RUT front intro f68r 0 # Introduction to Ruth<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of Ruth<br><br>1. How Ruth came to Bethlehem with Naomi (1:1–22)<br>1. Boaz helps Ruth as she gleans (2:1–23)<br>1. Boaz and Ruth at the threshing floor (3:1–18)<br>1. How Ruth became the wife of Boaz (4:1–16)<br>1. Obed born to Ruth and Boaz; the genealogy of David (4:13–22)<br><br>### What is the Book of Ruth about?<br><br>This book is about a non-Israelite woman named Ruth. It tells how she came to join the people of Yahweh. The book also explains how Ruth became an ancestor of King David.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>This book traditionally has the title "Ruth" because she is the main person in it. Translators can use a title such as "The Book about Ruth." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### When did the events in the Book of Ruth occur?<br><br>The story of Ruth is set during the time when there were "judges" in Israel. These were men and women whom God chose to help the Israelites defeat their enemies. These leaders usually continued to help the people by deciding disputes among them. They also helped them make important decisions. Many of these leaders served all the people of Israel, but some of them may have served only certain tribes.<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### Why does Scripture include a book about a woman from the foreign land of Moab?<br><br>In a period when Israel was often unfaithful to Yahweh, a woman from Moab shows great faith in him. The Israelites' frequent lack of faith in Yahweh is contrasted with the faith of this woman from a foreign land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])<br><br>### What important marriage custom is found in the Book of Ruth?<br><br>Israelites practiced what is called "levirate marriage." This was a custom for the closest male relative to provide for a childless widow by marrying her. Any children born to them were to be regarded as children of the dead man. They did this so that the dead man would still have descendants. If the closest relative did not marry the woman, another relative could.<br><br>### What was a "kinsman-redeemer"?<br><br>A person's close relative or relatives were expected to act as "kinsmen-redeemers" (2:20 ULT) for him or her. They were responsible to provide for a relative in need. They were also responsible to practice "levirate marriage." In the Book of Ruth, Boaz is one such kinsman-redeemer.<br><br>### What was "gleaning" in the Book of Ruth?<br><br>Poor people were allowed to follow after the men who harvested a field. These "gleaners" picked up sheaves of grain that the harvesters missed or dropped. In this way, poor people were able to find some food. Ruth became a gleaner in a field belonging to Boaz.<br><br>### What is covenant faithfulness or covenant loyalty?<br><br>A covenant is a formal, binding agreement between two parties that one or both parties must fulfill. Covenant faithfulness or covenant loyalty is when a person does what they said they would do, according to a covenant they had with someone else. God promised that he would love and be faithful to the Israelites. The Israelites were to do the same toward him and toward each other.<br><br>The Book of Ruth shows that what kinsmen-redeemers do for their relatives are part of Israel's duties in God's covenant with them. The story of Boaz, Ruth and Naomi gives good examples to all of Israel of the good effects of covenant faithfulness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]])<br><br>### What function did city gates have in the ancient Near East?<br><br>City gates in the time of Boaz were natural meeting places for the city elders. Elders were honored men who decided business matters and legal matters together. The city walls were large, perhaps two to three meters in width. Therefore the gateway opening provided a shady area for public meetings. For this reason, Boaz and the other elders sat in the gateway.<br><br>Some English Bible versions speak of
RUT 1 intro irf4 0 # Ruth 01 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>### "It happened in the days when the judges ruled"<br>The events of this book occur during the period of Judges. The book is concurrent with the book of Judges. To understand the historical context of the book, the translator may wish to review the book of Judges.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Women without a husband or children<br>In the ancient Near East, if a woman lacked a husband or sons, she was considered to be in a dire circumstance. She would not have been able to provide for herself. This is why Naomi told her daughters to remarry.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Contrast<br>The actions of Ruth the Moabite are intended to contrast with the actions of Naomi the Jew. Ruth shows great faith in Naomi's god, while Naomi does not trust in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])<br>
RUT 1 1 sb2j וַיְהִ֗י 1 It happened "It was" or "This is what happened." This is a common way of beginning a historical story.
RUT 1 1 m9nl בִּימֵי֙ שְׁפֹ֣ט הַשֹּׁפְטִ֔ים 1 in the days when the judges ruled "during the time when judges led and governed Israel"
RUT 1 1 nm13 figs-explicit בָּאָ֑רֶץ 1 in the land This refers to the land of Israel. Alternate translation: "in the land of Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 1 1 mmb4 אִ֜ישׁ 1 a certain man "a man." This is a common way of introducing a character into a story.
RUT 1 2 e53a אֶפְרָתִ֔ים מִ בֵּ֥ית לֶ֖חֶם יְהוּדָ֑ה 1 Ephrathites of Bethlehem of Judah They were people from the tribe of Ephraim who settled at Bethlehem in the region of Judea.
RUT 1 3 rxb1 הִ֖יא וּשְׁנֵ֥י בָנֶֽיהָ׃ 1 she was left with her two sons "Naomi had only her two sons with her"
RUT 1 4 pk7g figs-idiom וַיִּשְׂ ... נָשִׁים֙ 1 took wives "married women." This is an idiom for marrying women. They did not take women who were already married. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 1 4 k7y9 מֹֽאֲבִיּ֔וֹת 1 from the women of Moab Naomi's sons married women who were from the tribe of Moab. The Moabites worshiped other gods.
RUT 1 4 aee6 שֵׁ֤ם הָֽאַחַת֙ ... וְשֵׁ֥ם הַשֵּׁנִ֖י 1 the name of one ... the name of the other "the name of one woman ... the name of the other woman"
RUT 1 4 rt4c כְּעֶ֥שֶׂר שָׁנִֽים׃ 1 ten years Ten years after Elimelek and Naomi came to the country of Moab, their sons Mahlon and Kilion died.
RUT 1 6 sa4z figs-explicit 0 she had heard in the region of Moab "while Naomi was living in Moab she heard." It is implied that the news came from Israel. Alternate translation: "she heard from Israel while in the region of Moab" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 1 6 ser2 0 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
RUT 1 6 v86z 0 had helped his people in need God saw their need and provided good harvests for them.
RUT 1 6 u9q2 0 daughters-in-law the women who married Naomi's sons
RUT 1 7 w7ti figs-idiom 0 they walked down the road "they walked along the road." To walk down a road is an expression for walking away. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 1 8 lxs2 figs-you 0 each of you Naomi was talking to two people, so languages that have a dual form of "you" would use that throughout her talk. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
RUT 1 8 hsf7 0 your mother's house "to the home of each of your mothers"
RUT 1 8 hh5j 0 shown kindness "demonstrated that you are loyal"
RUT 1 8 i262 0 kindness "kindness" includes the ideas of love, kindness, and faithfulness.
RUT 1 8 g4r8 figs-idiom 0 toward the dead "to your husbands, who died." Naomi was referring to her two sons that died. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 1 9 pm6y 0 grant you "give you" or "allow you to have"
RUT 1 9 c74v 0 you find rest "Rest" here includes security in marriage.
RUT 1 9 v2vx figs-metonymy 0 in the house of another husband with their new husbands, not someone else's husband. This refers to both a physical house that belongs to the husband, and to the protection from shame by being married. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
RUT 1 9 t69w figs-idiom 0 they raised their voices and cried To raise the voice is an idiom for speaking loudly. The daughters cried out loud or wept bitterly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 1 10 mag8 figs-exclusive 0 We will return When Orpah and Ruth said "we," they were referring to themselves and not Naomi. So languages that have inclusive and exclusive "we" would use the exclusive form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
RUT 1 10 bq4j figs-you 0 with you Here "you" is the singular form referring to Naomi. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
RUT 1 11 ggi3 figs-rquestion 0 Why will you go with me? This is a rhetorical question. Alternate translation: "It does not make sense for you to go with me." or "You should not go with me." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
RUT 1 11 q2hn figs-rquestion 0 Do I still have sons in my womb for you, so that they may become your husbands? Naomi uses this question to say she cannot have other sons for them to marry. Alternate translation: "Obviously it is not possible for me to have any more sons who could become your husbands." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
RUT 1 12 dyc4 figs-explicit 0 too old to have a husband The reason a husband would be important can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "too old to marry again and bear more children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 1 12 kh9g 0 give birth to sons "bear children" or "deliver baby boys"
RUT 1 13 gmc2 figs-rquestion 0 would you therefore wait until they were grown? Would you choose not to marry a husband? These are rhetorical questions, which do not expect an answer. Alternate translation: "you would not wait until they were grown up so that you could marry them. You would choose to marry a husband now." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
RUT 1 13 gh99 figs-metaphor 0 It is exceedingly bitter to me Bitterness is a metaphor for grief, and what grieves her can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "It greatly grieves me that you have no husbands" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] or [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 1 13 z9u3 figs-metonymy 0 the hand of Yahweh has gone out against me The word "hand" refers to Yahweh's power or influence. Alternate translation: "Yahweh has caused terrible things to happen to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
RUT 1 14 n47v figs-idiom 0 lifted up their voices and cried This means that they cried out loud or wept bitterly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 1 14 t4sl figs-explicit 0 Ruth held on to her "Ruth clung to her." Alternate translation: "Ruth refused to leave her" or "Ruth would not leave her" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 1 15 ld6g 0 Listen, your sister-in-law "Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important, your sister-in-law"
RUT 1 15 nqm3 0 your sister-in-law "the wife of your husband's brother" or "Orpah"
RUT 1 15 man4 0 her gods Before Orpah and Ruth married Naomi's sons, they worshiped the gods of Moab. During their marriage, they began to worship Naomi's God.
RUT 1 16 z5ug 0 where you stay "where you live"
RUT 1 16 b518 figs-explicit 0 your people will be my people Ruth is referring to Naomi's people, the Israelites. Alternate translation: "I will consider the people of your country as being my own people" or "I will consider your relatives as my own relatives" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 1 17 lql7 figs-idiom 0 Where you die, I will die This refers to Ruth's desire to spend the rest of her life living in the same place and town as Naomi. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 1 17 sje3 figs-idiom 0 May Yahweh punish me, and even more, if This refers to Ruth asking God to punish her if she does not do what she said like the english idiom "God forbid, if." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 1 18 rsq2 0 she stopped arguing with her "Naomi stopped arguing with Ruth"
RUT 1 19 j9wa writing-newevent 0 It happened "It came about." This is marking a new story line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
RUT 1 19 y3us figs-metonymy 0 the entire town The "town" refer to the people who live there. Alternate translation: "everyone in the town" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
RUT 1 19 xnb3 0 Is this Naomi? Since it has been many years since Naomi lived in Bethlehem and no longer has her husband and two sons, it is likely the women were expressing doubt as to if this woman was actually Naomi. Treat as a real question, not rhetorical.
RUT 1 20 stw5 0 Do not call me Naomi The name "Naomi" means "my delight." Since Naomi lost her husband and sons, she no longer feels her life matches her name.
RUT 1 20 swe9 translate-names 0 Bitter This is a translation of the meaning of the name. It is also often translated according to its sound as "Mara." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
RUT 1 21 n9zc 0 I went out full, but Yahweh has brought me home again empty When Naomi left Bethlehem, her husband and two sons were living, and she was happy. Naomi blames Yahweh for the death of her husband and sons, saying that he has caused her to return to Bethlehem without them, and now she is bitter and unhappy.
RUT 1 21 jqx5 0 condemned me "judged me guilty"
RUT 1 21 t1p8 0 has afflicted me "has brought calamity on me" or "has brought tragedy to me"
RUT 1 22 cx7g writing-endofstory 0 So Naomi and Ruth This begins a summary statement. English marks this by the word "so." Determine how your language marks concluding or summary statements and do the same. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]])
RUT 1 22 bgy3 figs-abstractnouns 0 at the beginning of the barley harvest The phrase "the barley harvest" can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "when the farmers were just beginning to harvest barley" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
RUT 2 intro ld2v 0 # Ruth 02 General Notes<br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### "Do not go and glean in another field"<br>Boaz said this because he could not guarantee their safety in another person's field. It is assumed that not everyone was as gracious and obedient to the law of Moses as Boaz. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br>
RUT 2 1 t2sn writing-background 0 Now Naomi had a relative of her husband This phrase introduces new information before the story continues. Your language may have a way to introduce new information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
RUT 2 1 b4q7 0 a worthy man "a prominent, wealthy man." This means that Boaz was prosperous and well known in his community, with a good reputation.
RUT 2 2 am6a 0 Ruth, the Moabite woman Here the story resumes. You need to see how your language restarts a story after a break.
RUT 2 2 c7rk 0 the Moabite woman This is another way of saying the woman was from the country or tribe of Moab.
RUT 2 2 qt4q 0 glean what remains among the ears of grain "gather kernels of grain left behind by the harvesters" or "pick up kernels of grain left behind by the harvesters"
RUT 2 2 yn9b 0 the ears "the heads" or "the stalks." The "ears" are the parts of a grain plant that contain the grain.
RUT 2 2 j59b figs-idiom 0 in whose eyes I will find favor The phrase "found favor" is an idiom which means to be approved of by someone. Ruth speaks of gaining someone's favor as gaining permission or approval. Also, the eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts and judgement. Alternate translation: "who will grant me permission to glean" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
RUT 2 2 ed93 0 daughter Ruth was caring for Naomi as if she were her own mother. Make sure it is possible in your language to use this word for someone who is not an actual daughter.
RUT 2 3 ht73 0 She happened to come Ruth was not aware that the field she picked to glean in belonged to Naomi's relative Boaz.
RUT 2 4 vys2 0 Behold, Boaz The word "behold" alerts us to the important event of Boaz arriving at the field. Your language may also have a specific way of introducing important events or characters.
RUT 2 4 q1lv 0 came from Bethlehem The fields were an unspecified distance outside of Bethlehem.
RUT 2 4 r4bl 0 bless you "give you good things" or "make you happy"
RUT 2 5 a5ht 0 What man does this young woman belong to? Possible meanings are 1) Boaz was asking about Ruth's husband or 2) Boaz was asking about Ruth's parents or current guardians.
RUT 2 5 sdf9 0 was supervising "was in charge of" or "was managing"
RUT 2 7 kj7a 0 the house "the hut" or "the shelter." This was a temporary shelter or garden hut in the field that provided shade from the sun.
RUT 2 8 ltk3 figs-rquestion 0 Are you listening to me, my daughter This can be reworded as a command. Alternate translation: "Listen to me, my daughter" or "Note well what I am telling you, my daughter" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
RUT 2 8 ke9b figs-idiom 0 my daughter This was a kind way of addressing a younger woman. Ruth was not the actual daughter of Boaz, so make sure the translation of this does not make it sound like she was. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 2 9 jq6n figs-metonymy 0 Keep your eyes only on the field The eyes represent watching something or paying attention to something. Alternate translation: "Watch only the field" or "Pay attention only to the field" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
RUT 2 9 xc6u figs-rquestion 0 Have I not instructed the men ... you? Boaz used this question to emphasize what he had already done to help Ruth. Alternate translation: "I have given the men strict instructions ... you." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
RUT 2 9 ub62 0 men ... the other women "young male workers ... young female workers." The word "men" is used three times to refer to the young men who are harvesting in the field. Some languages can say this using one word, and they have a different word that means young women workers.
RUT 2 9 v5e4 0 not to touch you Possible meanings are 1) the men were not to harm Ruth or 2) the men were not to stop her from gleaning in his field.
RUT 2 9 ahr7 0 the water that the men have drawn To draw water means to pull up water from a well or to take it out of a storage vessel.
RUT 2 10 az6y 0 she bowed down before Boaz, touching her face to the ground These are acts of respect and reverence. She was showing honor to Boaz out of gratefulness for what he had done for her. It was also a posture of humility. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
RUT 2 10 ug7p 0 Why have I found such favor ... a foreigner? Ruth is asking a real question.
RUT 2 10 x6f8 0 foreigner Ruth had pledged her loyalty to the God of Israel in private, but she was known publicly as "the Moabitess."
RUT 2 11 app6 figs-activepassive 0 It has been reported to me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People have reported to me" or "People have told me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
RUT 2 11 r44n figs-metonymy 0 to come to a people Boaz is referring to Ruth coming to dwell with Naomi in a village and community, a country, and religion she did not know. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
RUT 2 12 x5ct 0 reward you "repay you" or "pay you back"
RUT 2 12 s2vm 0 for your deed This is an act of faith, choosing to live with Naomi in Bethlehem and trusting Naomi's God.
RUT 2 12 gnn5 figs-parallelism 0 May you receive full payment from Yahweh This is a poetic expression that is very similar to the previous sentence. Alternate translation: "May Yahweh give back to you even more than you have given" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
RUT 2 12 eh86 figs-metaphor 0 under whose wings you have found refuge Boaz uses the picture of a mother bird gathering her chicks under her wings to protect them, in order to describe God's protection for those who trust in him. Alternate translation: "in whose safe care you have placed yourself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT 2 13 v2q1 figs-idiom 0 Let me find favor in your eyes Here "find favor" is an idiom that means be approved of or that he is pleased with her. Here "eyes" are a metonym for sight, and sight is a metaphor representing his evaluation. Alternate translation: "Please accept me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT 2 13 zc5n 0 I am not one of your female servants Possible meanings are 1) Ruth was not one of Boaz's female servants or 2) Ruth did not think her marriage to Naomi's son granted her any privilege in Bethlehem.
RUT 2 14 yht2 0 At mealtime This refers to the noontime meal.
RUT 2 14 p256 0 dip your morsel in the wine vinegar This was a simple meal eaten in the field. People would sit on the ground around a cloth that had a bowl of wine vinegar on it and plates of broken bread. They would dip their bread in the vinegar bowl to wet it and add flavor before they ate it.
RUT 2 14 xr6s 0 wine vinegar a sauce that bread was dipped in. The Israelites further fermented some of their wine to make vinegar.
RUT 2 15 v6wr 0 As she got up to gather up grain, Boaz commanded his young men In the context of the commands, it is likely that Ruth was far enough away not to hear Boaz's instructions. Alternate translation: "And when Ruth got up to gather up grain, Boaz privately told his young men"
RUT 2 15 rct9 0 As she got up "As she stood up"
RUT 2 15 a5z9 0 even among the bundles Here "even" denotes "above and beyond what one normally does." Boaz instructs his workers to let Ruth glean around the bundles of grain. People who were gleaning were normally forbidden from working that close to the harvested grain.
RUT 2 16 u6hv 0 pull out for her some ears of grain from the bundles "take some stalks of grain out of the bundles and leave them for her" or "leave behind stalks of grain for her to collect"
RUT 2 16 nn9l 0 do not rebuke her "do not cause her shame" or "do not dishonor her"
RUT 2 17 h3ap 0 beat out She separated the edible part of the grain from the hull and stalk, which is thrown away.
RUT 2 17 rdx2 figs-idiom 0 ears of grain This refers to the eatable part of the grain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 2 17 mq6b translate-bvolume 0 about an ephah of barley An ephah is a unit of measurement equal to about 22 liters. Alternate translation: "about 22 liters of barley" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]])
RUT 2 18 etn8 figs-explicit 0 She lifted it up and went into the city It is implied that Ruth carried the grain home. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 2 18 r6sz 0 her mother-in-law saw "Naomi saw"
RUT 2 19 bg28 figs-parallelism 0 Where have you gleaned today? Where did you go to work? Naomi said almost the same thing in two different ways to show that she was very interested in knowing what had happened to Ruth that day. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
RUT 2 20 p8km 0 he be blessed by Yahweh Naomi is asking God to reward Boaz for his kindness to Ruth and herself.
RUT 2 20 ur7z figs-doublenegatives 0 who has not left off his loyalty "who has continued to be loyal." Possible meanings are 1) Boaz remembered his obligations to Naomi as a family member or 2) Naomi is referring to Yahweh, who was acting through Boaz or 3) Yahweh has continued to be faithful to the living and the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
RUT 2 20 ljz3 0 to the living "to the people who are still living." Naomi and Ruth were the "living."
RUT 2 20 wjr4 figs-nominaladj 0 the dead Naomi's husband and sons were the "dead." This can be stated differently to remove the nominal adjective "the dead." Alternate translation: "the people who have already died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
RUT 2 20 cyy2 figs-parallelism 0 near of kin to us, one of our kinsman-redeemers The second phrase repeats and expands the first. This is a Hebrew style of emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
RUT 2 20 zu5f 0 kinsman-redeemers A kinsman-redeemer was a close male relative who could rescue a childless widow from financial ruin by marrying her and having a child with her. He would also reacquire the land his relatives had lost due to poverty and redeem family members who had sold themselves into slavery.
RUT 2 21 k2lz 0 Indeed, he said to me "He even said to me." This indicates that what follows is the most important part of Boaz's words to Ruth.
RUT 2 21 g585 0 keep close to my young men Boaz was referring to the physical protection his men can provide her.
RUT 2 22 f2tw 0 go out with "work with"
RUT 2 22 bcc4 0 come to harm Possible meanings are 1) other workers might abuse Ruth or try to seize her and sleep with her or 2) in another field, the owner might interfere or stop her from gleaning until the end of the harvest.
RUT 2 23 e2vq 0 she stayed close Ruth worked in Boaz's fields with his workers during the day, so she would be safe.
RUT 2 23 a7qp 0 She lived with her mother-in-law Ruth went to Naomi's home to sleep at night.
RUT 3 intro t4y5 0 # Ruth 03 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Boaz's integrity<br>Boaz showed great integrity in this chapter by not having sexual relations with Ruth. He was also concerned with how people would see Ruth if they caught her in this position. Boaz's character is important for this story.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### "So that things may go well for you"<br>Naomi attempted to make Ruth desirable to Boaz so that he would want to marry her. Even though she was a Gentile by birth, Boaz could marry her because she was, by marriage, Naomi's daughter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br>
RUT 3 1 r7ar 0 mother-in-law Naomi is the mother of Ruth's dead husband.
RUT 3 1 f1uc 0 My daughter Ruth became Naomi's daughter by marrying her son and further by her actions in caring for Naomi after returning to Bethlehem.
RUT 3 1 nxr8 figs-rquestion 0 should I not seek a place for you to rest ... for you? Naomi uses this question to tell Ruth what she planned to do. Alternate translation: "I must look for a place for you to rest ... for you." or "I must find a husband to care for you ... for you." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
RUT 3 1 uw2p figs-metaphor 0 a place for you to rest Possible meanings are 1) literally in finding a house for her to live in or 2) figuratively in finding a husband to care for her. Naomi probably had both senses in mind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT 3 2 j31t figs-explicit 0 female workers you have been with The translation can make explicit that she was working in the fields with these female workers. Alternate translation: "female workers you have been with in the fields" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 3 2 b4h8 figs-rquestion 0 is he not our kinsman? Naomi probably used this question to remind Ruth of something she had already told her. Alternate translation: "he is our relative." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
RUT 3 2 nd8v 0 Look This term indicates that the following statement is very important.
RUT 3 2 ms25 0 winnowing To winnow means to separate grain from the unwanted chaff by tossing both the grain and chaff into the air, allowing the wind to blow the chaff away.
RUT 3 3 ru6z 0 anoint yourself This is probably a reference to rubbing sweet-smelling oil on oneself, much as women put on perfume today.
RUT 3 3 e92h figs-idiom 0 go down to the threshing floor This refers to leaving the city and heading to the threshing area. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 3 4 ln1m translate-symaction 0 uncover his feet This means to remove the cloak or blanket covering his feet so that they would be exposed to the cold. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
RUT 3 4 l4we 0 lie down there "lie down at his feet"
RUT 3 4 w1u5 0 Then he will tell you what to do The specific custom of that time is unclear, but this is usually understood as a culturally acceptable way for a woman to tell a man that she was willing to marry him. Boaz would understand the custom and accept or reject her offer.
RUT 3 4 nn4g 0 Then he will "When he wakes up, he will"
RUT 3 7 fz7e figs-synecdoche 0 his heart was merry Here Boaz is referred to by his heart. It does not imply Boaz was overly drunk. Alternate translation: "he was satisfied" or "he was in a good mood" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
RUT 3 7 y6gk 0 she came softly "she sneaked in" or "she came in quietly so no one would hear her"
RUT 3 7 eq2u 0 uncovered his feet "removed his blanket from his feet"
RUT 3 7 pb6l 0 lay down "lay down at his feet"
RUT 3 8 pz92 0 It came about This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
RUT 3 8 qsm2 0 at midnight "in the middle of the night"
RUT 3 8 xun6 0 was startled It is not clear what startled Boaz. Perhaps he suddenly felt the cold air on his feet.
RUT 3 8 c23j figs-idiom 0 He turned over He looked to see what startled him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 3 8 e7ui 0 a woman was lying at his feet The woman was Ruth, but Boaz could not recognize her in the darkness.
RUT 3 9 wj9e 0 your female servant Ruth spoke with humility to Boaz.
RUT 3 9 xp1b figs-idiom 0 Spread your cloak over your female servant This was a cultural idiom for marriage. Alternate translation: "Marry me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 3 9 l5g4 0 near kinsman a close relative with special responsibilities toward their extended family
RUT 3 10 bjw9 0 more kindness in the latter end than at the beginning "even more kindness now than before"
RUT 3 10 e7ka 0 more kindness in the latter end This refers to Ruth asking Boaz to marry her. By marrying Naomi's relative, Ruth would provide for Naomi and demonstrate great kindness to Naomi.
RUT 3 10 cbd3 0 at the beginning This refers to the way Ruth had earlier provided for her mother-in-law by staying with her and gleaning grain for food for them.
RUT 3 10 n84d figs-idiom 0 because you have not gone after "you have not pursued marriage with." Ruth could have ignored Naomi's need and looked for a husband for herself outside of Naomi's relatives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 3 11 ei93 0 my daughter Boaz used this expression as a sign of respect toward Ruth as a younger woman.
RUT 3 12 fvq5 0 kinsman nearer than I It was the duty of the closest male relative to help the widow.
RUT 3 13 gcl8 figs-explicit 0 if he will perform for you the duty of a kinsman Boaz is referring to the expectation that the closest male relative of Ruth's dead husband would marry her and help carry on his family name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 3 13 tkz9 0 by the life of Yahweh "as surely as Yahweh lives." This was a common Hebrew vow.
RUT 3 14 vn8p 0 she lay at his feet Ruth slept at Boaz' feet. They did not have sex.
RUT 3 14 dwx1 0 before anyone could recognize another person This time of day can be spoken of in terms of darkness. Alternate translation: "while it was still dark"
RUT 3 15 hj1e 0 shawl a piece of cloth worn over the shoulders
RUT 3 15 f5zg 0 six large measures of barley The actual amount is not stated. It was enough to be considered generous, yet small enough for Ruth to carry alone. Some think it was about 30 kilograms.
RUT 3 15 gdn8 0 put the load on her The amount of grain was so great that Ruth needed help picking it up to carry it.
RUT 3 15 aj7u 0 Then he went into the city Most ancient copies have "he went," but some have "she went." There are English versions with both. The better choice is "he went."
RUT 3 16 s7dr figs-explicit 0 How did you do, my daughter? What Ruth meant by this question can be made more clear. Alternate translation: "What happened, my daughter?" or "How did Boaz act toward you?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 3 16 w9p9 0 all that the man had done "all that Boaz had done"
RUT 3 17 e9xx 0 Do not go empty "Do not go empty-handed" or "Do not go with nothing" or "Be sure to take something"
RUT 3 18 u5rn 0 finished this thing This refers to the decision about who will buy Naomi's property and marry Ruth.
RUT 4 intro pz6m 0 # Ruth 04 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### King David<br>Despite being a Moabitess, Ruth became an ancestor of David. David was Israel's greatest king. It is shocking a Gentile would become a part of such an important lineage. She had great faith in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### "You must also take Ruth the Moabitess"<br>Because Naomi had no son, her daughter-in-law Ruth needed to be provided for. Therefore, the relative who wanted to use her land had to also help Ruth to have a son who would come to provide for her.<br><br>### "This was the custom in former times"<br>This is a comment made by the writer of the text. He functions as a narrator in this instance. It indicates that there was a considerable period of time between the events that occurred and the time they were written down.
RUT 4 1 m4by 0 the gate "the gate of the city" or "the gate of Bethlehem." This was the main entrance to the walled town of Bethlehem. There was an open area by the gate that was used as a meeting place to discuss community matters.
RUT 4 1 kz1g 0 the near kinsman This was the closest living relative to Elimelek.
RUT 4 2 bf74 0 elders of the city "leaders of the city"
RUT 4 3 es9g 0 Naomi ... is selling the parcel of land It was the responsibility of the kinsman to buy back his relative's land and to care for his family. In this case, it meant the man must buy Naomi's land, marry Ruth, and care for Naomi.
RUT 4 4 c6xi 0 in the presence of This would make the transaction legal and binding.
RUT 4 4 lgq1 0 redeem it This meant to buy the land to keep it within their family.
RUT 4 4 u548 0 I am after you Boaz was the next kinsman in line to redeem the land.
RUT 4 5 ut23 0 On the day that you buy ... you must also Boaz uses this expression to inform his relative of the additional responsibility he will have if he buys the land.
RUT 4 5 ymn8 figs-synecdoche 0 from the hand of Naomi Here the word "hand" represents Naomi, who owns the field. Alternate translation: "from Naomi" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
RUT 4 5 dya3 figs-idiom 0 you must also take Ruth "you must also marry Ruth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 4 5 b3ps 0 Ruth ... the widow of a dead man "Ruth ... the widow of Elimelek's son"
RUT 4 5 b3sy 0 to raise up the name of the dead "that she may have a son to inherit the property and carry on the name of her dead husband"
RUT 4 6 sx9k 0 damaging my own inheritance He would have to give some of his own wealth to the children that Ruth might bear.
RUT 4 6 sa7h 0 You take my right of redemption for yourself "You redeem it yourself" or "You yourself redeem it instead of me"
RUT 4 7 wga9 writing-background 0 Now this was the custom The writer of the book explains of the custom of exchange during the time of Ruth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
RUT 4 7 lgf5 writing-background 0 in former times "in earlier times." This implies that the customs had changed from when the story took place until the book was written. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
RUT 4 7 xdr7 0 his shoe "his sandal"
RUT 4 7 d46w 0 his neighbor This refers to the person with whom he was making the agreement. In this situation the near kinsman gave Boaz his shoe.
RUT 4 9 zz42 0 to the elders and to all the people This refers to all the people who were present at the meeting place, not to everyone in the town.
RUT 4 9 img5 0 all that was Elimelek's and all that was Kilion's and Mahlon's This refers to all the land and possessions of Naomi's dead husband and sons.
RUT 4 9 lwx9 figs-synecdoche 0 from the hand of Naomi The hand of Naomi represents Naomi. She was responsible for the money exchange. Alternate translation: "from Naomi" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
RUT 4 10 nm32 0 in order that I might raise up the name of the dead man on his inheritance The first son that Ruth bore would be legally considered Mahlon's son and would inherit the land that Boaz bought from Naomi. Alternate translation: "so that I might give her a son who will inherit the dead man's property"
RUT 4 10 gg1m figs-metaphor 0 so that his name will not be cut off from among his brothers and from the gate of his place Being forgotten is spoken of as if one's name were being cut off from a list of people who had lived earlier. Alternate translation: "so that he will not be forgotten by his brothers' descendants and the people of this town" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT 4 10 xpu5 0 the gate of his place The gate of the town is where important legal decisions were made, such as decisions about who owns a piece of land.
RUT 4 11 ua2a 0 people who were in the gate "people who were meeting together near the gate"
RUT 4 11 hg6q figs-metaphor 0 come into your house This has literal and figurative meaning. As Ruth marries Boaz, she will move into his house. House can also refer to becoming part of Boaz's family by being his wife. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT 4 11 q47m 0 like Rachel and Leah These were the two wives of Jacob, whose name was changed to Israel.
RUT 4 11 cz4t 0 built up the house of Israel "bore many children who became the nation of Israel"
RUT 4 11 uk9q 0 may you prosper in Ephrathah Ephrathah is the name of the clan to which Boaz belonged in Bethlehem.
RUT 4 12 fn52 figs-metaphor 0 May your house be like God abundantly blessed Judah through his son Perez. The people were asking God to bless Boaz in a similar way through Ruth's children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT 4 12 a433 0 Tamar bore to Judah Tamar was also a widow. Judah fathered a son with her, which continued the family name.
RUT 4 12 xym8 0 through the offspring that Yahweh will give you Yahweh would give Boaz children through Ruth.
RUT 4 13 u21g 0 Boaz took Ruth "Boaz married Ruth" or "Boaz took Ruth as a wife"
RUT 4 13 gw77 figs-euphemism 0 He went in to her This is a euphemism that refers to having sexual intercourse. Alternate translation: "He had sexual relations with her" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
RUT 4 14 qj8v figs-doublenegatives 0 who has not left you today without a near kinsman This phrase can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: "who has provided you today with a near kinsman" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
RUT 4 14 p8p3 0 May his name be famous This refers to the reputation and character of Naomi's grandson.
RUT 4 15 hz3e 0 a restorer of life This phrase probably refers to how Naomi will again experience joy and hope in her life as a result of having a new grandson. Alternate translation: "one who brings joy to you again" or "one who will make you feel young again"
RUT 4 15 z5lw 0 a nourisher of your old age "he will take care of you when you become old"
RUT 4 15 rpc3 figs-idiom 0 better to you than seven sons "Seven" was the Hebrew number of completeness. Naomi's sons both died before they produced any offspring, but Ruth bore a grandson to Naomi by Boaz. Alternate translation: "better to you than any son" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 4 16 k1w4 0 Naomi took the child This refers to Naomi holding the child. Make sure it does not sound like she took him away from Ruth.
RUT 4 16 jn29 0 laid him in her bosom "held him close against her chest." This is a statement of love and affection for the child.
RUT 4 17 fkf2 0 A son has been born to Naomi "The child is like a son to Naomi." It was understood that the child was Naomi's grandson, not her physical son.
RUT 4 17 f9ha figs-explicit 0 father of David "father of King David." Though "king" is not stated, it was clear to the original audience that David was King David. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 4 18 mzm1 0 the descendants of Perez "the successive descendants." Because it was mentioned earlier that Perez was the son of Judah, the writer continues listing the family line that came from Perez.
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