front:intro hz6m 1 # Introduction to Haggai\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Haggai\n\n1. The people must finish the temple for Yahweh to bless them again (1:1–15)\n1. This temple will be more glorious than the first temple (2:1–9)\n1. Yahweh will bless a defiled people (2:10–19)\n1. Yahweh will defeat the nations and establish his ruler (2:20–23)\n\n### What is the Book of Haggai about?\n\nThe people of Israel lacked food and warm clothes. The prophet Haggai told them it was because they were not obeying Yahweh. If they would listen to him and start rebuilding the temple, then Yahweh would send rain and bless them again. The people listened and began to work on the temple. Yahweh encouraged the people, the priests, and the leaders. He told them that he was with them and would bless them.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThis book traditionally has been titled “Haggai” or “The Book of Haggai.” Translators may decide to call it “The Sayings of Haggai.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n### Who wrote the Book of Haggai?\n\nThe prophet Haggai wrote this book. He wrote it after the exiles returned from Babylon. They returned during the reign of the Persian king Darius I. Haggai probably gave all the prophesies in this book during a four-month period of time.\n\nVery little is known about Haggai. He lived at the same time as the prophet Zechariah.\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### Did Haggai prophesy before Ezra and Nehemiah?\n\nIt is likely that Haggai prophesied before the time of Ezra and Nehemiah.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### What does “consider your ways” mean?\n\nYahweh told the people to “consider your ways” several times in this book. This means that he wants them to think carefully about how they have lived and behaved.
1:intro n84r 1 # Haggai 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Farming imagery\n\nScripture frequently uses the imagery of farming in reference to spiritual matters. The statement “You have sown much seed, but bring in little harvest” indicates that they had done a lot but have very little to show for it. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/seed]])
1:1 mbyj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בִּשְׁנַ֤ת שְׁתַּ֨יִם֙ לְדָרְיָ֣וֶשׁ הַמֶּ֔לֶךְ 1 The prophet Haggai assumes that his readers will understand that by **the second year** he means the second year of the reign of Darius. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “In the second year of the reign of King Darius”
1:1 qt5i rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal בִּשְׁנַ֤ת שְׁתַּ֨יִם֙ & בַּחֹ֨דֶשׁ֙ הַשִּׁשִּׁ֔י & בְּי֥וֹם אֶחָ֖ד לַחֹ֑דֶשׁ 1 If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you could use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “In year two of ... on day one of month six”
1:1 ha87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Darius … Haggai … Zerubbabel … Shealtiel … Joshua … Jehozadak 1 These are all names of men.
1:1 y3ei rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths in the sixth month, on the first day of the month 1 “on the first day of the sixth month.” This is the sixth month of the Hebrew calendar. The first day is near the middle of August on Western calendars. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
1:1 ria7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom the word of Yahweh came 1 This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message” or “Yawheh spoke this message”
1:1 fdv5 Yahweh 1 This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
1:1 wn8q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche by the hand of Haggai 1 Here the word “hand” refers to Haggai himself. Yahweh used Haggai as the agent to deliver his command. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “through Haggai”
1:2 cav8 Yahweh’s house 1 the temple
1:3 xs12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom the word of Yahweh came 1 This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message” or “Yawheh spoke this message”
1:3 wk3b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche by the hand of Haggai 1 Here the word “hand” refers to Haggai himself. Yahweh used Haggai as the agent to deliver his command. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “through Haggai”
1:4 ms19 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Is it a time for you … ruined? 1 Yahweh is rebuking the people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “Now is not the time for you … ruined.”
1:4 u9tf this house 1 the temple of Yahweh
1:6 rma3 but cannot get drunk 1 There is not enough wine to satisfy the people’s thirst and not nearly enough for drunkenness. The reader should understand that the text is not calling drunkenness a good thing.
1:6 aw8t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the wage earner earns money only to put it into a bag full of holes 1 Not earning enough money to buy necessary goods is spoken of as if the person were losing the money that falls out through holes in the money bag. Alternate translation: “the money the worker earns is gone before he finishes buying everything he needs”
1:8 qmi7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche bring timber 1 This represents only a part of what they needed to build the temple.
1:9 yx8d behold 1 Alternate translation: “look” or “listen” or “pay attention to what I am about to tell you”
1:9 eb3a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I blew it away 1 The people not being able to find what they were looking for is spoken of as if Yahweh had blown on dust so it would go away. Alternate translation: “I made sure there was nothing there for you to find”
1:9 g652 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person declares Yahweh of hosts 1 Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared”
1:10 suc8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the heavens withhold the dew from you 1 The dew that appears at night is spoken of as if it formed in the sky and fell like rain. The sky is spoken of as if it were a person who refused to give a present or a parent who refused to feed his child. Alternate translation: “the sky does not allow the dew to fall” or “no dew forms”
1:11 a7ds rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification I have summoned a drought upon the land 1 Rain not falling for a long time is spoken of as if Yahweh had told a person to come and make the land dry. Alternate translation: “I have kept the rain from falling on the land”
1:11 v7pk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy upon the new wine, upon the oil 1 “Wine” and “oil” are metonyms for grapes and olives.
1:11 ird4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns all the labor of your hands 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **labor**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “work hard.” The labor that the hands perform is a metonym for the things that the labor produces. The hand is a metonym for the person. Alternate translation: “everything you have worked hard to make” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1:12 n5g8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Zerubbabel … Shealtiel … Joshua … Jehozadak … Haggai 1 See how you translated these men’s names in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md).
1:12 c4he rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy obeyed the voice of Yahweh … the words of Haggai 1 The voice and the words are metonyms for the persons. Alternate translation: “obeyed Yahweh and Haggai”
1:12 e9sl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the people feared the face of Yahweh 1 This could mean: (1) the face could be a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “the people feared Yahweh” or (2) the face could be a metonym for the person’s presence. Alternate translation: “the people were afraid to be in Yahweh’s presence” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1:13 dtj5 this is Yahweh’s declaration 1 Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared”
1:14 n1e7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Yahweh stirred up the spirit of the governor of Judah, Zerubbabel son of Shealtiel, and the spirit of the high priest Joshua son of Jehozadak, and the spirit of all the remnant of the people 1 Stirring the spirit is a metonym for making someone want to act. Alternate translation: “Yahweh made the governor of Judah, Zerubbabel son of Shealtiel, and the high priest Joshua son of Jehozadak, and all the remnant of the people want to act”
1:14 iax3 remnant 1 people who were still alive after being captive in Babylon and had returned to Jerusalem
1:15 vp6z rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths in the twenty-fourth day of the sixth month 1 This is just 23 days after he received the vision. This is the sixth month of the Hebrew calendar. The twenty-fourth day is near the middle of September on Western calendars. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
1:15 cx2u rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal the second year of Darius the king 1 “second year of the reign of Darius the king” or “after Darius had been king for more than one year”
2:intro ieh7 1 # Haggai 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 2:3–9, 21–23.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Unclean\n\nHaggai uses an extended metaphor in this chapter related to ritual cleanliness. While the Jews were not unclean by nature as the Gentiles were, their actions made them unclean. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]])
2:1 v31v rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths In the seventh month on the twenty-first day of the month 1 This is the seventh month of the Hebrew calendar. The twenty-first day is near the middle of October on Western calendars. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
2:1 fm14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom the word of Yahweh came 1 This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message” or “Yawheh spoke this message”
2:1 t1us rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche by the hand of Haggai 1 Here the word “hand” refers to Haggai himself. Yahweh used Haggai as the agent to deliver his command. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “through Haggai”
2:1 hz54 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Haggai 1 See how you translated this man’s name in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md).
2:2 q56p rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Zerubbabel … Shealtiel … Joshua … Jehozadak 1 See how you translated these men’s names in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md).
2:3 wy32 1 # General Information:\n\nYahweh speaks to the people about the new temple they are building. They are building it on the same place their ancestors built the former temple, which Nebuchadnezzar completely destroyed. This new temple is much smaller than the former temple.
2:3 m1jr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Who is left among you who saw this house in its former glory? 1 Yahweh speaks of the new temple as if it were the same building as the old temple. He is telling those who had seen the former temple to pay attention. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “I want those among you who saw this house in its former glory to pay attention.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:3 x5q5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion How do you see it now? 1 Yahweh is telling them that he knows what they are thinking about the new temple. He speaks of the new temple as if it were the same building as the old temple. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “I know what you think of this new temple.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:3 tsx7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Is it not like nothing in your eyes? 1 Yahweh is telling the people that he understands that they are disappointed because the new temple is so small. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “I know that you think it is not important at all.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
2:4 y2v9 Now, be strong 1 Alternate translation: “From now on, be strong”
2:4 x8wv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person this is the declaration of Yahweh of hosts 1 Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:9](../01/09.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh of hosts, have declared”
2:6 e2qq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will … shake the heavens … the earth … the sea … the dry land 1 The words “I will shake the earth” could be translated as “I will cause an earthquake,” and that earthquake would shake “the sea” as well as “the dry land,” a merism for the entire earth. Yahweh speaks of the heavens and every nation as if they also were solid objects that he could shake. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
2:6 l2sj shake 1 Use the verb you usually use for pushing trees back and forth to get fruit or other objects to fall from them.
2:7 hre1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will shake every nation 1 The metaphor that begins with the words “I will … shake the heavens” in verse 6 ends here. Yahweh speaks of every nation as if they also were solid objects that he could shake. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
2:7 u8qx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will fill this house with glory 1 Yahweh speaks of glory as if it were a solid or liquid that could be put into a container, the temple. This could mean: (1) the temple will become very beautiful. Alternate translation: “I will make this house very beautiful” or (2) the “precious things” that “every nation will bring” include much silver and gold and other forms of wealth. Alternate translation: “I will have people bring many beautiful things into this house”
2:8 f56d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person this is the declaration of Yahweh of hosts 1 Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:9](../01/09.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh of hosts, have declared”
2:10 wc9p rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths On the twenty-fourth day of the ninth month 1 This is the ninth month of the Hebrew calendar. The twenty-fourth day is near the middle of December on Western calendars. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
2:10 if92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal in the second year of Darius 1 “in the second year of the reign of Darius” or “when Darius had been king for more than one year”
2:10 i4py rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Darius … Haggai 1 See how you translated these men’s names in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md).
2:10 s26v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom the word of Yahweh came 1 This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message” or “Yawheh spoke this message”
2:12 x84u meat that is set apart to Yahweh … holy 1 The words “that is set apart to Yahweh” and the word “holy” translate the same Hebrew word. “holy meat … holy”
2:13 bg3q because of death 1 Alternate translation: “because he has touched a dead body”
2:14 q5p8 So Haggai answered and said, “So it is … is unclean 1 Haggai answers the priests with the words that Yahweh told Haggai to tell the priests. Alternate translation: “So Haggai answered and told them Yahweh’s words: ‘So it is … is unclean”
2:14 dv6p So it is with this people and this nation before me 1 “I look at this people and this nation the same way.” Yahweh reminds the priests that a clean thing that touches an unclean thing becomes unclean. He then reminds them that he thinks of them as unclean because they have been worshiping idols, and so everything they touch and make becomes unclean.
2:14 ua4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person this is Yahweh’s declaration 1 Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:9](../01/09.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared”
2:15 l2sc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Before stone was placed upon stone in the temple 1 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Before you laid the first stones for the temple”
2:16 zx3c rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers twenty measures 1 “20 measures.” A “measure” is an unknown amount. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]])
2:16 ply4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers fifty measures 1 “50 measures.” A “measure” is an unknown amount. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]])
2:17 p7cx all the work of your hands 1 Alternate translation: “everything you made” or “your crops”
2:17 bk6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person this is Yahweh’s declaration 1 Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:9](../01/09.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared”
2:18 zyq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths the twenty-fourth day of the ninth month 1 This is the ninth month of the Hebrew calendar. The twenty-fourth day is near the middle of December on Western calendars. See how you translated this in [Haggai 2:10](../02/10.md). (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
2:18 pcm4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the day that the foundation of Yahweh’s temple was laid 1 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the day that you laid the foundation of Yahweh’s temple”
2:19 mx58 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Is there still seed in the storehouse? 1 Yahweh is preparing the people for the promise he is about to give them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “you could see that there is no seed in the storehouse.”
2:19 ld7r The vine, the fig tree, the pomegranate, and the olive tree 1 Alternate translation: “Your grape vines, fig trees, pomegranate trees, and olive trees”
2:19 g2gc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the pomegranate 1 This is a type of sweet fruit. You may need to make explicit that the tree is being spoken of. Alternate translation: “the pomegranate tree” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
2:20 l5py rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom the word of Yahweh came 1 This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message” or “Yawheh spoke this message”
2:20 hwk9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Haggai 1 This is the name of a man. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md).
2:20 rru4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths on the twenty-fourth day of the month 1 You may need to make explicit which month is spoken of. Alternate translation: “on the twenty-fourth day of the ninth month” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
2:21 ac9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Zerubbabel 1 This is the name of a man. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md).
2:21 w9i2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will shake the heavens and the earth 1 The words “I will shake the earth” could be translated as “I will cause an earthquake.” Yahweh speaks of the heavens as if they also were solid objects that he could shake. See how these ideas are translated in [Haggai 2:6](../02/06.md).
2:21 v17h shake 1 Use the verb you usually use for pushing trees back and forth to get fruit or other objects to fall from them. See how you translated this in [Haggai 2:6](../02/06.md).
2:21 fbc6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism the heavens and the earth 1 This is a merism for “the whole universe” or “everything that exists.”
2:22 ni5i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy I will overthrow the throne of kingdoms 1 The throne is a metonym for the person sitting on the throne. Alternate translation: “I will take kings off of their thrones”
2:22 sv3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the throne of kingdoms 1 Here “throne” is a metonym for the king who sits on it. Alternate translation: “government ruled by kings”
2:22 gza6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit I will … destroy the strength of the kingdoms of the nations 1 You may need to make explicit that “the nations” are Israel’s enemies. Alternate translation: “I will make it so the kingdoms of the nations that are Israel’s enemies are no longer strong”
2:22 js5m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy each one because of his brother’s sword 1 The sword here is a metonym for violent death. Alternate translation: “each one because his brother has killed him”
2:23 p75j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person this is the declaration of Yahweh of hosts 1 Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:9](../01/09.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh of hosts, have declared”
2:23 p3ww rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Zerubbabel … Shealtiel 1 See how you translated these men’s names in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md).
2:23 itg1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person this is Yahweh’s declaration 1 Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:9](../01/09.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared”
2:23 h7nz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile I will make you like a signet ring 1 Kings used a signet ring to seal documents to show that they truly had his authority. Zerubbabel would have authority from Yahweh because he would speak Yahweh’s words.
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