. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “an expression of shame covers my face” or “people can see by my face that I am ashamed
44:16 p8lw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche מִ֭⁠קּוֹל מְחָרֵ֣ף וּ⁠מְגַדֵּ֑ף 1 The author is using **voice** to represent people who are speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from people who reproach and insult me”
44:16 t4vj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet מְחָרֵ֣ף וּ⁠מְגַדֵּ֑ף & א֝וֹיֵ֗ב וּ⁠מִתְנַקֵּֽם 1 The terms **reproaching** and **insulting** mean similar things. The terms **enemy** and **a vengeful one* also mean similar things The author may be using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “insulting … a hostile one”
44:17 yz8s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כָּל־זֹ֣את 1 The author assumes that his readers will understand that **All of these things** refers to everything that the author has described since [44:9](../44/09.md). You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “All of the things I have just spoken about”
44:17 sfr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וְ⁠לֹ֣א שְׁכַחֲנ֑וּ⁠ךָ וְ⁠לֹֽא־שִׁ֝קַּ֗רְנוּ בִּ⁠בְרִיתֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Translate them according to the decisions your team has made regarding translating parallelism in Hebrew poetry. See the [book introduction](../front/intro.md) for more information. Alternate translation: “We have not forgotten you, and we likewise have not dealt falsely with your covenant” or “We have not stopped being faithful to you”
44:17-18 u4i2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives וְ⁠לֹ֣א שְׁכַחֲנ֑וּ⁠ךָ וְ⁠לֹֽא־שִׁ֝קַּ֗רְנוּ בִּ⁠בְרִיתֶֽ⁠ךָ & לֹא־נָס֣וֹג אָח֣וֹר לִבֵּ֑⁠נוּ וַ⁠תֵּ֥ט אֲשֻׁרֵ֗י⁠נוּ מִנִּ֥י אָרְחֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the negative particle **not** and a negative word. Alternate translation: “and we have remembered you, and we have been faithful to your covenant … Our heart has continued to obey you, and our steps have stayed on your way”
44:18 qi6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism לֹא־נָס֣וֹג אָח֣וֹר לִבֵּ֑⁠נוּ וַ⁠תֵּ֥ט אֲשֻׁרֵ֗י⁠נוּ מִנִּ֥י אָרְחֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Translate them according to the decisions your team has made regarding translating parallelism in Hebrew poetry. See the [book introduction](../front/intro.md) for more information. Alternate translation: “Our heart has not turned back, likewise our steps bent from your ways” or “Our actions have not departed from you”
44:18 tm77 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom נָס֣וֹג אָח֣וֹר לִבֵּ֑⁠נוּ 1 Here, **turn back** is an idiom that means to stop obeying Yahweh. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Our heart has not stopped obeying you”
44:18 mf97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַ⁠תֵּ֥ט אֲשֻׁרֵ֗י⁠נוּ מִנִּ֥י אָרְחֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 The author is using the phrase **our steps*** to refer a person's actions during their life. They are using **your way** to refer to Yahweh's commandments as though they were a path that someone might walk on. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “we have acted according to your commandments”
44:18 y5ah rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַ⁠תֵּ֥ט אֲשֻׁרֵ֗י⁠נוּ מִנִּ֥י אָרְחֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 The author is using the phrase **bent** to mean that their **steps** have turned towards a different direction, just as a piece of metal is bent in a different direction. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “our steps have turned in a different direction from your ways, as a person bends something”
44:18 cq5x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וַ⁠תֵּ֥ט אֲשֻׁרֵ֗י⁠נוּ מִנִּ֥י אָרְחֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 The author is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “our steps have not bent from your way”
44:19 d4u4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כִּ֣י דִ֭כִּיתָ⁠נוּ בִּ⁠מְק֣וֹם תַּנִּ֑ים 1 The author is using the phrase **crushed** to mean destroyed in battle. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “You have destroyed us as easily as someone crushes a fragile object”
44:19 cwm0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בִּ⁠מְק֣וֹם תַּנִּ֑ים 1 The author is using the term **place of jackals** to mean a desert place where wild animals such as jackals live. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in a desert place where jackals live”
44:19 dfs9 בְ⁠צַלְמָֽוֶת 1 Here, the phrase **extreme darkness** could mean (1) a place that is very dark and has no light, or (2) the place where people go after they die which has no light.
44:20-21 k5hu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo אִם־שָׁ֭כַחְנוּ שֵׁ֣ם אֱלֹהֵ֑י⁠נוּ וַ⁠נִּפְרֹ֥שׂ כַּ֝פֵּ֗י⁠נוּ לְ⁠אֵ֣ל זָֽר & הֲ⁠לֹ֣א אֱ֭לֹהִים יַֽחֲקָר־זֹ֑את 1 The author uses this expression to introduce an imaginary situation to help explain how he and the rest of the people have not stopped worshiping Yahweh. Use a natural method in your language for introducing an imaginary situation. Alternate translation: “Suppose that we had forgotten the name of our God and spread our hands to a foreign god, would not God have known this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
44:20-21 a4j5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person שֵׁ֣ם אֱלֹהֵ֑י⁠נוּ 1 The author is using the term **name** to mean Yahweh himself. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “our God”
44:20-21 ljaf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person שֵׁ֣ם אֱלֹהֵ֑י⁠נוּ & אֱ֭לֹהִים 1 The author is speaking about God in the third person even though he is talking directly to him. If this would not be natural in your language, you could use the second person form. Alternate translation: “your name, O God … you”
44:20 g9jv rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַ⁠נִּפְרֹ֥שׂ כַּ֝פֵּ֗י⁠נוּ 1 The author speaks about **spreading out our hands** as a symbolic action to speak about worshipping a god. If this would not be clear to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action in the text or in a footnote. Alternate translation: “and worshipped”
44:21 rv5k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠לֹ֣א אֱ֭לֹהִים יַֽחֲקָר־זֹ֑את 1 The author is using the question form to challenge Yahweh. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Surely God would have known this”
44:21 jnhn rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּֽי 1 The word translated as **For** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “This is because”
44:21 ih8n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy תַּעֲלֻמ֥וֹת לֵֽב 1 The author is using the term **heart** to mean a person's inner thoughts. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “inner thoughts”
44:22 mxt3 עָ֭לֶי⁠ךָ הֹרַ֣גְנוּ 1 The phrase **because of you** could mean (1) that Yahweh is the reason that they are being killed, because he is allowing people to attack and kill them. Alternate translation: “because you allow people to kill us” or (2) that because they are Yahweh's people, people kill them. Alternate translation: “because we are your people we are killed”
44:22 exg2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive עָ֭לֶי⁠ךָ הֹרַ֣גְנוּ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “because you allow people to kill us”
44:22 lmjq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole כָל־הַ⁠יּ֑וֹם 1 The author says **all the day** here as a generalization for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “constantly”
44:22 vl87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis נֶ֝חְשַׁ֗בְנוּ כְּ⁠צֹ֣אן טִבְחָֽה 1 The author is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “because of you we are considered to be like sheep of slaughtering”
44:22 z837 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile נֶ֝חְשַׁ֗בְנוּ כְּ⁠צֹ֣אן טִבְחָֽה 1 The author is saying that he and the people of Israel are like sheep that people slaughter for food because, like sheep, they cannot defend themselves when people try to kill them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “we are thought to be like innocent sheep that cannot defend themselves before they are slaughtered”
44:22 sqek rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession כְּ⁠צֹ֣אן טִבְחָֽה 1 Here, the author is using the possessive form to describe a **sheep** that is characterized by **slaughtering**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “like sheep that people slaughter”
44:23 uoz8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ע֤וּרָ⁠ה ׀ לָ֖⁠מָּה תִישַׁ֥ן ׀ אֲדֹנָ֑⁠י הָ֝קִ֗יצָ⁠ה 1 The author is using words pertaining to rest, such as **Awake**, **sleeping**, and **Arise** to explain that it seemed as though Yahweh were resting and not helping to defend his people. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly, as in the UST.
44:23 b9h3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative ע֤וּרָ⁠ה & הָ֝קִ֗יצָ⁠ה אַל־תִּזְנַ֥ח לָ⁠נֶֽצַח 1 This is an imperative, but it communicates a polite request rather than a command. Use a form in your language that communicates a polite request. It may be helpful to add an expression such as “please” to make this clear. Alternate translation: “Please, awake! … Arise! Please do not throw us off forever”
44:23 p0t3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion לָ֖⁠מָּה תִישַׁ֥ן ׀ אֲדֹנָ֑⁠י 1 The author is using the question form to challenge Yahweh. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Surely you should not be sleeping, Lord!”
44:24 h91h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion לָֽ⁠מָּה־פָנֶ֥י⁠ךָ תַסְתִּ֑יר תִּשְׁכַּ֖ח עָנְיֵ֣⁠נוּ וְֽ⁠לַחֲצֵֽ⁠נוּ 1 The author is using the question form to challenge Yahweh. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Surely you hide your face, and forget our affliction and oppression!”
44:24 tyen rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לָֽ⁠מָּה־פָנֶ֥י⁠ךָ תַסְתִּ֑יר 1 The author is using the phrase **you have hidden your face** to mean that he is not favoring his people. Yahweh does not have a face. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Why have you have hidden your favor” or “Why are you are not favoring us”
44:24 hj18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy תִּשְׁכַּ֖ח 1 The author is using the term **forget** to mean ignore. God does not forget anything in the way that people forget things, but to the author, it seems that he has forgotten. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and ignore”
44:24 jb65 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עָנְיֵ֣⁠נוּ וְֽ⁠לַחֲצֵֽ⁠נוּ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the ideas of **affliction** and **oppression**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “that people afflict and oppress us”
44:25 rzd7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism כִּ֤י שָׁ֣חָה לֶ⁠עָפָ֣ר נַפְשֵׁ֑⁠נוּ דָּבְקָ֖ה לָ⁠אָ֣רֶץ בִּטְנֵֽ⁠נוּ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Translate them according to the decisions your team has made regarding translating parallelism in Hebrew poetry. See the [book introduction](../front/intro.md) for more information. Alternate translation: “For our life has sunk to the dust, likewise our belly has clung to the earth” or “For we have laid down in the dirt”
44:25 rlhr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כִּ֤י שָׁ֣חָה לֶ⁠עָפָ֣ר נַפְשֵׁ֑⁠נוּ דָּבְקָ֖ה לָ⁠אָ֣רֶץ בִּטְנֵֽ⁠נוּ 1 The author is using the phrase **For our soul has sunk down into the dust, our belly has clung to the earth** to mean that they are feeling hopeless because of how people are afflicting them. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “For we are hopeless, as though our life has sunk into the dust, as though our belly has clung to the earth”
44:25 mo4m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֶ⁠עָפָ֣ר 1 The author is using the term **dust** to mean the ground. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to the ground”
44:25 iy8s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy נַפְשֵׁ֑⁠נוּ 1 The author is using the term **life** to mean themselves. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “we”
44:26 gbh3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative ק֭וּמָֽ⁠ה & וּ֝⁠פְדֵ֗⁠נוּ 1 This is an imperative, but it communicates a polite request rather than a command. Use a form in your language that communicates a polite request. It may be helpful to add an expression such as “please” to make this clear. Alternate translation: “Please, rise up … please help us”
44:26 uu4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חַסְדֶּֽ⁠ךָ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea in another way, as in the UST.
45:intro hk23 0 # Psalm 045 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 45 is a royal psalm written for the king’s wedding day.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Beauty\n\nThe king has a beautiful palace, and his bride is also beautiful.\n\n### Superscription\n\nThis psalm is called “a Maschil.” The word “Maschil” in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm.
45:1 v3sl rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
45:1 p8j6 For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship”
@ -4591,52 +4615,60 @@ front:intro rx9u 0 # Introduction to Psalms\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
119:175 z1ep rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor may your righteous decrees help me 0 The psalmist speaks of Yahweh’s decrees as if they were a person who could help him. Alternate translation: “may I listen to your righteous decrees and so become wise and strong”
119:176 xw7j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile I have wandered off like a lost sheep 0 The psalmist compares his disobedience to Yahweh to a sheep that has wandered away from the flock. Alternate translation: “I have left your way like a sheep that has left its flock”
119:176 ap6x seek your servant 0 Alternate translation: “because I am your servant, come and search for me”
120:intro x4aj 0 # Psalm 120 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 120 is a psalm of deliverance from liars. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Fighting\n\nThe author did not want to fight, but the people he lived with wanted to fight him.
120:1 xq2k rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
120:1 d8u6 In my distress 0 Alternate translation: “In my trouble” or “When I was in trouble”
120:2 a439 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Rescue my life 0 Here the word “life” represents the person. Alternate translation: “Rescue me”
120:2 yy4j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche those who lie with their lips and deceive with their tongues 0 Here the phrases “their lips” and “their tongues” represent the people who speak lies and deceit. Alternate translation: “those who lie to me and try to deceive me”
120:3 rl7j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion How will he punish you, and what more will he do to you, you who have a lying tongue? 0 The writer asks this as a leading question to explain what God will do to liars. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “This is how God will punish you, and this is what he will do to you, you who have a lying tongue.”
120:3 k1uu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche you who have a lying tongue 0 Here “a lying tongue” represents the person who speaks lies. Alternate translation: “you who tell lies”
120:4 tp2n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He will punish you with the arrows of a warrior 0 The writer speaks of God severely punishing liars as if God were shooting them with arrows. Alternate translation: “He will punish you severely, as if he were shooting you with warrior’s arrows”
120:4 gu1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive sharpened over burning coals of the broom tree 0 This refers to how people forged the tip of the arrow in a fire. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that he sharpened over burning coals of the broom tree”
120:5 mg3z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I temporarily live in Meshech; I lived previously among the tents of Kedar 0 These two places were far away from each other. The writer is likely using the names metaphorically to represent living among cruel and barbaric people. Alternate translation: “It is as if I live in Meshech or among the tents of Kedar”
120:5 qx4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the tents of Kedar 0 This phrase represents the people of Kedar who live in those tents. Alternate translation: “the people who live in Kedar”
120:7 sf92 I am for peace 0 Alternate translation: “I want peace”
120:7 lr78 they are for war 0 Alternate translation: “they want war”
121:intro n97g 0 # Psalm 121 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 121 is a worship psalm.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s protection\n\nGod always watches over those who believe in him and protects them from harm. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]])
121:1 xgy7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
121:1 cb45 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy lift up my eyes 0 This expression means “look at” or “focus my attention on.”
121:1 yb6k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion From where will my help come? 0 The writer uses this question to focus attention on the source of his help. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “I will tell you from where my help comes.”
121:2 d3ip My help comes from Yahweh 0 This is the answer to the previous question.
121:3 r43x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThere is a shift here to the second person. This could mean: (1) the writer begins speaking to the people of Israel or (2) the writer is quoting another person speaking to the writer.
121:3 uj6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy your foot to slip 0 The slipping of a foot is associated with falling. Alternate translation: “you to fall”
121:3 l1fp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy he who protects you will not slumber 0 Here to “slumber” means he would stop protecting. The negative form strengthens the statement. Alternate translation: “God will not fall asleep and stop protecting you” or “God will always protect you” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
121:3 j2nn he who protects you 0 God
121:4 eq68 the guardian 0 God
121:4 b5yf See 0 This word alerts us to pay attention to the important information that follows.
121:4 f8qt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet never slumbers or sleeps 0 These two words mean the same thing. Here to “slumber” means to stop protecting. The negative form strengthens the statement. Alternate translation: “will not sleep and stop protecting you” or “will always protect you” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
121:5 sk2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Yahweh is the shade at your right hand 0 Here “shade” refers to protection. Alternate translation: “God is beside you to protect you from things that would hurt you”
121:5 hq1i at your right hand 0 Here this expression means to be beside or near to the writer.
121:6 p2y6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism The sun will not harm you by day, nor the moon by night 0 The contrasting terms “day” and “night” refer to those extremes and everything in between. Alternate translation: “God protects you from the elements at all times”
121:6 wzt9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis nor the moon by night 0 It is implies that “will not harm you” is implied here. The full meaning of this statement may be made clear. Alternate translation: “nor will the moon harm you by night”
121:7 au24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy your life 0 This refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “you”
122:intro x7wj 0 # Psalm 122 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 122 is a psalm about Jerusalem.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Jerusalem\n\nJerusalem is an important city, the center of government and religious activities; so the author prays for peace for the city.
122:1 lck5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
122:1 x5k5 A song of ascents 0 This could mean: (1) “song people sang while going up to Jerusalem for a celebration” or (2) “song people sang while going up the steps into the temple” or (3) “song whose words are like steps.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 120:1](../120/001.md)
122:2 d2gp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe Jerusalem, our feet are standing within your gates! 0 The writer briefly stops speaking to his audience and speaks directly to the city of Jerusalem. Jerusalem is spoken to as if it was a person who could hear the writer. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
122:2 gjq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche our feet are standing 0 Here “feet” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “we are standing”
122:2 pe5k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche within your gates 0 Here “gates” refers to the city. Alternate translation: “inside you, Jerusalem”
122:4 xbf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the name of Yahweh 0 Here “name” refers to Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “Yahweh”
122:5 xk6c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the house of David 0 Here “house” refers to the descendants of David. Alternate translation: “the descendants of David”
122:6 q9u2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe May those who love you have peace 0 This section states the content of the prayer that the writer wants his audience to pray. He asks them to speak directly to the city of Jerusalem, as if the city was a person who could hear them. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
122:7 qxx3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe 0 This verse finishes the prayer that the writer wants his audience to pray. He asks them to speak directly to the city of Jerusalem, as if the city was a person who could hear them. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
122:7 exb9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism May there be peace within & may they have peace within 0 These two phrases have the same meanings and are used together to strengthen each other. Alternate translation: “May the people in Jerusalem live in peace”
122:7 d4tc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche within the walls that defend you & within your fortresses 0 Here Jerusalem is referred to by the fortress walls that protects it. The terms “walls” and “fortress” refer to the same thing. Alternate translation: “within Jerusalem” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
122:8 hz78 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nIn this section, the writer speaks directly to the city of Jerusalem, as if the city was a person who could hear them. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
122:8 i3zr For the sake 0 Alternate translation: “For the well-being”
122:8 b3mx May there be peace within you 0 Alternate translation: “May the people in you live in peace”
122:9 nt39 I will seek good for you 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **good**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “I will pray that people treat you well”
120:intro x4aj 0 # Psalm 120 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 120 is a psalm of deliverance from liars. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Tongue of Deceit\n\nThe author uses the phrase “tongue of deceit” to refer to someone who speaks deceitfully. Tongue here is figurative, referring to the act of speaking. Deceit is an abstract noun. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of “deceit”, you could express the same idea with an adjective. \n\n\n## Important Figures of Speech\n\n\n### Metonymy\n\n\nIn this chapter, the author often uses the phrase “My life” to refer to himself. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly.
120:1 xq2k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בַּ⁠צָּרָ֣תָ⁠ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **distress**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “When I was troubled”
120:2 a439 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative הַצִּ֣ילָ⁠ה נַ֭פְשִׁ⁠י 1 This is an imperative, but it communicates a polite request rather than a command. Use a form in your language that communicates a polite request. It may be helpful to add an expression such as “please” to make this clear. Alternate translation: “Please rescue my life”
120:2,6 yy4j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy נַ֭פְשִׁ⁠י & נַ֭פְשִׁ⁠י 1 See the general notes for how to translate **my life**. Alternate translation: “me … I”
120:2-3 skwb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche מִ⁠שְּׂפַת־שֶׁ֑קֶר מִ⁠לָּשׁ֥וֹן רְמִיָּֽה 1 The author is using **lips** and **tongue** to represent speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from people speaking falsehood and from people speaking deceit”
120:2 drc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism מִ⁠שְּׂפַת־שֶׁ֑קֶר מִ⁠לָּשׁ֥וֹן רְמִיָּֽה 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Translate them according to the decisions your team has made regarding translating parallelism in Hebrew poetry. See the [book introduction](../front/intro.md) for more information. Alternate translation: “from lips of falsehood and from a long of deceit” or “from a mouth of deceit”
120:2,3 g2ve rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִ⁠שְּׂפַת־שֶׁ֑קֶר & מִ⁠לָּשׁ֥וֹן רְמִיָּֽה & לָשׁ֥וֹן רְמִיָּֽה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the words **falsehood** and **deceit**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “false lips … deceitful tongue … deceitful tongue”
120:3 rl7j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מַה־יִּתֵּ֣ן לְ֭⁠ךָ וּ⁠מַה־יֹּסִ֥יף לָ֗⁠ךְ לָשׁ֥וֹן רְמִיָּֽה 1 The author is using the question form to challenge his enemies. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “He will certainly give something to you, and he will surely add something to you, tongue of deceit!”
120:3 e9um rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מַה־יִּתֵּ֣ן לְ֭⁠ךָ וּ⁠מַה־יֹּסִ֥יף לָ֗⁠ךְ 1 Here, the words **give** and **add** are referring to when Yahweh would punish a person. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “What will he give to you in order to punish you, and what will he add to you in order to punish you”
120:3 zbkv rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns יִּתֵּ֣ן & יֹּסִ֥יף 1 The pronoun **he** refers to Yahweh. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will give … Yahweh will add”
120:4 tp2n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor חִצֵּ֣י גִבּ֣וֹר שְׁנוּנִ֑ים עִ֝֗ם גַּחֲלֵ֥י רְתָמִֽים 1 The author speaks of Yahweh severely punishing liars as if Yahweh were shooting them with arrows and throwing hot coals at them. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “He will punish you, and it will be as if a warrior shot you with sharp arrows and threw hot coals onto you”
120:4 gu1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive חִצֵּ֣י גִבּ֣וֹר שְׁנוּנִ֑ים 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, the author implies that “the warriors” did it. Alternate translation: “Arrows of a warrior that he sharpened”
120:4 grz8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חִצֵּ֣י גִבּ֣וֹר 1 The author is answering the question which he raises in the previous verse. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “He will add to you arrows of a warrior”
120:4 wbuc rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown רְתָמִֽים 1 A **broom tree** is a tree that existed in the desert around where the author lived. Your language and culture may have a term for this kind of tree that you can use in your translation. Otherwise, you can use a general word for tree in your language.
120:5 gnb5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases כִּי 1 If the connection between this statement and the previous one is not clear, you may want to use a connecting word to show how this statement relates to what came before it. Use a natural form in your language for connecting this statement to the previous one. Alternate translation: “because”
120:5 mg3z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor גַ֣רְתִּי מֶ֑שֶׁךְ שָׁ֝כַ֗נְתִּי עִֽם־אָהֳלֵ֥י קֵדָֽר 1 Here, the author is using the places called **Meshech** and **Kedar** to mean places where the people are hostile to him. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I sojourned in a dangerous place; I dwelled among the tents of a hostile people”
120:5 x7sn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism גַ֣רְתִּי מֶ֑שֶׁךְ שָׁ֝כַ֗נְתִּי עִֽם־אָהֳלֵ֥י קֵדָֽר 1 The author is referring to being very far away from the city of Jerusalem by naming a region far away to the north and a region far away to the far south. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I lived very far away from Jerusalem”
120:5 qx4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy גַ֣רְתִּי מֶ֑שֶׁךְ שָׁ֝כַ֗נְתִּי עִֽם־אָהֳלֵ֥י קֵדָֽר 1 The author is using the phrase **tents of Kedar** to mean the people that live in Kedar. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “those who live in Kedar”
120:7 lr78 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠כִ֣י אֲדַבֵּ֑ר 1 Here, **speak** is referring to when the author speaks to those who hate peace about being for peace. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “but when I speak about being for peace”
120:7 f3qz rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns הֵ֝֗מָּה 1 The pronoun **they** refers to those who hate peace. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “those who hate peace”
121:intro n97g 0 # Psalm 121 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 121 is usually considered a worship a worship psalm.\n\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n\n### Merism\n\nIn this Psalm, the author speaks about the entirety of something by speaking about components of it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly by speaking about the entire thing.\n\n## Possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n\n### Multiple speakers\n\nVerses one and two are spoken by one person, while verses 3 until the end of the Psalm are spoken by another person. Make sure this is clear to your readers.
121:1 xgy7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֶשָּׂ֣א עֵ֭ינַ⁠י 1 Here, to **lift up** your **eyes** is an idiom that means to look upwards. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I gaze up”
121:1 cb45 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶל־הֶ⁠הָרִ֑ים 1 During the time that the author lived, many people considered **mountains** to be the place where gods dwelt. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “to the mountains, where people say that gods dwell”
121:1 yb6k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification מֵ֝⁠אַ֗יִן יָבֹ֥א עֶזְרִֽ⁠י 1 The author speaks of **help** as if it were a person that could come from somewhere. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Who will help me?”
121:2 d3ip rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism עֹ֝שֵׂ֗ה שָׁמַ֥יִם וָ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 The author is referring to everything that Yahweh made by naming its components. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “maker of everything”
121:3 r43x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person אַל־יִתֵּ֣ן לַ⁠מּ֣וֹט רַגְלֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 Here, the author switches from first person to second person. Many experts suggest that there is a different person that begins speaking from here to the end of the verse, and that he is speaking to the author. This will be indicated by calling him the “second speaker”. If it would be helpful to your readers, you can indicate this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Another person said to me, “May he not appoint your foot for slipping”
121:3 f1iq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes אַל־יִתֵּ֣ן לַ⁠מּ֣וֹט רַגְלֶ֑⁠ךָ אַל־יָ֝נ֗וּם שֹֽׁמְרֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 The second speaker is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “May he surely make your feet sturdy. May the one who protects you stay awake to guard you”
121:3 uj6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אַל־יִתֵּ֣ן לַ⁠מּ֣וֹט רַגְלֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 The second speaker is using the phrase **appoint your foot for slipping** to mean to make someone vulnerable of to a bad thing happening to them. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “May he not make you vulnerable to harm”
121:3-4 l1fp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אַל־יָ֝נ֗וּם שֹֽׁמְרֶֽ⁠ךָ & הִנֵּ֣ה לֹֽא־יָ֭נוּם וְ⁠לֹ֣א יִישָׁ֑ן שׁ֝וֹמֵ֗ר יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 The second speaker is using the words **slumber** and **sleep** to mean to stop protecting someone. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “May the one who protects you not stop protecting you. Behold, the one who guards Israel will never cease guarding the city”
121:4 b5yf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הִנֵּ֣ה 1 The second speaker is using the term **behold** to focus the first speaker‘s attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Pay attention to this:”
121:4 f8qt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism לֹֽא־יָ֭נוּם וְ⁠לֹ֣א יִישָׁ֑ן 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Translate them according to the decisions your team has made regarding translating parallelism in Hebrew poetry. See the [book introduction](../front/intro.md) for more information. Alternate translation: “will never slumber nor will he ever sleep” or “will never sleep”
121:5-6 sk2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor יְהוָ֥ה צִ֝לְּ⁠ךָ֗ & יוֹמָ֗ם הַ⁠שֶּׁ֥מֶשׁ לֹֽא־יַכֶּ֗⁠כָּה וְ⁠יָרֵ֥חַ בַּ⁠לָּֽיְלָה 1 The second speaker is using the phrase **Yahweh is your shade** to mean that Yahweh will protect you like shade protects you from the sun when it is shining on a hot day. The **harm** that comes from the **sun** and **moon** is referring to bad things that might happen to the author during the day or night. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is like shade … Things will not harm you during the day as when the sun harms a person. Likewise, things will not harm you at night as when the moon harms people”
121:5 hq1i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom עַל־יַ֥ד יְמִינֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 Here, **at your right hand** is an idiom that means near to you. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “near you”
121:6 qtof rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism יוֹמָ֗ם הַ⁠שֶּׁ֥מֶשׁ לֹֽא־יַכֶּ֗⁠כָּה וְ⁠יָרֵ֥חַ בַּ⁠לָּֽיְלָה 1 The second speaker is referring to the whole day by naming its components. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “This is to protect you from harm at all times of the day, whether from the sun during the day or from the moon during the night”
121:6 wzt9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis יוֹמָ֗ם הַ⁠שֶּׁ֥מֶשׁ לֹֽא־יַכֶּ֗⁠כָּה וְ⁠יָרֵ֥חַ בַּ⁠לָּֽיְלָה 1 The second speaker is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “The sun will not harm you daily, nor will the moon harm you during the night”
121:8 p75j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism יִשְׁמָר־צֵאתְ⁠ךָ֥ וּ⁠בוֹאֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 The second speaker is referring to wherever the author goes by naming its components. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will protect you wherever you go”
122:intro x7wj 0 # Psalm 122 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n### Type of Psalm\n\nPsalm 122 is one of the Psalms called Psalms of ascent, and is about the city of Jerusalem.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metonymy \n\nIn this Psalm, the phrase "house of Yahweh" is used to talk about the temple. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly.\n\n### Apostrophe\n\nMany times in this Psalm, the author speaks directly to the city of Jerusalem even though it is not a person and cannot hear. He refers to Jerusalem in both the second and third person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words as if he were speaking directly to the people about Jerusalem.
122:1 lck5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns בְּ⁠אֹמְרִ֣ים 1 The pronoun **they** refers to other people who worship Yahweh. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “when Yahweh‘s people said”
122:1 x5k5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בֵּ֖ית יְהוָ֣ה 1 See the discussion about the phrase **house of Yahweh** in the [chapter introduction](../122/intro.md). Alternate translation: “to the temple of Yahweh”
122:1 q7ep rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive נֵלֵֽךְ 1 The speaker is using the pronoun **us** to refer to themselves and the author, so use the inclusive form of that word if your language marks that distinction.
122:2 d2gp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche עֹ֭מְדוֹת הָי֣וּ רַגְלֵ֑י⁠נוּ 1 The author is using **our feet** to represent the people themselves. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “we are standing”
122:2 pe5k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche בִּ֝⁠שְׁעָרַ֗יִ⁠ךְ יְרוּשָׁלִָֽם 1 The author is using **within your gates** to represent that he is inside of the city. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “within you, Jerusalem ”
122:2 gjq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe בִּ֝⁠שְׁעָרַ֗יִ⁠ךְ יְרוּשָׁלִָֽם 1 See the discussion about the word **Jerusalem** in the [chapter introduction](../122/intro.md). Alternate translation: “in the gates of the city of Jerusalem”
122:3 cryw שֶׁ⁠חֻבְּרָה־לָּ֥⁠הּ יַחְדָּֽו 1 The meaning of the second part of this verse is debated by experts. It could mean (1) that the city is build well in order to protect those who live in the city. Alternate translation: “bound together firmly” or (2) that the city is compact, and that the buildings are built close together. Alternate translation: “that is compact together”
122:3 kjps rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive הַ⁠בְּנוּיָ֑ה 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, the author implies that people did it. Alternate translation: “which people built”
122:4 xbf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal עֵד֣וּת לְ⁠יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל לְ֝⁠הֹד֗וֹת לְ⁠שֵׁ֣ם יְהוָֽה 1 Here, **to** marks **give thanks to the name of Yahweh** as the goal or purpose of **the testimony to Israel**. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose.
122:4 pium rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠שֵׁ֣ם יְהוָֽה 1 The phrase **the name of Yahweh** means Yahweh himself. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to Yahweh”
122:5 xk6c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns יָשְׁב֣וּ כִסְא֣וֹת לְ⁠מִשְׁפָּ֑ט 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **judgment**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “thrones remained, on which kings judged people”
122:5 d42t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כִּ֝סְא֗וֹת לְ⁠בֵ֣ית דָּוִֽיד 1 The author is using the phrase **house of David** to mean David‘s descendants who were kings after him. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “thrones of David‘s descendants”
122:6 q9u2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession שְׁל֣וֹם יְרוּשָׁלִָ֑ם 1 Here, the author is using the possessive form to describe the city of Jerusalem having peace from outside attackers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this instead. Alternate translation: “that Jerusalem would have peace”
122:6-8 nq43 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns שַׁ֭אֲלוּ שְׁל֣וֹם יְרוּשָׁלִָ֑ם & יְהִֽי־שָׁל֥וֹם בְּ⁠חֵילֵ֑⁠ךְ שַׁ֝לְוָ֗ה בְּ⁠אַרְמְנוֹתָֽיִ⁠ךְ & שָׁל֣וֹם בָּֽ⁠ךְ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **peace**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “May those who in the city of Jerusalem live peacefully … May people live peacefully within your walls, peacefully within your fortresses … May people live peacefully within you”
122:6 t353 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יְרוּשָׁלִָ֑ם 1 The author is using **Jerusalem** to represent the people who live in Jerusalem. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “those who live in Jerusalem”
122:7 qxx3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe יְהִֽי־שָׁל֥וֹם בְּ⁠חֵילֵ֑⁠ךְ & שַׁ֝לְוָ֗ה בְּ⁠אַרְמְנוֹתָֽיִ⁠ךְ 1 Here, **your** and **you** are referring to Jerusalem. See the discussion about the word **Jerusalem** in the [chapter introduction (../122/intro.md) Alternate translation: “May peace be within the walls of Jerusalem … May there be peace in Jerusalem‘s fortresses”
122:8 hz78 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אַחַ֣⁠י 1 The author is using the term **brothers** to mean his fellow Israelites. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “my fellow Israelites”
123:intro vet5 0 # Psalm 123 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 123 is a psalm asking for deliverance from the contempt of proud people. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Trust\n\nJust as a servant trusts his master to protect him, so the author is trusting God to stop proud people from insulting him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])
123:1 iym8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
123:1 ja7b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy I lift up my eyes 0 Here the author refers to his eyes because that is the part of the body used for seeing. Alternate translation: “I look to you”
@ -5171,3 +5203,7 @@ front:intro rx9u 0 # Introduction to Psalms\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
150:5 yat3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown cymbals 0 two thin, round metal plates that are hit together to make a loud sound
150:6 c7iw General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThis verse is more than the end of this psalm. It is the closing statement for all of Book 5 of the Psalms, which starts at Psalm 107 and ends with Psalm 150.
150:6 ht6z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole everything that has breath 0 This is an exaggeration that calls on all people who are alive to praise God.
j2nn he who protects you 0 God
42:11 wp6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of depression or discouragement as if it were his soul being bent over. See how you translated this in [Psalms 42:5](../042/005.md). Alternate translation: “discouraged”
42:10 ae82 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The writer’s enemies use this question to mock him and to express that they do not see God helping him. Alternate translation: “Your God is not here to help you”
42:9 b1ik 0 To “go mourning” is to perform customs related to being very sad.

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