PHP front intro pv9j 0 # Introduction to Philippians<br><br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the book of Philippians<br><br>1. Greeting, thanksgiving and prayer (1:1-11)<br>2. Paul’s report on his ministry (1:12-26)<br>3. Instructions<br> * To be steadfast (1:27-30)<br> * To be united (2:1-2)<br> * To be humble (2:3-11)<br> * To work out our salvation with God working in you (2:12-13)<br> * To be innocent and light (2:14-18)<br>4. Timothy and Epaphroditus (2:19-30)<br>5. Warning about false teachers (3:1-4:1)<br>6. Personal instruction (4:2-5)<br>7. Rejoice and do not be anxious (4:4-6)<br>8. Final remarks<br> * Values (4:8-9)<br> * Contentment (4:10-20)<br> * Final Greetings (4:21-23)<br><br>### Who wrote the book of Philippians?<br><br>Paul wrote Philippians. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.<br><br>Paul wrote this letter while in prison in Rome.<br><br>### What is the book of Philippians about?<br><br>Paul wrote this letter to the believers in Philippi, a city in Macedonia. He wrote it to thank the Philippians for the gift they had sent him. He wanted to tell them how he was doing in prison and to encourage them to rejoice, even if they were suffering. He also wrote to them about a man named Epaphroditus, the one who brought the gift to Paul. While visiting Paul, Epaphroditus became ill, so Paul decided to send him back to Philippi. Paul encouraged the believers in Philippi to welcome him and to be kind to Epaphroditus when he returned.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Philippians.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “Paul’s Letter to the Church in Philippi,” or “A Letter to the Christians in Philippi.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What was the city of Philippi like?<br><br>Philip, the father of Alexander the Great, founded Philippi in the region of Macedonia. This meant that the citizens of Philippi were also considered citizens of Rome. The people of Philippi were proud of being citizens of Rome. But Paul tells the believers that it is much more important that they are citizens of heaven (3:20).<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### Singular and plural “you”<br><br>In this book, the word “I” refers to Paul. The words “you” and “your” always refer to the believers in Philippi, except for one time in 4:3. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])<br><br>### Who were the “enemies of the cross of Christ” (3:18) in this letter?<br><br>The “enemies of the cross of Christ” were probably people who called themselves believers, but they did not obey God’s commands. They thought that freedom in Christ meant that believers could do whatever they desired, and God would not punish them (3:19).<br><br>### Why were the words “joy” and “rejoice” frequently used in this letter?<br><br>Paul was in prison when he wrote this letter (1:7). Even though he suffered, Paul said many times that he was joyful because God had been kind to him through Jesus Christ. He wanted to encourage his readers to have the same trust in Jesus Christ.<br><br>### What does Paul mean by the expressions “in Christ,” or “in the Lord,” etc.?<br><br>These kinds of expressions occur in 1:1, 8, 13, 14, 26, 27; 2:1, 5, 19, 24, 29; 3:1, 3, 9, 14; 4:1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 13, 19, 21. Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. See the introduction to the book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression.<br><br>### What are the major issues in the text of the book of Philippians?<br><br>Some versions have “Amen” at the end of the final verse in the
PHP 1 intro kd3g 0 # Philippians 1 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and Formatting<br><br>Paul follows the normal practice of the time by beginning the letter with a statement of the names of the senders and the recipients. In that culture, the sender would then offer a good wish for the recipients. Paul does this in the form of a Christian blessing.<br><br>## Special Concepts in this Chapter<br><br>### The day of Christ<br><br>This refers to the day when Christ returns. Paul often connected the return of Christ with motivating godly living. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Paradox<br><br>A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. This statement in verse 21 is a paradox: “to die is gain.” In verse 23 Paul explains why this is true. ([Philippians 1:21](../../php/01/21.md))
PHP 1 1 xk9z translate-names Παῦλος καὶ Τιμόθεος 1 Paul and Timothy **Paul** and **Timothy** are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
PHP 1 2 uuep translate-blessing χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη 1 Grace to you and peace This is a greeting and blessing that Paul often uses in the beginning of his letters. Use a form in your language that makes it clear that this is a greeting and blessing. Alternate translation: “may you experience kindness, mercy, and peace within you” or “I pray that you will have grace, mercy, and peace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing]])
PHP 1 2 pyji figs-yousingular ὑμῖν 1 Here, **you** refers to the Philippian Christians and is plural in form in the original language in which Paul wrote. Throughout this letter, with one exception, the words “you” and “your” are plural and refer to the Philippian Christians. If your language uses different forms to show when “you” and “your” refer to one person and when they refer to more than one person, use the plural form that would be appropriate in your language in this occurrence and all other occurrences of “you” and “your” in this letter, except for in [4:3](../04/03.md). A note will discuss the one exception in [4:3](../04/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
PHP 1 2 yh4s figs-exclusive Πατρὸς ἡμῶν 1 If your language has different forms for including or excluding the hearers, use the inclusive form for **our** here and throughout the letter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
PHP 1 3 ntp5 ἐπὶ πάσῃ τῇ μνείᾳ ὑμῶν 1 in all my remembrance of you Here, **in all my remembrance of you** could refer to: (1) each time that Paul thought about the Philippian believers. Alternate translation: “each time that I think about you” (2) each time that Paul prayed for the Philippian believers. Alternate translation: “every time that I pray for you”
PHP 1 3 gjyv figs-possession τῷ Θεῷ μου 1 Use of the words **my God** does not mean that God belongs to Paul, but that Paul belongs to God. That is, God is the one whom Paul worships exclusively. Alternate translation: “the one who is God to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
PHP 1 3 w8dz figs-yousingular ὑμῶν 1 See how you translated the word **you** in [1:2](../01/02.md). In this letter, every use of the words **you** and **your** is plural and refers to the Philippian believers, except for one use in [4:3](../04/03.md), which has a note to discuss it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
PHP 1 5 bca2 ἐπὶ τῇ κοινωνίᾳ ὑμῶν εἰς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον, ἀπὸ τῆς πρώτης ἡμέρας ἄχρι τοῦ νῦν 1 Here, **because** could refer to: (1) the reason for Paul’s joy. See UST. (2) the reason that Paul gives thanks to God. Alternate translation: “I give thanks to God because of your partnership in the gospel from the first day until now”
PHP 1 5 fdqe figs-yousingular ὑμῶν 1 Here, the word **your** is plural and refers to the Philippian Christians. In this letter, with one exception, the words “you” and “your” are always plural and always refer to the Philippian Christians. If your language uses different forms to show when “you” and “your” refer to one person and when they refer to more than one person, use the plural form that would be appropriate in your language in this occurrence and all other occurrences of “you” and “your” in this letter, except for in [4:3](../04/03.md). A note will discuss the one exception in [4:3](../04/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
PHP 1 5 yi9l figs-explicit τῇ κοινωνίᾳ ὑμῶν εἰς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον 1 because of your fellowship in the gospel Here, **your fellowship in the gospel** refers to the Philippians’ partnering with Paul in the various things involved in spreading the gospel. This includes gifts of money that they sent to Paul (see [4:15–18](../04/15.md)). If it would be clearer in your language, you can state this more explicitly. Alternate translation: “your participation with me in advancing the gospel” or “your partnership with me in working to spread the good news about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 1 5 vi1r figs-explicit ἀπὸ τῆς πρώτης ἡμέρας 1 The phrase **from the first day** refers to the time at which the Philippian believers first believed the gospel that Paul preached to them. This may also have been the first day that Paul preached in Philippi. Alternate translation: “from the time you first heard and believed the gospel that I preached” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 1 5 d8hi figs-explicit ἄχρι τοῦ νῦν 1 The phrase **until now** does not mean that the Philippian believers have now stopped partnering with Paul. Rather, it means that they are still partnering with Paul. Alternate translation: “that you are still doing now” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 1 6 s1l8 figs-explicit πεποιθὼς αὐτὸ τοῦτο 1 having been persuaded The phrase **having been persuaded** indicates a reason that Paul thanks God. If it would be clearer in your language, you can state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “I thank God because I am confident of this very thing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 1 6 jf4x figs-explicit ὁ ἐναρξάμενος 1 the one having begun Here, **the one** refers to God. If it would be clearer in your language, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “God having begun” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 1 6 u80a figs-explicit ὅτι ὁ ἐναρξάμενος ἐν ὑμῖν ἔργον ἀγαθὸν 1 The phrase **good work in you** refers to both the initial conversion of the Philippian Christians and to God’s ongoing work in their lives through the Holy Spirit. If it would be clearer in your language, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “that God, having begun his good work in you through your conversion and continuing it through the work of the Holy Spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 1 6 p2a5 figs-explicit ἐπιτελέσει 1 Here, **will perfect it** means that God would bring to completion the work which he began in the lives of the Philippian believers at their conversion and which he was continuing to do. If it would be clearer in your language you can say this explicitly. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 1 6 p5pu figs-explicit ἡμέρας Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ 1 The phrase **the day of Jesus Christ** refers to the time in the future when Jesus Christ will return to judge the world and save those who believe in him. If it would be clearer in your language, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the time when Jesus Christ returns” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 1 7 sowf figs-idiom τὸ ἔχειν με ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ ὑμᾶς 1 I have you in my heart The phrase, **I have you in my heart** is an idiom which expresses strong affection. If you have an equivalent expression which adequately communicates the meaning, you may use it here. If not, you can state this using plain language. Alternate translation: “I love you very much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PHP 1 7 df00 figs-abstractnouns χάριτος 1 Here, **grace** refers to the way that God kindly gives us good things that we do not deserve. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **grace** with a verb or adjective. In this context, Paul considers both his imprisonment and his ministry of defending and confirming the gospel to be gifts from God. Alternate translation: “of God's gracious gift” or “in experiencing how kind God is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 1 7 o7ef figs-metonymy δεσμοῖς μου 1 Paul refers to his imprisonment in Rome by using the phrase **my chains**. Paul was chained to a guard and the Philippian Christians would have understood that Paul was referring to his imprisonment when he used the phrase **my chains** because of the close association between **chains** and being in prison. If this association is not clear in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or use plain language. Alternate translation: “my imprisonment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 1 7 wey7 figs-doublet καὶ ἐν τῇ ἀπολογίᾳ καὶ βεβαιώσει τοῦ εὐαγγελίου 1 At the time that Paul wrote this letter, the words translated **defense** and **confirmation** could be used to refer to defending and confirming in a court of law the truth of something against which a charge was made. These two words mean very similar things. The repetition is used to emphasize that this is hard work. If your language has one word for these ideas, use that here, and add emphasis another way. If there is a word or phrase that could be used with this legal sense but could also be used in the context of defending the gospel, consider using it here. Alternate translation: “and as I contend for the truth of the gospel” or “and as I labor to show people that the gospel is true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])<br>
PHP 1 8 xun1 figs-idiom ἐν σπλάγχνοις Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ 1 in the bowels of Christ Jesus The Greek word translated as **inner parts** is a term which refers to body organs, particularly to the intestines, liver, lungs, and heart. Paul is using **inner parts** figuratively to refer to love or affection. You can use the body part that represents the seat of affection in your language, or translate the plain meaning. Alternate translation: “with the heart of Christ Jesus” or “with the affection of Christ Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PHP 1 8 bo0r ἐν σπλάγχνοις Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ 1 in the bowels of Christ Jesus Here, **the inner parts of Christ Jesus** could mean: (1) the same kind of love as Christ Jesus gives to people. See the UST. (2) love that originates with Christ Jesus. Alternate translation: “with love that comes from Christ Jesus”
PHP 1 9 w910 figs-abstractnouns ἐν ἐπιγνώσει καὶ πάσῃ αἰσθήσει 1 The word **knowledge** is an abstract noun. If it would be clearer in your language you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **knowledge** with a verb such as “see”. Alternate translation: “and that God will enable you to see the truth about Him and teach you to love wisely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 1 9 jlyu figs-abstractnouns ἵνα ἡ ἀγάπη ὑμῶν ἔτι μᾶλλον καὶ μᾶλλον περισσεύῃ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **love** with the verb form. Alternate translation: “that you will be able to love others more and more abundantly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 1 9 f4q5 ὑμῶν 1 See how you translated the word **your** in [Philippians 1:5](../01/05.md).
PHP 1 9 tbtt figs-abstractnouns ἐν ἐπιγνώσει καὶ πάσῃ αἰσθήσει 1 If it would be clearer in your language you could express the idea behind the abstract nouns **knowledge** and **understanding** with verb phrases. Alternate translation: “and that God will enable you to see the truth about Him and teach you to love wisely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 1 10 e17g figs-explicit εἰς τὸ δοκιμάζειν ὑμᾶς τὰ διαφέροντα 1 The word **what** here refers to that which a person does, and the word **excels** here refers to something that is best, according to God. If it would be clearer in your language, you could say these things explicitly. Alternate translation: “so that you may approve and choose to do what pleases God the most” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 1 10 ybw6 grammar-connect-logic-result εἰς 1 Here, the phrase **so that** shows that what follows this phrase is the desired result of Paul's prayer in verse nine. Consider using a connecting word or phrase that will clearly show that what follows it is the desired result of what Paul prayed in verse nine. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
PHP 1 10 siv8 figs-doublet εἰλικρινεῖς καὶ ἀπρόσκοποι 1 pure and blameless The words **pure** and **blameless** have very similar meanings. Paul uses these two words together to emphasize the idea of moral purity. If it would be clearer in your language, you could combine these two words and translate them as one idea. Alternate translation: “completely blameless” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PHP 1 11 lu5n figs-metaphor πεπληρωμένοι καρπὸν δικαιοσύνης τὸν 1 Here, the phrase **being filled with** is a metaphor meaning to be occupied in doing something. The phrase **the fruit of righteousness** is a metaphor which figuratively refers to what characterizes a person, namely what a person produces. This metaphor is a comparison between a good tree that produces good fruit and a person who is filled with righteousness and produces good actions as a result. So with these two metaphors, Paul is telling the Philippians to be occupied in doing righteous deeds. If this would be unclear in your language, you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “filling your lives with the righteous deeds that are” or “habitually doing the good works that are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 1 11 t3w4 figs-activepassive πεπληρωμένοι 1 The phrase **being filled with** is a passive form. If it would be more natural in your language, you could say this with an active form. Alternate translation: “letting God fill you with” or “continually producing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PHP 1 11 yq99 figs-metaphor τὸν διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Here, the phrase **through Christ Jesus** is a metaphor meaning that Christ Jesus is the one who makes it possible for a person to be righteous and thus to do the things that a righteous person does. Alternate translation: “that Christ Jesus produces in you” or “that Christ Jesus enables you to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 1 11 jwgb figs-abstractnouns εἰς δόξαν καὶ ἔπαινον Θεοῦ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract nouns **glory** and **praise** with verbs. Alternate translation: “which will cause people to glorify and praise God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 1 11 mfs6 figs-doublet εἰς δόξαν καὶ ἔπαινον Θεοῦ 1 The words **glory** and **praise** mean very similar things here. They are used together to emphasize how much people will praise God. If you have one word for this in your language, you can use it here and show emphasis another way. Alternate translation: “which will cause people to greatly praise God” or “which will cause people to keep saying how great God is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PHP 1 12 tu2t figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 brothers Although the term **brothers** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a spiritual sense to include both men and women who believe in Jesus. Alternate translation: “brothers and sisters” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
PHP 1 12 ygt3 figs-metaphor ἀδελφοί 1 brothers Paul is using the term **brothers** figuratively here to refer to anyone who is a fellow believer in Jesus. If this is not clear in your language, you can express this plainly. Alternative translation, “my companions who believe in Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 1 12 zy4g figs-explicit τὰ κατ’ ἐμὲ 1 the things concerning me The phrase **the things concerning me** refers to Paul’s imprisonment. If it would be clearer in your language, you can state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the things I have suffered because I was put into prison for preaching about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 1 12 q288 figs-metaphor μᾶλλον εἰς προκοπὴν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου ἐλήλυθεν 1 have really happened for the advancement of the gospel The phrase **advancement of the gospel** figuratively refers to an increasing number of people hearing and believing the gospel. Alternate translation: “have actually caused more people to hear the gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 1 13 wi6n grammar-connect-logic-result ὥστε 1 my chains in Christ became apparent among the whole palace guard and all the others Here, the phrase **As a result** shows that what follows this phrase is the result of Paul’s circumstances which he began discussing in verse 12, namely, his imprisonment. Consider using a connecting word or phrase that will clearly show that what follows it is the result of Paul’s imprisonment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
PHP 1 13 h1ly figs-metonymy δεσμούς μου 1 my chains in Christ became apparent Paul again refers to his imprisonment in a figurative way by using the phrase **my chains**. See how you translated this phrase in [1:7](../01/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 1 13 f8az figs-explicit τοὺς δεσμούς μου…ἐν Χριστῷ 1 my chains in Christ Here, the phrase **my chains in Christ** means that Paul is imprisoned because of his work for the cause of Christ. If it would be clearer in your language, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “my chains for the sake of Christ” or “my chains because I teach people about Christ” or “my chains for the cause of Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 1 13 dm1m figs-metonymy πραιτωρίῳ 1 the whole palace guard The word **praetorium** refers to the place where a special group of soldiers stayed that protected the Roman emperor and his representatives. Here, Paul uses the name of the place to refer to the soldiers that stayed there. Consider translating this phrase in a way that is easily understood in your language. Alternate translation: “palace guard” or “company of palace soldiers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 1 14 eurs figs-metaphor ἀδελφῶν 1 Paul is using the term **brothers** figuratively here to refer to anyone who is a fellow believer in Jesus. If this is not clear in your language, you can express this plainly. Alternative translation, “my companions who believe in Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 1 14 sz29 figs-metaphor ἐν Κυρίῳ πεποιθότας τοῖς δεσμοῖς μου 1 The phrase **encouraged in the Lord** means that the Philippian Christians had grown in their trust of the Lord because of Paul’s imprisonment. Alternate translation: “trust the Lord more because of my chains” or “have received more courage from the Lord as a result of my imprisonment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 1 14 k4tm figs-activepassive καὶ τοὺς πλείονας τῶν ἀδελφῶν ἐν Κυρίῳ πεποιθότας τοῖς δεσμοῖς μου 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could say this with an active form, and you can say who or what caused the action. Alternate translation: “The Lord has encouraged most of the brothers because of my chains” or “My chains have given most of the brothers more trust in the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PHP 1 14 ecy8 figs-metonymy δεσμοῖς μου 1 Paul is referring to his imprisonment by mentioning one part of it: the chains that bound his feet and hands. If this is unclear in your language, you could mention the imprisonment directly. See how you translated the phrase **my chains** in [1:7](../01/07.md) and [1:13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: “because of my imprisonment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 1 14 v2wo figs-explicit τὸν λόγον 1 Here, **the word** refers to the message from God about Jesus. If it would be clearer in your language, consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the gospel” or “the good news” or “God's message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 1 15 vw1s τινὲς μὲν καὶ…τὸν Χριστὸν κηρύσσουσιν 1 Some indeed even proclaim Christ Alternate translation: “Some people are preaching the good news about Jesus”
PHP 1 15 z9y9 figs-abstractnouns διὰ φθόνον καὶ ἔριν 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract nouns **envy** and **strife** by using them in a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “because they are envious and seek their own evil purposes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 1 15 yh1c figs-abstractnouns εὐδοκίαν 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **goodwill** by using it in a verbal phrase. See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 1 16 ttr2 figs-activepassive εἰς ἀπολογίαν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου κεῖμαι 1 I am appointed for the defense of the gospel If it would be more natural in your language, you can state the phrase **I am appointed for the defense of the gospel** in active form. See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PHP 1 16 w0b8 figs-explicit ἐξ ἀγάπης 1 Here, the object of the word **love** is not specified. You can leave the object of **love** unspecified or, if it is needed in your language, you may specify the object of **love**. Here, the word **love** could refer to: (1) love for Paul. See UST. (2) love for Christ. Alternate translation: “The ones who proclaim the good news because they love Christ” (3) love for multiple objects, such as Paul and Christ and those who have not yet heard or believed in the gospel. Alternate translation: “The ones who proclaim the good news because of their love for me, and Jesus, and those who do not believe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 1 16 st7k figs-metaphor εἰς ἀπολογίαν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου 1 for the defense of the gospel Paul is speaking of the gospel as though it were a place or person that could be attacked. If this is confusing in your language, you can use plain language. See how you translated “defense and confirmation of the gospel” in [1:7](../01/07.md). Alternate translation: “to prove that the message about Jesus is true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 1 16 ia9l figs-explicit εἰς ἀπολογίαν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου κεῖμαι 1 The phrase **I am appointed** could refer to: (1) God appointing Paul’s current situation of being in prison. Alternate translation: “I am appointed to be here for the defense of the gospel” (2) God appointing Paul to the ministry of defending the gospel. Alternate translation: “God has appointed me to the ministry of publicly defending the truth of the good news” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 1 17 sgss figs-abstractnouns οἱ δὲ ἐξ ἐριθείας τὸν Χριστὸν καταγγέλλουσιν 1 in my chains If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **ambition** with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “but they proclaim Christ only to make themselves seem important” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 1 17 j333 οὐχ ἁγνῶς 1 in my chains Alternate translation: “with wrong motives” or “from wrong motives”
PHP 1 17 z8ty figs-metonymy τοῖς δεσμοῖς μου 1 in my chains Paul is referring to his imprisonment by mentioning one part of it: the chains that bound his feet and hands. If this is unclear in your language, you could mention the imprisonment directly. See how you translated the phrase **my chains** in [1:7](../01/07.md) and [1:13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: “because of my imprisonment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 1 17 tc1u figs-explicit οἰόμενοι θλῖψιν ἐγείρειν τοῖς δεσμοῖς μου 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could say how the selfish preachers suppose that they are causing trouble to Paul. You could also start a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “They hope to cause me trouble in my imprisonment by their preaching” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 1 18 dc7l figs-rquestion τί γάρ 1 The phrase **What then** is a rhetorical question. If using a rhetorical question would be confusing in your language, consider expressing the meaning of this rhetorical question by changing it into a statement. See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
PHP 1 18 z5ia figs-ellipsis τί γάρ 1 What then? In the rhetorical question **What then**, Paul leaves out some words that might be necessary in some languages. If you want to use a rhetorical question here, you may want to add the words which are implied but not stated. This could be done in two ways: (1) as a rhetorical question which expects a negative answer. Alternate translation: “What does it matter what their motives are?” or “So what difference does it make?” (2) as a phrase that focuses on the result. Alternate translation: “What then is the result of this?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PHP 1 18 sw24 figs-activepassive καταγγέλλεται 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could express the meaning of the passive form **is proclaimed** with an active form. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PHP 1 19 saze figs-explicit τοῦτό 1 Here, the word **this** refers to Paul’s current situation of being in prison and the things that accompanied it. If it would be helpful to your readers, you can say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “my imprisonment” or “my current condition in prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 1 19 h9hf figs-abstractnouns οἶδα γὰρ ὅτι τοῦτό μοι ἀποβήσεται εἰς σωτηρίαν 1 to me in deliverance If it would be clearer in your language, you can express the meaning behind the abstract noun **deliverance** by using a verbal phrase. You can also say who does the action, if necessary. Alternate translation: “for I know that this will result in God delivering me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 1 19 zr2k figs-abstractnouns ἐπιχορηγίας τοῦ Πνεύματος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 of the Spirit of Jesus Christ If it would be clearer in your language, you can express the meaning behind the abstract noun **provision** by using a verbal phrase. You can also say who does the action, if necessary. Alternate translation: “by God providing to me the Spirit of Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 1 20 fh48 figs-doublet ἀποκαραδοκίαν καὶ ἐλπίδα 1 according to my eager expectation and hope Both **eager expectation** and **hope** have similar meanings and together express a single idea. Paul uses these two words together to emphasize the strength of his expectation. If you have a single word or phrase in your language which expresses the meaning of these two words, consider using that to express the strength of the hope in another way. Alternate translation: “sincere expectation” or “sure hope” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PHP 1 20 tk7l figs-abstractnouns κατὰ τὴν ἀποκαραδοκίαν καὶ ἐλπίδα μου 1 but in everything have boldness Both **expectation** and **hope** are abstract nouns. If it would be clearer in your language you can express them together in a verb phrase. Alternate translation: “because I fully believe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 1 20 jz1z figs-metonymy ἐν τῷ σώματί μου 1 Christ will be exalted in my body Here, the phrase **in my body** is used figuratively to mean the activities that Paul does with his body. Paul speaks of his **body** because it was with his earthly body that he would serve God on earth until he died, as he explains in more detail in [1:22-24](../01/22.md). Alternate translation: “in everything that I do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 1 20 ysty figs-doublenegatives ἐν οὐδενὶ αἰσχυνθήσομαι, ἀλλ’ 1 Christ will be exalted in my body If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate the double-negative phrase **in nothing be ashamed** in a positive way. Alternate translation: “I will always do the right thing and” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
PHP 1 20 ch6v figs-abstractnouns ἐν πάσῃ παρρησίᾳ 1 whether through life or through death If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **boldness** with a similar adverb. Alternate translation: “always act boldly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 1 20 y78k figs-abstractnouns εἴτε διὰ ζωῆς εἴτε διὰ θανάτου 1 whether through life or through death If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the ideas behind the abstract nouns **life** and **death** with their verbal forms. Alternate translation: “whether I live or I die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 1 21 n3jd figs-abstractnouns κέρδος 1 to die is gain The word **gain** is an abstract noun. If this would be unclear in your language, you may express the meaning behind this word by using a verb phrase. See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 1 22 a21c figs-synecdoche ἐν σαρκί 1 Now if to live in the flesh Here, Paul is using the word **flesh** figuratively to refer to his entire body. The phrase **in the flesh** then refers to living as physical beings. If this would be confusing in your language, consider using a different word or phrase that refers to this present physical life. See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PHP 1 22 mwl6 figs-metaphor τοῦτό μοι καρπὸς ἔργου 1 this is fruitful labor for me Here, the word **fruitful** refers to Paul’s work producing good results. This is a metaphor in which Paul’s anticipated productive work is compared to a plant or tree which produces good fruit. Alternate translation: “this will mean effectively serving God” or “this will mean productively working for the advancement of the gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 1 22 kxuu figs-abstractnouns ἔργου 1 The word **labor** is an abstract noun. If this would be unclear in your language, you may express the meaning behind this word by using a verb phrase. See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 1 23 tq29 figs-metaphor συνέχομαι δὲ ἐκ τῶν δύο 1 But I am hard pressed between the two The phrase **hard pressed** is a metaphor. Paul speaks as if he were experiencing literal pressure from two opposite sides at the same time. Paul uses this figurative expression to show his difficulty in deciding which decision is best, if given the option between living or dying. If this would be confusing in your language, you can translate this phrase using a metaphor that would make sense in your language, or you can choose to use plain language to express it. Alternate translation: “Both options have their advantages, so the decision is not an easy one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 1 23 j1sv figs-activepassive συνέχομαι 1 The phrase **I am hard pressed** is in passive form. If this would be confusing in your language, you can express the meaning behind this phrase by using a verb phrase that is in the active voice. Alternate translation: “It is not easy for me to decide” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PHP 1 23 q0n1 figs-explicit τῶν δύο 1 Here, the phrase **the two** refers to the two options regarding what decision is best. The choice of continuing to live on earth and serve Christ or its alternative, the choice of leaving earth to be with Christ. If the phrase **the two** would be confusing in your language, consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “these two options” or “these two choices” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 1 23 u1zs figs-abstractnouns ἐπιθυμίαν 1 The word **desire** is an abstract noun. If this would be unclear in your language, you can express the meaning of this word by using the verbal form. See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 1 23 hhjr figs-euphemism ἀναλῦσαι 1 Here Paul is referring to his death with the phrase **to depart**. Instead of focusing on the unpleasantness of death, Paul is using the word **depart** to focus on the positive result of his death, namely, that his physical death will result in his being with Christ. If it would be clearer in your language, you can use a different euphemism or express this plainly. Alternate translation: “to leave this life” or “to depart from this earth” or “to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
PHP 1 24 etly figs-synecdoche τὸ δὲ ἐπιμένειν ἐν τῇ σαρκὶ 1 The phrase **but remain in the flesh** means to remain alive in one’s body on earth. See how you translated **flesh** in [1:22](../01/22.md). If this would be unclear in your language, consider stating this plainly. Alternate translation: “but to remain in the body” or “but to remain on this earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PHP 1 24 k2j7 figs-ellipsis ἀναγκαιότερον 1 In the phrase **is more necessary** Paul leaves out the implied words “than departing” because he knows that his readers will understand them from the context. If this would be unclear in your language, consider supplying these omitted words in your translation. Alternative translation: “is more necessary than departing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PHP 1 25 bu8d figs-explicit καὶ τοῦτο πεποιθὼς 1 having been persuaded of this The word **this** refers back to [1:24](../01/24.md) where Paul said that he believed it was more necessary that he remain alive on earth so that he could continue helping the Philippian Christians mature in their faith. If this would be unclear in your language, consider further explaining the word **this** in your translation. Alternate translation: “And being sure that it is better for you that I remain” or “And having been convinced that I should remain here, on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 1 25 xwl1 figs-activepassive τοῦτο πεποιθὼς 1 I know that I will remain If it would be more natural in your language, you could say this with an active form. Alternate translation: “because I am sure of this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PHP 1 25 kmp4 figs-ellipsis μενῶ 1 I know that I will remain Here, the word **remain** refers to remaining alive on earth in one’s body in contrast to dying and leaving the earth to be with Christ. See how you translated the word **remain** in [1:24](../01/24.md) and make the meaning the same here. Alternate translation: “I will continue living on this earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PHP 1 25 hzmd figs-doublet μενῶ καὶ παραμενῶ 1 I know that I will remain These two words mean very similar things. The first is more general and the second is more specific about remaining with someone. If your language has one word for both of these meanings, you could use that here. Alternate translation: “I will continue with” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PHP 1 25 rruy figs-yousingular ὑμῖν 1 See how you translated the word **you** in [1:2](../01/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
PHP 1 25 xvx9 figs-abstractnouns εἰς τὴν ὑμῶν προκοπὴν καὶ χαρὰν 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the ideas behind the abstract nouns **progress** and **joy** with verbal phrases. Alternate translation: “so that you will advance and be joyful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 1 25 vnn9 figs-hendiadys εἰς τὴν ὑμῶν προκοπὴν καὶ χαρὰν 1 This phrase, **progress and joy**, may be expressing a single idea by using two words connected with **and**. The word **joy** tells how it feels to progress in faith. Alternate translation: “joyful progress” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
PHP 1 25 h6f2 ὑμῶν 1 See how you translated the word **your** in [1:5](../01/05.md).
PHP 1 25 zse3 figs-abstractnouns τῆς πίστεως 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **faith** with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “in trusting Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 1 26 viwq grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 Here, the phrase **so that** indicates that what follows is the purpose of what came before it. The purpose of Paul remaining alive, ([1:25](../01/25.md)), was to increase the Philippian's boasting in Christ. In your translation, use the method your language uses to indicate purpose. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
PHP 1 26 d906 figs-abstractnouns καύχημα…ἐν 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **boasting** by expressing its meaning in a verb phrase or in some other way that would be natural in your language. Alternate translation: “glorying in” or “rejoicing in” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 1 26 j1d2 figs-go παρουσίας 1 Here the word **coming** describes Paul's travel from the perspective of the Philippians. In your language, it may be more natural to describe his travel from Paul's perspective and use a word such as “going.” Here and in verse [27](../01/27.md), use the word or phrase that is most natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
PHP 1 26 ay37 grammar-connect-logic-result τὸ καύχημα ὑμῶν περισσεύῃ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ ἐν ἐμοὶ, διὰ τῆς ἐμῆς παρουσίας πάλιν πρὸς ὑμᾶς 1 Here the word **through** could refer to: (1) the reason the Philippians would greatly boast in Christ. Therefore, the word **through** means “because”. Alternate translation: See UST. (2) the means by which the Philippians would greatly boast in Christ. Therefore, the word **through** means “by”. Alternate translation: “by my coming to you again, your boasting in Christ Jesus will increase” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
PHP 1 27 bwmq figs-go ἐλθὼν 1 Your language may have a different way of expressing the motion described by the word **come**. Here, the word **come** refers to Paul going to where the Philippians live and visiting them. See how you translated the form of this word in the previous verse, [1:26](../01/26.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
PHP 1 27 yddq figs-yousingular ἀξίως τοῦ εὐαγγελίου τοῦ Χριστοῦ πολιτεύεσθε 1 This is a command or instruction to all of the Philippian Christians. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
PHP 1 27 u09z figs-metaphor στήκετε 1 Here, the phrase **stand firm** is used figuratively to mean not changing one’s beliefs but, rather, remaining steadfast in what one believes. If this would be unclear in your language, consider using an equivalent expression from your language, or use plain language. Alternate translation: “you be unmoved” or “you remain strong in your faith” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 1 27 kmn8 figs-doublet ἐν ἑνὶ πνεύματι, μιᾷ ψυχῇ 1 Here, the phrases **in one spirit** and **with one soul** mean essentially the same thing and are used together to emphasize the importance of unity. If it would be clearer in your language, you can translate them together as one expression and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “unified as one spirit” or “with complete unity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PHP 1 27 jfxp figs-metaphor ἐν ἑνὶ πνεύματι, μιᾷ ψυχῇ 1 Here, the phrases **in one spirit** and **with one soul** are used figuratively to mean “to have unity in one's primary purposes and beliefs.” Both phrases refer to being in agreement about what matters. If these expressions would be confusing in your language, you may use plain language or use a similar expression from your language. Alternate translation: “with one mind” or “with singleness of purpose” or “in full agreement” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 1 27 ya3h figs-abstractnouns τῇ πίστει τοῦ εὐαγγελίου 1 for the faith of the gospel Here, the abstract noun **faith** in the phrase **the faith of the gospel** refers to what believers understand and do as a result of believing the gospel, which is God's message about Jesus. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 1 28 u9an figs-explicit τῶν ἀντικειμένων 1 The phrase **those opposing you** refers to the people who were opposing the Philippian Christians and causing them trouble. If this would be unclear in your language, consider stating this plainly. Alternate translation: “the people opposing you” or “the people opposing you because you believe in Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 1 28 l495 writing-pronouns ἥτις ἐστὶν αὐτοῖς ἔνδειξις 1 The word **This** in the phrase **This is a sign to them** refers to the lack of fear that the Philippian believers will have when they are opposed because of their faith. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
PHP 1 28 t225 figs-abstractnouns ἀπωλείας 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **destruction** by using a verb form or by expressing it in some other way that would be clear in your language. Alternate translation: “that God will destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 1 28 ypn8 figs-abstractnouns σωτηρίας 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **salvation** by using a verb form of this word or by expressing it in some other way that would be clear in your language. Alternate translation: See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 1 28 nb4b writing-pronouns τοῦτο ἀπὸ Θεοῦ 1 The word **this** in the phrase **this from God** could refer to: (1) what comes before it in this verse, both the courage God gives the Philippian Christians and the sign that their courage gives to those opposing them. Alternate translation: “your lack of fear and the evidence it gives is all from God” (2) the sign given to those who oppose the Philippian Christians. Alternate translation: “this sign is from God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
PHP 1 29 qous figs-activepassive ὑμῖν ἐχαρίσθη τὸ 1 You could say this with an active form, and you can say who did the action. Alternate translation: “God has graciously granted to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PHP 1 30 x4z3 figs-abstractnouns τὸν αὐτὸν ἀγῶνα ἔχοντες 1 having the same struggle which you saw in me, and now you hear in me If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **struggle** by using a verb phrase, as the UST does, or by expressing the idea behind this word in some other way that would be clear in your language. Alternate translation: “as you contend with people who oppose you in the same way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 1 30 cewf figs-metaphor τὸν αὐτὸν ἀγῶνα ἔχοντες, οἷον εἴδετε ἐν ἐμοὶ 1 Here, the word **struggle** is a figurative way of referring to the conflict that Paul and the Philippian believers had with people who opposed them because of their faith. Paul speaks of it here as if it were a military battle or an athletic competition. If this would be unclear in your language, you could state this in plain language. Alternate translation: “as you experience the same opposition from people that you saw that I experienced” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 1 30 hnec figs-idiom εἴδετε ἐν ἐμοὶ, καὶ νῦν ἀκούετε ἐν ἐμοί 1 Here, the phrase **in me** occurs twice, both times referring to what Paul is experiencing. If this would be unclear in your language you can express this in a way that is understandable in your language. Alternate translation: “you saw me experience and now hear that I am experiencing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PHP 2 intro ixw8 0 # Philippians 2 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations, like the ULT, set apart the lines of verses 6-11. These verses describe the example of Christ. They teach important truths about the person of Jesus.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Practical instructions<br><br>In this chapter Paul gives many practical instructions to the church in Philippi.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “If there is any”<br><br>This appears as though it is a type of hypothetical statement. However, it is not a hypothetical statement, because it expresses something that is true. The translator may also translate this phrase as “Since there is.”
PHP 2 1 v4ns grammar-connect-words-phrases οὖν 1 The word **Therefore** indicates that what follows is the natural result of or conclusion to what preceded it. Use the most natural form in your language to show this relationship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
PHP 2 1 b1q7 figs-explicit εἴ τις…παράκλησις ἐν Χριστῷ, εἴ τι παραμύθιον ἀγάπης, εἴ τις κοινωνία Πνεύματος, εἴ τις σπλάγχνα καὶ οἰκτιρμοί 1 If there is any encouragement in Christ The phrase **if there is any**, which occurs one time in this verse, and the phrase **if any**, which occurs three times in this verse, appear to be hypothetical statements. However, they are not hypothetical, because they each express things which are true. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the meaning of these phrases explicitly. Alternate translation: “because of the encouragement which comes from Christ, because there is comfort from his love, because of the fellowship of the Spirit, because you have affections and compassions” or “since Christ has encouraged you, since there is comfort from his love, since there is fellowship in the Spirit, since you have affections and compassions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br>
PHP 2 1 xye5 figs-abstractnouns εἴ τις…παράκλησις ἐν Χριστῷ 1 Connecting Statement: If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **encouragement** by using a verbal form of this word. Alternate translation: “if Christ encourages you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 1 n82s εἴ τις…παράκλησις ἐν Χριστῷ 1 Connecting Statement: In the original language in which Paul wrote this letter, the word **encouragement** could mean **encouragement** or it could mean “exhortation”, depending on the context it was used in. Here, the word encouragement could refer to: (1) “encouragement” (2) “exhortation” Alternate translation: “if there is any exhortation in Christ” (3) both the idea of “encouragement” and “exhortation” at the same time. Alternate translation: “if there is any encouragement and exhortation in Christ”
PHP 2 1 dapb figs-explicit εἴ τις…παράκλησις ἐν Χριστῷ 1 Connecting Statement: Here, the phrase, **encouragement in Christ** probably means the encouragement that Christ gives to believers because they are in union with him. If it would be clearer in your language, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “because of the encouragement which comes from Christ” or “if Christ encourages you” or “because you are encouraged by being in Christ” or “since you are encouraged because of your union with Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 2 1 k1b2 figs-explicit εἴ τι παραμύθιον ἀγάπης 1 if any comfort of love Here, **love** probably refers to Christ’s love for the Philippians. Alternate translation: “if his love has given you any comfort” or “if his love for you has comforted you in any way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 2 1 del5 figs-ellipsis εἴ τι παραμύθιον ἀγάπης, εἴ τις κοινωνία Πνεύματος, εἴ τις σπλάγχνα καὶ οἰκτιρμοί 1 In the three occurrences of the phrase **if any** in this verse, the missing words, “there is,” are implied and can be supplied in your translation if omitting them cause confusion. Alternate translation: “if there is any comfort from love, if there is any fellowship of the Spirit, if there are any affections and compassions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PHP 2 1 d63e figs-abstractnouns εἴ τι παραμύθιον ἀγάπης 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the ideas behind the abstract nouns **comfort** and **love** by using verbal forms of these words and/or using them in a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “if Christ’s love for you has comforted you” or “if being loved by Christ has comforted you” or “if Christ’s love comforts you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 1 ub8e figs-explicit εἴ τι παραμύθιον ἀγάπης 1 The phrase **comfort of love** refers to the comfort which the Philippian believers received from Christ’s love. If it would be clearer in your language, consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “if you have received any comfort from Christ’s love” or “if Christ’s love comforts you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 2 1 m84k εἴ τις κοινωνία Πνεύματος 1 if any fellowship of the Spirit The phrase **fellowship of the Spirit** could refer to: (1) the Holy Spirit giving the Philippian Christians fellowship with each other. Alternate translation: “if the Spirit has produced any fellowship among you” or “if the Spirit has given you fellowship with each other” (2) the Philippian Christians' fellowship with the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: “if you have fellowship with the Spirit” (3) both the Holy Spirit giving the Philippian Christians fellowship with each other and to their having fellowship with the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: “if you have any fellowship with the Spirit and the Spirit has produced in you any fellowship with each other”
PHP 2 1 quhq figs-abstractnouns εἴ τις κοινωνία Πνεύματος 1 if any fellowship of the Spirit If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **fellowship** by using it in a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “if the Spirit has produced any fellowship among you” or “if the Spirit has given you fellowship with each other” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 1 l2px figs-abstractnouns εἴ τις σπλάγχνα καὶ οἰκτιρμοί 1 if any affections and compassions If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract nouns **affections** and **compassions** by using them in a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “if you feel any affection and compassion for one another” or “if you have any affection and compassion for each other” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 1 u3dz figs-explicit σπλάγχνα καὶ οἰκτιρμοί 1 if any affections and compassions The phrase **if any affections and compassions** probably refers to the Philippian believers' affection and compassion toward each other. If it would be clearer in your language, consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “if you have any affection and compassion toward one another”. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 2 2 j5v2 figs-abstractnouns πληρώσατέ μου τὴν χαρὰν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **joy**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **joy** by using an adjective or verb. Alternate translation: “make me overflow with happiness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 2 ve0w figs-abstractnouns τὴν αὐτὴν ἀγάπην ἔχοντες 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **love** with an adjective or verb. Alternate translation: “love each other” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 2 yo7j figs-idiom σύνψυχοι 1 Paul asking the Philippian believers to be **united in soul** is a figurative way of asking them to be unified and to agree about what is important. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “be one in spirit” or “be one in heart and will” or “agree about what is important” or “be unified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PHP 2 2 b8gz τὸ ἓν φρονοῦντες 1 Alternate translation: “being concerned about the same things”
PHP 2 3 p0v0 μηδὲν κατ’ ἐριθείαν 1 Alternate translation: “Do not be selfishly ambitious” or “Never try to make yourselves more important than others” or “Do not do anything with an attitude of self-importance”
PHP 2 3 xmey figs-abstractnouns μηδὲ κατὰ κενοδοξίαν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **conceit** by using an adjective or some other way. Alternate translation: “or with prideful motives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 3 kzj6 figs-abstractnouns ἀλλὰ τῇ ταπεινοφροσύνῃ ἀλλήλους ἡγούμενοι ὑπερέχοντας ἑαυτῶν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **humility** by using an adjective or some other way. Alternate translation: “but rather, act in a humble way by considering others more important than yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 4 ezk6 μὴ τὰ ἑαυτῶν ἕκαστος σκοποῦντες, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ ἑτέρων ἕκαστοι 1 each one not considering the things of himself, but also the things of each other Alternate translation: “each of you caring not only about what you need, but also about what others need”
PHP 2 4 nowd figs-explicit ἕκαστος 1 The phrase **each one** here means “each person” and refers to all of the Philippian believers. If it would be clearer in your language consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “every one of you” or “each of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 2 4 l3q0 figs-pronouns ἑαυτῶν 1 Here, the reflexive pronoun **themselves** is plural in form in the original language in which Paul wrote this letter. If your language has a plural form for this pronoun, consider using it here. Alternate translation: “of yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
PHP 2 4 qmzl figs-rpronouns ἑαυτῶν 1 Here, the reflexive pronoun **themselves** refers back to **each one** at the beginning of the verse. Alternate translation: “of yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
PHP 2 5 rh98 figs-abstractnouns τοῦτο φρονεῖτε ἐν ὑμῖν, ὃ καὶ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 Have this attitude in you which also was in Christ Jesus If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **attitude**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **attitude** with a verb such as “think.” Alternate translation: “Think about one another the way Christ Jesus thought of people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 5 kwoe figs-yousingular τοῦτο φρονεῖτε 1 This is a command or instruction to all of the Philippian believers. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. Alternate translation: “Every one of you should have this attitude” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
PHP 2 5 acmu figs-explicit τοῦτο φρονεῖτε ἐν ὑμῖν, ὃ καὶ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 Here the phrase **Have this attitude in you which was also in Christ Jesus** means that a believer is to have the same attitude and disposition which Christ Jesus had and which characterized his behavior. If your readers would misunderstand this phrase, consider stating it explicitly. Alternate translation: “Have the same attitude which belonged to Christ Jesus” or “Have the same attitude which Christ Jesus also had” or “Have the same attitude which Christ Jesus also displayed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 2 6 xo2l ἐν μορφῇ Θεοῦ ὑπάρχων 1 The phrase **existing in the form of God** means that Jesus had the very nature of God. It does not mean that Jesus only appeared to be God, but was not God. This phrase is saying that Jesus was fully God. The rest of this verse and the next two verses explain that Jesus, while being fully God, humbled himself and acted as a servant, in obedience to God. Avoid any translation that would suggest that Jesus was not fully God. Alternate translation: “being fully God” or “though everything that is true of God is true of him”
PHP 2 6 els2 ἁρπαγμὸν 1 did not consider being equal with God something to be grasped Alternate translation: “something to be held onto” or “something to be retained”
PHP 2 7 x5rt grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλὰ 1 The word **Instead** introduces a contrast between the preceding clause in [2:6](../02/06.md) and what is expressed about Jesus in this verse and the next two verses. The contrast is made between the option of hanging onto divine rights and privileges and Jesus choice to surrender them. Choose the best form in your language to show the contrast that **Instead** expresses here. Alternate translation: “On the contrary” or “Rather” or “But instead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
PHP 2 7 kvjd writing-pronouns ἀλλὰ ἑαυτὸν ἐκένωσεν 1 Here, the pronoun **he** refers to Jesus. If your readers would misunderstand this, consider the best way to express the meaning of **he** to show that it refers to Jesus. Alternate translation: “Instead, Jesus emptied himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
PHP 2 7 c64i figs-rpronouns ἑαυτὸν ἐκένωσεν 1 Here, the reflexive pronoun **himself** refers to Jesus and is used to emphasize the fact that Jesus freely and intentionally chose to empty himself of divine rights and privileges. Consider the best way to express the emphatic element of this pronoun<br>in your language. Alternate translation: “he willingly set aside divine privileges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
PHP 2 7 yu25 figs-metaphor ἑαυτὸν ἐκένωσεν 1 he emptied himself Here, Paul saying that Christ **emptied himself** is figurative, and not literal. By using this phrase, Paul is vividly expressing that Christ chose to give up many of his divine rights and privileges when he became human. The phrase **emptied himself** is a figurative way of saying that Jesus chose to give up divine privileges and honors. Paul expresses this in a metaphorical way in order to more vividly make his point. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture, or use plain language. Alternate translation: “he gave up divine rights and privileges” or “he willingly set aside divine privileges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 2 7 r5dn μορφὴν δούλου λαβών 1 The phrase, **having taken the form of a servant**, means that Jesus acted as a servant while on earth. It does not mean that Jesus simply appeared to be a servant. If this would be misunderstood by your readers, consider using an equivalent expression from your language, or state this in plain language. Alternative translation, “and acted as a servant” or see UST.
PHP 2 7 qetl ἐν ὁμοιώματι ἀνθρώπων γενόμενος 1 The phrase **having been born in the likeness of men** means that Jesus became a human being. It does not mean that Jesus only appeared to be human. Rather, it means that Jesus, who always existed as God, chose to take on a human body and appear on earth in human form. If your readers would misunderstand this, consider saying this in plain language. Alternate translation: “having become a human being” or see UST.
PHP 2 7 tc8n figs-gendernotations ἐν ὁμοιώματι ἀνθρώπων 1 in the likeness of men Here, the word **men** is emphasizing the idea of Jesus’ humanity rather than his gender. The word **men** is plural in form to emphasize the idea that Jesus resembled humanity in general. Consider the best way in your language to express this emphasis on Jesus’ humanity. Alternate translation: “in the likeness of human beings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
PHP 2 7 uizd καὶ σχήματι εὑρεθεὶς ὡς ἄνθρωπος 1 The phrase **having been found in appearance as a man** does not mean that Jesus appeared to be a man, but was not a man. Rather, this phrase continues the thought of the the previous phrase **having been born in the likeness of men** and means that Jesus became a human being and therefore was fully human in appearance. The phrase, **in appearance**, points out that Jesus was fully human in appearance; it also indicates that, while being fully human, Jesus was distinct from the rest of humanity: He retained his full deity while being human, and therefore was both human and divine at the same time. Alternate translation: “and while being found in the form of a human being”
PHP 2 7 jmr8 figs-gendernotations ἄνθρωπος 1 Here the word **man** is emphasizing the idea of Jesus’ humanity rather than his gender. If your language has a way of expressing this emphasis on Jesus’ humanity, consider using the term that would most clearly express this. See how you translated the word **men** earlier in this verse. Alternate translation: “a human being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
PHP 2 8 t8a6 ἐταπείνωσεν ἑαυτὸν, γενόμενος ὑπήκοος μέχρι θανάτου 1 having become obedient to the point of death The phrase **having become** clarifies or introduces the way that Jesus **humbled himself**. Choose the most natural form in your language to express this meaning. Alternate translation: “Jesus humbled himself by becoming obedient to the point of dying” or “Jesus humbled himself this way, by obeying to the point of death” or “Jesus humbled himself, specifically, by obeying God to the point of death”
PHP 2 8 ttys figs-rpronouns ἑαυτὸν 1 The reflexive pronoun **himself**, which refers to Jesus, is used here to emphasize Jesus’ action of humbling himself. Consider the best way in your language to express the emphatic element of this pronoun. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
PHP 2 8 r5f0 figs-abstractnouns γενόμενος ὑπήκοος μέχρι θανάτου, θανάτου δὲ σταυροῦ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the two occurrences in this verse of the abstract noun **death** with a verb such as “dying”. Alternate translation: “having become obedient to the point of dying, even dying on a cross” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 8 flk2 θανάτου δὲ σταυροῦ 1 The phrase **even death on a cross** emphasizes that dying on a cross was a very humiliating way to die. By using the word **even** and repeating the word **death**, Paul is emphasizing the great extent of Jesus’ humility and obedience. Think about the best way in your language to show the emphasis provided by the phrase **even death on a cross**. Alternate translation: “even so far as dying on a cross” or “even to the extent of dying on a cross”
PHP 2 9 f3ek grammar-connect-logic-result διὸ 1 The word **Therefore** introduces the result of Jesus humbling himself. How Jesus humbled himself is described in [2:6-8](../02/06.md). What follows the word **Therefore** is the result of what Jesus humbling himself. The word **Therefore** shows the reason and result relationship between what comes before this word and what follows it. Choose the form in your language that best expresses the reason and result relationship expressed by the word **Therefore**. Alternate translation: “Because of this” or “Because Jesus acted this way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
PHP 2 9 mvb7 figs-metonymy τὸ ὄνομα τὸ ὑπὲρ πᾶν ὄνομα 1 the name that is above every name Here, **name** is a metonym that refers to the status or position associated with someone's name. Alternate translation: “the position that is above every other position” or “the position that was higher than any other position” or “the rank that is above every other rank” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 2 10 b3ai grammar-connect-logic-result ἵνα 1 The phrase **so that** connects this verse with the preceding verse, [2:9](../02/09.md) and shows that this verse and the next verse are the result of [2:9](../02/09.md). Use the most natural form in your language to show this connection. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
PHP 2 10 tk45 figs-idiom ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Ἰησοῦ, πᾶν γόνυ κάμψῃ 1 at the name of Jesus every knee would bend Here, every knee bending is an idiomatic way of saying that Jesus will be worshiped and honored. If this would be clear in your language, consider using this expression, but if it would be misunderstood in your language, consider using an equivalent expression to communicate the idea of worship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PHP 2 10 xz1u figs-metonymy ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Ἰησοῦ, πᾶν γόνυ κάμψῃ 1 at the name of Jesus every knee would bend Here, **name** is a metonym for the person, telling who it is they will worship. Alternate translation: “before the person of Jesus” or “every person and being will worship Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 2 10 xn7a ἐπουρανίων καὶ ἐπιγείων καὶ καταχθονίων 1 The phrase **in heaven and on earth and under the earth** literally means “of heavenly things and of earthly things and of things under the earth” or “of heavenly beings and of earthly beings and of beings under the earth”. This phrase refers to all beings, including human beings and angels. This phrase emphasizes that all beings everywhere will bow in reverence to Jesus. Consider the best way to express this in your language. Alternate translation: “every being in heaven, and on earth, and under the earth”
PHP 2 11 xy4f figs-metonymy πᾶσα γλῶσσα ἐξομολογήσηται 1 every tongue Here, Paul uses the word **tongue** figuratively to represent the mouth and what comes out of the mouth. Paul is figuratively describing what is said by associating it with the the tongue. If this is not clear in your language, you could use an equivalent expression, or use plain language. Alternate translation: “every mouth will declare” or “every being will say” or “everyone will say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 2 11 mr2i grammar-connect-logic-goal εἰς δόξαν Θεοῦ Πατρὸς 1 to the glory of God the Father Here the word **to** expresses result. Alternate translation: “with the result that God the Father will be honored” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
PHP 2 11 equs figs-abstractnouns εἰς δόξαν Θεοῦ Πατρὸς 1 to the glory of God the Father If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **glory**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **glory** by using a verbal form of this word or by some other way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 12 jnp3 grammar-connect-words-phrases ὥστε 1 Connecting Statement: The phrase **So then** shows that [2:5-11](../02/05.md) is logically connected to [2:12-18](../02/12.md) and it introduces this section [2:12-18](../02/12.md), in which Paul gives practical directions regarding how the Philippian Christians should apply what Paul wrote about in [2:5-11](../02/05.md). The phrase **So then** shows that what follows it is the desired result of what preceded it in [2:5-11](../02/05.md). Use the most natural form in your language to show this relationship. Alternate translation: “Therefore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
PHP 2 12 e359 ἀγαπητοί μου 1 my beloved Here, the word **beloved** refers to the believers in Philippi. Paul uses this word to express how much he loves them. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could use an equivalent phrase in your language that expresses love and affection. Alternate translation: “my dear fellow believers”
PHP 2 12 c1ix ὡς ἐν τῇ παρουσίᾳ μου 1 in my presence Alternate translation: “when I was present with you”
PHP 2 12 j897 figs-abstractnouns μετὰ φόβου καὶ τρόμου τὴν ἑαυτῶν σωτηρίαν κατεργάζεσθε 1 work out your own salvation with fear and trembling If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **salvation**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **salvation** by using a verbal form of this word or expressing it in some other way which describes God’s saving work. Alternate translation: “with fear and trembling, continue to work hard to do that which is proper for those whom God saves” or “with awe and reverence for God, work to do good things, as those whom God has saved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 12 cm1s figs-doublet μετὰ φόβου καὶ τρόμου 1 with fear and trembling Paul uses the words **fear** and **trembling** together to show the attitude of reverence that people should have for God. Consider the best way to express this idea in your language. These words have very similar meanings, so you can express them as one idea or translate them as two separate expressions. Alternate translation: “with awe and reverence for God” or “with deep reverence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PHP 2 13 fc9l ἐνεργῶν 1 In the original language in which Paul wrote this letter, the word **working** expresses continuous action and emphasizes the ongoing nature of God’s work in believers. Consider the best way to express the continuous nature of this word in your language. Alternate translation: “continually working”
PHP 2 13 qy5x figs-extrainfo ἐν ὑμῖν 1 The phrase **in you** could refer to: (1) God working individually within the heart of each of the Philippian believers. (2) God working among the Philippian believers as a whole. Alternate translation: “among you” (3) both option one and two simultaneously. Alternate translation: “in and among you” If your language allows you to keep the object of God’s work ambiguous, as it is in the ULT, this is the preferable option. If your language does not allow for this, choose one of the options above. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
PHP 2 13 m6b8 καὶ τὸ θέλειν, καὶ τὸ ἐνεργεῖν, ὑπὲρ τῆς εὐδοκίας 1 both to will and to work for his good pleasure Alternate translation: “to enable you to both desire to do, and to do, the things which him happy” or “so that you will want to do what pleases him, and will be able to do what pleases him”
PHP 2 14 gy6p figs-yousingular πάντα ποιεῖτε χωρὶς γογγυσμῶν καὶ διαλογισμῶν 1 The phrase **Do all things without** is a command or instruction to all of the Philippian Christians. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. Alternate translation: “Every one of you, make sure that you do not complain or argue in anything you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
PHP 2 15 z2lz figs-doublet ἄμεμπτοι καὶ ἀκέραιοι 1 blameless and pure The words **blameless** and **pure** are very similar in meaning and are used together to emphasize the idea of living a morally pure life. You may translate these words individually, as the ULT does, or combine them together into one idea and express their meaning together as a single expression. Consider what would be most natural in your language. Alternate translation: “completely innocent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PHP 2 15 sp0g figs-metaphor τέκνα Θεοῦ 1 The phrase **children of God** is a metaphorical way of describing people who have entered into a father-child relationship with God by putting their faith and trust in Jesus. Here, **children** does not refer to those who are young, but only to the relationship that people have at any age to their father. If you translate **children** using a literal term, choose a word that can refer to people of any age in relation to their fathers. Alternate translation: “God’s spiritual children” or “spiritual children of God” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor)
PHP 2 15 im15 figs-explicit ἄμωμα 1 The phrase **without blemish** means being free from flaws or defects. Here the phrase **without blemish** specifically means being free from moral flaws or corruption. Consider using an equivalent phrase from your language that would be understood in this context, or use plain language. Alternate translation: “who abstain from all evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 2 15 f957 figs-metonymy ἐν οἷς φαίνεσθε ὡς φωστῆρες ἐν κόσμῳ 1 Paul is figuratively describing people by associating them with the world in which they live. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could use an equivalent expression, or use plain language. Alternate translation: “among whom you shine as lights before the people in the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 2 15 p71u figs-metaphor φαίνεσθε ὡς φωστῆρες ἐν κόσμῳ 1 you shine as lights in the world Here, the word **lights** represents truth and living in a righteous way that shows people what is true and good. Light, is often used metaphorically in the Bible to represent truth and the righteous living that aligns with truth. In the Bible, light is often contrasted with darkness, which represents falsehood and living according to it. To **shine as lights in the world** means to live in a way that helps people see God’s truth and character. You can retain this metaphor or express this using plain language. Alternate translation: “you will be examples of God’s goodness and truth in the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 2 15 jb7y figs-doublet μέσον γενεᾶς σκολιᾶς καὶ διεστραμμένης 1 in the world, in the midst of a crooked and depraved generation The words **crooked** and **perverted** are used together to emphasize the idea of extreme sinfulness. These two words are very similar in meaning. You may translate these words individually, as the ULT does, or combine them together into one idea and express their meaning together as a single expression. Consider what would be most natural in your language. Alternate translation: “among people who are very sinful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PHP 2 16 u3qb λόγον ζωῆς ἐπέχοντες 1 holding forth the word of life Here, **holding forth** could mean: (1) holding out to others the word of life. Alternate translation: “holding out the word of life” or “offering the word of life” (2) holding firmly to the word of life. Alternate translation: “holding tightly to the word of life” or “holding firmly to the word of life”
PHP 2 16 cher λόγον ζωῆς ἐπέχοντες 1 The phrase **holding forth the word of life** continues the thought from the previous verse and shows in more detail how Christians can become "blameless and pure, children of God" who "shine as lights in the world." Consider the best way to show this connection in your language. Alternate translation: “as you hold forth the word of life”
PHP 2 16 eq86 figs-explicit λόγον ζωῆς 1 the word of life The phrase **word of life** refers to the the good news about Jesus. If this would be unclear in your language, consider translating this phrase in plain language. Alternate translation: “the message that gives life” or “the life-giving gospel” or “the life-giving message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 2 16 nmix figs-metonymy λόγον 1 Here the phrase **the word** means “the gospel.” In his writings, Paul often uses **word** to refer to the message of the gospel. In doing this, Paul is figuratively describing something Christians communicate to others by associating it with words. If this is not clear in your language, you could use an equivalent expression, or use plain language. Alternate translation: “the message” or “the gospel” or “the good news” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 2 16 i448 figs-explicit λόγον ζωῆς 1 The phrase **the word of life** could mean: (1) the word that gives people life. Alternate translation: “the word that gives life” (2) the word that is about life and gives life. Alternate translation: “the word that is about life and gives life” (3) the word which contains life and has the ability to give people life. Alternate translation: “the word that contains and gives life” If your language allows you to keep the phrase **the word of life** ambiguous, this is the best option. If your language does not allow you to do this, you may specify clearly how the phrase **of life** is related to **the word**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 2 16 fz1d figs-abstractnouns λόγον ζωῆς 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the abstract noun **life** by using it in a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “the life-giving word” or “the word which gives life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 16 s3z9 grammar-connect-logic-result εἰς καύχημα ἐμοὶ εἰς ἡμέραν Χριστοῦ, ὅτι οὐκ εἰς κενὸν ἔδραμον, οὐδὲ εἰς κενὸν ἐκοπίασα 1 With the phrase **for my boasting on the day of Christ**, Paul introduces a reason that the Philippian believers should try to live out the things he has just told them to do in [2:12](../02/12.md) and ending with the phrase **holding forth the word of life**. Paul here gives one reason for what he has just asked them to do. He says that if they live out what he has just told them, then when Christ returns, he can be proud of the fact that he did not work in vain among them. Consider the best way in your language to show this reason-result relationship. Alternate translation: “so that I will be able to boast on the day Christ returns that I did not run in vain or labor in vain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
PHP 2 16 esvd figs-explicit εἰς καύχημα ἐμοὶ 1 Here, **boasting** refers to Paul being rightfully proud of God’s work in the lives of the Philippian believers. If it would be clearer in your language, consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “so that I may be rightfully proud of God’s work in you” or “so that I might glory in God’s work in you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 2 16 q7y8 figs-explicit εἰς ἡμέραν Χριστοῦ, 1 on the day of Christ The phrase **the day of Christ** refers to the time in the future when Christ will return. If it would be clearer in your language, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “when Christ returns” or “at the time Christ returns” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 2 16 m5aq figs-parallelism οὐκ εἰς κενὸν ἔδραμον, οὐδὲ εἰς κενὸν ἐκοπίασα 1 I did not run in vain nor labor in vain The phrases **run in vain** and **labor in vain** have very similar meanings here. Paul uses these two phrases together to emphasize how hard he has worked to help people believe in Christ and mature in their obedience and love for him. You may translate these two phrases separately, as the ULT does, or if it would be clearer in your language, you may translate them together as a single phrase. Alternate translation: “I did not work so hard for nothing” or “I did not work hard with no lasting results” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PHP 2 16 m1z7 figs-metaphor οὐκ εἰς κενὸν ἔδραμον 1 I did … run Here Paul uses the word **run** metaphorically to mean “work.” Here Paul specifically means that he worked for the advancement of the gospel among the Philippians. Paul uses the word **run** to bring to the Philippians' minds the image of a runner who is racing toward a finish line in order to win a prize. If this image is familiar to people in your culture, consider using this metaphor. But if this image is not familiar to your readers, consider stating this idea in plain language. Alternate translation: “I did not work for the advancement of the gospel uselessly” or “I did not work for the spread of the good news for nothing” or “I did not run the race uselessly”( See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 2 16 wyyg figs-abstractnouns εἰς κενὸν…εἰς κενὸν 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the abstract noun **vain** using an adjectival phrase. Alternate translation: “with no results” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 16 btgu figs-explicit οὐδὲ εἰς κενὸν ἐκοπίασα 1 Here Paul uses the word **labor** to refer to his spiritual work of sharing the gospel with the Philippian believers and working to help them grow in spiritual maturity. Paul assumes that his readers will know that he is referring to his spiritual work among them. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “or work hard for nothing, trying to help you believe in Christ and obey him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 2 17 p9km grammar-connect-words-phrases ἀλλ’ εἰ καὶ 1 **But even if** connects the idea of running and laboring for the advance of the gospel, which Paul discussed in [2:16](../02/16.md), with what he says in the rest of this verse. Consider how to translate this phrase in your language in a way that shows this connection. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
PHP 2 17 j2ov translate-symaction σπένδομαι ἐπὶ τῇ θυσίᾳ καὶ λειτουργίᾳ τῆς πίστεως ὑμῶν 1 The phrase **I am being poured out as an offering on the sacrifice** uses imagery from the Old Testament Jewish sacrificial system. A priest would sacrifice an animal on the altar as a burnt offering to God and then pour out wine as a drink offering to God, in order to make the sacrifice complete. See [Num 28:7](../num/28/07.md). If there is a gesture with similar meaning in your culture, consider using it here, but if this imagery would be confusing in your culture, consider translating this imagery using plain language. Alternate translation: “I work and give my life for your sake in order to complete the sacrificial service of your faith” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
PHP 2 17 xlv0 figs-metaphor σπένδομαι 1 Paul uses the phrase **I am being poured out as an offering** to figuratively depict his imprisonment and suffering for the advancement of the gospel. Paul probably is also thinking of the fact that he could be killed in the future for preaching the gospel. If this metaphor would not be clear in your language, consider using plain language to express this idea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 2 17 ji4w figs-abstractnouns σπένδομαι 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the abstract noun **offering** by using a verbal form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 17 thi0 figs-activepassive ἐπὶ τῇ θυσίᾳ καὶ λειτουργίᾳ τῆς πίστεως ὑμῶν 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form. Alternate translation: “on your sacrifice and service which you offer because you believe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PHP 2 17 ip8i figs-hendiadys ἐπὶ τῇ θυσίᾳ καὶ λειτουργίᾳ τῆς πίστεως ὑμῶν 1 The words **sacrifice** and **service** express a single idea by using two words connected by **and**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express this meaning as a single idea or phrase. Alternate translation: “to complete your sacrificial service which you offer because you believe the gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
PHP 2 17 otjn figs-activepassive χαίρω καὶ συνχαίρω πᾶσιν ὑμῖν 1 Alternate translation: “I gladly rejoice, and I rejoice with you all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PHP 2 17 s1j9 χαίρω καὶ συνχαίρω πᾶσιν ὑμῖν 1 The phrase **I rejoice and rejoice with you all** is Paul’s summary of his attitude toward his hard work and suffering on behalf of the Philippians, which he described in [2:16](../02/16.md) and in this verse.
PHP 2 18 bicj figs-explicit τὸ…αὐτὸ 1 The phrase **in the same manner** refers to the Philippian Christians rejoicing in the same manner that Paul said he would rejoice in previous verse [2:17](../02/17.md). If this would be unclear in your language, consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the same way that I rejoice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 2 18 dr9c figs-yousingular καὶ ὑμεῖς χαίρετε καὶ συνχαίρετέ μοι 1 Connecting Statement: The phrases **you also rejoice** and **rejoice with me** are both commands or instructions given to all of the Philippian Christians. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. Alternate translation: “I urge each of you to rejoice, and also to rejoice with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
PHP 2 19 gml9 figs-abstractnouns ἐλπίζω δὲ ἐν Κυρίῳ Ἰησοῦ 1 Now I hope in the Lord Jesus If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **hope**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **hope** with a verb form such as “hoping.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 19 pq9g translate-names Τιμόθεον 1 **Timothy** is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
PHP 2 19 uvzh figs-ellipsis κἀγὼ εὐψυχῶ 1 Here, the word **also** indicates that there is an ellipsis in the words that follow it. The word **also** expresses and implies that if Paul was able to send Timothy to the Philippian Christians, then they would be encouraged by news of Paul also. If this would be unclear in your language, consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I, as well as you, might be encouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PHP 2 20 d9mw οὐδένα γὰρ ἔχω ἰσόψυχον 1 For I have no one like-minded Alternate translation: “For I have no one else who loves you like I do"
PHP 2 21 b922 figs-explicit οἱ πάντες γὰρ τὰ ἑαυτῶν ζητοῦσιν, οὐ τὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 For they all Here the words **they** and **their** refer to a group of people Paul does not think he can trust to help the believers in Philippi. If this would be misunderstood in your language, consider stating that explicitly. Alternate translation: “All the other people I might send to you seek what they want and not the things Jesus Christ wants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 2 22 gm8i figs-simile ὡς πατρὶ τέκνον, σὺν ἐμοὶ ἐδούλευσεν εἰς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον 1 as a child with his father, he served with me The point of this comparison is that children learn from their fathers and try to follow and imitate them as they work alongside them. Paul was not Timothy’s biological father but he uses this simile to illustrate how Timothy worked alongside him and learned from him as together they advanced the gospel. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “he learned from me and imitated me as he served with me in the gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PHP 2 22 clvw figs-abstractnouns τὴν δὲ δοκιμὴν αὐτοῦ γινώσκετε 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **worth** with an adjective such as “valuable” or in some other way. Alternate translation: “But you know how valuable Timothy is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 22 xdn5 figs-metonymy εἰς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον 1 in the gospel Here, **the gospel** means the work of advancing the gospel. If this would be misunderstood in your language consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in gospel work” or “in working to spread the gospel” or “in the work of telling people the good news about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 2 24 yn62 πέποιθα…ἐν Κυρίῳ, ὅτι καὶ αὐτὸς ταχέως ἐλεύσομαι 1 I am confident in the Lord that I myself will also come soon Alternate translation: “I am sure, if it is the Lord’s will, that I will also come soon”
PHP 2 24 qqpo figs-explicit ὅτι καὶ αὐτὸς ταχέως ἐλεύσομαι. 1 Here, the word **also** expresses that Paul was confident that he would be able to visit the Philippian Christians, in addition to sending Timothy to them. If this would be misunderstood in your language consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that I myself, in addition to Timothy, will also come soon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 2 24 wbpc figs-go ὅτι καὶ αὐτὸς ταχέως ἐλεύσομαι 1 Your language may say “go” instead of **come** in contexts such as this. Alternate translation: “that I myself will also go soon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
PHP 2 25 k4wz translate-names Ἐπαφρόδιτον 1 Epaphroditus This is the name of a man sent by the Philippian church to minister to Paul in prison. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
PHP 2 25 csw5 figs-metaphor ἀδελφὸν…μου 1 Here, the phrase **my brother** does not mean that Epaphroditus was Paul’s biological brother. Rather, Paul calls Epaphroditus his **brother** because they were both members of God’s spiritual family through their faith in Jesus Christ. If this would be unclear in your language consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “my spiritual brother” or “my brother in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 2 25 c3ce figs-metaphor συνστρατιώτην 1 fellow worker and fellow soldier Here, the phrase **fellow soldier** does not mean that Epaphroditus and Paul were actual soldiers in a military. What Paul means is that he and Epaphroditus were spiritual soldiers fighting together for God in the spiritual battle against Satan and evil. If this would be misunderstood in your language you could express this explicitly or modify the phrase **fellow soldier** to further explain what Paul means or you could express the meaning of **fellow soldier** by turning it into a simile as the UST does. Alternate translation: “fellow believer who works and struggles along with us” or “fellow soldier of God” or “fellow warrior for God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 2 25 qsd6 ὑμῶν…ἀπόστολον καὶ λειτουργὸν τῆς χρείας μου 1 your messenger and minister for my needs Alternate translation: “who brings your messages to me and helps me in my need”
PHP 2 26 gxn9 ἐπιποθῶν ἦν πάντας ὑμᾶς, καὶ ἀδημονῶν 1 he is longing to be with you all and he is distressed Alternate translation: “he has wanted to be with you all and is deeply concerned”
PHP 2 26 wdvh writing-pronouns ἐπειδὴ ἐπιποθῶν ἦν πάντας ὑμᾶς, καὶ ἀδημονῶν διότι ἠκούσατε ὅτι ἠσθένησεν 1 In this verse all three uses of the pronoun **he** refer to Epaphroditus. If this would be misunderstood in your language consider clarifying this in your translation in a way that would be natural. Alternate translation: “seeing that Epaphroditus has been longing to be with you all and is distressed because you heard that he was sick” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
PHP 2 27 d3ou writing-pronouns καὶ γὰρ ἠσθένησεν παραπλήσιον θανάτῳ, ἀλλὰ ὁ Θεὸς ἠλέησεν αὐτόν, οὐκ αὐτὸν δὲ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐμέ, ἵνα μὴ λύπην ἐπὶ λύπην σχῶ 1 Here, the pronoun **he** refers to Epaphroditus as well as both uses of the pronoun **him**. If this would be unclear in your language consider clarifying this in your translation. Alternate translation: “For indeed Epaphroditus was sick nearly to death. But God had mercy on him, and not on him only, but also on me, so that I might not have sorrow upon sorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
PHP 2 27 rl0m figs-abstractnouns ἠσθένησεν παραπλήσιον θανάτῳ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **death** with an adjective such as “dying” or with a verbal form such as **died** as the UST does. Alternate translation: “he was sick nearly to the point of dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 27 n0zd figs-abstractnouns ἀλλὰ ὁ Θεὸς ἠλέησεν αὐτόν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **mercy**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **mercy** with an adjective such as “merciful” or in some other way. Alternate translation: “but God was merciful to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 27 ioqq figs-explicit λύπην ἐπὶ λύπην 1 If the expression **sorrow upon sorrow** would be misunderstood in your language consider using an equivalent expression or state the meaning of this phrase explicitly. Alternate translation: “sorrow added to sorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 2 27 dzgz λύπην ἐπὶ λύπην 1 The expression **sorrow upon sorrow** could mean: (1) adding the sorrow of Epaphroditus’ death to the sorrow of Epaphroditus’ sickness. Alternate translation: “the sorrow of Epaphroditus’ death added to the sorrow of his sickness” (2) adding the sorrow of Epaphroditus’ death to the sorrow of Paul’s imprisonment. Alternate translation: “the sorrow of Epaphroditus’ death added to the sorrow of my imprisonment”
PHP 2 28 kt1d writing-pronouns σπουδαιοτέρως οὖν ἔπεμψα αὐτὸν, ἵνα ἰδόντες αὐτὸν πάλιν, χαρῆτε κἀγὼ ἀλυπότερος ὦ 1 Here, both occurrences of the pronoun **him** refer to Epaphroditus. If this would be misunderstood in your language, consider clarifying who **him** is referring to in a way that would be natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Therefore, I sent Epaphroditus all the more eagerly, so that, having seen him again, you might rejoice, and I might be free from pain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
PHP 2 28 y5gc figs-abstractnouns κἀγὼ ἀλυπότερος ὦ 1 and I might be free from pain Here, when Paul refers to **pain** he is referring to emotional pain. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **pain**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **pain** with an adjective such as “anxious” or “concerned” or in some other way. Alternate translation: “and I might be less anxious” or “and I might be less concerned about you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 29 y95x figs-yousingular προσδέχεσθε…αὐτὸν 1 Therefore welcome him The word **welcome** is a command or instruction to all of the Philippian Christians. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. Alternate translation: “I exhort each of you to welcome him” or “each of you welcome him” or “all of you welcome him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
PHP 2 29 qx14 figs-abstractnouns ἐν Κυρίῳ μετὰ πάσης χαρᾶς 1 in the Lord with all joy If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **joy**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **joy** with an adverb such as “joyfully”, as the UST does, or you can use a verbal form of this word such as “rejoicing.” Alternate translation: “Therefore, welcome him in the Lord with rejoicing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 29 l59w figs-yousingular ἐντίμους ἔχετε 1 The phrase **hold in honor** is a command or instruction to all of the Philippian Christians. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. Alternate translation: “I exhort each of you to hold in honor” or “each of you honor” or “all of you honor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
PHP 2 29 lk2b figs-abstractnouns ἐντίμους ἔχετε 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **honor**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **honor** with a verbal form of **honor** as the UST does, or in some other way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 30 ns1y writing-pronouns ὅτι διὰ τὸ ἔργον Χριστοῦ μέχρι θανάτου ἤγγισεν, παραβολευσάμενος τῇ ψυχῇ, ἵνα ἀναπληρώσῃ τὸ ὑμῶν ὑστέρημα, τῆς πρός με λειτουργίας 1 he came near even to death Here, the pronouns **he** and **him** refer to Epaphroditus. If this would be misunderstood by your readers consider clarifying this in a way that would be natural in your language. Alternate translation: “since for the sake of the work of Christ, Epaphroditus came near even to death, risking his life so that he might make up your lack of service to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
PHP 2 30 vj8b figs-possession διὰ τὸ ἔργον Χριστοῦ 1 he came near even to death In the phrase **the work of Christ** Paul is using the possessive form to describe work that is done for Christ. It this would be misunderstood by your readers you can state this in some other way. Alternate translation: “for the sake of working for Christ” or “as a result of working for Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
PHP 2 30 nhja figs-abstractnouns διὰ τὸ ἔργον Χριστοῦ 1 he came near even to death If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **work**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **work** with a verbal form such as “working.” Alternate translation: “for the sake of working for Christ” or “as a result of working for Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 30 ffly figs-abstractnouns μέχρι θανάτου ἤγγισεν 1 he came near even to death If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **death** you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **death** with an adjective such as “dying” or with a verbal form such as **died**, as the UST does. Alternate translation: “he was close to dying” or “he came close to dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 30 kjti figs-abstractnouns παραβολευσάμενος τῇ ψυχῇ 1 he came near even to death If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **life** you could express the idea behind the phrase **having risked his life** in some other way. Alternate translation: “He ran the risk of dying” or “He risked dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 30 x4rl figs-abstractnouns ἵνα ἀναπληρώσῃ τὸ ὑμῶν ὑστέρημα, τῆς πρός με λειτουργίας 1 he came near even to death If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **service** you could express the idea behind the word **service** by using a verb form such as “serve.” Alternate translation: “so that he might make up for your not being able to serve me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 30 g98z figs-explicit ἵνα ἀναπληρώσῃ τὸ ὑμῶν ὑστέρημα, τῆς πρός με λειτουργίας 1 he might make up your lack of service to me The **lack of service** Paul speaks of here, is the inability of the Philippian believers to be present with him in prison. By sending Epaphroditus to Paul, the Philippian believers ministered to Paul’s needs through Epaphroditus, and so Epaphroditus supplied what they could not. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “so that he might supply what you could not give me” or “so that he might make up for what you could not give” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 3 intro btx3 0 # Philippians 3 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>In verses 4-8, Paul lists how he qualifies for being considered a righteous Jew. In every way, Paul was an exemplary Jew. But he contrasts this with the greatness of knowing Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Dogs<br><br>The people of the ancient Near East used dogs as an image to refer to people in a negative way. Not all cultures use the term “dogs” in this way.<br><br>### Resurrected Bodies<br><br>We know very little about what people will be like in heaven. Paul teaches here that Christians will have some kind of glorious body and will be free from sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Prize<br><br>Paul uses an extended illustration to describe the Christian life. The goal of the Christian life is attempting to grow to be like Christ until a person dies. We can never achieve this goal perfectly, but we must strive for it.
PHP 3 1 zu9l figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 brothers Paul is using the term **brothers** figuratively here to refer to anyone who is a fellow believer in Jesus. If this is not clear in your language, you can express this plainly. See how you translated this word in [Philippians 1:12](../01/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
PHP 3 1 ymm2 figs-yousingular χαίρετε ἐν Κυρίῳ 1 rejoice in the Lord The word **rejoice** is a command or instruction to all of the Philippian Christians. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. Alternate translation: “I exhort each of you to rejoice in the Lord” or “each of you rejoice in the Lord” or “all of you rejoice in the Lord” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular)
PHP 3 1 qb78 figs-explicit ὑμῖν δὲ ἀσφαλές 1 and is a safeguard for you If it would be helpful in your language you can state explicitly how writing these things is a **safeguard** for the Philippians. Alternate translation: “because these teachings will protect you from those who teach what is false” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 3 2 ttws figs-yousingular βλέπετε -1 All three times that the phrase **Beware** occurs in this verse it is a command or instruction given to all of the Philippian believers. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. Alternate translation: “I exhort each of you to beware of” or “Each of you beware of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
PHP 3 2 ny6y βλέπετε -1 Beware Alternate translation: “Watch out for” or “Look out for” or “Be on guard against”
PHP 3 2 zin8 τοὺς κύνας…τοὺς κακοὺς ἐργάτας…τὴν κατατομήν 1 the dogs … the evil workers … the mutilation The phrases **the dogs**, **the evil workers**, and **the mutilation** are three different ways of describing the same group of Jewish teachers who were corrupting the gospel. Paul uses strong expressions to convey his feelings about these Jewish teachers.
PHP 3 2 yeax translate-unknown τοὺς κύνας 1 the dogs Paul speaks of the Jewish teachers who were corrupting the gospel as though they were **dogs** in order to show strong contempt for them. A dog is an animal that is common in many parts of the world. Dogs are despised in some cultures but not despised in other cultures so using the term **dogs** in some cultures may not have the same derogatory or negative meaning that Paul intended. If you have a different animal in your culture that is despised or whose name is used as an insult, you could use this animal instead if it would fit well in this context. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
PHP 3 2 n44a figs-explicit κακοὺς ἐργάτας 1 Here, the phrase **evil workers** refers to Jewish teachers who were teaching things that were contrary to the gospel. If this would be misunderstood by your readers you can state this using plain language. Alternate translation: See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 3 2 vc2u translate-unknown τὴν κατατομήν 1 The word **mutilation** is a sarcastic way of referring to circumcision, and the phrase **the mutilation** is a sarcastic way of referring to the people who taught that circumcision was necessary in order to be in right standing with God. By using the term **mutilation**, Paul is showing the Philippian believers that those who trust in circumcision, and not solely in Christ, mistakenly think that they can earn God’s favor by cutting their bodies. Consider the term that would best communicate this idea in your language or you can state this using plain language. Alternate translation: “those who cut themselves” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
PHP 3 2 x8r2 figs-metonymy τὴν κατατομήν 1 the mutilation Here, **the mutilation** refers to the Jewish teachers who were all circumcised and were corrupting the gospel by teaching that it was necessary to be circumcised. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 3 3 y8yt figs-exclusive ἡμεῖς γάρ ἐσμεν 1 For we are Here, Paul uses **we** to refer to himself and the Philippian believers and anyone else who believes in Christ so **we** is inclusive. Your language may require you to mark this form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
PHP 3 3 xt5r figs-metonymy ἡ περιτομή 1 the circumcision Here, the term **the circumcision** is used metonymously to refer to all true Christians. Here, Paul is using this term in contrast to its normal usage in the Bible. Normally, the term **the circumcision** was used to refer to Jewish males since all Jewish males were circumcised at this time. Here, Paul intentionally uses this term in a way that would have been surprising to his readers. Here, Paul uses this term with a spiritual sense to refer to all Christians, both Jews and non-Jews. Paul uses the term **the circumcision** here, to refer to the inward, spiritual circumcision that the Holy Spirit performs in the hearts of all true Christians. If this would be misunderstood by your readers you can state this using plain language. Alternate translation: See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 3 3 wn2n οἱ Πνεύματι Θεοῦ λατρεύοντες 1 Alternate translation: “the ones who are empowered by God’s Spirit to worship him” or “the ones who are enabled to worship God by his Spirit” or “the ones who worship God through his Spirit”
PHP 3 3 k8ph figs-ellipsis οὐκ ἐν σαρκὶ πεποιθότες 1 having no confidence in the flesh Here, the phrase **confidence in the flesh** is leaving out some implied words that would need to be supplied in some languages in order to make this idea complete. Paul is leaving out the words “works of the” in this phrase and his full meaning is **having no confidence in the works of the flesh**. If this would be misunderstood by your readers, you could supply the words which are implied from the context. Alternate translation: “having no confidence in the works of the flesh” or “not trusting that circumcision will please God” “not trusting that circumcision will earn God’s favor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PHP 3 3 nkrs καυχώμενοι ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ, καὶ οὐκ ἐν σαρκὶ πεποιθότες 1 The phrase **boasting in Christ Jesus** and the phrase **and having no confidence in the flesh** are complementary ideas which express a similar truth. If a person truly places their confidence in Christ as their only means of earning God’s favor they will not put their confidence in themself or religious acts and conversely if a person puts their confidence in religious rituals and observances they cannot place their full confidence in Christ. Consider the best way to clearly express these coordinate ideas in your language. See UST.
PHP 3 3 ox7y figs-abstractnouns καὶ οὐκ ἐν σαρκὶ πεποιθότες 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **confidence**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **confidence** with an adjective such as **trusting** or a verbal form such as **trust.** Alternate translation: “and we do not trust in our flesh” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 3 4 upw5 figs-hypo ἐγὼ ἔχων πεποίθησιν καὶ ἐν σαρκί. εἴ τις δοκεῖ ἄλλος πεποιθέναι ἐν σαρκί, ἐγὼ μᾶλλον 1 I myself, having confidence even in the flesh. If anyone else seems to have confidence in the flesh, I even more In this verse Paul begins explaining why, if any person could have a reason to be confident in their religious status and actions he could. This is a type of hypothetical situation and Paul does not think that the Philippian believers should trust in the things he is going to list in the next two verses. In the next two verses Paul gives his religious credentials and accomplishments in order to make the point that if earning God’s favor should be sought by observing the law then he had a reason to boast more than anyone. However, Paul does not think that it is possible to earn God’s favor by observing the law. Paul is using an example from his past in order to teach the Philippian believers that they should only trust in Christ and not trust in other things to earn God’s favor. Paul explains in [3:7–11](../03/07.md) that his hope is in Christ and not in the things he lists in the next two verses. Alternate translation: “We do not trust in those rituals to make us acceptable to God, although I could very well do that if it would be useful for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
PHP 3 5 d5bq περιτομῇ ὀκταήμερος ἐκ γένους Ἰσραήλ φυλῆς Βενιαμείν, Ἑβραῖος ἐξ Ἑβραίων, κατὰ νόμον Φαρισαῖος 1 In this verse and the next verse, Paul lists a total of seven things that he put his confidence in before he believed in Christ. In this verse he lists five of those things and in the next verse he lists the remaining two.
PHP 3 5 yq98 figs-explicit φυλῆς Βενιαμείν 1 circumcision The phrase **of the tribe of Benjamin** means that Paul was from the Israelite tribe of Benjamin and therefore descended from Jacob’s son Benjamin. Consider the best way to say this in your language. Alternate translation: See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 3 5 p4ik Ἑβραῖος ἐξ Ἑβραίων 1 a Hebrew of Hebrews The phrase **a Hebrew of Hebrews** could mean: (1) that Paul had retained Hebrew customs and spoke the language of the Hebrew people which was Aramaic. Alternate translation: See UST. (2) that Paul had no Gentile ancestors, but rather was a pure-blooded Hebrew. Alternate translation: “a Hebrew whose parents and ancestors are all full-blooded Jews” (3) a combination of both of the above. Alternate translation: “a full-blooded Jew who has retained the Hebrew culture, customs, and language”
PHP 3 5 we4t κατὰ νόμον Φαρισαῖος 1 according to the law, a Pharisee The phrase **according to the law, a Pharisee** means that prior to his conversion Paul had been a Pharisee who related to the law of Moses as a Pharisee and therefore strictly obeyed it as well as all of the additional rules that the scribes had added to the law of Moses to try to safeguard it. Alternate translation: “in relation to the law of Moses I was a Pharisee” or “in relation to how I observed the law of Moses, I was a Pharisee and therefore I strictly obeyed every detail of it including the teachings of the scribes”
PHP 3 6 f81s κατὰ ζῆλος διώκων τὴν ἐκκλησίαν, κατὰ δικαιοσύνην τὴν ἐν νόμῳ γενόμενος ἄμεμπτος 1 In this verse Paul finishes naming the things that he put his confidence in before he believed in Christ.
PHP 3 6 ksr3 figs-explicit κατὰ ζῆλος διώκων τὴν ἐκκλησίαν 1 according to zeal, persecuting the church Here, the phrase **persecuting the church** is explaining the extent of Paul’s **zeal**. Before Paul believed in Jesus, he thought that by **persecuting the church** he was serving God and ensuring that the law of Moses was honored and obeyed. If the meaning of the phrase **according to zeal, persecuting the church** would be misunderstood by your readers consider stating this plainly. Alternate translation: “having so much zeal for God that I persecuted the church” or “wanting so much to honor God, I persecuted the church” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 3 6 n51b grammar-collectivenouns τὴν ἐκκλησίαν 1 persecuting the church Here, **church** is a collective noun and the phrase **the church** refers to Christians as a whole and includes anyone belonging to the group of people who follow Jesus. What Paul means by saying that he persecuted the church is that he formerly persecuted anyone who was a Christian. Alternate translation: “persecuting Christians” or “persecuting anyone who was a Christian” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
PHP 3 6 hln8 figs-explicit κατὰ δικαιοσύνην τὴν ἐν νόμῳ γενόμενος ἄμεμπτος 1 according to righteousness that is under the law, having become blameless The phrase **righteousness that is in the law** refers to obeying the righteous guidelines for living that the law of Moses required. Paul obeyed the law so carefully that he believed that no one could find any part of it that he disobeyed. If your readers would misunderstand this consider stating this plainly. Alternate Translation: “As regards obeying the law, no one could say that I ever disobeyed the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 3 7 i2td grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἅτινα ἦν μοι κέρδη, ταῦτα ἥγημαι διὰ τὸν Χριστὸν ζημίαν 1 This entire verse is Paul’s response to the seven things he listed in [3:5–6](../03/05.md) that he once considered to be spiritually and religiously profitable to himself. In this verse Paul contrasts his former way of viewing things when he was a Pharisee with his new way of viewing things now that he has believed in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
PHP 3 7 lb8f figs-metaphor ἅτινα ἦν μοι κέρδη, ταῦτα ἥγημαι διὰ τὸν Χριστὸν ζημίαν 1 a profit … loss In the original language that Paul wrote this letter in, the words **gains** and **loss** were common business terms used for accounting. These terms were used to describe things a business person determined to be either profitable or unprofitable. Here, Paul is using these two terms metaphorically to portray the things he considers spiritually profitable and unprofitable. If your language has similar business or accounting terms that would be natural to use in this context, consider using them here. Alternate translation: “Whatever things I formerly counted as gains, these things I now count as loss for the sake of Christ” or “Whatever things I formerly accounted as gains, these things I now account as loss for the sake of Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 3 7 n4lg figs-explicit ἅτινα ἦν μοι κέρδη 1 Whatever was a profit for me Here, the phrase **Whatever was profit to me** refers specifically to the list of seven things that Paul has just listed in [3:5–6](../03/05.md) and to anything else he would have formerly put confidence in before he believed in Christ. Alternate translation: “Whatever things I formerly considered profitable” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 3 7 nwdi figs-abstractnouns ἅτινα ἦν μοι κέρδη 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **profit**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **profit** by using an adjective such as **profitable** or you could express it in some other way. Alternate translation: “Whatever things were profitable for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 3 7 yxtx figs-abstractnouns ταῦτα ἥγημαι διὰ τὸν Χριστὸν ζημίαν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **loss**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **loss** by using a verbal phrase such as “worth losing”. Alternate translation: “I consider these things worth losing for the sake of Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 3 8 e1fp figs-metaphor ἀλλὰ μενοῦνγε καὶ ἡγοῦμαι πάντα ζημίαν εἶναι, διὰ τὸ ὑπερέχον τῆς γνώσεως Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Κυρίου μου, δι’ ὃν τὰ πάντα ἐζημιώθην καὶ ἡγοῦμαι σκύβαλα, ἵνα Χριστὸν κερδήσω 1 I consider even all things to be loss In this verse, Paul continues the business metaphor which he began in [3:7](../03/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 3 8 wugj figs-abstractnouns ζημίαν 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **loss** in [3:7](../03/07.md). Alternate translation: “worth losing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 3 8 iji5 figs-abstractnouns καὶ ἡγοῦμαι πάντα ζημίαν εἶναι, διὰ τὸ ὑπερέχον τῆς γνώσεως Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Κυρίου μου 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **value**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **value** with an adjective such as “valuable”. Alternate translation: “I consider everything worth losing for the sake of what is most valuable, namely, knowing Christ Jesus my Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 3 8 dxql figs-abstractnouns διὰ τὸ ὑπερέχον τῆς γνώσεως Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Κυρίου μου 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **knowledge**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **knowledge** with a verbal form such as “knowing”. Alternate translation: “because of the surpassing value of knowing Christ Jesus my Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 3 8 cv55 διὰ τὸ ὑπερέχον τῆς γνώσεως Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Κυρίου μου 1 because of the surpassing value of the knowledge of Christ Jesus my Lord Alternate translation: “because knowing Christ Jesus my Lord is worth so much more”
PHP 3 8 g1hy figs-explicit γνώσεως Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Κυρίου μου 1 Here, the word **knowledge** does not refer to simply being mentally aware of something or someone but rather it refers to having a deep, intimate, personal knowledge or experience of someone or something. Here, it refers to having an intimate and personal knowledge or experience of Christ. Consider the best way to express this meaning in your language. Alternate translation: “intimately knowing Christ Jesus my Lord” or “deeply knowing and experiencing Christ Jesus my Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 3 8 dh2d figs-abstractnouns δι’ ὃν τὰ πάντα ἐζημιώθην 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **loss** earlier in this verse and in [3:7](../03/07.md). Alternate translation: “for whom I have willingly lost all things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 3 8 ovd9 translate-unknown σκύβαλα 1 During Paul’s time this word was used to refer to excrement and that which was considered worthless and worthy of being thrown out. In the original language that Paul wrote this letter in the term **dung** was a crude term that referred to things that were discarded as garbage including dung and the specific meaning was determined by context. Here, this word could be referring to: (1) excrement, since in the preceding verses Paul has been discussing what comes from the flesh. Alternate translation: “excrement” or “crap” (2) garbage, since Paul is discussing what he now considers worth throwing away in order to gain and know Christ. Alternate translation: “garbage” or “refuse” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
PHP 3 8 vgf5 κερδήσω 1 See how you translated the word **gains** in [3:7](../03/07.md).
PHP 3 8 h3kq grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα Χριστὸν κερδήσω 1 The phrase **so that** is a purpose clause. In your translation, follow the conventions of your language for purpose clauses. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of gaining Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
PHP 3 9 iy4k figs-activepassive καὶ εὑρεθῶ ἐν αὐτῷ 1 be found in him If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate the passive verbal phrase **be found** with an active form and you can say who did the action. Alternate translation: “and God might find me belonging to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PHP 3 9 ubvr figs-abstractnouns μὴ ἔχων ἐμὴν δικαιοσύνην, τὴν ἐκ νόμου 1 be found in him If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **righteousness**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **righteousness** in some other way. Alternate translation: “not being able to please God by keeping the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 3 9 w62g figs-abstractnouns ἀλλὰ τὴν διὰ πίστεως Χριστοῦ 1 be found in him If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the idea behind **faith** by using a verbal form. Alternate translation: “but that which comes by believing in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 3 9 g9a9 figs-explicit ἀλλὰ τὴν διὰ πίστεως Χριστοῦ 1 not having my own righteousness that is from the law Here, the word **that** refers to “righteousness”. Paul assumes his readers will know this from the context. If this would be unclear in your language consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but the righteousness which is through faith in Christ” or “but the righteousness which comes by faith in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 3 9 pbgf figs-abstractnouns τὴν ἐκ Θεοῦ δικαιοσύνην ἐπὶ τῇ πίστε 1 be found in him If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **righteousness**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **righteousness** in some other way. See how you translated **righteousness** earlier in this verse. Alternate translation: “being pleasing to God by believing in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 3 9 jmqf figs-abstractnouns τὴν ἐκ Θεοῦ δικαιοσύνην ἐπὶ τῇ πίστε 1 be found in him If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the idea behind **faith** by using a verbal form. See how you translated **faith** earlier in this verse. Alternate translation: “but the righteousness from God, which comes by believing in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 3 9 dely figs-ellipsis ἐπὶ τῇ πίστει 1 In the phrase **by faith** Paul is leaving out some words that would be needed in many languages. If this would be misunderstood by your readers, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “which comes by faith” or “which is received through faith” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PHP 3 10 ot4a writing-pronouns τοῦ γνῶναι αὐτὸν, καὶ τὴν δύναμιν τῆς ἀναστάσεως αὐτοῦ, καὶ κοινωνίαν παθημάτων αὐτοῦ, συμμορφιζόμενος τῷ θανάτῳ αὐτοῦ 1 All occurrences of the pronouns **him** and **his** in this verse refer to Christ. If this would be misunderstood by your readers you could clarify this in a way that would be natural in your language. Alternate translation: “to know Christ and the power of his resurrection and the fellowship of his sufferings, being conformed to his death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
PHP 3 10 vj4s grammar-connect-words-phrases καὶ 1 the power of his resurrection The first occurrence of the word **and** indicates that what follows is the first aspect of knowing Christ that Paul introduces in explanation of how specifically he wants to know Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
PHP 3 10 tam1 τοῦ γνῶναι αὐτὸν, καὶ τὴν δύναμιν τῆς ἀναστάσεως αὐτοῦ, καὶ κοινωνίαν παθημάτων αὐτοῦ 1 In the original language that Paul wrote this letter in, he closely connects the phrase **the power of his resurrection** and the phrase **the fellowship of his sufferings**. He does this because in Paul’s mind these two things are inseparably linked and a person cannot know the power of Christ’s resurrection without first sharing in Christ’s suffering. Consider the best way to show the close connection between these two phrases in your language.
PHP 3 10 ngz6 τοῦ γνῶναι αὐτὸν 1 See how you translated the word **knowledge** in [3:8](../03/08.md). Here, the word **know** does not refer to simply being mentally aware of something or someone but rather refers to having a deep, intimate, personal knowledge or experience of something or someone. Here, it refers to having an intimate and personal knowledge or experience of Christ. Consider the best way to express this meaning in your language. Alternate translation: “to intimately know Christ” or “to deeply know and experience”
PHP 3 10 fpij figs-abstractnouns δύναμιν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **power**, you could express the idea behind **power** by using an adverb such as “powerfully.” Alternate translation: See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 3 10 vqb6 figs-abstractnouns καὶ κοινωνίαν παθημάτων αὐτοῦ 1 If your language does not use abstract noun for the idea of **fellowship**, you could express the idea behind this word by using a verbal form such as “participate” or “sharing.” Alternate translation: “and to participate in his sufferings” or “and the sharing of his sufferings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 3 10 qm5n figs-abstractnouns καὶ κοινωνίαν παθημάτων αὐτοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of suffering, you could express the idea behind the word **sufferings** by using a verbal form such as “suffer.” Alternate translation: “and to suffer with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 3 10 r3gz grammar-connect-words-phrases καὶ 2 Here, the word **and** indicates that what follows is the second aspect of knowing Christ that Paul introduces in explanation of how specifically he wants to know Christ. Alternate translation: “and to know” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
PHP 3 10 xw42 figs-activepassive συμμορφιζόμενος τῷ θανάτῳ αὐτοῦ 1 being conformed to his death If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the phrase **being conformed to** with an active form. Alternate translation: “taking on the likeness of his death” or see UST (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PHP 3 10 ps0j figs-abstractnouns συμμορφιζόμενος τῷ θανάτῳ αὐτοῦ 1 being conformed to his death If your language does not use abstract noun for the idea of **death**, you could express the idea behind this word by using a verbal form such as “die.” Alternate translation: See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 3 11 l4rm τὴν ἐξανάστασιν τὴν ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 if somehow I might attain to the resurrection that is from the dead Alternate translation: “the resurrection from the dead”
PHP 3 12 xk5q figs-extrainfo οὐχ ὅτι ἤδη ἔλαβον 1 Connecting Statement: The word **it** in the phrase **Not that I already received it** could be referring to: (1) spiritual perfection and completion. This phrase would then mean that Paul is saying that he is not yet spiritually perfect or complete. Alternate translation: “Not that I have already attained spiritual perfection” or “Not that I am already spiritually complete” or “Not that God’s work in me is already complete” or “Not that God’s work in me is already perfected” (2) that Paul has not yet reached the goals he has for himself and received his reward. Alternate translation: “Not that I have yet reached my goals and received my reward from God” (3) Paul has not yet finished the work God gave him to do with his life and died and received his reward from God. Alternate translation: “Not that I have finished my work and received my reward from God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
PHP 3 12 ms3v figs-activepassive ἢ ἤδη τετελείωμαι 1 I already received it If it would be more natural in your language, you could express the phrase **been made perfect** with an active form. Alternate translation: “or think that God has already made me perfect” or “or think that God has already completed his work in me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PHP 3 12 h8p7 figs-extrainfo ἤδη τετελείωμαι 1 or have already been made perfect Here, the word **perfect**, in the original language that Paul wrote this letter in, means that someone or something has reached full completion and therefore reached its intended purpose or goal. It can also refer to someone reaching full maturity and is used in the New Testament of Christians reaching completeness of Christ-like character. Alternate translation: “been brought to completion” or “have already been made complete” or “have already reached full maturity” or “have already reached full Christ-likeness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
PHP 3 12 k9ar figs-activepassive ἤδη τετελείωμαι 1 or have already been made perfect If it would be more natural in your language, you could translate the phrase **been made perfect** with an active form. Alternate translation: “that God has already perfected me” or “that God has already perfected his work in me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PHP 3 12 i5ld εἰ καὶ 1 but pursuing it Here, the phrase **if also** could be: (1) connected with the phrase **I might grasp** as it is rendered in the ULT and UST. Alternate translation: See UST. (2) an intensive phrase which modifies the phrase **pursuing it**. Alternate translation: “if indeed”. You may also choose to leave this phrase untranslated in your translation.
PHP 3 12 m52v figs-activepassive καταλάβω, ἐφ’ ᾧ καὶ κατελήμφθην ὑπὸ Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ 1 I might grasp that for which I was also grasped by Christ Jesus If it would be more natural in your language, you could translate the phrase **I was also grasped by Christ Jesus** with an active form. Alternate translation: “I might grasp the things for which Christ Jesus grasped me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PHP 3 13 kqk7 figs-extrainfo ἐγὼ ἐμαυτὸν οὐ λογίζομαι κατειληφέναι 1 I do not consider myself to have grasped it Paul does not explicitly state what **it** is that he has not yet **grasped**. He is probably referring to becoming perfectly like Jesus and to fully knowing Jesus. You may choose to state this in your translation as the UST does or you may leave it ambiguous as the ULT does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
PHP 3 13 hjs9 figs-ellipsis ἓν δέ 1 forgetting what is behind and straining for what is ahead In the phrase **But one thing** Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be clearer in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “But I do one thing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PHP 3 13 ia2b figs-metaphor τὰ μὲν ὀπίσω ἐπιλανθανόμενος, τοῖς δὲ ἔμπροσθεν ἐπεκτεινόμενος 1 forgetting what is behind and straining for what is ahead In the phrase **forgetting what is behind and straining for what is ahead** Paul is using the imagery of a runner who is running in a race against other runners for the purpose of winning a prize. Paul portrays himself as a runner in this metaphor and he continues using this metaphor until the end of [Philippians 3:14](../03/14.md). If this metaphor is unfamiliar in your culture consider using another metaphor that would be familiar to your readers or you may state this in plain language as the UST does. Alternate translation: “like a runner I forget what is behind me and put all of my effort into running toward the finish line that is in front of me” or “like a runner, I have one focus, and therefore I do not look backward as I run, but only forward as I strain with all my might so that I will reach the finish line” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 3 14 z39s figs-metaphor κατὰ σκοπὸν διώκω εἰς τὸ βραβεῖον τῆς ἄνω κλήσεως τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 I press on toward the goal to the prize of the upward calling of God in Christ Jesus In this verse Paul continues using the metaphor of a runner who is competing in a foot race in order to win a prize. In this verse Paul says that his **goal**, which he works hard for, is to win the **prize** which God promises to give every person who obediently follows Christ. If this metaphor would be unfamiliar in your culture consider using another metaphor or use plain language to translate the idea behind this metaphor. Alternate translation: “I do all I can to pursue the goal of winning the prize of God’s upward call in Christ Jesus” or “I work hard so that I can reach my goal of receiving God’s reward which he gives to all those who obey his upward call in Christ Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 3 14 jhtv σκοπὸν…εἰς τὸ βραβεῖον τῆς ἄνω κλήσεως τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 I press on toward the goal to the prize of the upward calling of God in Christ Jesus The phrases **the goal** and **the prize** could be related to each other in one of two ways. They could: (1) both be focusing on the same basic idea. Alternate translation: “the goal which is to be given the prize of God’s upward call” or “my goal which is to receive the prize of God’s upward call” (2) both be focusing on different things in which case **the goal** is referring to the goal of Paul’s life and **the prize** is referring to what Paul hopes to receive once he has successfully achieved his goal. Alternate translation: “the goal and towards being given the prize of God’s upward call” or “the goal and towards receiving the prize of God’s upward call”
PHP 3 14 lmr6 figs-extrainfo τὸ βραβεῖον τῆς ἄνω κλήσεως τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 of the upward calling The phrase **the prize of the upward calling of God** could mean: (1) that **the prize** is **the upward calling of God**. Alternate translation: “receive the prize of God’s upward call” or “receive the prize of God’s heavenward invitation” (2) that the **upward calling of God** is a call to come and receive God’s **prize**. Alternate translation: “answer God’s upward call to receive his prize” or “answer God’s invitation to receive his prize” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
PHP 3 14 cq3f figs-extrainfo τῆς ἄνω κλήσεως τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 of the upward calling The word **upward** probably refers to both the origin of God’s call and to the direction of God’s call. In other words, the phrase **the upward calling of God** probably refers both to the fact that the **calling** is from God and that the calling is also a heavenly calling to move towards God. Alternate translation: “God’s heavenward call” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
PHP 3 14 agwg figs-explicit διώκω…ἄνω κλήσεως τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 of the upward calling The phrase **in Christ Jesus** could be: (1) modifying the phrase **the upward calling of God**. Alternate translation: “the upward calling of God in Christ Jesus” or “the upward calling of God through Christ Jesus” (2) modifying the phrase **I press on**. Alternate translation: “I press on in Christ Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 3 14 d75h figs-abstractnouns κατὰ σκοπὸν διώκω εἰς τὸ βραβεῖον τῆς ἄνω κλήσεως τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 of the upward calling If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of a **goal**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **goal** in another way. Alternate translation: “I make it my main focus to with the prize of God’s upward calling in Christ Jesus” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 3 15 de4y grammar-connect-words-phrases οὖν 1 as many as are perfect should think this way The word **Therefore** indicates that Paul is transitioning from teaching the Philippians using his personal experience in [Philippians 3:4-14](../03/04.md) to exhorting them in [Philippians 3:15-17](../03/15.md). Use the form that would best express this meaning in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
PHP 3 15 ki7f figs-ellipsis ὅσοι 1 God will also reveal that to you The phrase **as many as are** is leaving out some words that are needed in many languages to be completely understandable. If it would be clearer in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “as many of you as are” or “all of you who are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PHP 3 15 pb9p ὅσοι…τέλειοι 1 God will also reveal that to you Here, the word **perfect** does not mean “without sin” but rather it means “spiritually mature”. Alternate translation: “as many as are spiritually mature”
PHP 3 15 yy22 καὶ τοῦτο ὁ Θεὸς ὑμῖν ἀποκαλύψει 1 God will also reveal that to you Alternate translation: “God will also make it clear to you” or “God will make sure you know it”
PHP 3 16 pxn9 figs-exclusive εἰς ὃ ἐφθάσαμεν, τῷ αὐτῷ στοιχεῖν 1 in what we have attained, we should live in it When Paul says **we** in this verse, he is speaking of himself and the Philippian Christians so **we** is inclusive here. Your language may require you to mark these two uses of **we** as inclusive forms. Alternate translation: “let us all continue obeying the same truths we have already received” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
PHP 3 16 p3pm εἰς ὃ ἐφθάσαμεν, τῷ αὐτῷ στοιχεῖν 1 in what we have attained, we should live in it Alternate translation: “in the things that we have attained so far, we should live in them” or “in the things that we have believed so far, we should obey them” or “in the things that we have believed so far, we should act on them”
PHP 3 17 jed4 συνμιμηταί μου γίνεσθε 1 Become imitators of me Alternate translation: “Do what I do” or “Live as I live”
PHP 3 17 yvor figs-yousingular γίνεσθε 1 Become imitators of me The word **Become** is a command or instruction to all of the Philippian Christians. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. Alternate translation: “I exhort each of you to become” or “Each of you become” or “I command each of you to become” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular)
PHP 3 17 mo8a figs-yousingular σκοπεῖτε 1 those who are thus walking, just as you have us as an example The phrase **watch closely** is a command or instruction to all of the Philippian Christians. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. Alternate translation: “I exhort each of you to watch closely” or “each of you watch closely” or “I urge each of you to watch closely” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular)
PHP 3 17 h4tv τοὺς οὕτω περιπατοῦντας, καθὼς ἔχετε τύπον ἡμᾶς 1 those who are thus walking, just as you have us as an example Alternate translation: “those people who are already living just as I live, and follow our example” or “those people who are already doing what I do, and imitate us”
PHP 3 18 ab61 figs-metonymy πολλοὶ γὰρ περιπατοῦσιν 1 many walk … as enemies of the cross of Christ Here, the word **walk** is a Jewish figure of speech meaning to “live” or to “conduct one’s life”. In Jewish culture a person’s behavior was spoken of as if that person was walking along a path. If this would be misunderstood by your readers, consider stating this in plain language. Alternate translation: “For many live—about whom I have often told you” or “For many people conduct their lives—about whom I have often told you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 3 18 zwp3 figs-ellipsis πολλοὶ γὰρ 1 I have often told you The phrase **For many** leaves out a word that would be needed in some languages to be completely clear. If it would be clearer in your language, you could supply the missing word from the context. Alternate translation: “For many people walk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PHP 3 18 h6pc νῦν δὲ καὶ κλαίων 1 weeping, I say Alternate translation: “but now telling you with great sadness”
PHP 3 18 n8q2 figs-metonymy τοὺς ἐχθροὺς τοῦ σταυροῦ τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 as enemies of the cross of Christ Paul is figuratively describing the good news of Jesus’ death and resurrection and the work of sharing this good news by associating these things with **the cross of Christ**. Here, the phrase **the cross of Christ** is synonymous with the gospel message and the work of spreading the gospel message. The phrase **enemies of the cross of Christ** refers to the people who are opposed to the message of the gospel and who oppose the people who share it with others such as others. If this is not clear in your language you could express this with plain language. Alternate translation: “as enemies of the good news about Jesus” or “as enemies of the message about Jesus and enemies of those who proclaim it” or “as enemies of the message about Jesus and enemies of those who share it with others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 3 19 v8gv figs-abstractnouns ὧν τὸ τέλος ἀπώλεια 1 whose end is destruction If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **end**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **end** in another way. Alternate translation: “God will destroy these people when Jesus returns” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 3 19 vcap figs-abstractnouns ὧν τὸ τέλος ἀπώλεια 1 whose end is destruction If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **destruction**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **destruction** by using a verb such as “destroy.” Alternate translation: “God will destroy these people when Jesus returns” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 3 19 hn9i figs-synecdoche ὧν ὁ Θεὸς ἡ κοιλία 1 whose god is their belly Here, Paul uses **belly** figuratively to represent all physical desires for pleasure. By Paul calling their **belly** their **god** he means that these people love and serve their physical desire for pleasure rather than loving and serving God. If this would be misunderstood by your readers, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or you can use plain language. Alternate translation: “who serve their desire for food and other pleasures rather than God” or “who obey their physical appetites instead of God” or “who love pleasure more than they love God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PHP 3 19 u9cl figs-metonymy ἡ δόξα ἐν τῇ αἰσχύνῃ αὐτῶν 1 their glory is in their shame Here, **shame** stands for the actions that people should be ashamed of but are not. Alternate translation: “they are proud of the things that should cause them shame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 3 19 exy0 figs-abstractnouns ἡ δόξα ἐν τῇ αἰσχύνῃ αὐτῶν 1 their glory is in their shame If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **glory**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **glory** by using an adjective such as “proud.” Alternate translation: “they are proud of the very things that they should be ashamed of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 3 19 r3t0 figs-abstractnouns ἡ δόξα ἐν τῇ αἰσχύνῃ αὐτῶν 1 their glory is in their shame If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **shame**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **shame** by using an adjective such as “ashamed.” Alternate translation: “they are proud of the very things that they should be ashamed of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 3 19 sv5z figs-metonymy οἱ τὰ ἐπίγεια φρονοῦντες 1 who are thinking about earthly things Here, **earthly** refers to all the things that pertain to everyday living on earth. The implied contrast that Paul is making here, is between earthly things and spiritual things. Alternate translation: “All they think about is earthly things instead of the things of God” or “who only think about earthly things instead of the things of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 3 20 q1cc figs-exclusive ἡμῶν…ἀπεκδεχόμεθα 1 General Information: Here, when Paul uses **our** and **we** he is referring to himself and the believers in Philippi so **our** and **we** are inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
PHP 3 20 u8yr figs-abstractnouns πολίτευμα 1 our citizenship exists in heaven If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **citizenship**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **citizenship** with a concrete noun such as “citizen.” Alternate translation: see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 3 21 deci figs-abstractnouns δύνασθαι 1 our citizenship exists in heaven If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **power**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **power** in some other way. Alternate translation: See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 4 1 oax3 grammar-connect-words-phrases ὥστε 1 brothers Here, Paul uses the word **therefore** as a transition word to introduce the exhortations he is about to give to the Philippian Christians which are based on the things that he has said before this verse. Consider the best word or phrase to use in your language to show this meaning. Alternate translation: “So then” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
PHP 4 1 ngs7 figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 brothers See how you translated the word **brothers** in [Philippians 1:12](../01/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
PHP 4 1 fe2y ἀγαπητοὶ καὶ ἐπιπόθητοι 1 my brothers, beloved and longed for Alternate translation: “I love you and greatly desire to see you” or “whom I love and greatly desire to see”
PHP 4 1 wx5w figs-abstractnouns χαρὰ…μου 1 my joy and crown If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **joy**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **joy** by using a verbal form such as “rejoice” or by using an adjective such as “happy.” Alternate translation: “you cause me to be very happy” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 4 1 lg9a figs-extrainfo χαρὰ καὶ στέφανός μου 1 my joy and crown The phrase **my joy and crown** could refer to: (1) both the present time and to the time in the future when Christ will return. Alternate translation: “my joy and reward” (2) Paul’s current feelings of joy regarding the Philippian Christians and his future hope of being rewarded for his labor among them. Alternate translation: “my source of joy and my future hope of being rewarded when Christ returns” (3) Paul’s joy and reward in the future when Christ returns. Alternate translation: “my hope for joy and reward when Christ returns” (4) Paul’s present joy in the Philippian believers and his present feeling that they were his reward for his work among them. Alternate translation: “my joy and reward” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
PHP 4 1 kvsk figs-metaphor στέφανός 1 my joy and crown Paul speaks figuratively of the Philippian Christians as if they were his crown. At the time Paul wrote this letter a **crown** was made of leaves which a person wore it on their head as a sign of their achievement after they had won an important game. Here, the word **crown** means the Philippian Christians brought great honor to Paul before God and were a sign of his hard work among them. If your readers would not understand the meaning of this metaphor you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture or state the meaning in plain language. Alternative translation, “my reward” or “my honor” or “the sign of my hard work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 4 1 t07j οὕτως στήκετε ἐν Κυρίῳ, ἀγαπητοί 1 in this way stand firm in the Lord, beloved Alternate translation: “so continue living for the Lord in the way that I have taught you, dear friends”
PHP 4 1 dz44 οὕτως στήκετε ἐν Κυρίῳ, ἀγαπητοί 1 in this way stand firm in the Lord, beloved The phrase **in this way** could refer to: (1) what comes before it, in which case this phrase would mean, “in the way that I have just explained to you” Alternate translation: “stand firm in the Lord in the way that I have just explained to you beloved” (2) what Paul commands the Philippian Christians to do in [Philippians 4:2-9](../04/02.md). Alternate translation: “stand firm in the Lord, beloved, in this way”
PHP 4 1 zu0i figs-yousingular στήκετε 1 in this way stand firm in the Lord, beloved The phrase **stand firm** is a command or instruction to all of the Philippian Christians. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
PHP 4 1 j6fp figs-metaphor στήκετε 1 in this way stand firm in the Lord, beloved Here, the phrase **stand firm** is used figuratively. The phrase **stand firm** uses the imagery of a soldier continuing to stand in place without being moved by the enemy. Here, Paul uses the phrase **stand firm** with a spiritual meaning to tell the Philippian Christians that they should continue believing what they have already believed and not change their mind. If this would be misunderstood by your readers consider using another metaphor that would make sense in your culture or use plain language. Alternate translation: “remain unmoved in your belief in Christ” or “remain firm in your faith” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 4 1 i8ad οὕτως στήκετε ἐν Κυρίῳ 1 in this way stand firm in the Lord, beloved Alternate translation: “stand firm in your union and relationship with the Lord” or “stand firm in your union and communion with the Lord”
PHP 4 2 x5qf translate-names Εὐοδίαν…Συντύχην 1 I urge Euodia, and I urge Syntyche **Euodia** and **Syntyche** are the names of women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
PHP 4 3 yb3f figs-yousingular σέ 1 I also ask you Here, **you** refers to the **true companion** and is singular. This is the only occurrence of the word **you** in Philippians that is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
PHP 4 3 hdz7 γνήσιε σύνζυγε 1 true companion The phrase **true companion** refers to a person whom the Philippian believers were familiar with at that time but whose identity is no longer known. Alternate translation: “my faithful helper in the work of the gospel”
PHP 4 3 wkp7 figs-ellipsis αἵτινες ἐν τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ συνήθλησάν μοι 1 with also Clement In the phrase **the gospel** Paul is leaving out some of the words that would be needed in many languages to be complete. If it would be clearer in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “who have labored with me in the work of spreading the gospel” or “who have labored with me in the work of telling people the gospel” or “who have labored with me in the work of sharing the gospel with people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PHP 4 3 lb79 figs-metonymy τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ 1 with also Clement Here, Paul is using the phrase **the gospel** to refer specifically to the work of telling other people about Jesus. If your readers would misunderstand this you can state this plainly. Alternate translation: “who have labored with me in the work of spreading the gospel” or “who have labored with me in the work of telling people the gospel” or “who have labored with me in the work of sharing the gospel with people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 4 3 cm3u translate-names Κλήμεντος 1 with also Clement **Clement** is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
PHP 4 3 s9h9 ὧν τὰ ὀνόματα ἐν βίβλῳ ζωῆς 1 whose names are in the Book of Life Alternate translation: “whose names God has written in the Book of Life”
PHP 4 4 elt7 χαίρετε ἐν Κυρίῳ 1 Rejoice in the Lord See how you translated the phrase **rejoice in the Lord** in [Philippians 3:1](../03/01.md).
PHP 4 4 sbdp figs-yousingular χαίρετε ἐν Κυρίῳ πάντοτε, πάλιν ἐρῶ, χαίρετε! 1 Both occurrences of the word **rejoice** are commands or instructions to all of the Philippian Christians. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. Alternate translation: “I urge you all to rejoice in the Lord at all times. Again I will say it, I urge each of you to rejoice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
PHP 4 5 hopf figs-yousingular τὸ ἐπιεικὲς ὑμῶν γνωσθήτω 1 The Lord is near The phrase **Let your gentleness be known** is a command or instruction to all of the Philippian Christians. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
PHP 4 5 mo7g figs-gendernotations πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις 1 The Lord is near Although the term **men** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a general sense to mean all people in general, including women. Alternate translation: “all people” or “everyone”. (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations)
PHP 4 5 snk5 ὁ Κύριος ἐγγύς 1 The Lord is near The phrase **The Lord is near** could mean: (1) The day that Jesus will return is coming soon. Alternate translation: “The Lord will return soon” or “The Lord’s coming is near” or “The Lord’s second coming is near” (2) The Lord was near to the Philippian believers. Alternate translation: “The Lord is near to you”
PHP 4 6 w5gk figs-yousingular μηδὲν μεριμνᾶτε 1 in everything by prayer and petition with thanksgiving, let your requests be known to God The phrase **be anxious about nothing** is a command or instruction to all of the Philippian Christians. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
PHP 4 6 h63g grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλ’ 1 in everything by prayer and petition with thanksgiving, let your requests be known to God Here, the word **but** shows a contrast between the phrase **about nothing** and the phrase **in everything**. Consider the best way to show this contrast in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
PHP 4 6 mcvt figs-extrainfo ἐν παντὶ 1 in everything by prayer and petition with thanksgiving, let your requests be known to God The phrase **in everything** could refer to: (1) all situations. Alternate translation: “in all situations” or “in all circumstances.” (2) time. Alternate translation: “at all times” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
PHP 4 6 ahul figs-doublet τῇ προσευχῇ καὶ τῇ δεήσει 1 in everything by prayer and petition with thanksgiving, let your requests be known to God The words **prayer** and **petition** mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used both for emphasis and comprehensiveness. Petition is a type of prayer in which a person asks God for things. If it would be clearer in your language, you could combine these two words. Alternate translation: “by prayer” or “in prayer”. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PHP 4 6 stab figs-abstractnouns τῇ προσευχῇ καὶ τῇ δεήσει 1 in everything by prayer and petition with thanksgiving, let your requests be known to God If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **prayer**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **prayer** with a verb such as “praying” or in some other way. Alternate translation: “by praying and petition” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 4 6 pqyr figs-abstractnouns τῇ προσευχῇ καὶ τῇ δεήσει 1 in everything by prayer and petition with thanksgiving, let your requests be known to God If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **petition**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **petition** by using a verbal form such as “petitioning” or in some other way. Alternate translation: “by prayer and petitioning God” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 4 6 izqi figs-abstractnouns μετὰ εὐχαριστίας 1 in everything by prayer and petition with thanksgiving, let your requests be known to God If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **thanksgiving**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **thanksgiving** with a verb such as “thank” or in a verbal phrase such as “giving thanks.” Alternate translation: “and giving thanks” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 4 6 f4t5 figs-yousingular τὰ αἰτήματα ὑμῶν γνωριζέσθω 1 in everything by prayer and petition with thanksgiving, let your requests be known to God The phrase **let your requests be known** is a command or instruction to all of the Philippian Christians. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
PHP 4 6 a443 figs-abstractnouns τὰ αἰτήματα ὑμῶν γνωριζέσθω πρὸς τὸν Θεό 1 in everything by prayer and petition with thanksgiving, let your requests be known to God If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **requests**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **requests** in some other way. Alternate translation: “tell God your needs” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 4 7 jgba grammar-connect-logic-result καὶ 1 the peace of God Here, the word **and** shows that what follows is the result of practicing what comes before it in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “and then” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
PHP 4 7 u1sz figs-extrainfo ἡ εἰρήνη τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 the peace of God The phrase **the peace of God** refers to the peace which God gives. Alternate translation: “the peace that God gives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
PHP 4 7 gejd figs-abstractnouns εἰρήνη 1 the peace of God If your readers would better understand it, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **peace** with an adjectival phrase such as “at peace” or in some other way. Alternate translation: “then God will help you be at peace” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 4 7 zr4x ἡ ὑπερέχουσα πάντα νοῦν 1 which surpasses all understanding The phrase **which surpasses all understanding** could mean: (1) that the peace God gives is so great that human minds are not able to understand it. Alternate translation: “which is greater than we can understand” (2) that the peace that God gives is superior to anything that humans can contrive through their own efforts. Alternate translation: “which humans cannot accomplish or attain by their own efforts”
PHP 4 7 sauc figs-abstractnouns ἡ ὑπερέχουσα πάντα νοῦν 1 which surpasses all understanding If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **understanding**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **understanding** by using a verbal form such as “understand.” Alternate translation: “which is greater than we can understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 4 7 sb6s figs-metaphor φρουρήσει τὰς καρδίας ὑμῶν καὶ τὰ νοήματα ὑμῶν 1 will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ The word **guard** is a military term which refers to a soldier guarding a city or a fortress in order to protect it from enemy attacks. Here, Paul presents God’s peace as if it were a soldier who protects **hearts** and **minds** from worrying and so this phrase literally means “will be like a soldier and guard your hearts and minds” or “will be like a soldier standing guard to protect your hearts and minds.” If your readers would not understand this metaphor in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express Paul’s meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “will keep your hearts and minds safe from attacks of worry and fear” or “will keep your hearts and minds safe” or “will protect your hearts and minds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 4 7 tsz6 ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ See how you translated the phrase **in Christ Jesus** in [Philippians 1:1](../01/01.md).
PHP 4 8 b8ig τὸ λοιπόν 1 As to the rest Here, as Paul comes near to the end of his letter, he gives some final instructions for how believers should live. Alternate translation: “Regarding what remains to be said” or “As to what remains for me to say”
PHP 4 8 fxn5 figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 brothers See how you translated the word **brothers** in [Philippians 1:12](../01/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
PHP 4 8 ntej figs-ellipsis ὅσα ἐστὶν ἀληθῆ, ὅσα σεμνά, ὅσα δίκαια, ὅσα ἁγνά, ὅσα προσφιλῆ, ὅσα εὔφημα 1 as many as lovely Here, Paul is leaving out some of the words that would be needed in many languages in order for these phrases to be complete. If it would be clearer in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “as many things as are true, as many things as are honorable, as many things as are just, as many things as are pure, as many things as are lovely, as many things as are reputable” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PHP 4 8 r275 ὅσα προσφιλῆ 1 as many as lovely Alternate translation: “whatever things are pleasing”
PHP 4 8 pv1i ὅσα εὔφημα 1 as many as reputable Alternate translation: “whatever things people admire” or “whatever things people respect”
PHP 4 8 i5gl εἴ τις ἀρετὴ 1 if anything is virtuous Alternate translation: “if anything is morally good”
PHP 4 8 e9eb εἴ τις ἔπαινος 1 if anything is praiseworthy Alternate translation: “if anything is worth praising”
PHP 4 8 ec9q figs-yousingular λογίζεσθε 1 if anything is praiseworthy The phrase **think about** is a command or instruction to all of the Philippian Christians. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
PHP 4 9 m145 ἃ καὶ ἐμάθετε καὶ παρελάβετε, καὶ ἠκούσατε καὶ εἴδετε, ἐν ἐμοί 1 And what you learned and received and heard and saw in me Alternate translation: “And everything that I have taught and shown you”
PHP 4 9 qu8z figs-doublet ἃ καὶ ἐμάθετε καὶ παρελάβετε 1 And what you learned and received and heard and saw in me Here, the words **learned** and **received** mean basically the same thing. If it would be clearer in your language, you could combine them into one idea. Alternate translation: “And what you learned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PHP 4 9 i8ki figs-yousingular πράσσετε 1 And what you learned and received and heard and saw in me The word **do** is a command or instruction to all of the Philippian Christians. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
PHP 4 9 mhvb grammar-connect-logic-result καὶ 5 And what you learned and received and heard and saw in me Here, the word **and** shows that what follows it is the result of practicing what comes before it. Consider the best way to show this relationship in your language. Alternate translation: “then” or “and then” or “and the result will be that” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
PHP 4 9 y8xg ὁ Θεὸς τῆς εἰρήνης 1 And what you learned and received and heard and saw in me The phrase **the God of peace** could mean: (1) that God is the giver of peace. Alternate translation: “the God who gives peace” or “God who gives peace” (2) that God is characterized by peace. Alternate translation: “the God who is characterized by peace” or “our God who is characterized by peace” (3) that God is both the source of peace and the one who gives peace. Alternate translation: “God who is both the source of peace and the giver of peace”
PHP 4 9 poeh figs-abstractnouns καὶ ὁ Θεὸς τῆς εἰρήνης ἔσται μεθ’ ὑμῶν 1 And what you learned and received and heard and saw in me If your readers would better understand it, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **peace** with an adjective such as “peaceful” or in some other way. Alternate translation: “the God who gives us a peaceful spirit will be with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 4 10 pwh9 ἐν Κυρίῳ 1 Connecting Statement: See how you translated the phrase **in the Lord** in [Philippians 3:12](../03/12.md).
PHP 4 10 xb0n ὅτι ἤδη ποτὲ ἀνεθάλετε τὸ ὑπὲρ ἐμοῦ φρονεῖν 1 Connecting Statement: Alternate translation: “because now at last you revived your concern for me”
PHP 4 10 ge1l ἐφ’ ᾧ καὶ ἐφρονεῖτε 1 Connecting Statement: Alternate translation: “for whom you were indeed concerned”
PHP 4 10 nm86 figs-ellipsis ἠκαιρεῖσθε δέ 1 Connecting Statement: Here, Paul is leaving out some of the words that a phrase would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be clearer in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “but you did not have an opportunity to demonstrate it” or “but you were without an opportunity to show it” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PHP 4 11 ew5e οὐχ ὅτι καθ’ ὑστέρησιν λέγω 1 in whatever I am Alternate translation: “I do not say this because of need”
PHP 4 11 ts2k αὐτάρκης εἶναι 1 to be content Alternate translation: “to be satisfied” or “to be happy”
PHP 4 11 uj5z figs-ellipsis ἐν οἷς εἰμι 1 to be content Here, Paul is leaving out some of the words that a phrase would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be clearer in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “in whatever situation I am in” or “in whatever circumstances I am in” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PHP 4 12 lgp9 figs-explicit οἶδα καὶ 1 I know both how to be brought low and I know how to abound Here, the phrase **I know** means “I know from experience” and refers to what Paul knew from his experience. If it would help your readers consider clarifying this in your translation in some way. Alternate translation: “I have learned both how” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 4 12 ydod οἶδα καὶ ταπεινοῦσθαι, οἶδα καὶ περισσεύειν…καὶ περισσεύειν καὶ ὑστερεῖσθαι 1 I know both how to be brought low and I know how to abound The sentence at the beginning of this verse, **I know both how to be brought low and I know how to abound** is very similar in meaning to the phrase **and to abounding and to being in need** at the end of this verse. You can combine the beginning sentence and the closing phrase if you think it will help your readers. See UST.
PHP 4 12 usbe figs-merism οἶδα καὶ ταπεινοῦσθαι, οἶδα καὶ περισσεύειν 1 I know both how to be brought low and I know how to abound Here, the phrases **to be brought low** and **to abound** refer to two opposite extremes of living and to every living condition between them. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “I know both how to live with very little and I know how to live with more than I need” or “I know how to live with very little and I know how to live with plenty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
PHP 4 12 lpld figs-activepassive ταπεινοῦσθαι 1 I know both how to be brought low and I know how to abound If it would be more natural in your language, you could express the passive phrase **to be brought low** with an active form. Alternate translation: “to live with less” or “to lack lack things I need” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PHP 4 12 aswc figs-idiom ταπεινοῦσθαι 1 I know both how to be brought low and I know how to abound Here, the phrase **to be brought low** is a figurative way of saying “to live with very little.” If it would help your readers, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “to live with very little” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PHP 4 12 xrp3 figs-explicit χορτάζεσθαι καὶ πεινᾶν 1 to be filled and to be hungry Here, Paul is leaving out some of the words that a phrase would need in many languages to be understandable. If it would help your readers, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “to being full of food and to being hungry” or “to being content when I have plenty of food to eat and to being content when I am hungry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 4 12 iqtr figs-merism χορτάζεσθαι καὶ πεινᾶν 1 to be filled and to be hungry Here, the phrases **being filled** and **being hungry** refer to two opposite extremes and to everything in between them. If it would help your readers, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “to being hungry and to being full and to everything in between” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
PHP 4 12 ufv4 figs-explicit περισσεύειν καὶ ὑστερεῖσθαι 1 to abound and to be in need Here, Paul is leaving out some of the words that a phrase would need in many languages to be understandable. If it would help your readers, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “to having an abundance of things I need and to living contentedly when I do not have certain things I need” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 4 12 fwes figs-merism περισσεύειν καὶ ὑστερεῖσθαι 1 to abound and to be in need Here, the phrases **to abounding** and **to being in need** refer to two opposite extremes and to everything in between them. If it would help your readers, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “to abounding and to being in need and to everything in between” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
PHP 4 13 z1pb writing-pronouns πάντα ἰσχύω ἐν τῷ ἐνδυναμοῦντί με 1 I can do all things in him who strengthens me Here, the pronoun **him** refers to Christ. Alternate translation: “I can do all things because Christ gives me strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
PHP 4 13 fpo4 figs-explicit πάντα ἰσχύω ἐν τῷ ἐνδυναμοῦντί με 1 I can do all things in him who strengthens me Here, **all things** refers to all situations. The phrase **I can do all things** means “I can handle all situations.” Alternate translation: “I can handle all situations through him who strengthens me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 4 14 fe2z figs-explicit συνκοινωνήσαντές μου τῇ θλίψει 1 in my affliction The phrase **having shared together in my affliction** means that the Philippian believers helped Paul while he was experiencing difficulties by giving him money and sending Epaphroditus to him. If it would help your readers, you can state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by helping me in my affliction through your gift of money and sending Epaphroditus to me” or “by helping me when I faced difficult circumstances by sending Epaphroditus to encourage me and bring me your gift of money” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 4 14 ulzo figs-abstractnouns μου τῇ θλίψει 1 in my affliction If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **affliction**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **affliction** with an adjective such as **difficult** or in some other way. Alternate translation: See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 4 15 w23w figs-explicit ἐν ἀρχῇ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου 1 the beginning of the gospel Here, **in the beginning of the gospel** refers to when Paul first began communicating the gospel message to the Philippians. If that would be misunderstood by your readers, you can state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “when you first heard me preach the gospel” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 4 15 npph τοῦ εὐαγγελίου 1 the beginning of the gospel See how you translated the phrase **the gospel** in [Philippians 1:5](../01/05.md) and [4:3](../04/03.md).
PHP 4 15 dyf8 figs-doublenegatives οὐδεμία μοι ἐκκλησία ἐκοινώνησεν εἰς λόγον δόσεως καὶ λήμψεως, εἰ μὴ ὑμεῖς μόνοι 1 no church shared with me in the matter of giving and receiving except you alone You can state **no church shared with me in the matter of giving and receiving except you alone** in the positive. Alternate translation: “you were the only church that sent me money or helped me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
PHP 4 15 bpc2 figs-explicit μοι…ἐκοινώνησεν 1 no church shared with me in the matter of giving and receiving except you alone Here, **shared with me** refers specifically to sharing in matters directly related the gospel. If that would be misunderstood by your readers consider stating that explicitly. Alternate translation: “shared with me in the gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 4 15 rgxx εἰς λόγον δόσεως καὶ λήμψεως 1 no church shared with me in the matter of giving and receiving except you alone In the original language that Paul wrote this letter in, the phrase **giving and receiving** could refer either to exchanges that involved money or to exchanges that did not involve money but rather involved the giving and receiving of non-financial things that would benefit the other party. Here, the phrase **giving and receiving** refers to both financial and non-financial gifts because Paul had helped the Philippians by sharing the gospel with them and the Philippians had helped Paul by sending Epaphroditus to him with a gift of money. Alternate translation: “by mutually helping each other”
PHP 4 16 getb ὅτι καὶ ἐν Θεσσαλονίκῃ 1 no church shared with me in the matter of giving and receiving except you alone Alternate translation: “for even when I was in Thessalonica”
PHP 4 16 puar figs-idiom καὶ ἅπαξ καὶ δὶς 1 no church shared with me in the matter of giving and receiving except you alone The phrase **both once and twice** is an idiom meaning that something occurred more than one time. If your readers would not understand this idiom, you can use an equivalent idiom from your language or you can state this in plain language. Alternate translation: “several times” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PHP 4 16 lqor figs-ellipsis εἰς τὴν χρείαν μοι ἐπέμψατε 1 no church shared with me in the matter of giving and receiving except you alone Paul is leaving out some of the words that this phrase would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be clearer in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “you sent me money to help me with my needs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PHP 4 17 bh3t figs-metaphor ἐπιζητῶ τὸν καρπὸν τὸν πλεονάζοντα εἰς λόγον ὑμῶν 1 I seek the fruit that increases to your account At the time Paul wrote this letter, the word **fruit** could be used in a business context to refer to what was gained in a financial transaction. When used in a business context the word **fruit** meant “profit” or “gain.” Here, Paul is using this business meaning figuratively to refer to God’s reward. If your language has an equivalent word that could be used in a business context, consider using it here if it would be natural in your language. Alternately, you may express this meaning using plain language as the UST does. Alternate translation: “I seek the profit that increases to your account” or “I seek the gain that increases to your account” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 4 18 fs44 ἀπέχω…πάντα 1 I have everything in full The phrase **I have everything in full** could mean: (1) that Paul has received **everything** that he needs from the Philippian believers and is therefore sufficiently supplied. Alternate translation: “I have everything I need and am content” (2) that Paul is continuing the business metaphor from [Philippians 4:17](../04/17.md) and is here offering the Philippians a figurative receipt for the gifts they gave him. Alternate translation: “I give you a receipt for the things you gave me” or “I have received full payment for the things you gave me”
PHP 4 18 en6t figs-explicit περισσεύω 1 I abound The phrase **I abound** means that Paul has more than enough of the things that he needs for himself. If your readers would misunderstand this consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I have more than enough of the the things I need” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 4 18 p6y1 figs-activepassive πεπλήρωμαι, δεξάμενος παρὰ Ἐπαφροδίτου τὰ παρ’ ὑμῶν 1 Connecting Statement: If it would be more natural in your language, you could express the phrase **I have been filled** with an active form, and you can say who did the action. Alternate translation: “You have fully provided for me by giving me the things which Epaphroditus brought to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PHP 4 18 hte4 translate-names Ἐπαφροδίτου 1 I abound **Epaphroditus** is the name of a man. See how you translated his name in [Philippians 2:25](../02/25.md). (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names)
PHP 4 18 s68v figs-metaphor ὀσμὴν εὐωδίας, θυσίαν δεκτήν, εὐάρεστον τῷ Θεῷ 1 an aroma, a sweet smell, an acceptable, pleasing sacrifice to God Here, Paul speaks figuratively of the gift from the Philippian believers as if it were a **sacrifice** offered **to God** on an altar. If this would be misunderstood by your readers, you could express the meaning using plain language. Alternate translation: “which are very pleasing to God” or “which make God happy” or “which I assure you are gifts very pleasing to God, like an acceptable sacrifice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 4 19 r96p figs-idiom πληρώσει πᾶσαν χρείαν ὑμῶν 1 will fulfill all your needs The word for **will fulfill** is the same word translated as “have been fulfilled” in verse 18. This phrase is an idiom meaning “will provide everything you need” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PHP 4 19 xmk2 κατὰ τὸ πλοῦτος αὐτοῦ ἐν δόξῃ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 according to his riches in glory in Christ Jesus “from his glorious riches that he gives through Christ Jesus”
PHP 4 20 fba5 figs-exclusive ἡμῶν 1 Now to our God When Paul says **our**, he is speaking of himself and the Philippian believers, so **our** is inclusive. Your language may require you to mark this form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
PHP 4 21 h2jr figs-yousingular ἀσπάσασθε 1 The brothers This is a command or instruction to all of the Philippian Christians. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
PHP 4 21 z65a figs-metaphor οἱ σὺν ἐμοὶ ἀδελφοί 1 brothers See how you translated the word **brothers** in [Philippians 1:12](../01/12.md). Paul is using the term **brothers** figuratively here to refer to anyone who is a fellow believer in Jesus. If this is not clear in your language, you can express this plainly. Alternative translation, “My companions who are with me who believe in Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 4 21 kaxz figs-gendernotations οἱ σὺν ἐμοὶ ἀδελφοί 1 brothers See how you translated the word **brothers** in [Philippians 1:12](../01/12.md). Although the term **brothers** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a spiritual sense to include both men and women who believe in Jesus. Alternate translation: “The brothers and sisters with me” or see UST. (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations)
PHP 4 22 rg96 translate-unknown τῆς Καίσαρος οἰκίας 1 especially those from the household of Caesar The phrase **the household of Caesar** refers to the servants who worked in Caesar’s palace. Alternate translation: See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
PHP 4 23 a3f8 figs-synecdoche μετὰ τοῦ πνεύματος ὑμῶν 1 be with your spirit Paul figuratively describes the Philippian Christians as whole persons by reference to their **spirit**. Alternate translation: “be with you” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche)
PHP 4 23 nd4z figs-abstractnouns ἡ χάρις τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ μετὰ τοῦ πνεύματος ὑμῶν 1 be with your spirit The word **grace** is an abstract noun that can be translated with an adverb. Alternate translation: “May the Lord Jesus Christ act graciously to you” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns)
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