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translate/figs-distinguish/01.md

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+### توضیح
+
+در برخی زبان‌های بومی، عبارت‌هایی برای توصیف یک اسم با دو هدف متفاوت به کار می‌روند. 
+ (۱) اسم را از دیگر موارد مشابه مشخص و متمایز می‌کنند، یا 
+(۲) اطلاعات بیشتری درباره اسم می‌دهند.
+ این اطلاعات می‌تواند برای خواننده جدید یا یادآور چیزی که از قبل می‌داند، باشد. در سایر زبان‌های بومی از عبارت‌های توصیفی با اسم فقط برای تشخیص اسم از سایر چیزهای مشابه استفاده می کنند. وقتی کسانی که به این زبان‌ها صحبت می‌کنند، عبارت توصیفی را همراه با اسمی می‌شنوند، تصور می‌کنند که وظیفه آن عبارت توصیفی این است که آن اسم را از اسم مشابه دیگر مشخص و متمایز کند.  
+
+برخی از زبان‌ها از ویرگول به دو دلیل استفاده می کنند:
+ ۱- ایجاد تمایز بین موردهای مشابه 
+۲- دادن اطلاعات بیشتر درباره آن مورد 
+ در جمله زیر بدون ویرگول این تمایز نشان داده شده است:
+
+* مریم مقداری از غذا را به **خواهرش که بسیار قدردان بود بخشید**.
+     * اگر خواهر او معمولاً قدردان بود، عبارت «که بسیار قدردان بود» می‌توانست این خواهر مریم را از خواهر دیگری که معمولاً قدردان نبود، متمایز کند.
+
+  جملهٔ همراه با ویرگول، اطلاعات بیشتری می‌دهد: 
+
+* مریم مقداری از غذا را به **خواهرش، که بسیار قدردان بود بخشید**.   
+     * همین عبارت را می توان برای دادن اطلاعات بیشتر در مورد خواهر مریم استفاده کرد. این به ما می گوید که خواهر مریم وقتی به او غذا داد چه واکنشی نشان داد. در این صورت یک خواهر را از خواهر دیگر متمایز نمی کند.
+
+#### Reasons This Is a Translation Issue
+
+* Many source languages of the Bible use phrases that modify a noun both for distinguishing the noun from another similar item and also for giving more information about the noun. You (the translator) must be careful to understand which meaning the author intended in each case.
+* Some languages use phrases that modify a noun only for distinguishing the noun from another similar item. When translating a phrase that is used for giving more information, translators who speak these languages will need to separate the phrase from the noun. Otherwise, people who read it or hear it will think that the phrase is meant to distinguish the noun from other similar items.
+
+### Examples From the Bible
+
+#### Examples of words and phrases that are used to distinguish one item from other possible items:
+
+(These usually do not cause any problem in translation.)
+
+> The curtain is to separate **the holy place** from **the most holy place**. (Exodus 26:33b ULT)
+
+The words “holy” and “most holy” distinguish two different places from each other and from any other place.
+
+> A foolish son is a grief to his father, and bitterness to **the woman who bore him**. (Proverbs 17:25 ULT)
+
+The phrase “who bore him” distinguishes which woman the son is bitterness to. He is not bitterness to all women, but to his mother.
+
+#### Examples of words and phrases that are used to give added information or a reminder about an item:
+
+(These are a translation issue for languages that do not use these.)
+
+> … for **your righteous judgments** are good. (Psalm 119:39b ULT)
+
+The word “righteous” simply reminds us that God’s judgments are righteous. It does not distinguish his righteous judgments from his unrighteous judgments, because all of his judgments are righteous.
+
+> How can Sarah, **who is 90 years old**, bear a son? (Genesis 17:17b ULT)
+
+The phrase “who is 90 years old” is the reason that Abraham did not think that Sarah could bear a son. He was not distinguishing one woman named Sarah from another woman named Sarah who was a different age, and he was not telling anyone something new about her age. He simply did not think that a woman who was that old could bear a child.
+
+> I will wipe away mankind **whom I have created** from the surface of the earth. (Genesis 6:7 ULT)
+
+The phrase “whom I have created” is a reminder of the relationship between God and mankind. It is the reason God had the right to wipe away mankind. There is not another mankind that God did not create.
+
+### Translation Strategies
+
+If readers would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider keeping the phrase and the noun together. For languages that use words or phrases with a noun only to distinguish one item from another, here are some strategies for translating phrases that are used to inform or remind.
+
+(1) Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.
+(2) Use one of your language’s ways for expressing that this is just added information. It may be by adding a small word, or by changing the way the voice sounds. Sometimes changes in the voice can be shown with punctuation marks, such as parentheses or commas.
+
+### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
+
+(1) Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.
+
+
+> I hate those who serve **worthless** idols (Psalm 31:6 ULT)
+
+By saying “worthless idols,” David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols.
+>
+> > **Because** **idols are worthless**, I hate those who serve them.
+>
+> … for your **righteous** judgments are good. (Psalm 119:39b ULT)
+>
+> > … for your judgments are good **because they are righteous**.
+>
+> Can Sarah, **who is 90 years old**, bear a son? (Genesis 17:17b ULT)
+
+The phrase “who is 90 years old” is a reminder of Sarah’s age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child.
+>
+> > Can Sarah bear a son **even when** **she is 90 years old**?
+>
+> I will call on Yahweh, **who is worthy to be praised**. (2 Samuel 22:4a ULT) There is only one Yahweh. The phrase “who is worthy to be praised” gives a reason for calling on Yahweh.
+>
+> > I will call on Yahweh, because **he is worthy to be praised**
+
+(2) Use one of your language’s ways for expressing that this is just added information.
+
+> You are my Son, **whom I love**. I am pleased with you. (Luke 3:22 ULT)
+>
+> > You are my Son. **I love you** and I am pleased with you.
+
+> > **Receiving my love**, you are my Son. I am pleased with you.